From b1dba246ea63098899a6eeecb95ff170618e25e9 Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Fri, 27 Nov 2015 08:37:17 +0100 Subject: [PATCH] Generated. --- freeculture.pot | 4780 ++++++++++++++++++++++++----------------------- 1 file changed, 2400 insertions(+), 2380 deletions(-) diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index fef5882..f1c351b 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-18 20:47+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-11-27 08:36+0100\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -21,76 +21,96 @@ msgstr "" msgid "©" msgstr "" -#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#. type: Content of the ndash entity +#: freeculture.xml:13 +msgid "–" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of the mdash entity +#: freeculture.xml:14 +msgid "—" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of the hellip entity #: freeculture.xml:15 +msgid "…" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of the iuml entity +#: freeculture.xml:16 +msgid "ï" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#: freeculture.xml:19 msgid "en" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:17 cover-text.xml:14 +#: freeculture.xml:21 cover-text.xml:14 msgid "Free Culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:19 +#: freeculture.xml:23 msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:21 cover-text.xml:23 +#: freeculture.xml:25 cover-text.xml:23 msgid "" "How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control " "creativity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:24 +#: freeculture.xml:28 msgid "<pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:28 +#: freeculture.xml:32 msgid "Version 2004-02-10" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> -#: freeculture.xml:32 +#: freeculture.xml:36 msgid "Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> -#: freeculture.xml:33 +#: freeculture.xml:37 msgid "Lessig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:56 +#: freeculture.xml:60 msgid "Intellectual property—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:59 +#: freeculture.xml:63 msgid "Mass media—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:62 +#: freeculture.xml:66 msgid "Technological innovations—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> -#: freeculture.xml:65 +#: freeculture.xml:69 msgid "Art—United States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> -#: freeculture.xml:72 +#: freeculture.xml:76 #, no-wrap msgid "<city>Oslo</city>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:70 +#: freeculture.xml:74 msgid "" "<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " "type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> " @@ -98,7 +118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> -#: freeculture.xml:82 +#: freeculture.xml:86 msgid "" "<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " "width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " @@ -107,17 +127,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> -#: freeculture.xml:89 +#: freeculture.xml:93 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: freeculture.xml:81 +#: freeculture.xml:85 msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15881 +#: freeculture.xml:99 freeculture.xml:15885 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " @@ -126,12 +146,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> -#: freeculture.xml:103 +#: freeculture.xml:107 msgid "About the author" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> -#: freeculture.xml:105 +#: freeculture.xml:109 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig (<ulink " "url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " @@ -152,7 +172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. testing different ways to tag the cover page #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject> -#: freeculture.xml:126 +#: freeculture.xml:130 msgid "" "<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata " "fileref=\"images/cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> " @@ -169,7 +189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page #. #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> -#: freeculture.xml:124 +#: freeculture.xml:128 msgid "" " <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid " "class=\"isbn\">978-82-690182-0-2</biblioid> <biblioid " @@ -178,69 +198,69 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><title> -#: freeculture.xml:153 +#: freeculture.xml:157 msgid "Also by Lawrence Lessig" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:159 +#: freeculture.xml:163 msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:162 +#: freeculture.xml:166 msgid "Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:165 +#: freeculture.xml:169 msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:168 +#: freeculture.xml:172 msgid "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:171 +#: freeculture.xml:175 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:174 +#: freeculture.xml:178 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:187 +#: freeculture.xml:191 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom " "it continues still." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:197 +#: freeculture.xml:201 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:259 +#: freeculture.xml:263 msgid "Preface" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:260 +#: freeculture.xml:264 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:261 freeculture.xml:6524 freeculture.xml:6655 freeculture.xml:6719 +#: freeculture.xml:265 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6659 freeculture.xml:6723 msgid "Code (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:263 +#: freeculture.xml:267 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first " "book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David " @@ -249,14 +269,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:274 +#: freeculture.xml:278 msgid "" "David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New " "York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:270 +#: freeculture.xml:274 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -265,7 +285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:279 +#: freeculture.xml:283 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review " @@ -278,7 +298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:288 +#: freeculture.xml:292 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -290,7 +310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:299 +#: freeculture.xml:303 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -299,14 +319,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:311 +#: freeculture.xml:315 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:306 +#: freeculture.xml:310 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free " @@ -327,7 +347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:326 +#: freeculture.xml:330 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not " "<quote>we</quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who " @@ -339,27 +359,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:334 freeculture.xml:989 +#: freeculture.xml:338 freeculture.xml:993 msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13954 +#: freeculture.xml:339 freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:340 freeculture.xml:361 freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:337 +#: freeculture.xml:341 msgid "Stevens, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:339 +#: freeculture.xml:343 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -372,14 +392,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:355 +#: freeculture.xml:359 msgid "" "William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:351 +#: freeculture.xml:355 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -389,7 +409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:362 +#: freeculture.xml:366 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -402,7 +422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:373 +#: freeculture.xml:377 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for " "much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman " @@ -415,7 +435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:382 +#: freeculture.xml:386 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -433,7 +453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:400 +#: freeculture.xml:404 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -445,17 +465,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:415 +#: freeculture.xml:419 msgid "Introduction" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:416 freeculture.xml:519 freeculture.xml:978 +#: freeculture.xml:420 freeculture.xml:523 freeculture.xml:982 msgid "Wright brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:418 +#: freeculture.xml:422 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North " "Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers " @@ -466,34 +486,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:425 +#: freeculture.xml:429 msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14986 +#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:14990 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13856 freeculture.xml:14987 +#: freeculture.xml:431 freeculture.xml:4697 freeculture.xml:13860 freeculture.xml:14991 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14987 +#: freeculture.xml:431 freeculture.xml:14991 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:433 +#: freeculture.xml:437 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:429 +#: freeculture.xml:433 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -506,7 +526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:443 +#: freeculture.xml:447 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -518,17 +538,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:455 freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:501 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:707 freeculture.xml:835 freeculture.xml:962 freeculture.xml:980 freeculture.xml:1028 freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:13275 freeculture.xml:14062 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13272 freeculture.xml:14059 +#: freeculture.xml:456 freeculture.xml:469 freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:708 freeculture.xml:836 freeculture.xml:963 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:1029 freeculture.xml:9647 freeculture.xml:13276 freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:454 +#: freeculture.xml:458 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -542,22 +562,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:466 +#: freeculture.xml:470 msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:12300 freeculture.xml:14370 +#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:4585 freeculture.xml:5188 freeculture.xml:8959 freeculture.xml:12303 freeculture.xml:12304 freeculture.xml:14374 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:467 +#: freeculture.xml:471 msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:469 +#: freeculture.xml:473 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -570,7 +590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:489 +#: freeculture.xml:493 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land " @@ -584,7 +604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:480 +#: freeculture.xml:484 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -597,13 +617,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:503 +#: freeculture.xml:507 msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:507 +#: freeculture.xml:511 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -616,7 +636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:521 +#: freeculture.xml:525 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -637,38 +657,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:542 freeculture.xml:9650 freeculture.xml:10357 +#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:9654 freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:543 +#: freeculture.xml:547 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:544 +#: freeculture.xml:548 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:545 +#: freeculture.xml:549 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:6874 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:10261 freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:550 freeculture.xml:3377 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:6878 freeculture.xml:8671 freeculture.xml:10265 freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:546 freeculture.xml:6874 +#: freeculture.xml:550 freeculture.xml:6878 msgid "FM spectrum of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:548 +#: freeculture.xml:552 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of " "America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " @@ -683,7 +703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:561 +#: freeculture.xml:565 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -695,7 +715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:571 +#: freeculture.xml:575 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -708,19 +728,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:582 +#: freeculture.xml:586 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:593 +#: freeculture.xml:597 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:586 +#: freeculture.xml:590 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " @@ -732,23 +752,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14122 +#: freeculture.xml:602 freeculture.xml:6881 freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:2482 freeculture.xml:2500 freeculture.xml:2534 freeculture.xml:2536 +#: freeculture.xml:603 freeculture.xml:2486 freeculture.xml:2504 freeculture.xml:2538 freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "media" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:599 freeculture.xml:2536 +#: freeculture.xml:603 freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:601 +#: freeculture.xml:605 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -759,12 +779,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:631 +#: freeculture.xml:613 freeculture.xml:635 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:611 +#: freeculture.xml:615 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -774,7 +794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:622 +#: freeculture.xml:626 msgid "" "See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " "First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " @@ -782,7 +802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:619 +#: freeculture.xml:623 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -791,12 +811,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:630 freeculture.xml:6873 +#: freeculture.xml:634 freeculture.xml:6877 msgid "FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:633 +#: freeculture.xml:637 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -804,17 +824,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:638 +#: freeculture.xml:642 msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:646 +#: freeculture.xml:650 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:641 +#: freeculture.xml:645 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -825,17 +845,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:650 +#: freeculture.xml:654 msgid "FCC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:650 +#: freeculture.xml:654 msgid "on FM radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:652 +#: freeculture.xml:656 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -851,12 +871,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:671 +#: freeculture.xml:675 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:667 +#: freeculture.xml:671 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -865,12 +885,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:676 +#: freeculture.xml:680 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:678 +#: freeculture.xml:682 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -882,7 +902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:690 +#: freeculture.xml:694 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -897,7 +917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:706 +#: freeculture.xml:710 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -913,17 +933,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14154 freeculture.xml:14228 freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:727 freeculture.xml:1101 freeculture.xml:2319 freeculture.xml:2356 freeculture.xml:2369 freeculture.xml:2453 freeculture.xml:2487 freeculture.xml:2513 freeculture.xml:2764 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6761 freeculture.xml:7624 freeculture.xml:7692 freeculture.xml:7980 freeculture.xml:10264 freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:14157 freeculture.xml:14158 freeculture.xml:14232 freeculture.xml:14763 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:727 freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "development of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:731 +#: freeculture.xml:735 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " @@ -932,7 +952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:725 +#: freeculture.xml:729 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the " "Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " @@ -944,7 +964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:740 +#: freeculture.xml:744 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -958,7 +978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:751 +#: freeculture.xml:755 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -969,33 +989,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:760 +#: freeculture.xml:764 msgid "Barlow, Joel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:762 +#: freeculture.xml:765 freeculture.xml:766 msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:765 freeculture.xml:814 freeculture.xml:1705 freeculture.xml:5295 freeculture.xml:6530 freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:762 +#: freeculture.xml:766 msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:763 +#: freeculture.xml:767 msgid "Webster, Noah" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:765 +#: freeculture.xml:769 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -1009,7 +1029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:777 +#: freeculture.xml:781 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -1023,22 +1043,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:2885 freeculture.xml:2886 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9712 freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:9990 freeculture.xml:9991 freeculture.xml:10034 +#: freeculture.xml:791 freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2861 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2889 freeculture.xml:2890 freeculture.xml:4265 freeculture.xml:7855 freeculture.xml:9715 freeculture.xml:9716 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:9995 freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:787 +#: freeculture.xml:791 msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:803 freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:1955 +#: freeculture.xml:807 freeculture.xml:1946 freeculture.xml:1959 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:795 +#: freeculture.xml:799 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -1052,7 +1072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:789 +#: freeculture.xml:793 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -1065,34 +1085,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:810 +#: freeculture.xml:814 msgid "permission culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:811 freeculture.xml:10105 +#: freeculture.xml:815 freeculture.xml:10109 msgid "permission culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:811 +#: freeculture.xml:815 msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:817 freeculture.xml:10244 +#: freeculture.xml:821 freeculture.xml:10248 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:815 +#: freeculture.xml:819 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:817 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1108,12 +1128,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:833 +#: freeculture.xml:837 msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:835 +#: freeculture.xml:839 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1127,7 +1147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:849 +#: freeculture.xml:853 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1148,7 +1168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:868 +#: freeculture.xml:872 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1159,17 +1179,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13160 +#: freeculture.xml:881 freeculture.xml:4404 freeculture.xml:6302 freeculture.xml:7579 freeculture.xml:11231 freeculture.xml:13164 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:7575 +#: freeculture.xml:881 freeculture.xml:7579 msgid "on creative property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:887 +#: freeculture.xml:891 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New " @@ -1177,7 +1197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:879 +#: freeculture.xml:883 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1193,7 +1213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:896 +#: freeculture.xml:900 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1204,7 +1224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:904 +#: freeculture.xml:908 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1213,37 +1233,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12371 +#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:6913 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:7077 freeculture.xml:7667 freeculture.xml:8957 freeculture.xml:11257 freeculture.xml:11559 freeculture.xml:12214 freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 +#: freeculture.xml:913 freeculture.xml:6913 freeculture.xml:7667 freeculture.xml:8957 msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:1209 freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:4344 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:4734 freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:6528 freeculture.xml:6976 freeculture.xml:7060 freeculture.xml:7061 freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7558 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7757 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7929 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11238 +#: freeculture.xml:914 freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:1187 freeculture.xml:1213 freeculture.xml:1437 freeculture.xml:1558 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1716 freeculture.xml:3127 freeculture.xml:3222 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:4348 freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:5339 freeculture.xml:6532 freeculture.xml:6980 freeculture.xml:7064 freeculture.xml:7065 freeculture.xml:7250 freeculture.xml:7350 freeculture.xml:7382 freeculture.xml:7412 freeculture.xml:7447 freeculture.xml:7561 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7761 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7834 freeculture.xml:7835 freeculture.xml:7933 freeculture.xml:9879 freeculture.xml:10237 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:11242 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:910 freeculture.xml:7060 +#: freeculture.xml:914 freeculture.xml:7064 msgid "as protection of creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:911 freeculture.xml:6910 freeculture.xml:7664 freeculture.xml:8954 +#: freeculture.xml:915 freeculture.xml:6914 freeculture.xml:7668 freeculture.xml:8958 msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15385 +#: freeculture.xml:916 freeculture.xml:926 freeculture.xml:15389 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:920 +#: freeculture.xml:924 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1251,7 +1271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:914 +#: freeculture.xml:918 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1265,7 +1285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:930 +#: freeculture.xml:934 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1278,7 +1298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:942 +#: freeculture.xml:946 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the " "<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in " @@ -1288,7 +1308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:950 +#: freeculture.xml:954 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1300,12 +1320,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:964 freeculture.xml:1151 freeculture.xml:13507 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:13760 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:962 +#: freeculture.xml:966 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, " "in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as " @@ -1324,7 +1344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:980 +#: freeculture.xml:984 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1334,7 +1354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:991 +#: freeculture.xml:995 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1347,7 +1367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1001 +#: freeculture.xml:1005 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1356,14 +1376,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1007 +#: freeculture.xml:1011 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1011 +#: freeculture.xml:1015 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1373,7 +1393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1018 +#: freeculture.xml:1022 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1383,7 +1403,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1027 +#: freeculture.xml:1031 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1395,7 +1415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1038 +#: freeculture.xml:1042 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now " "centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My " @@ -1403,7 +1423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1043 +#: freeculture.xml:1047 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1414,7 +1434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1051 +#: freeculture.xml:1055 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1428,7 +1448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1062 +#: freeculture.xml:1066 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1439,32 +1459,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1072 +#: freeculture.xml:1076 msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:4734 +#: freeculture.xml:1079 freeculture.xml:4738 msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1076 freeculture.xml:5144 +#: freeculture.xml:1080 freeculture.xml:5148 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1077 freeculture.xml:3161 +#: freeculture.xml:1081 freeculture.xml:3165 msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1078 freeculture.xml:3215 +#: freeculture.xml:1082 freeculture.xml:3219 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1080 +#: freeculture.xml:1084 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " "regulating creative property, there has been a war against " @@ -1476,14 +1496,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1092 +#: freeculture.xml:1096 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1088 +#: freeculture.xml:1092 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1491,23 +1511,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1097 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1098 freeculture.xml:3905 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6758 freeculture.xml:11241 +#: freeculture.xml:1102 freeculture.xml:3909 freeculture.xml:4267 freeculture.xml:6253 freeculture.xml:6762 freeculture.xml:11245 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1098 +#: freeculture.xml:1102 msgid "efficiency of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 +#: freeculture.xml:1104 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " "<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " @@ -1518,7 +1538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1109 +#: freeculture.xml:1113 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1528,7 +1548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1118 +#: freeculture.xml:1122 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " @@ -1539,7 +1559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1126 +#: freeculture.xml:1130 msgid "" "There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " "should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " @@ -1549,12 +1569,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1132 +#: freeculture.xml:1136 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1136 +#: freeculture.xml:1140 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1564,38 +1584,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1144 +#: freeculture.xml:1148 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1145 +#: freeculture.xml:1149 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1146 +#: freeculture.xml:1150 msgid "Girl Scouts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:1148 freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:7131 freeculture.xml:7576 +#: freeculture.xml:1151 freeculture.xml:1152 freeculture.xml:7031 freeculture.xml:7135 freeculture.xml:7580 msgid "creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1148 +#: freeculture.xml:1152 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 freeculture.xml:3013 +#: freeculture.xml:1153 freeculture.xml:3017 msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1155 +#: freeculture.xml:1159 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " "in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law " @@ -1603,12 +1623,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:7512 +#: freeculture.xml:1172 freeculture.xml:7516 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1163 +#: freeculture.xml:1167 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay " "Up,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " @@ -1620,7 +1640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1151 +#: freeculture.xml:1155 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " @@ -1635,7 +1655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1175 +#: freeculture.xml:1179 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1645,27 +1665,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1183 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:7757 +#: freeculture.xml:1187 freeculture.xml:7350 freeculture.xml:7447 freeculture.xml:7761 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso> -#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1185 freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 freeculture.xml:3825 +#: freeculture.xml:1188 freeculture.xml:1189 freeculture.xml:1371 freeculture.xml:1529 freeculture.xml:3829 msgid "creativity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:3825 freeculture.xml:3826 freeculture.xml:3833 freeculture.xml:9876 +#: freeculture.xml:1188 freeculture.xml:3829 freeculture.xml:3830 freeculture.xml:3837 freeculture.xml:9880 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1185 +#: freeculture.xml:1189 msgid "legal restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1187 +#: freeculture.xml:1191 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1675,7 +1695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1194 +#: freeculture.xml:1198 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1685,7 +1705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1202 +#: freeculture.xml:1206 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1695,22 +1715,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1209 +#: freeculture.xml:1213 msgid "creativity impeded by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1210 freeculture.xml:1241 +#: freeculture.xml:1214 freeculture.xml:1245 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1211 freeculture.xml:1242 +#: freeculture.xml:1215 freeculture.xml:1246 msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1233 +#: freeculture.xml:1237 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1723,7 +1743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1213 +#: freeculture.xml:1217 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1745,7 +1765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1249 +#: freeculture.xml:1253 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1753,42 +1773,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1257 +#: freeculture.xml:1261 msgid "Chapter One: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1258 +#: freeculture.xml:1262 msgid "animated cartoons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1259 +#: freeculture.xml:1263 msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 freeculture.xml:5339 freeculture.xml:5373 freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130 freeculture.xml:6248 +#: freeculture.xml:1264 freeculture.xml:5343 freeculture.xml:5377 freeculture.xml:6090 freeculture.xml:6134 freeculture.xml:6252 msgid "films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1260 +#: freeculture.xml:1264 msgid "animated" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1261 +#: freeculture.xml:1265 msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1262 freeculture.xml:7537 +#: freeculture.xml:1266 freeculture.xml:7541 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1264 +#: freeculture.xml:1268 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was " "born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent " @@ -1799,12 +1819,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1270 freeculture.xml:1488 freeculture.xml:1542 freeculture.xml:1683 freeculture.xml:1929 freeculture.xml:4568 freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:7536 freeculture.xml:11133 freeculture.xml:11558 +#: freeculture.xml:1274 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:1546 freeculture.xml:1687 freeculture.xml:1933 freeculture.xml:4572 freeculture.xml:6270 freeculture.xml:7540 freeculture.xml:11137 freeculture.xml:11562 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1272 +#: freeculture.xml:1276 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1816,7 +1836,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1281 +#: freeculture.xml:1285 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1825,7 +1845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1288 +#: freeculture.xml:1292 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1835,14 +1855,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1301 +#: freeculture.xml:1305 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1295 +#: freeculture.xml:1299 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1852,12 +1872,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1306 +#: freeculture.xml:1310 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1308 +#: freeculture.xml:1312 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1865,7 +1885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1313 +#: freeculture.xml:1317 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1877,17 +1897,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1322 freeculture.xml:1685 +#: freeculture.xml:1326 freeculture.xml:1689 msgid "Keaton, Buster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1323 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:1943 +#: freeculture.xml:1327 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:1947 msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1325 +#: freeculture.xml:1329 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1896,7 +1916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1331 +#: freeculture.xml:1335 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1907,28 +1927,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7347 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7622 freeculture.xml:7726 freeculture.xml:7772 +#: freeculture.xml:1342 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:7351 freeculture.xml:7448 freeculture.xml:7626 freeculture.xml:7730 freeculture.xml:7776 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1338 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7622 +#: freeculture.xml:1342 freeculture.xml:1500 freeculture.xml:7448 freeculture.xml:7626 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15453 +#: freeculture.xml:1343 freeculture.xml:1503 freeculture.xml:3016 freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:7449 freeculture.xml:7627 freeculture.xml:15457 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 +#: freeculture.xml:1343 freeculture.xml:1503 freeculture.xml:7449 freeculture.xml:7627 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1347 +#: freeculture.xml:1351 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1942,7 +1962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1341 +#: freeculture.xml:1345 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1956,18 +1976,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1367 freeculture.xml:1525 +#: freeculture.xml:1371 freeculture.xml:1529 msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1368 freeculture.xml:6309 freeculture.xml:7829 +#: freeculture.xml:1372 freeculture.xml:6313 freeculture.xml:7833 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1374 +#: freeculture.xml:1378 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " "that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1975,7 +1995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1370 +#: freeculture.xml:1374 msgid "" "This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " "the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " @@ -1990,12 +2010,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1388 freeculture.xml:1684 freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:1392 freeculture.xml:1688 freeculture.xml:11138 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1390 +#: freeculture.xml:1394 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -2008,7 +2028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1399 +#: freeculture.xml:1403 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -2035,7 +2055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1422 +#: freeculture.xml:1426 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -2047,33 +2067,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135 +#: freeculture.xml:1437 freeculture.xml:1438 freeculture.xml:4790 freeculture.xml:4791 freeculture.xml:4857 freeculture.xml:4895 freeculture.xml:4951 freeculture.xml:4997 freeculture.xml:5132 freeculture.xml:5226 freeculture.xml:6729 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7033 freeculture.xml:7106 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7172 freeculture.xml:7296 freeculture.xml:7343 freeculture.xml:7380 freeculture.xml:7683 freeculture.xml:7854 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11219 freeculture.xml:11560 freeculture.xml:11561 freeculture.xml:14105 freeculture.xml:14139 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11557 +#: freeculture.xml:1438 freeculture.xml:4790 freeculture.xml:4951 freeculture.xml:7030 freeculture.xml:7033 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11561 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:14387 freeculture.xml:14388 +#: freeculture.xml:1439 freeculture.xml:1440 freeculture.xml:5227 freeculture.xml:7136 freeculture.xml:7261 freeculture.xml:8148 freeculture.xml:11129 freeculture.xml:13595 freeculture.xml:14391 freeculture.xml:14392 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1435 +#: freeculture.xml:1439 msgid "defined" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1436 +#: freeculture.xml:1440 msgid "traditional term for conversion to" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1443 +#: freeculture.xml:1447 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the " @@ -2087,7 +2107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1437 +#: freeculture.xml:1441 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -2101,7 +2121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1460 +#: freeculture.xml:1464 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -2114,7 +2134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1471 +#: freeculture.xml:1475 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -2127,7 +2147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1490 +#: freeculture.xml:1494 msgid "" "<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " "on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " @@ -2136,22 +2156,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1599 freeculture.xml:1713 +#: freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:1603 freeculture.xml:1717 msgid "comics, Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1497 freeculture.xml:1715 +#: freeculture.xml:1501 freeculture.xml:1719 msgid "Japanese comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1498 freeculture.xml:1716 +#: freeculture.xml:1502 freeculture.xml:1720 msgid "manga" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1501 +#: freeculture.xml:1505 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -2163,7 +2183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1510 +#: freeculture.xml:1514 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -2177,7 +2197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1521 +#: freeculture.xml:1525 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -2185,13 +2205,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1526 freeculture.xml:1714 +#: freeculture.xml:1530 freeculture.xml:1718 msgid "doujinshi comics" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1528 +#: freeculture.xml:1532 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -2208,7 +2228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1544 +#: freeculture.xml:1548 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " @@ -2222,12 +2242,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1554 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1712 +#: freeculture.xml:1558 freeculture.xml:1602 freeculture.xml:1716 msgid "Japanese" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1557 +#: freeculture.xml:1561 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2244,20 +2264,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1571 +#: freeculture.xml:1575 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1583 +#: freeculture.xml:1587 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1573 +#: freeculture.xml:1577 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -2270,12 +2290,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1588 +#: freeculture.xml:1592 msgid "Superman comics" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1590 +#: freeculture.xml:1594 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -2286,13 +2306,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1600 +#: freeculture.xml:1604 msgid "Mehra, Salil" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1610 +#: freeculture.xml:1614 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " "Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " @@ -2306,7 +2326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1602 +#: freeculture.xml:1606 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -2318,7 +2338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1624 +#: freeculture.xml:1628 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2331,7 +2351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1637 +#: freeculture.xml:1641 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -2342,7 +2362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1644 +#: freeculture.xml:1648 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -2355,12 +2375,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1657 +#: freeculture.xml:1661 msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1660 +#: freeculture.xml:1664 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -2368,12 +2388,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1670 freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:4799 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:7960 freeculture.xml:9098 +#: freeculture.xml:1674 freeculture.xml:3037 freeculture.xml:4803 freeculture.xml:5062 freeculture.xml:7964 freeculture.xml:9102 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1670 +#: freeculture.xml:1674 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " "property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -2386,7 +2406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1665 +#: freeculture.xml:1669 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " "those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2398,7 +2418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1687 +#: freeculture.xml:1691 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " @@ -2415,13 +2435,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1701 +#: freeculture.xml:1705 msgid "derivative works based on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1703 +#: freeculture.xml:1707 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2430,7 +2450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1718 +#: freeculture.xml:1722 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2441,7 +2461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1727 +#: freeculture.xml:1731 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " @@ -2450,12 +2470,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1738 freeculture.xml:4739 freeculture.xml:4871 freeculture.xml:4908 freeculture.xml:5238 +#: freeculture.xml:1742 freeculture.xml:4743 freeculture.xml:4875 freeculture.xml:4912 freeculture.xml:5242 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1740 +#: freeculture.xml:1744 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2472,7 +2492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1754 +#: freeculture.xml:1758 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2485,7 +2505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1766 +#: freeculture.xml:1770 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2499,7 +2519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1778 +#: freeculture.xml:1782 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2507,27 +2527,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1787 +#: freeculture.xml:1791 msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1788 +#: freeculture.xml:1792 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1944 freeculture.xml:1999 freeculture.xml:6836 +#: freeculture.xml:1793 freeculture.xml:1948 freeculture.xml:2003 freeculture.xml:6840 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1790 +#: freeculture.xml:1794 msgid "photography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1792 +#: freeculture.xml:1796 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " "first practical technology for producing what we would call " @@ -2540,12 +2560,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1801 +#: freeculture.xml:1805 msgid "Talbot, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1803 +#: freeculture.xml:1807 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " @@ -2558,13 +2578,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1813 +#: freeculture.xml:1817 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1815 +#: freeculture.xml:1819 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2577,25 +2597,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1826 freeculture.xml:1981 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:1830 freeculture.xml:1985 freeculture.xml:6842 freeculture.xml:9681 msgid "Kodak cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1827 +#: freeculture.xml:1831 msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1834 +#: freeculture.xml:1838 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1829 +#: freeculture.xml:1833 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2605,19 +2625,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1850 freeculture.xml:1876 +#: freeculture.xml:1854 freeculture.xml:1880 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1850 +#: freeculture.xml:1854 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " "of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1839 +#: freeculture.xml:1843 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2631,18 +2651,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1869 +#: freeculture.xml:1873 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1873 +#: freeculture.xml:1877 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1858 +#: freeculture.xml:1862 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2659,12 +2679,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1891 +#: freeculture.xml:1895 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1880 +#: freeculture.xml:1884 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2679,27 +2699,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15417 +#: freeculture.xml:1898 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2384 freeculture.xml:2402 freeculture.xml:8845 freeculture.xml:9680 freeculture.xml:15421 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 +#: freeculture.xml:1898 freeculture.xml:2004 freeculture.xml:2384 msgid "in technologies of expression" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2041 freeculture.xml:2382 +#: freeculture.xml:1899 freeculture.xml:2005 freeculture.xml:2045 freeculture.xml:2386 msgid "expression, technologies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1895 freeculture.xml:2001 freeculture.xml:2382 +#: freeculture.xml:1899 freeculture.xml:2005 freeculture.xml:2386 msgid "democratic" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1897 +#: freeculture.xml:1901 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2714,18 +2734,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1910 +#: freeculture.xml:1914 msgid "permissions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:1910 +#: freeculture.xml:1914 msgid "photography exempted from" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1921 +#: freeculture.xml:1925 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2735,7 +2755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1912 +#: freeculture.xml:1916 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2748,13 +2768,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1930 freeculture.xml:9801 +#: freeculture.xml:1934 freeculture.xml:9805 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1932 +#: freeculture.xml:1936 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " @@ -2766,12 +2786,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1956 +#: freeculture.xml:1960 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1953 +#: freeculture.xml:1957 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2779,7 +2799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1946 +#: freeculture.xml:1950 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2794,7 +2814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1974 +#: freeculture.xml:1978 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " @@ -2805,7 +2825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1964 +#: freeculture.xml:1968 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2819,12 +2839,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1982 freeculture.xml:3827 freeculture.xml:3849 freeculture.xml:3850 freeculture.xml:3906 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10042 freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:1986 freeculture.xml:3831 freeculture.xml:3853 freeculture.xml:3854 freeculture.xml:3910 freeculture.xml:4266 freeculture.xml:5818 freeculture.xml:10046 freeculture.xml:10960 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1984 +#: freeculture.xml:1988 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2842,7 +2862,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2005 +#: freeculture.xml:2009 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2857,17 +2877,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:6837 +#: freeculture.xml:2025 freeculture.xml:6841 msgid "digital cameras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2022 +#: freeculture.xml:2026 msgid "Just Think!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2024 +#: freeculture.xml:2028 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " "Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " @@ -2885,28 +2905,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2039 freeculture.xml:2840 +#: freeculture.xml:2043 freeculture.xml:2844 msgid "education" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2039 +#: freeculture.xml:2043 msgid "in media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2040 +#: freeculture.xml:2044 msgid "media literacy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2041 +#: freeculture.xml:2045 msgid "media literacy and" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2049 +#: freeculture.xml:2053 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " "Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " @@ -2915,7 +2935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2043 +#: freeculture.xml:2047 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2930,13 +2950,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2059 +#: freeculture.xml:2063 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2062 +#: freeculture.xml:2066 msgid "" "<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " "Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " @@ -2946,7 +2966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2070 +#: freeculture.xml:2074 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " "most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " @@ -2955,28 +2975,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2075 freeculture.xml:2629 freeculture.xml:6833 freeculture.xml:7810 freeculture.xml:8920 freeculture.xml:8974 +#: freeculture.xml:2079 freeculture.xml:2633 freeculture.xml:6837 freeculture.xml:7814 freeculture.xml:8924 freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2076 freeculture.xml:6835 freeculture.xml:8921 +#: freeculture.xml:2080 freeculture.xml:6839 freeculture.xml:8925 msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15451 +#: freeculture.xml:2081 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:8926 freeculture.xml:8960 freeculture.xml:15455 msgid "television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 +#: freeculture.xml:2081 freeculture.xml:6838 freeculture.xml:8926 msgid "advertising on" msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2083 +#: freeculture.xml:2087 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " @@ -2985,7 +3005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2079 +#: freeculture.xml:2083 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2998,7 +3018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2094 +#: freeculture.xml:2098 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -3011,7 +3031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2105 +#: freeculture.xml:2109 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -3022,22 +3042,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2112 freeculture.xml:2128 freeculture.xml:2234 +#: freeculture.xml:2116 freeculture.xml:2132 freeculture.xml:2238 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2113 +#: freeculture.xml:2117 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:2187 freeculture.xml:2194 freeculture.xml:2267 freeculture.xml:2692 +#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:2198 freeculture.xml:2271 freeculture.xml:2696 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2125 +#: freeculture.xml:2129 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -3046,7 +3066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2139 +#: freeculture.xml:2143 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " "4 November 2000, available at <ulink " @@ -3056,7 +3076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2115 +#: freeculture.xml:2119 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -3075,12 +3095,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2146 +#: freeculture.xml:2150 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2148 +#: freeculture.xml:2152 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " @@ -3090,7 +3110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2155 +#: freeculture.xml:2159 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -3099,7 +3119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2162 +#: freeculture.xml:2166 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -3108,7 +3128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2170 +#: freeculture.xml:2174 msgid "" "<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " "Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " @@ -3116,18 +3136,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2186 +#: freeculture.xml:2190 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2191 freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:5286 freeculture.xml:8807 +#: freeculture.xml:2195 freeculture.xml:4103 freeculture.xml:5290 freeculture.xml:8811 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2175 +#: freeculture.xml:2179 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -3141,7 +3161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2196 +#: freeculture.xml:2200 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -3155,7 +3175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2209 +#: freeculture.xml:2213 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -3166,7 +3186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2217 +#: freeculture.xml:2221 msgid "" "Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " "simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and " @@ -3187,7 +3207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2238 +#: freeculture.xml:2242 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " "part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " @@ -3199,7 +3219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2249 +#: freeculture.xml:2253 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -3220,7 +3240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2269 +#: freeculture.xml:2273 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " @@ -3231,7 +3251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2276 +#: freeculture.xml:2280 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -3240,22 +3260,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2288 freeculture.xml:2350 freeculture.xml:6115 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 freeculture.xml:2354 freeculture.xml:6119 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2289 +#: freeculture.xml:2293 msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2290 freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:2294 freeculture.xml:6039 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2292 +#: freeculture.xml:2296 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " "Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " @@ -3269,7 +3289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2304 +#: freeculture.xml:2308 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -3280,32 +3300,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:8746 freeculture.xml:8968 +#: freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:8750 freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2312 +#: freeculture.xml:2316 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2313 +#: freeculture.xml:2317 msgid "Cyber Rights (Godwin)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2314 +#: freeculture.xml:2318 msgid "Godwin, Mike" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2483 +#: freeculture.xml:2319 freeculture.xml:2487 msgid "news events on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2317 +#: freeculture.xml:2321 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " "11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " @@ -3322,7 +3342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2332 +#: freeculture.xml:2336 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -3333,7 +3353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2342 +#: freeculture.xml:2346 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -3345,22 +3365,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2351 freeculture.xml:2447 freeculture.xml:2586 +#: freeculture.xml:2355 freeculture.xml:2451 freeculture.xml:2590 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2449 +#: freeculture.xml:2356 freeculture.xml:2453 msgid "blogs on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2353 freeculture.xml:2450 +#: freeculture.xml:2357 freeculture.xml:2454 msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2355 +#: freeculture.xml:2359 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -3372,17 +3392,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2364 freeculture.xml:2433 +#: freeculture.xml:2368 freeculture.xml:2437 msgid "political discourse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2365 +#: freeculture.xml:2369 msgid "public discourse conducted on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2367 +#: freeculture.xml:2371 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -3398,13 +3418,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2381 +#: freeculture.xml:2385 msgid "elections" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2384 +#: freeculture.xml:2388 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -3416,23 +3436,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2397 +#: freeculture.xml:2401 msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2398 +#: freeculture.xml:2402 msgid "public discourse in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2399 +#: freeculture.xml:2403 msgid "jury system" msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2416 +#: freeculture.xml:2420 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -3440,7 +3460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2401 +#: freeculture.xml:2405 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -3460,14 +3480,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2426 +#: freeculture.xml:2430 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " "<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2422 +#: freeculture.xml:2426 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -3479,14 +3499,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2442 +#: freeculture.xml:2446 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2435 +#: freeculture.xml:2439 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -3498,13 +3518,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2448 +#: freeculture.xml:2452 msgid "e-mail" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2455 +#: freeculture.xml:2459 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -3515,7 +3535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2466 +#: freeculture.xml:2470 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -3526,12 +3546,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2473 +#: freeculture.xml:2477 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2475 +#: freeculture.xml:2479 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -3540,30 +3560,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2480 +#: freeculture.xml:2484 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2481 +#: freeculture.xml:2485 msgid "Thurmond, Strom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2482 +#: freeculture.xml:2486 msgid "blog pressure on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2496 +#: freeculture.xml:2500 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " "Pot,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2485 +#: freeculture.xml:2489 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -3578,12 +3598,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2500 freeculture.xml:2534 +#: freeculture.xml:2504 freeculture.xml:2538 msgid "commercial imperatives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2502 +#: freeculture.xml:2506 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3592,12 +3612,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2509 +#: freeculture.xml:2513 msgid "peer-generated rankings on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2511 +#: freeculture.xml:2515 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3608,18 +3628,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2524 msgid "journalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2521 +#: freeculture.xml:2525 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2523 +#: freeculture.xml:2527 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3632,23 +3652,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2533 freeculture.xml:2583 +#: freeculture.xml:2537 freeculture.xml:2587 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2535 freeculture.xml:2584 freeculture.xml:5977 +#: freeculture.xml:2539 freeculture.xml:2588 freeculture.xml:5981 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2544 +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2538 +#: freeculture.xml:2542 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3666,7 +3686,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2564 +#: freeculture.xml:2568 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " @@ -3676,7 +3696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2556 +#: freeculture.xml:2560 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—<quote>amateur</quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3692,12 +3712,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2585 +#: freeculture.xml:2589 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2583 +#: freeculture.xml:2587 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -3714,7 +3734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2576 +#: freeculture.xml:2580 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. <quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer " @@ -3731,7 +3751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2607 +#: freeculture.xml:2611 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " @@ -3748,12 +3768,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2628 freeculture.xml:6824 +#: freeculture.xml:2632 freeculture.xml:6828 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2631 +#: freeculture.xml:2635 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3762,7 +3782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2637 +#: freeculture.xml:2641 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3772,7 +3792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2644 +#: freeculture.xml:2648 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew " "up,</quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle " @@ -3787,7 +3807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2657 +#: freeculture.xml:2661 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3797,7 +3817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2664 +#: freeculture.xml:2668 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning " "platform,</quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing " @@ -3809,7 +3829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2672 +#: freeculture.xml:2676 msgid "" "In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3821,7 +3841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2681 +#: freeculture.xml:2685 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3836,7 +3856,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2694 +#: freeculture.xml:2698 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3845,7 +3865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2702 +#: freeculture.xml:2706 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3858,7 +3878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2718 +#: freeculture.xml:2722 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " @@ -3867,7 +3887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2711 +#: freeculture.xml:2715 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3880,7 +3900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2726 +#: freeculture.xml:2730 msgid "" "<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " "Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3888,7 +3908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2731 +#: freeculture.xml:2735 msgid "" "<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3898,7 +3918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2738 +#: freeculture.xml:2742 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3907,12 +3927,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2743 freeculture.xml:5978 freeculture.xml:6019 freeculture.xml:11635 freeculture.xml:11893 +#: freeculture.xml:2747 freeculture.xml:5982 freeculture.xml:6023 freeculture.xml:11639 freeculture.xml:11897 msgid "Kahle, Brewster" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2746 +#: freeculture.xml:2750 msgid "" "<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " @@ -3920,47 +3940,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2753 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 freeculture.xml:2797 freeculture.xml:9714 +#: freeculture.xml:2758 freeculture.xml:2801 freeculture.xml:9718 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2755 +#: freeculture.xml:2759 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2755 freeculture.xml:2756 freeculture.xml:2757 +#: freeculture.xml:2759 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:2761 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2757 +#: freeculture.xml:2761 msgid "computer network search engine of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2758 +#: freeculture.xml:2762 msgid "search engines" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2759 +#: freeculture.xml:2763 msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2760 +#: freeculture.xml:2764 msgid "search engines used on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2762 +#: freeculture.xml:2766 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -3971,7 +3991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2770 +#: freeculture.xml:2774 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3982,7 +4002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2778 +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3992,13 +4012,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2784 freeculture.xml:2839 +#: freeculture.xml:2788 freeculture.xml:2843 msgid "Google" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2786 +#: freeculture.xml:2790 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -4012,17 +4032,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13690 freeculture.xml:13759 +#: freeculture.xml:2802 freeculture.xml:3732 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:3735 freeculture.xml:5570 freeculture.xml:8278 freeculture.xml:13694 freeculture.xml:13763 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2798 +#: freeculture.xml:2802 msgid "network file system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 +#: freeculture.xml:2804 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -4033,7 +4053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2810 +#: freeculture.xml:2814 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -4047,7 +4067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2823 +#: freeculture.xml:2827 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -4058,7 +4078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2831 +#: freeculture.xml:2835 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -4068,12 +4088,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2840 +#: freeculture.xml:2844 msgid "tinkering as means of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2842 +#: freeculture.xml:2846 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -4090,37 +4110,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9712 freeculture.xml:9991 +#: freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:9716 freeculture.xml:9995 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2857 +#: freeculture.xml:2861 msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:3219 freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4318 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:9992 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10412 freeculture.xml:10413 freeculture.xml:10569 +#: freeculture.xml:2862 freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3223 freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:4321 freeculture.xml:4322 freeculture.xml:4323 freeculture.xml:6254 freeculture.xml:9996 freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10416 freeculture.xml:10417 freeculture.xml:10573 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:9992 +#: freeculture.xml:2862 freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10567 +#: freeculture.xml:2863 freeculture.xml:2892 freeculture.xml:2961 freeculture.xml:9997 freeculture.xml:10418 freeculture.xml:10419 freeculture.xml:10571 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2859 freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:2863 freeculture.xml:9997 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2862 +#: freeculture.xml:2866 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -4131,7 +4151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2871 +#: freeculture.xml:2875 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -4146,33 +4166,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2884 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:9990 +#: freeculture.xml:2888 freeculture.xml:9715 freeculture.xml:9994 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2885 +#: freeculture.xml:2889 msgid "statutory damages of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2886 +#: freeculture.xml:2890 msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:2891 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2888 +#: freeculture.xml:2892 msgid "intimidation tactics of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2890 +#: freeculture.xml:2894 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -4185,18 +4205,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2900 +#: freeculture.xml:2904 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2901 +#: freeculture.xml:2905 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2915 +#: freeculture.xml:2919 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -4204,7 +4224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2903 +#: freeculture.xml:2907 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -4219,7 +4239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2922 +#: freeculture.xml:2926 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -4228,12 +4248,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2928 +#: freeculture.xml:2932 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2930 +#: freeculture.xml:2934 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -4247,13 +4267,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2940 +#: freeculture.xml:2944 msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2942 +#: freeculture.xml:2946 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -4265,35 +4285,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2952 +#: freeculture.xml:2956 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415 +#: freeculture.xml:2959 freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:5579 freeculture.xml:5628 freeculture.xml:10310 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10572 freeculture.xml:10595 freeculture.xml:15354 freeculture.xml:15419 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415 +#: freeculture.xml:2959 freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:10310 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10572 freeculture.xml:10595 freeculture.xml:15354 freeculture.xml:15419 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2956 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10411 freeculture.xml:10569 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:4321 freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10573 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2957 freeculture.xml:10415 +#: freeculture.xml:2961 freeculture.xml:10419 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2967 +#: freeculture.xml:2971 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -4302,7 +4322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2975 +#: freeculture.xml:2979 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -4310,7 +4330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2959 +#: freeculture.xml:2963 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4324,7 +4344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2982 +#: freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4332,7 +4352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2989 +#: freeculture.xml:2993 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4341,7 +4361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2996 +#: freeculture.xml:3000 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4351,17 +4371,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3011 +#: freeculture.xml:3015 msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3012 +#: freeculture.xml:3016 msgid "in development of content industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3015 +#: freeculture.xml:3019 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -4373,32 +4393,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3026 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:3028 +#: freeculture.xml:3031 freeculture.xml:3032 msgid "Hollywood film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15454 +#: freeculture.xml:3031 freeculture.xml:7815 freeculture.xml:15458 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814 +#: freeculture.xml:3033 freeculture.xml:7272 freeculture.xml:11199 freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:13336 freeculture.xml:13818 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 +#: freeculture.xml:3033 msgid "on film technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3033 +#: freeculture.xml:3037 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -4408,7 +4428,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3031 +#: freeculture.xml:3035 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4422,12 +4442,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3049 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3053 +#: freeculture.xml:3057 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4438,27 +4458,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3061 +#: freeculture.xml:3065 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3062 +#: freeculture.xml:3066 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:3367 freeculture.xml:4550 freeculture.xml:10457 +#: freeculture.xml:3067 freeculture.xml:3371 freeculture.xml:4554 freeculture.xml:10461 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4549 freeculture.xml:10174 freeculture.xml:10287 +#: freeculture.xml:3091 freeculture.xml:4553 freeculture.xml:10178 freeculture.xml:10291 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3076 +#: freeculture.xml:3080 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4474,7 +4494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3065 +#: freeculture.xml:3069 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4490,7 +4510,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3099 +#: freeculture.xml:3103 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4498,7 +4518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3092 +#: freeculture.xml:3096 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4514,7 +4534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3110 +#: freeculture.xml:3114 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4525,34 +4545,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3122 +#: freeculture.xml:3126 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3123 freeculture.xml:4314 +#: freeculture.xml:3127 freeculture.xml:4318 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3125 +#: freeculture.xml:3129 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3132 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3129 +#: freeculture.xml:3133 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3131 +#: freeculture.xml:3135 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4565,12 +4585,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3140 freeculture.xml:3282 +#: freeculture.xml:3144 freeculture.xml:3286 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3142 +#: freeculture.xml:3146 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4590,12 +4610,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3160 freeculture.xml:3167 freeculture.xml:3184 +#: freeculture.xml:3164 freeculture.xml:3171 freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3163 +#: freeculture.xml:3167 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4603,7 +4623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3178 +#: freeculture.xml:3182 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4615,7 +4635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3171 +#: freeculture.xml:3175 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4626,13 +4646,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3189 +#: freeculture.xml:3193 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3195 +#: freeculture.xml:3199 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4640,7 +4660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3205 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4648,14 +4668,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3208 +#: freeculture.xml:3212 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3191 +#: freeculture.xml:3195 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4668,43 +4688,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3213 +#: freeculture.xml:3217 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3214 +#: freeculture.xml:3218 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12368 freeculture.xml:12370 +#: freeculture.xml:3220 freeculture.xml:3221 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:4402 freeculture.xml:4403 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:10412 freeculture.xml:10413 freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:11194 freeculture.xml:11256 freeculture.xml:11468 freeculture.xml:11543 freeculture.xml:12213 freeculture.xml:12302 freeculture.xml:12372 freeculture.xml:12374 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:10408 +#: freeculture.xml:3220 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:4402 freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:10412 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:10410 +#: freeculture.xml:3221 freeculture.xml:4317 freeculture.xml:10414 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:4315 freeculture.xml:10233 +#: freeculture.xml:3222 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3219 +#: freeculture.xml:3223 msgid "statutory license system in" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3229 +#: freeculture.xml:3233 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4713,7 +4733,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3240 +#: freeculture.xml:3244 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4721,7 +4741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3221 +#: freeculture.xml:3225 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4739,13 +4759,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3245 +#: freeculture.xml:3249 msgid "cover songs" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3247 +#: freeculture.xml:3251 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4760,17 +4780,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3261 +#: freeculture.xml:3265 msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3262 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10232 +#: freeculture.xml:3266 freeculture.xml:4324 freeculture.xml:10236 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3264 +#: freeculture.xml:3268 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4781,12 +4801,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15046 +#: freeculture.xml:3275 freeculture.xml:15050 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3273 +#: freeculture.xml:3277 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4798,7 +4818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3298 +#: freeculture.xml:3302 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4809,7 +4829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3284 +#: freeculture.xml:3288 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4825,7 +4845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3309 +#: freeculture.xml:3313 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4834,7 +4854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3331 +#: freeculture.xml:3335 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4842,7 +4862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3316 +#: freeculture.xml:3320 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4859,34 +4879,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3342 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3347 freeculture.xml:4513 +#: freeculture.xml:3351 freeculture.xml:4517 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3348 freeculture.xml:4319 freeculture.xml:10412 +#: freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:4323 freeculture.xml:10416 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3351 +#: freeculture.xml:3355 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3366 +#: freeculture.xml:3370 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3357 +#: freeculture.xml:3361 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4903,7 +4923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3354 +#: freeculture.xml:3358 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4914,18 +4934,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3373 freeculture.xml:4316 freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:3377 freeculture.xml:4320 freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13084 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:9470 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:13088 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3375 +#: freeculture.xml:3379 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4940,7 +4960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3390 +#: freeculture.xml:3394 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4950,12 +4970,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3397 freeculture.xml:3914 freeculture.xml:6545 freeculture.xml:6561 +#: freeculture.xml:3401 freeculture.xml:3918 freeculture.xml:6549 freeculture.xml:6565 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3399 +#: freeculture.xml:3403 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4964,7 +4984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3405 +#: freeculture.xml:3409 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4976,7 +4996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3418 +#: freeculture.xml:3422 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4987,23 +5007,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:4519 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:4523 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15450 +#: freeculture.xml:3433 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:8643 freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:15454 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3431 +#: freeculture.xml:3435 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3434 +#: freeculture.xml:3438 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -5015,22 +5035,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3444 +#: freeculture.xml:3448 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3445 +#: freeculture.xml:3449 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3446 freeculture.xml:3457 +#: freeculture.xml:3450 freeculture.xml:3461 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3452 +#: freeculture.xml:3456 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -5041,14 +5061,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3464 +#: freeculture.xml:3468 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3448 +#: freeculture.xml:3452 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -5063,14 +5083,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#: freeculture.xml:3479 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3471 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -5078,13 +5098,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3481 +#: freeculture.xml:3485 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3490 +#: freeculture.xml:3494 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -5092,7 +5112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3485 +#: freeculture.xml:3489 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -5101,12 +5121,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3504 +#: freeculture.xml:3500 freeculture.xml:3508 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3502 +#: freeculture.xml:3506 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5114,7 +5134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3498 +#: freeculture.xml:3502 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -5122,19 +5142,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3509 +#: freeculture.xml:3513 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3525 freeculture.xml:3527 +#: freeculture.xml:3529 freeculture.xml:3531 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3523 +#: freeculture.xml:3527 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5142,7 +5162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3514 +#: freeculture.xml:3518 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5154,14 +5174,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3531 +#: freeculture.xml:3535 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3535 +#: freeculture.xml:3539 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5177,7 +5197,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3554 +#: freeculture.xml:3558 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5188,7 +5208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3549 +#: freeculture.xml:3553 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5202,12 +5222,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3571 +#: freeculture.xml:3575 msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3573 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5219,7 +5239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3581 +#: freeculture.xml:3585 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5231,28 +5251,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3591 +#: freeculture.xml:3595 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15452 +#: freeculture.xml:3596 freeculture.xml:3676 freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:15456 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14841 freeculture.xml:15434 +#: freeculture.xml:3597 freeculture.xml:4056 freeculture.xml:9950 freeculture.xml:10813 freeculture.xml:14845 freeculture.xml:15438 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3593 +#: freeculture.xml:3597 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3601 +#: freeculture.xml:3605 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5262,7 +5282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3595 +#: freeculture.xml:3599 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5274,7 +5294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3611 +#: freeculture.xml:3615 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5282,7 +5302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3617 +#: freeculture.xml:3621 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5294,7 +5314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3626 +#: freeculture.xml:3630 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5309,7 +5329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3637 +#: freeculture.xml:3641 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5318,17 +5338,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3665 +#: freeculture.xml:3669 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13377 freeculture.xml:13869 freeculture.xml:13876 +#: freeculture.xml:3670 freeculture.xml:13381 freeculture.xml:13873 freeculture.xml:13880 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3650 +#: freeculture.xml:3654 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5348,7 +5368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3645 +#: freeculture.xml:3649 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5360,12 +5380,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15600 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15604 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3680 +#: freeculture.xml:3684 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5378,7 +5398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3674 +#: freeculture.xml:3678 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5388,7 +5408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3691 +#: freeculture.xml:3695 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5404,7 +5424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3705 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5423,52 +5443,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15453 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:15457 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 +#: freeculture.xml:3728 msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3729 freeculture.xml:13692 freeculture.xml:14284 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12140 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3760 freeculture.xml:12144 freeculture.xml:13707 freeculture.xml:14340 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12142 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:3761 freeculture.xml:12146 freeculture.xml:13708 freeculture.xml:14341 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3728 +#: freeculture.xml:3732 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3733 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3730 +#: freeculture.xml:3734 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3731 +#: freeculture.xml:3735 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3733 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5484,17 +5504,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:3749 freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6609 freeculture.xml:6746 freeculture.xml:7163 freeculture.xml:14372 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:3749 freeculture.xml:14372 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3747 +#: freeculture.xml:3751 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5505,17 +5525,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3754 +#: freeculture.xml:3758 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3759 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3759 +#: freeculture.xml:3763 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5531,7 +5551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3773 +#: freeculture.xml:3777 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5543,7 +5563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3783 +#: freeculture.xml:3787 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5556,7 +5576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3792 +#: freeculture.xml:3796 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5565,7 +5585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3798 +#: freeculture.xml:3802 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5574,20 +5594,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3804 +#: freeculture.xml:3808 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3810 +#: freeculture.xml:3814 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3815 +#: freeculture.xml:3819 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5595,7 +5615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3812 +#: freeculture.xml:3816 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5605,17 +5625,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3824 +#: freeculture.xml:3828 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3843 freeculture.xml:8877 +#: freeculture.xml:3847 freeculture.xml:8881 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3833 +#: freeculture.xml:3837 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5630,7 +5650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3824 +#: freeculture.xml:3828 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -5643,23 +5663,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3848 +#: freeculture.xml:3852 msgid "Kazaa" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3849 +#: freeculture.xml:3853 msgid "number of registrations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3850 +#: freeculture.xml:3854 msgid "replacement of" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3856 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5673,7 +5693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3848 +#: freeculture.xml:3852 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " @@ -5691,7 +5711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3879 +#: freeculture.xml:3883 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5702,14 +5722,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3888 +#: freeculture.xml:3892 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3873 +#: freeculture.xml:3877 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5725,7 +5745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3897 +#: freeculture.xml:3901 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5736,18 +5756,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3905 +#: freeculture.xml:3909 msgid "four types of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3906 +#: freeculture.xml:3910 msgid "range of content on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3909 +#: freeculture.xml:3913 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5755,7 +5775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:3921 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5768,7 +5788,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3927 +#: freeculture.xml:3931 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5781,7 +5801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3938 +#: freeculture.xml:3942 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5800,26 +5820,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3955 +#: freeculture.xml:3959 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3962 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3970 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3965 +#: freeculture.xml:3969 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5833,7 +5853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3981 +#: freeculture.xml:3985 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5844,22 +5864,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15158 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4371 freeculture.xml:8438 freeculture.xml:8467 freeculture.xml:10234 freeculture.xml:15162 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15158 freeculture.xml:15159 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4371 freeculture.xml:8438 freeculture.xml:8467 freeculture.xml:10234 freeculture.xml:10235 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15163 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3998 freeculture.xml:4537 +#: freeculture.xml:4002 freeculture.xml:4541 msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3997 +#: freeculture.xml:4001 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution " @@ -5877,7 +5897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3990 +#: freeculture.xml:3994 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5892,18 +5912,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4016 +#: freeculture.xml:4020 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#: freeculture.xml:4031 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4018 +#: freeculture.xml:4022 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5915,7 +5935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4032 +#: freeculture.xml:4036 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5928,7 +5948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4042 +#: freeculture.xml:4046 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5940,12 +5960,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4052 +#: freeculture.xml:4056 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4054 +#: freeculture.xml:4058 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5954,7 +5974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4063 +#: freeculture.xml:4067 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5972,12 +5992,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4090 +#: freeculture.xml:4094 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4087 +#: freeculture.xml:4091 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5986,7 +6006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4059 +#: freeculture.xml:4063 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -6007,7 +6027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4105 +#: freeculture.xml:4109 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -6018,7 +6038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4113 +#: freeculture.xml:4117 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -6036,7 +6056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 +#: freeculture.xml:4133 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -6045,7 +6065,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4141 +#: freeculture.xml:4145 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -6056,7 +6076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4135 +#: freeculture.xml:4139 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -6070,22 +6090,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14540 freeculture.xml:15270 freeculture.xml:15271 +#: freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:4167 freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:6194 freeculture.xml:6199 freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:7234 freeculture.xml:7235 freeculture.xml:7622 freeculture.xml:7691 freeculture.xml:7979 freeculture.xml:14544 freeculture.xml:15274 freeculture.xml:15275 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15271 +#: freeculture.xml:4158 freeculture.xml:4167 freeculture.xml:7234 freeculture.xml:15275 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4155 +#: freeculture.xml:4159 msgid "used record sales" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4163 +#: freeculture.xml:4167 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -6099,7 +6119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4157 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -6114,22 +6134,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15270 +#: freeculture.xml:4188 freeculture.xml:6194 freeculture.xml:6199 freeculture.xml:7235 freeculture.xml:15274 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 +#: freeculture.xml:4189 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 +#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:7692 freeculture.xml:7980 msgid "books on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4188 +#: freeculture.xml:4192 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -6145,7 +6165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4201 +#: freeculture.xml:4205 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -6156,23 +6176,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14540 +#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14544 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4209 +#: freeculture.xml:4213 msgid "Doctorow, Cory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4210 +#: freeculture.xml:4214 msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4212 +#: freeculture.xml:4216 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6190,7 +6210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4230 +#: freeculture.xml:4234 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6199,7 +6219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4236 +#: freeculture.xml:4240 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6209,7 +6229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4244 +#: freeculture.xml:4248 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6225,30 +6245,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#: freeculture.xml:4262 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "zero tolerance in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4266 msgid "infringing material blocked by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4267 msgid "infringement protections in" msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4277 +#: freeculture.xml:4281 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6259,7 +6279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4265 +#: freeculture.xml:4269 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6272,7 +6292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4290 +#: freeculture.xml:4294 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6286,7 +6306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4302 +#: freeculture.xml:4306 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6298,22 +6318,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4311 +#: freeculture.xml:4315 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4318 +#: freeculture.xml:4322 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4321 +#: freeculture.xml:4325 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4323 +#: freeculture.xml:4327 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6327,7 +6347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4336 +#: freeculture.xml:4340 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6337,13 +6357,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4344 +#: freeculture.xml:4348 msgid "two central goals of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4348 +#: freeculture.xml:4352 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6361,22 +6381,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4366 +#: freeculture.xml:4370 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 freeculture.xml:8203 freeculture.xml:8347 freeculture.xml:8412 freeculture.xml:8524 +#: freeculture.xml:4372 freeculture.xml:8207 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8416 freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#: freeculture.xml:4372 msgid "Betamax technology developed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4370 +#: freeculture.xml:4374 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6393,7 +6413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4384 +#: freeculture.xml:4388 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6409,13 +6429,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:4400 +#: freeculture.xml:4403 freeculture.xml:4404 msgid "on VCR technology" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4409 +#: freeculture.xml:4413 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6425,13 +6445,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4421 +#: freeculture.xml:4425 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4426 +#: freeculture.xml:4430 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6439,14 +6459,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4437 +#: freeculture.xml:4441 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4402 +#: freeculture.xml:4406 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6473,19 +6493,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4456 +#: freeculture.xml:4460 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4459 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4444 +#: freeculture.xml:4448 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6502,7 +6522,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4467 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6511,14 +6531,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4482 +#: freeculture.xml:4486 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 +#: freeculture.xml:4476 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6529,7 +6549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4488 +#: freeculture.xml:4492 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6539,77 +6559,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4499 +#: freeculture.xml:4503 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4500 +#: freeculture.xml:4504 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4501 +#: freeculture.xml:4505 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4502 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4507 +#: freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4508 +#: freeculture.xml:4512 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4509 freeculture.xml:4521 freeculture.xml:4527 +#: freeculture.xml:4513 freeculture.xml:4525 freeculture.xml:4531 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4510 freeculture.xml:4522 +#: freeculture.xml:4514 freeculture.xml:4526 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4514 +#: freeculture.xml:4518 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4515 +#: freeculture.xml:4519 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4516 freeculture.xml:4528 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 freeculture.xml:4532 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4520 +#: freeculture.xml:4524 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4525 +#: freeculture.xml:4529 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4526 +#: freeculture.xml:4530 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4537 +#: freeculture.xml:4541 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important " "instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology " @@ -6627,7 +6647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4535 +#: freeculture.xml:4539 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6637,7 +6657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4557 +#: freeculture.xml:4561 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6651,7 +6671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4570 +#: freeculture.xml:4574 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6664,20 +6684,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4581 +#: freeculture.xml:4585 msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4588 +#: freeculture.xml:4592 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4583 +#: freeculture.xml:4587 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6691,7 +6711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4599 +#: freeculture.xml:4603 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6708,7 +6728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4623 +#: freeculture.xml:4627 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6716,7 +6736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4615 +#: freeculture.xml:4619 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6728,7 +6748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4628 +#: freeculture.xml:4632 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6743,7 +6763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4641 +#: freeculture.xml:4645 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6751,13 +6771,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4650 +#: freeculture.xml:4654 msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4655 +#: freeculture.xml:4659 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6767,7 +6787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4662 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6781,13 +6801,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14527 +#: freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:6492 freeculture.xml:14531 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4688 +#: freeculture.xml:4692 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6795,7 +6815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4675 +#: freeculture.xml:4679 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6811,12 +6831,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4693 +#: freeculture.xml:4697 msgid "intangibility of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4695 +#: freeculture.xml:4699 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6826,7 +6846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4708 +#: freeculture.xml:4712 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6838,7 +6858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 +#: freeculture.xml:4707 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6848,7 +6868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4718 +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6861,47 +6881,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4731 +#: freeculture.xml:4735 msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4732 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:4739 msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14064 +#: freeculture.xml:4740 freeculture.xml:14068 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4736 +#: freeculture.xml:4740 msgid "history of copyright law in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 freeculture.xml:4907 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 freeculture.xml:4911 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4738 +#: freeculture.xml:4742 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4740 freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:4744 freeculture.xml:4876 msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4742 +#: freeculture.xml:4746 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6915,27 +6935,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 freeculture.xml:4837 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:5079 +#: freeculture.xml:4757 freeculture.xml:4841 freeculture.xml:4950 freeculture.xml:5083 msgid "Conger" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4754 +#: freeculture.xml:4758 msgid "Tonson, Jacob" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4760 +#: freeculture.xml:4764 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4761 +#: freeculture.xml:4765 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4760 +#: freeculture.xml:4764 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6950,7 +6970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4773 +#: freeculture.xml:4777 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6959,7 +6979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4756 +#: freeculture.xml:4760 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6975,22 +6995,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:4838 freeculture.xml:4978 freeculture.xml:5159 freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:4789 freeculture.xml:4842 freeculture.xml:4982 freeculture.xml:5163 freeculture.xml:5319 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:7168 +#: freeculture.xml:4791 freeculture.xml:7172 msgid "renewability of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:4840 freeculture.xml:4884 freeculture.xml:4991 freeculture.xml:5078 freeculture.xml:7158 +#: freeculture.xml:4792 freeculture.xml:4844 freeculture.xml:4888 freeculture.xml:4995 freeculture.xml:5082 freeculture.xml:7162 msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4799 +#: freeculture.xml:4803 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6998,7 +7018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4790 +#: freeculture.xml:4794 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7013,22 +7033,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 +#: freeculture.xml:4812 freeculture.xml:5036 msgid "common vs. positive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4809 freeculture.xml:5033 +#: freeculture.xml:4813 freeculture.xml:5037 msgid "positive law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4810 +#: freeculture.xml:4814 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4812 +#: freeculture.xml:4816 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -7041,12 +7061,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4823 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5102 freeculture.xml:5202 +#: freeculture.xml:4827 freeculture.xml:5035 freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:5206 msgid "common law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4825 +#: freeculture.xml:4829 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -7061,13 +7081,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:5068 freeculture.xml:5176 freeculture.xml:5254 +#: freeculture.xml:4843 freeculture.xml:5072 freeculture.xml:5180 freeculture.xml:5258 msgid "Scottish publishers" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 +#: freeculture.xml:4846 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -7079,12 +7099,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4853 +#: freeculture.xml:4857 msgid "as narrow monopoly right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4855 +#: freeculture.xml:4859 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -7095,7 +7115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4865 +#: freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -7104,7 +7124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4874 +#: freeculture.xml:4878 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -7118,7 +7138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4886 +#: freeculture.xml:4890 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -7127,13 +7147,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 +#: freeculture.xml:4895 freeculture.xml:7683 freeculture.xml:7854 msgid "usage restrictions attached to" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4893 +#: freeculture.xml:4897 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -7149,7 +7169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4910 +#: freeculture.xml:4914 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -7162,22 +7182,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4919 +#: freeculture.xml:4923 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4920 +#: freeculture.xml:4924 msgid "monopoly, copyright as" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4921 +#: freeculture.xml:4925 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4923 +#: freeculture.xml:4927 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -7192,7 +7212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4936 +#: freeculture.xml:4940 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -7204,25 +7224,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4944 freeculture.xml:5237 +#: freeculture.xml:4948 freeculture.xml:5241 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4945 +#: freeculture.xml:4949 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4964 +#: freeculture.xml:4968 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4949 +#: freeculture.xml:4953 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -7238,17 +7258,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4968 +#: freeculture.xml:4972 msgid "Enlightenment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4969 +#: freeculture.xml:4973 msgid "knowledge, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4971 +#: freeculture.xml:4975 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -7258,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4980 +#: freeculture.xml:4984 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -7272,12 +7292,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:11215 +#: freeculture.xml:4997 freeculture.xml:5132 freeculture.xml:5226 freeculture.xml:11219 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:4999 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7289,7 +7309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5004 +#: freeculture.xml:5008 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7297,7 +7317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5019 +#: freeculture.xml:5023 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7309,7 +7329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5009 +#: freeculture.xml:5013 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7321,7 +7341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5035 +#: freeculture.xml:5039 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7338,12 +7358,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5067 freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 freeculture.xml:5071 freeculture.xml:5114 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5057 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7352,7 +7372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5051 +#: freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7364,20 +7384,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5175 +#: freeculture.xml:5070 freeculture.xml:5179 msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5074 +#: freeculture.xml:5078 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5070 +#: freeculture.xml:5074 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7385,22 +7405,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5084 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5081 +#: freeculture.xml:5085 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15697 +#: freeculture.xml:5094 freeculture.xml:15701 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5088 +#: freeculture.xml:5092 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7408,12 +7428,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5099 +#: freeculture.xml:5103 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5083 +#: freeculture.xml:5087 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7427,7 +7447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5114 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7435,7 +7455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5104 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7447,12 +7467,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5119 +#: freeculture.xml:5123 msgid "Millar v. Taylor" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5121 +#: freeculture.xml:5125 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7461,23 +7481,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5127 freeculture.xml:5181 +#: freeculture.xml:5131 freeculture.xml:5185 msgid "Thomson, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5129 +#: freeculture.xml:5133 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5130 +#: freeculture.xml:5134 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5139 +#: freeculture.xml:5143 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7485,7 +7505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5132 +#: freeculture.xml:5136 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7497,7 +7517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5146 +#: freeculture.xml:5150 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7512,7 +7532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5161 +#: freeculture.xml:5165 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7527,35 +7547,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:5182 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5182 +#: freeculture.xml:5186 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5183 freeculture.xml:5290 +#: freeculture.xml:5187 freeculture.xml:5294 msgid "House of Lords" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5184 +#: freeculture.xml:5188 msgid "House of Lords vs." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5190 +#: freeculture.xml:5194 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5186 +#: freeculture.xml:5190 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7569,12 +7589,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:5205 msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5204 +#: freeculture.xml:5208 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7587,7 +7607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5215 +#: freeculture.xml:5219 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7597,13 +7617,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:5291 +#: freeculture.xml:5227 freeculture.xml:5295 msgid "English legal establishment of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5225 +#: freeculture.xml:5229 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7615,22 +7635,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5234 +#: freeculture.xml:5238 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5235 +#: freeculture.xml:5239 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5240 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5240 +#: freeculture.xml:5244 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7644,12 +7664,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5266 +#: freeculture.xml:5270 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5256 +#: freeculture.xml:5260 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7664,7 +7684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5271 +#: freeculture.xml:5275 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7672,7 +7692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5277 +#: freeculture.xml:5281 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7686,7 +7706,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5294 +#: freeculture.xml:5298 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7709,7 +7729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5317 +#: freeculture.xml:5321 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7717,42 +7737,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5335 freeculture.xml:7657 freeculture.xml:7771 freeculture.xml:7830 +#: freeculture.xml:5339 freeculture.xml:7661 freeculture.xml:7775 freeculture.xml:7834 msgid "fair use and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5336 +#: freeculture.xml:5340 msgid "documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5337 +#: freeculture.xml:5341 msgid "Else, Jon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:5342 freeculture.xml:5485 freeculture.xml:7660 freeculture.xml:7693 freeculture.xml:7774 freeculture.xml:7836 msgid "fair use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 +#: freeculture.xml:5342 msgid "in documentary film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5339 +#: freeculture.xml:5343 msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5341 +#: freeculture.xml:5345 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7762,24 +7782,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5348 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 freeculture.xml:5416 +#: freeculture.xml:5356 freeculture.xml:5420 msgid "Wagner, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5353 freeculture.xml:5430 +#: freeculture.xml:5357 freeculture.xml:5434 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5355 +#: freeculture.xml:5359 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7789,13 +7809,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5362 +#: freeculture.xml:5366 msgid "Simpsons, The" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5364 +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7806,12 +7826,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5373 +#: freeculture.xml:5377 msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5375 +#: freeculture.xml:5379 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7822,17 +7842,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5381 +#: freeculture.xml:5385 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5382 freeculture.xml:5503 +#: freeculture.xml:5386 freeculture.xml:5507 msgid "Groening, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5384 +#: freeculture.xml:5388 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7842,12 +7862,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5390 freeculture.xml:5502 +#: freeculture.xml:5394 freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "Fox (film company)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5392 +#: freeculture.xml:5396 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7857,7 +7877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5400 +#: freeculture.xml:5404 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7868,12 +7888,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5407 +#: freeculture.xml:5411 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5409 +#: freeculture.xml:5413 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7885,7 +7905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5418 +#: freeculture.xml:5422 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7897,12 +7917,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5431 +#: freeculture.xml:5435 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5433 +#: freeculture.xml:5437 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7913,7 +7933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5441 +#: freeculture.xml:5445 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7927,7 +7947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5452 +#: freeculture.xml:5456 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7940,7 +7960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5464 +#: freeculture.xml:5468 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7950,7 +7970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5465 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7962,19 +7982,19 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5478 +#: freeculture.xml:5482 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:5485 freeculture.xml:7836 msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5483 +#: freeculture.xml:5487 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7985,13 +8005,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#: freeculture.xml:5496 msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5495 +#: freeculture.xml:5499 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -8001,18 +8021,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5504 +#: freeculture.xml:5508 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5505 +#: freeculture.xml:5509 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5508 +#: freeculture.xml:5512 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -8028,7 +8048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5520 +#: freeculture.xml:5524 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -8039,14 +8059,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 +#: freeculture.xml:5536 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 +#: freeculture.xml:5544 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -8057,7 +8077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5548 +#: freeculture.xml:5552 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -8066,22 +8086,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5563 +#: freeculture.xml:5567 msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5564 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15061 +#: freeculture.xml:5569 freeculture.xml:5629 freeculture.xml:5814 freeculture.xml:10570 freeculture.xml:15065 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5568 +#: freeculture.xml:5572 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -8091,17 +8111,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5575 +#: freeculture.xml:5579 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5576 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5578 +#: freeculture.xml:5582 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -8113,7 +8133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5588 +#: freeculture.xml:5592 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -8123,7 +8143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5595 +#: freeculture.xml:5599 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -8133,7 +8153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5602 +#: freeculture.xml:5606 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -8144,19 +8164,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5610 +#: freeculture.xml:5614 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5624 +#: freeculture.xml:5628 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5620 +#: freeculture.xml:5624 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -8166,7 +8186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5614 +#: freeculture.xml:5618 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -8175,7 +8195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5629 +#: freeculture.xml:5633 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -8185,7 +8205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5636 +#: freeculture.xml:5640 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -8193,7 +8213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5646 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -8205,7 +8225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5651 +#: freeculture.xml:5655 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -8218,12 +8238,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5662 +#: freeculture.xml:5666 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5664 +#: freeculture.xml:5668 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -8236,14 +8256,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5675 +#: freeculture.xml:5679 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5679 +#: freeculture.xml:5683 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -8251,7 +8271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5685 +#: freeculture.xml:5689 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -8264,20 +8284,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5697 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5700 +#: freeculture.xml:5704 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5708 +#: freeculture.xml:5712 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -8286,7 +8306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5702 +#: freeculture.xml:5706 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -8297,7 +8317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5716 +#: freeculture.xml:5720 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -8307,7 +8327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5724 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -8316,7 +8336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5732 +#: freeculture.xml:5736 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -8329,7 +8349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5743 +#: freeculture.xml:5747 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -8350,7 +8370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5763 +#: freeculture.xml:5767 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -8360,7 +8380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5772 +#: freeculture.xml:5776 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8375,7 +8395,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5785 +#: freeculture.xml:5789 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8386,7 +8406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5795 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8395,12 +8415,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5800 +#: freeculture.xml:5804 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5802 +#: freeculture.xml:5806 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8411,27 +8431,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5811 +#: freeculture.xml:5815 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5812 +#: freeculture.xml:5816 msgid "Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5812 +#: freeculture.xml:5816 msgid "Ninth Circuit" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5813 +#: freeculture.xml:5817 msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5810 +#: freeculture.xml:5814 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -8451,7 +8471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5830 +#: freeculture.xml:5834 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8461,13 +8481,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5836 +#: freeculture.xml:5840 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5838 +#: freeculture.xml:5842 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8480,7 +8500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5849 +#: freeculture.xml:5853 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8490,7 +8510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5856 +#: freeculture.xml:5860 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8507,7 +8527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5871 +#: freeculture.xml:5875 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8517,7 +8537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5877 +#: freeculture.xml:5881 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8531,7 +8551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5890 +#: freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8543,7 +8563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5899 +#: freeculture.xml:5903 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8556,7 +8576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5909 +#: freeculture.xml:5913 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8572,22 +8592,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5924 +#: freeculture.xml:5928 msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5925 freeculture.xml:9296 freeculture.xml:11648 freeculture.xml:11894 +#: freeculture.xml:5929 freeculture.xml:9300 freeculture.xml:11652 freeculture.xml:11898 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:8577 +#: freeculture.xml:5930 freeculture.xml:8581 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:5932 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8600,12 +8620,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5938 freeculture.xml:5969 freeculture.xml:6033 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 freeculture.xml:5973 freeculture.xml:6037 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5940 +#: freeculture.xml:5944 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8616,12 +8636,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5947 +#: freeculture.xml:5951 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5949 +#: freeculture.xml:5953 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8631,7 +8651,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5957 +#: freeculture.xml:5961 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8639,7 +8659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5962 +#: freeculture.xml:5966 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8649,12 +8669,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:5983 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5977 +#: freeculture.xml:5981 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations " @@ -8666,7 +8686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5971 +#: freeculture.xml:5975 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8676,12 +8696,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5987 +#: freeculture.xml:5991 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5989 +#: freeculture.xml:5993 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8694,7 +8714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6000 +#: freeculture.xml:6004 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8707,7 +8727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6009 +#: freeculture.xml:6013 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8719,7 +8739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6021 +#: freeculture.xml:6025 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8732,32 +8752,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6030 freeculture.xml:6085 freeculture.xml:10551 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:6089 freeculture.xml:10555 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6031 +#: freeculture.xml:6035 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6036 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14239 freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:6038 freeculture.xml:11128 freeculture.xml:14243 freeculture.xml:14373 freeculture.xml:14409 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6038 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6037 +#: freeculture.xml:6041 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8777,18 +8797,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6054 +#: freeculture.xml:6058 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6055 +#: freeculture.xml:6059 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6057 +#: freeculture.xml:6061 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8800,17 +8820,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 freeculture.xml:8680 +#: freeculture.xml:6072 freeculture.xml:8684 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6072 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6070 +#: freeculture.xml:6074 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8821,7 +8841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6078 +#: freeculture.xml:6082 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8831,13 +8851,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6086 freeculture.xml:6130 +#: freeculture.xml:6090 freeculture.xml:6134 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6101 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8847,7 +8867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6088 +#: freeculture.xml:6092 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8860,7 +8880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6105 +#: freeculture.xml:6109 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8875,7 +8895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6117 +#: freeculture.xml:6121 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8887,37 +8907,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6127 +#: freeculture.xml:6131 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6132 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 freeculture.xml:6131 +#: freeculture.xml:6132 freeculture.xml:6135 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6132 +#: freeculture.xml:6136 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6133 +#: freeculture.xml:6137 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6138 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6136 +#: freeculture.xml:6140 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8937,7 +8957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6154 +#: freeculture.xml:6158 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8947,7 +8967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6162 +#: freeculture.xml:6166 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8958,7 +8978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6170 +#: freeculture.xml:6174 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8970,7 +8990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6182 +#: freeculture.xml:6186 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8981,7 +9001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6195 +#: freeculture.xml:6199 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8993,7 +9013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6192 +#: freeculture.xml:6196 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -9005,7 +9025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6210 +#: freeculture.xml:6214 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -9019,7 +9039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6221 +#: freeculture.xml:6225 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -9032,7 +9052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6233 +#: freeculture.xml:6237 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -9043,7 +9063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6241 +#: freeculture.xml:6245 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -9052,17 +9072,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:6248 freeculture.xml:6251 +#: freeculture.xml:6251 freeculture.xml:6252 freeculture.xml:6255 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6249 freeculture.xml:6250 freeculture.xml:6251 +#: freeculture.xml:6253 freeculture.xml:6254 freeculture.xml:6255 msgid "music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6253 +#: freeculture.xml:6257 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -9079,7 +9099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6268 +#: freeculture.xml:6272 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -9095,7 +9115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6283 +#: freeculture.xml:6287 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -9107,27 +9127,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6295 +#: freeculture.xml:6299 msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6296 +#: freeculture.xml:6300 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6297 freeculture.xml:10307 +#: freeculture.xml:6301 freeculture.xml:10311 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6302 msgid "background of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6300 +#: freeculture.xml:6304 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -9139,37 +9159,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6310 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6311 +#: freeculture.xml:6315 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6312 +#: freeculture.xml:6316 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6313 +#: freeculture.xml:6317 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6318 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 freeculture.xml:7941 freeculture.xml:8115 +#: freeculture.xml:6319 freeculture.xml:7945 freeculture.xml:8119 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6317 +#: freeculture.xml:6321 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -9184,7 +9204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6330 +#: freeculture.xml:6334 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -9198,7 +9218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6342 +#: freeculture.xml:6346 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -9210,13 +9230,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6351 +#: freeculture.xml:6355 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6365 +#: freeculture.xml:6369 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -9226,7 +9246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6356 +#: freeculture.xml:6360 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -9240,7 +9260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6375 +#: freeculture.xml:6379 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -9252,7 +9272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6386 +#: freeculture.xml:6390 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -9268,7 +9288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6402 +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -9281,7 +9301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6399 +#: freeculture.xml:6403 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -9294,7 +9314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6417 +#: freeculture.xml:6421 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -9305,7 +9325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6425 +#: freeculture.xml:6429 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -9319,7 +9339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6440 +#: freeculture.xml:6444 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -9331,7 +9351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6449 +#: freeculture.xml:6453 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -9339,7 +9359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6454 +#: freeculture.xml:6458 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -9354,7 +9374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6465 +#: freeculture.xml:6469 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -9371,7 +9391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6480 +#: freeculture.xml:6484 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -9382,7 +9402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6490 +#: freeculture.xml:6494 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -9396,7 +9416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6502 +#: freeculture.xml:6506 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9406,7 +9426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6512 +#: freeculture.xml:6516 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9421,38 +9441,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:8064 freeculture.xml:9932 freeculture.xml:11259 freeculture.xml:11305 freeculture.xml:13646 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6526 +#: freeculture.xml:6530 msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6527 freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106 +#: freeculture.xml:6531 freeculture.xml:6792 freeculture.xml:9881 freeculture.xml:9998 freeculture.xml:10110 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6527 +#: freeculture.xml:6531 msgid "four modalities of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 +#: freeculture.xml:6532 msgid "as ex post regulation modality" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 +#: freeculture.xml:6533 freeculture.xml:6609 freeculture.xml:6746 msgid "as constraint modality" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6533 +#: freeculture.xml:6537 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9464,14 +9484,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6543 freeculture.xml:6738 freeculture.xml:7112 +#: freeculture.xml:6547 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7116 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6547 +#: freeculture.xml:6551 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9488,12 +9508,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6563 freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:6743 +#: freeculture.xml:6567 freeculture.xml:6629 freeculture.xml:6747 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6565 +#: freeculture.xml:6569 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9506,12 +9526,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6575 freeculture.xml:6624 freeculture.xml:6718 freeculture.xml:6759 freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:10104 +#: freeculture.xml:6579 freeculture.xml:6628 freeculture.xml:6722 freeculture.xml:6763 freeculture.xml:9890 freeculture.xml:10108 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6577 +#: freeculture.xml:6581 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9523,12 +9543,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6586 freeculture.xml:6623 freeculture.xml:6676 freeculture.xml:6717 freeculture.xml:6741 +#: freeculture.xml:6590 freeculture.xml:6627 freeculture.xml:6680 freeculture.xml:6721 freeculture.xml:6745 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6588 +#: freeculture.xml:6592 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9547,7 +9567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6609 +#: freeculture.xml:6613 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9555,7 +9575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6615 +#: freeculture.xml:6619 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9567,17 +9587,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6626 +#: freeculture.xml:6630 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:6631 msgid "speeding, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6629 +#: freeculture.xml:6633 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9593,7 +9613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6647 +#: freeculture.xml:6651 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9608,7 +9628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9625,24 +9645,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6673 +#: freeculture.xml:6677 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"12em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6715 +#: freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6716 +#: freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6686 +#: freeculture.xml:6690 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9677,7 +9697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6678 +#: freeculture.xml:6682 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9688,17 +9708,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6724 +#: freeculture.xml:6728 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7102 +#: freeculture.xml:6729 freeculture.xml:7106 msgid "four regulatory modalities on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6727 +#: freeculture.xml:6731 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9707,13 +9727,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6733 +#: freeculture.xml:6737 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6746 +#: freeculture.xml:6750 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9727,22 +9747,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6757 +#: freeculture.xml:6761 msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6758 +#: freeculture.xml:6762 msgid "regulatory balance lost in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6760 +#: freeculture.xml:6764 msgid "MP3s" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6762 +#: freeculture.xml:6766 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9753,18 +9773,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6771 freeculture.xml:7621 freeculture.xml:7930 freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:6775 freeculture.xml:7625 freeculture.xml:7934 freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6771 +#: freeculture.xml:6775 msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6773 +#: freeculture.xml:6777 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9775,24 +9795,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6784 +#: freeculture.xml:6788 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#: freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6788 freeculture.xml:9877 +#: freeculture.xml:6792 freeculture.xml:9881 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6790 +#: freeculture.xml:6794 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9806,18 +9826,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6803 freeculture.xml:6943 +#: freeculture.xml:6807 freeculture.xml:6947 msgid "farming" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 +#: freeculture.xml:6808 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6806 +#: freeculture.xml:6810 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9834,7 +9854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6826 +#: freeculture.xml:6830 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9845,18 +9865,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6839 +#: freeculture.xml:6843 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6840 +#: freeculture.xml:6844 msgid "remote channel changers" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6850 +#: freeculture.xml:6854 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9868,7 +9888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6842 +#: freeculture.xml:6846 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9890,35 +9910,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15639 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:15643 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13828 +#: freeculture.xml:6879 freeculture.xml:13832 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6876 freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 freeculture.xml:7899 msgid "market competition" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6889 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6879 +#: freeculture.xml:6883 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9936,7 +9956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6900 +#: freeculture.xml:6904 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9948,17 +9968,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "speech, freedom of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "constitutional guarantee of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:6917 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9975,7 +9995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6929 +#: freeculture.xml:6933 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9986,27 +10006,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6938 +#: freeculture.xml:6942 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6940 +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6941 +#: freeculture.xml:6945 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6942 +#: freeculture.xml:6946 msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6945 +#: freeculture.xml:6949 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -10016,7 +10036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6952 +#: freeculture.xml:6956 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -10024,22 +10044,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6956 +#: freeculture.xml:6960 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6957 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6958 +#: freeculture.xml:6962 msgid "environmentalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#: freeculture.xml:6964 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -10048,7 +10068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6966 +#: freeculture.xml:6970 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -10060,18 +10080,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6975 +#: freeculture.xml:6979 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 +#: freeculture.xml:6980 msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6982 +#: freeculture.xml:6986 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -10080,7 +10100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6978 +#: freeculture.xml:6982 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -10098,7 +10118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7000 +#: freeculture.xml:7004 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -10112,49 +10132,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7012 +#: freeculture.xml:7016 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7021 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7022 +#: freeculture.xml:7026 msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:11555 +#: freeculture.xml:7027 freeculture.xml:11559 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12371 +#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11257 freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:11556 +#: freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:11560 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7027 +#: freeculture.xml:7031 msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:7032 freeculture.xml:11258 freeculture.xml:12373 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7031 +#: freeculture.xml:7035 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -10163,12 +10183,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12368 +#: freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:12372 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7038 +#: freeculture.xml:7042 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -10176,7 +10196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7044 +#: freeculture.xml:7048 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -10184,7 +10204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7052 +#: freeculture.xml:7056 msgid "" "We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this " "clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant " @@ -10195,12 +10215,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7061 +#: freeculture.xml:7065 msgid "history of American" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7063 +#: freeculture.xml:7067 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -10213,22 +10233,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7072 +#: freeculture.xml:7076 msgid "Senate, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7073 +#: freeculture.xml:7077 msgid "structural checks and balances of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7074 +#: freeculture.xml:7078 msgid "electoral college" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7076 +#: freeculture.xml:7080 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -10245,7 +10265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -10256,7 +10276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7104 +#: freeculture.xml:7108 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -10264,12 +10284,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:7119 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7119 +#: freeculture.xml:7123 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" @@ -10277,37 +10297,37 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7122 +#: freeculture.xml:7126 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7127 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:7424 +#: freeculture.xml:7134 freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7131 +#: freeculture.xml:7135 msgid "common law protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7132 +#: freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "balance of U.S. content in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7149 +#: freeculture.xml:7153 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7142 +#: freeculture.xml:7146 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -10319,7 +10339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7134 +#: freeculture.xml:7138 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -10335,12 +10355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7159 +#: freeculture.xml:7163 msgid "federal vs. state" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7161 +#: freeculture.xml:7165 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -10351,7 +10371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7170 +#: freeculture.xml:7174 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -10362,7 +10382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7190 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -10381,7 +10401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7178 +#: freeculture.xml:7182 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -10394,7 +10414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7204 +#: freeculture.xml:7208 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -10405,7 +10425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7219 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -10419,7 +10439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7213 +#: freeculture.xml:7217 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -10430,12 +10450,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7237 +#: freeculture.xml:7241 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7233 +#: freeculture.xml:7237 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -10448,17 +10468,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12370 +#: freeculture.xml:7249 freeculture.xml:11194 freeculture.xml:12374 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7246 freeculture.xml:11192 +#: freeculture.xml:7250 freeculture.xml:11196 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#: freeculture.xml:7252 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -10469,22 +10489,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7255 +#: freeculture.xml:7259 msgid "CTEA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15557 +#: freeculture.xml:7259 freeculture.xml:7260 freeculture.xml:7295 freeculture.xml:11220 freeculture.xml:15561 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:11196 +#: freeculture.xml:7261 freeculture.xml:11200 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7259 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -10497,13 +10517,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 +#: freeculture.xml:7272 freeculture.xml:11199 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7274 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -10515,7 +10535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7282 +#: freeculture.xml:7286 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -10527,22 +10547,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7292 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13486 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "copyright terms for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7299 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -10554,7 +10574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7305 +#: freeculture.xml:7309 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10566,7 +10586,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7328 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10575,7 +10595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7316 +#: freeculture.xml:7320 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -10587,17 +10607,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7338 +#: freeculture.xml:7342 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7558 +#: freeculture.xml:7343 freeculture.xml:7562 msgid "scope of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 +#: freeculture.xml:7345 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -10606,12 +10626,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7347 +#: freeculture.xml:7351 msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7349 +#: freeculture.xml:7353 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -10627,7 +10647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7362 +#: freeculture.xml:7366 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10644,23 +10664,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7376 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7377 +#: freeculture.xml:7381 msgid "formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7378 +#: freeculture.xml:7382 msgid "registration requirement of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7384 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10675,7 +10695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7395 +#: freeculture.xml:7399 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10691,12 +10711,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7408 +#: freeculture.xml:7412 msgid "European" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7410 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10707,13 +10727,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7421 +#: freeculture.xml:7425 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7433 +#: freeculture.xml:7437 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10723,7 +10743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7426 +#: freeculture.xml:7430 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10737,7 +10757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:7452 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10748,7 +10768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7458 +#: freeculture.xml:7462 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10759,7 +10779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7467 +#: freeculture.xml:7471 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10767,7 +10787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:7476 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10782,7 +10802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7487 +#: freeculture.xml:7491 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10794,7 +10814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7509 +#: freeculture.xml:7513 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10803,7 +10823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7499 +#: freeculture.xml:7503 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10818,12 +10838,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7531 +#: freeculture.xml:7535 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7524 +#: freeculture.xml:7528 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10835,7 +10855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7519 +#: freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10845,7 +10865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:7543 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10855,7 +10875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7547 +#: freeculture.xml:7551 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10864,18 +10884,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7556 +#: freeculture.xml:7560 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7557 freeculture.xml:7619 freeculture.xml:7831 +#: freeculture.xml:7561 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:7835 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7565 +#: freeculture.xml:7569 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10889,7 +10909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7564 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10899,13 +10919,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7576 +#: freeculture.xml:7580 msgid "other property rights vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7579 +#: freeculture.xml:7583 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10921,7 +10941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7598 +#: freeculture.xml:7602 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10930,7 +10950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7593 +#: freeculture.xml:7597 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10942,37 +10962,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7611 +#: freeculture.xml:7615 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7616 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7618 +#: freeculture.xml:7622 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7620 +#: freeculture.xml:7624 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7621 +#: freeculture.xml:7625 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7626 +#: freeculture.xml:7630 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10987,14 +11007,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7640 +#: freeculture.xml:7644 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:7647 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -11005,21 +11025,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7654 +#: freeculture.xml:7658 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7659 +#: freeculture.xml:7663 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7666 +#: freeculture.xml:7670 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -11032,7 +11052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7677 +#: freeculture.xml:7681 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" @@ -11040,7 +11060,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7682 +#: freeculture.xml:7686 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -11049,18 +11069,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:10261 +#: freeculture.xml:7691 freeculture.xml:7979 freeculture.xml:10265 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7689 freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7693 freeculture.xml:7774 msgid "Internet burdens on" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7694 +#: freeculture.xml:7698 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -11070,7 +11090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 +#: freeculture.xml:7695 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -11087,7 +11107,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7714 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -11100,17 +11120,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7725 +#: freeculture.xml:7729 msgid "e-books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7726 +#: freeculture.xml:7730 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7728 +#: freeculture.xml:7732 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -11124,14 +11144,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7741 +#: freeculture.xml:7745 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"10em\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7744 +#: freeculture.xml:7748 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -11140,7 +11160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7750 +#: freeculture.xml:7754 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -11151,7 +11171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:7763 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -11165,13 +11185,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7772 +#: freeculture.xml:7776 msgid "fair use vs." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7774 +#: freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -11185,7 +11205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7793 +#: freeculture.xml:7797 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -11197,17 +11217,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7809 +#: freeculture.xml:7813 msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7811 +#: freeculture.xml:7815 msgid "trailer advertisements of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 +#: freeculture.xml:7817 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -11217,12 +11237,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14194 +#: freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:7898 freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7825 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -11235,7 +11255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7834 +#: freeculture.xml:7838 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -11251,17 +11271,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 +#: freeculture.xml:7855 msgid "willful infringement findings in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7852 +#: freeculture.xml:7856 msgid "willful infringement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7854 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -11274,7 +11294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#: freeculture.xml:7868 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -11286,12 +11306,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7872 +#: freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "first-sale doctrine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7874 +#: freeculture.xml:7878 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -11307,13 +11327,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7893 +#: freeculture.xml:7897 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7902 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -11330,7 +11350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7913 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -11341,12 +11361,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7922 +#: freeculture.xml:7926 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7924 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -11355,17 +11375,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7929 +#: freeculture.xml:7933 msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7930 +#: freeculture.xml:7934 msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7932 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -11375,18 +11395,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7939 +#: freeculture.xml:7943 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7940 freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:7944 freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7951 +#: freeculture.xml:7955 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -11394,7 +11414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7943 +#: freeculture.xml:7947 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -11405,14 +11425,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 +#: freeculture.xml:7964 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7956 +#: freeculture.xml:7960 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -11424,7 +11444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7970 +#: freeculture.xml:7974 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -11433,7 +11453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7978 +#: freeculture.xml:7982 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -11445,17 +11465,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7990 +#: freeculture.xml:7994 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7992 +#: freeculture.xml:7996 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7995 +#: freeculture.xml:7999 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -11464,14 +11484,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8003 +#: freeculture.xml:8007 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8006 +#: freeculture.xml:8010 msgid "" "In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-reader\"/> is a picture of an old version " @@ -11480,7 +11500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8011 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -11493,14 +11513,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8024 +#: freeculture.xml:8028 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8029 +#: freeculture.xml:8033 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" @@ -11508,7 +11528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8033 +#: freeculture.xml:8037 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -11519,74 +11539,74 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8040 +#: freeculture.xml:8044 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8041 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8043 +#: freeculture.xml:8047 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 +#: freeculture.xml:8052 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8051 +#: freeculture.xml:8055 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8057 +#: freeculture.xml:8061 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8059 freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:8063 freeculture.xml:9931 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8062 +#: freeculture.xml:8066 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8069 +#: freeculture.xml:8073 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8072 +#: freeculture.xml:8076 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8093 msgid "contracts" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8082 +#: freeculture.xml:8086 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -11598,7 +11618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8075 +#: freeculture.xml:8079 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -11613,7 +11633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8102 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -11633,7 +11653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8118 +#: freeculture.xml:8122 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -11642,7 +11662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8124 +#: freeculture.xml:8128 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -11654,7 +11674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 +#: freeculture.xml:8137 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -11664,24 +11684,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8140 +#: freeculture.xml:8144 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8143 +#: freeculture.xml:8147 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 +#: freeculture.xml:8150 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11691,14 +11711,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8155 +#: freeculture.xml:8159 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"50%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8159 +#: freeculture.xml:8163 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11707,7 +11727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8164 +#: freeculture.xml:8168 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11718,7 +11738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 +#: freeculture.xml:8176 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11733,7 +11753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8187 +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11743,29 +11763,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8198 +#: freeculture.xml:8202 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8201 freeculture.xml:8345 freeculture.xml:8410 freeculture.xml:8522 +#: freeculture.xml:8205 freeculture.xml:8349 freeculture.xml:8414 freeculture.xml:8526 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8202 freeculture.xml:8346 freeculture.xml:8411 freeculture.xml:8523 +#: freeculture.xml:8206 freeculture.xml:8350 freeculture.xml:8415 freeculture.xml:8527 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8203 freeculture.xml:8347 freeculture.xml:8412 freeculture.xml:8524 +#: freeculture.xml:8207 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8416 freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 +#: freeculture.xml:8209 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11774,7 +11794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8210 +#: freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11785,7 +11805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8219 +#: freeculture.xml:8223 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11796,12 +11816,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8226 +#: freeculture.xml:8230 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8228 +#: freeculture.xml:8232 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11817,7 +11837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8242 +#: freeculture.xml:8246 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11827,7 +11847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8249 +#: freeculture.xml:8253 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11838,7 +11858,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8259 +#: freeculture.xml:8263 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11853,12 +11873,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8274 +#: freeculture.xml:8278 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8276 +#: freeculture.xml:8280 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11872,12 +11892,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:10894 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8289 +#: freeculture.xml:8293 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11896,7 +11916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8287 +#: freeculture.xml:8291 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11906,7 +11926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8307 +#: freeculture.xml:8311 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11918,7 +11938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8317 +#: freeculture.xml:8321 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11928,7 +11948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8324 +#: freeculture.xml:8328 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11937,7 +11957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8330 +#: freeculture.xml:8334 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11948,7 +11968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8338 +#: freeculture.xml:8342 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11958,7 +11978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8349 +#: freeculture.xml:8353 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11966,7 +11986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8356 +#: freeculture.xml:8360 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11974,7 +11994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8365 +#: freeculture.xml:8369 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11983,7 +12003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8371 +#: freeculture.xml:8375 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11992,7 +12012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8379 +#: freeculture.xml:8383 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -12000,7 +12020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8384 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -12013,7 +12033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8395 +#: freeculture.xml:8399 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -12023,7 +12043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8402 +#: freeculture.xml:8406 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -12035,7 +12055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8414 +#: freeculture.xml:8418 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -12049,7 +12069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8426 +#: freeculture.xml:8430 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -12060,17 +12080,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:8437 freeculture.xml:8472 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8444 freeculture.xml:8483 freeculture.xml:8511 +#: freeculture.xml:8448 freeculture.xml:8487 freeculture.xml:8515 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8436 +#: freeculture.xml:8440 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -12083,7 +12103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8463 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -12094,7 +12114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8448 +#: freeculture.xml:8452 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -12114,7 +12134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8474 +#: freeculture.xml:8478 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -12122,7 +12142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8479 +#: freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref " "xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, " @@ -12130,26 +12150,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8486 +#: freeculture.xml:8490 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8489 +#: freeculture.xml:8493 msgid "" "— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers " "be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8492 +#: freeculture.xml:8496 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"55%\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8495 +#: freeculture.xml:8499 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -12160,13 +12180,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8502 +#: freeculture.xml:8506 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8504 +#: freeculture.xml:8508 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -12175,7 +12195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8513 +#: freeculture.xml:8517 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -12186,7 +12206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8526 +#: freeculture.xml:8530 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -12197,7 +12217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8534 +#: freeculture.xml:8538 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -12211,7 +12231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8546 +#: freeculture.xml:8550 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -12226,7 +12246,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8565 +#: freeculture.xml:8569 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -12235,7 +12255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8559 +#: freeculture.xml:8563 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -12245,7 +12265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8571 +#: freeculture.xml:8575 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -12255,7 +12275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8579 +#: freeculture.xml:8583 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -12268,7 +12288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8589 +#: freeculture.xml:8593 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -12279,13 +12299,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8598 +#: freeculture.xml:8602 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8600 +#: freeculture.xml:8604 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -12303,7 +12323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8618 +#: freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -12313,7 +12333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8625 +#: freeculture.xml:8629 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -12326,38 +12346,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8636 +#: freeculture.xml:8640 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8640 +#: freeculture.xml:8644 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:10037 +#: freeculture.xml:8645 freeculture.xml:10041 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8642 +#: freeculture.xml:8646 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8643 freeculture.xml:10044 +#: freeculture.xml:8647 freeculture.xml:10048 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8644 +#: freeculture.xml:8648 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8650 +#: freeculture.xml:8654 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -12366,7 +12386,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8657 +#: freeculture.xml:8661 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -12374,14 +12394,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8663 +#: freeculture.xml:8667 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8646 +#: freeculture.xml:8650 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -12395,13 +12415,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8667 +#: freeculture.xml:8671 msgid "ownership consolidation in" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8669 +#: freeculture.xml:8673 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -12414,12 +12434,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8680 +#: freeculture.xml:8684 msgid "ownership consolidation of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8682 +#: freeculture.xml:8686 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -12433,12 +12453,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8692 freeculture.xml:8713 +#: freeculture.xml:8696 freeculture.xml:8717 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8694 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -12446,7 +12466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8711 +#: freeculture.xml:8715 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -12454,7 +12474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8700 +#: freeculture.xml:8704 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -12469,7 +12489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8720 +#: freeculture.xml:8724 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -12478,7 +12498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8727 +#: freeculture.xml:8731 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" " "align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>" @@ -12486,7 +12506,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8731 +#: freeculture.xml:8735 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -12494,7 +12514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8736 +#: freeculture.xml:8740 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -12503,24 +12523,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8742 +#: freeculture.xml:8746 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8745 +#: freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:8810 +#: freeculture.xml:8751 freeculture.xml:8814 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8749 +#: freeculture.xml:8753 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -12531,7 +12551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8761 +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -12542,7 +12562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8756 +#: freeculture.xml:8760 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -12552,7 +12572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8772 +#: freeculture.xml:8776 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -12564,7 +12584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8791 +#: freeculture.xml:8795 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -12576,7 +12596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8781 +#: freeculture.xml:8785 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -12595,7 +12615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8812 +#: freeculture.xml:8816 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -12604,17 +12624,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8817 +#: freeculture.xml:8821 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8818 +#: freeculture.xml:8822 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8820 +#: freeculture.xml:8824 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -12623,7 +12643,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8835 +#: freeculture.xml:8839 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -12631,7 +12651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8826 +#: freeculture.xml:8830 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -12642,12 +12662,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8841 +#: freeculture.xml:8845 msgid "media concentration and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8843 +#: freeculture.xml:8847 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -12661,13 +12681,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8854 +#: freeculture.xml:8858 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8863 +#: freeculture.xml:8867 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -12683,7 +12703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:8860 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -12698,7 +12718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8880 +#: freeculture.xml:8884 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12706,14 +12726,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8886 +#: freeculture.xml:8890 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8890 +#: freeculture.xml:8894 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -12721,13 +12741,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8894 +#: freeculture.xml:8898 msgid "criminal justice system" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8896 +#: freeculture.xml:8900 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -12745,7 +12765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8915 +#: freeculture.xml:8919 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12753,12 +12773,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8923 +#: freeculture.xml:8927 msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8925 +#: freeculture.xml:8929 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -12773,14 +12793,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8937 +#: freeculture.xml:8941 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8941 +#: freeculture.xml:8945 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -12790,7 +12810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8947 +#: freeculture.xml:8951 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -12799,42 +12819,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8955 +#: freeculture.xml:8959 msgid "on television advertising bans" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:8956 +#: freeculture.xml:8960 msgid "controversy avoided by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8969 +#: freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8970 +#: freeculture.xml:8974 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8971 +#: freeculture.xml:8975 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8972 +#: freeculture.xml:8976 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:8977 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8968 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -12868,7 +12888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8958 +#: freeculture.xml:8962 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -12882,7 +12902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9007 +#: freeculture.xml:9011 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -12895,12 +12915,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9020 +#: freeculture.xml:9024 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9022 +#: freeculture.xml:9026 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -12910,7 +12930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9032 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -12925,7 +12945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9044 +#: freeculture.xml:9048 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12934,7 +12954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9050 +#: freeculture.xml:9054 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12948,7 +12968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9062 +#: freeculture.xml:9066 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -12963,7 +12983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9074 +#: freeculture.xml:9078 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12974,7 +12994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9098 +#: freeculture.xml:9102 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -12982,7 +13002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9083 +#: freeculture.xml:9087 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -13000,14 +13020,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9104 +#: freeculture.xml:9108 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9108 +#: freeculture.xml:9112 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -13017,38 +13037,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9120 freeculture.xml:9157 +#: freeculture.xml:9124 freeculture.xml:9161 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9121 freeculture.xml:9158 freeculture.xml:9196 freeculture.xml:9228 +#: freeculture.xml:9125 freeculture.xml:9162 freeculture.xml:9200 freeculture.xml:9232 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9126 freeculture.xml:9163 freeculture.xml:9201 freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9130 freeculture.xml:9167 freeculture.xml:9205 freeculture.xml:9237 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9127 freeculture.xml:9164 freeculture.xml:9165 freeculture.xml:9202 freeculture.xml:9203 freeculture.xml:9234 freeculture.xml:9235 freeculture.xml:9239 freeculture.xml:9240 +#: freeculture.xml:9131 freeculture.xml:9168 freeculture.xml:9169 freeculture.xml:9206 freeculture.xml:9207 freeculture.xml:9238 freeculture.xml:9239 freeculture.xml:9243 freeculture.xml:9244 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 freeculture.xml:9132 freeculture.xml:9133 freeculture.xml:9169 freeculture.xml:9170 freeculture.xml:9208 +#: freeculture.xml:9132 freeculture.xml:9136 freeculture.xml:9137 freeculture.xml:9173 freeculture.xml:9174 freeculture.xml:9212 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9131 freeculture.xml:9168 freeculture.xml:9206 freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9135 freeculture.xml:9172 freeculture.xml:9210 freeculture.xml:9242 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9140 +#: freeculture.xml:9144 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -13058,12 +13078,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9149 +#: freeculture.xml:9153 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9177 +#: freeculture.xml:9181 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -13072,7 +13092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9183 +#: freeculture.xml:9187 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -13082,17 +13102,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9195 freeculture.xml:9227 +#: freeculture.xml:9199 freeculture.xml:9231 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:9207 +#: freeculture.xml:9211 msgid "© / Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9215 +#: freeculture.xml:9219 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -13103,7 +13123,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9247 +#: freeculture.xml:9251 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -13112,7 +13132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9255 +#: freeculture.xml:9259 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -13121,7 +13141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9261 +#: freeculture.xml:9265 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -13135,12 +13155,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9279 +#: freeculture.xml:9283 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9279 +#: freeculture.xml:9283 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important " "contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property " @@ -13151,7 +13171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9273 +#: freeculture.xml:9277 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -13169,7 +13189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9298 +#: freeculture.xml:9302 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -13193,7 +13213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9321 +#: freeculture.xml:9325 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -13208,33 +13228,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9338 +#: freeculture.xml:9342 msgid "Puzzles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9342 +#: freeculture.xml:9346 msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9343 +#: freeculture.xml:9347 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9344 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9345 +#: freeculture.xml:9349 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9353 +#: freeculture.xml:9357 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -13243,7 +13263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9348 +#: freeculture.xml:9352 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -13258,7 +13278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9365 +#: freeculture.xml:9369 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -13273,7 +13293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9377 +#: freeculture.xml:9381 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -13287,7 +13307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9388 +#: freeculture.xml:9392 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -13297,14 +13317,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9394 +#: freeculture.xml:9398 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9398 +#: freeculture.xml:9402 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -13312,7 +13332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9403 +#: freeculture.xml:9407 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -13321,7 +13341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9409 +#: freeculture.xml:9413 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -13331,7 +13351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9415 +#: freeculture.xml:9419 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -13343,7 +13363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:9433 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -13354,7 +13374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9437 +#: freeculture.xml:9441 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -13371,7 +13391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9451 +#: freeculture.xml:9455 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -13384,7 +13404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9460 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -13396,7 +13416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9471 +#: freeculture.xml:9475 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -13408,7 +13428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9481 +#: freeculture.xml:9485 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -13418,22 +13438,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9497 freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:10891 +#: freeculture.xml:9501 freeculture.xml:9792 freeculture.xml:10895 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9528 +#: freeculture.xml:9532 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9529 freeculture.xml:10285 +#: freeculture.xml:9533 freeculture.xml:10289 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9497 +#: freeculture.xml:9501 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -13469,7 +13489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9488 +#: freeculture.xml:9492 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -13482,7 +13502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9535 +#: freeculture.xml:9539 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13492,7 +13512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9542 +#: freeculture.xml:9546 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13506,7 +13526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9554 +#: freeculture.xml:9558 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13517,7 +13537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9566 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -13531,14 +13551,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9575 +#: freeculture.xml:9579 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9579 +#: freeculture.xml:9583 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13549,7 +13569,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9596 +#: freeculture.xml:9600 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13560,7 +13580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9586 +#: freeculture.xml:9590 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -13573,12 +13593,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9610 freeculture.xml:9988 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 freeculture.xml:9992 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9607 +#: freeculture.xml:9611 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -13586,7 +13606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9613 +#: freeculture.xml:9617 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13594,12 +13614,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9621 +#: freeculture.xml:9625 msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:9627 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -13610,7 +13630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9631 +#: freeculture.xml:9635 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -13619,7 +13639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9637 +#: freeculture.xml:9641 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13628,7 +13648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9645 +#: freeculture.xml:9649 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -13638,7 +13658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9653 +#: freeculture.xml:9657 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13648,12 +13668,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9660 +#: freeculture.xml:9664 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9662 +#: freeculture.xml:9666 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -13670,12 +13690,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:9680 msgid "digital sharing within" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9683 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -13690,7 +13710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9690 +#: freeculture.xml:9694 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13700,7 +13720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9700 +#: freeculture.xml:9704 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13714,17 +13734,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:9734 +#: freeculture.xml:9714 freeculture.xml:9738 msgid "WorldCom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9713 +#: freeculture.xml:9717 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9729 +#: freeculture.xml:9733 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13735,17 +13755,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9751 +#: freeculture.xml:9755 msgid "tort reform" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9752 +#: freeculture.xml:9756 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9742 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13760,7 +13780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9716 +#: freeculture.xml:9720 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -13782,13 +13802,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9758 +#: freeculture.xml:9762 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9779 +#: freeculture.xml:9783 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13798,7 +13818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9760 +#: freeculture.xml:9764 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13818,7 +13838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9790 +#: freeculture.xml:9794 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13832,7 +13852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:9807 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13846,7 +13866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9814 +#: freeculture.xml:9818 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13857,7 +13877,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9825 +#: freeculture.xml:9829 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13870,7 +13890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9835 +#: freeculture.xml:9839 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13883,7 +13903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9846 +#: freeculture.xml:9850 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13896,13 +13916,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9857 +#: freeculture.xml:9861 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9861 +#: freeculture.xml:9865 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13915,22 +13935,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9874 +#: freeculture.xml:9878 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9875 +#: freeculture.xml:9879 msgid "innovation hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9876 +#: freeculture.xml:9880 msgid "industry establishment opposed to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9879 +#: freeculture.xml:9883 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13941,7 +13961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9888 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13954,7 +13974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9899 +#: freeculture.xml:9903 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13969,18 +13989,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9912 freeculture.xml:10033 freeculture.xml:10039 +#: freeculture.xml:9916 freeculture.xml:10037 freeculture.xml:10043 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10045 +#: freeculture.xml:9917 freeculture.xml:10049 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13995,7 +14015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9930 +#: freeculture.xml:9934 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -14003,22 +14023,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9934 +#: freeculture.xml:9938 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9935 +#: freeculture.xml:9939 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9936 +#: freeculture.xml:9940 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9938 +#: freeculture.xml:9942 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -14029,12 +14049,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9946 +#: freeculture.xml:9950 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9948 +#: freeculture.xml:9952 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -14044,7 +14064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9955 +#: freeculture.xml:9959 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -14059,7 +14079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9967 +#: freeculture.xml:9971 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -14069,7 +14089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9977 +#: freeculture.xml:9981 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -14083,17 +14103,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9989 freeculture.xml:10034 +#: freeculture.xml:9993 freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9994 freeculture.xml:10106 +#: freeculture.xml:9998 freeculture.xml:10110 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9996 +#: freeculture.xml:10000 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -14105,12 +14125,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10006 +#: freeculture.xml:10010 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10009 +#: freeculture.xml:10013 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -14123,7 +14143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10020 +#: freeculture.xml:10024 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -14135,43 +14155,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10035 +#: freeculture.xml:10039 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10036 +#: freeculture.xml:10040 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10038 +#: freeculture.xml:10042 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10040 +#: freeculture.xml:10044 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10041 +#: freeculture.xml:10045 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10042 +#: freeculture.xml:10046 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10043 freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10093 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10053 +#: freeculture.xml:10057 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -14184,7 +14204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10047 +#: freeculture.xml:10051 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -14204,7 +14224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10085 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -14214,7 +14234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10076 +#: freeculture.xml:10080 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -14226,7 +14246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10097 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -14237,18 +14257,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10105 +#: freeculture.xml:10109 msgid "transaction cost of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "legal murkiness on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10111 +#: freeculture.xml:10115 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -14264,7 +14284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10125 +#: freeculture.xml:10129 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14279,7 +14299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10137 +#: freeculture.xml:10141 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14298,7 +14318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10158 +#: freeculture.xml:10162 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14308,7 +14328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10165 +#: freeculture.xml:10169 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14322,7 +14342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10180 +#: freeculture.xml:10184 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14332,12 +14352,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10193 +#: freeculture.xml:10197 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10176 +#: freeculture.xml:10180 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14355,7 +14375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10197 +#: freeculture.xml:10201 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14365,20 +14385,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12141 +#: freeculture.xml:10210 freeculture.xml:12145 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10212 +#: freeculture.xml:10216 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10208 +#: freeculture.xml:10212 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14388,7 +14408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10220 +#: freeculture.xml:10224 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14396,7 +14416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10225 +#: freeculture.xml:10229 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14405,12 +14425,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10243 +#: freeculture.xml:10247 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10241 +#: freeculture.xml:10245 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -14418,7 +14438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10235 +#: freeculture.xml:10239 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14433,7 +14453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10254 +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14443,17 +14463,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10260 +#: freeculture.xml:10264 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14472,17 +14492,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10284 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10286 +#: freeculture.xml:10290 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10284 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " @@ -14502,7 +14522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10263 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14513,13 +14533,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10308 +#: freeculture.xml:10312 msgid "Monroe, Marilyn" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10313 +#: freeculture.xml:10317 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14533,7 +14553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10324 +#: freeculture.xml:10328 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14546,7 +14566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10336 +#: freeculture.xml:10340 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14557,7 +14577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10345 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14573,7 +14593,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10361 +#: freeculture.xml:10365 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14585,12 +14605,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10385 +#: freeculture.xml:10389 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10371 +#: freeculture.xml:10375 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14608,12 +14628,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10395 +#: freeculture.xml:10399 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10390 +#: freeculture.xml:10394 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14623,7 +14643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10400 +#: freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14633,23 +14653,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10409 +#: freeculture.xml:10413 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10414 freeculture.xml:10567 +#: freeculture.xml:10418 freeculture.xml:10571 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10417 +#: freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14664,12 +14684,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10456 +#: freeculture.xml:10460 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10443 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14691,7 +14711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10432 +#: freeculture.xml:10436 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14702,7 +14722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10468 +#: freeculture.xml:10472 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14711,57 +14731,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10480 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10479 +#: freeculture.xml:10483 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10485 +#: freeculture.xml:10489 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10488 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:10495 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10494 +#: freeculture.xml:10498 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10497 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10500 +#: freeculture.xml:10504 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10503 +#: freeculture.xml:10507 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10506 +#: freeculture.xml:10510 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14769,77 +14789,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10509 +#: freeculture.xml:10513 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10512 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10515 +#: freeculture.xml:10519 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10518 +#: freeculture.xml:10522 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10521 +#: freeculture.xml:10525 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10524 +#: freeculture.xml:10528 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10527 +#: freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10530 +#: freeculture.xml:10534 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10533 +#: freeculture.xml:10537 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10540 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10539 +#: freeculture.xml:10543 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10542 +#: freeculture.xml:10546 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10545 +#: freeculture.xml:10549 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10548 +#: freeculture.xml:10552 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10553 +#: freeculture.xml:10557 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14850,7 +14870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10561 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14858,12 +14878,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15433 +#: freeculture.xml:10569 freeculture.xml:15437 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10571 +#: freeculture.xml:10575 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14872,7 +14892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 +#: freeculture.xml:10581 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14886,7 +14906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10593 +#: freeculture.xml:10597 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14895,7 +14915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10605 +#: freeculture.xml:10609 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14906,12 +14926,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10621 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10623 +#: freeculture.xml:10627 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14919,7 +14939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10629 +#: freeculture.xml:10633 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14928,7 +14948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10638 +#: freeculture.xml:10642 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14939,7 +14959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10634 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14957,7 +14977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10672 +#: freeculture.xml:10676 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14965,7 +14985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10659 +#: freeculture.xml:10663 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14987,13 +15007,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10683 +#: freeculture.xml:10687 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10695 +#: freeculture.xml:10699 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -15002,7 +15022,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10703 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -15011,7 +15031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10713 +#: freeculture.xml:10717 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -15019,7 +15039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10685 +#: freeculture.xml:10689 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -15042,12 +15062,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10721 +#: freeculture.xml:10725 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10723 +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -15066,7 +15086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10740 +#: freeculture.xml:10744 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -15080,7 +15100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10753 +#: freeculture.xml:10757 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -15090,7 +15110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10760 +#: freeculture.xml:10764 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -15107,7 +15127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10774 +#: freeculture.xml:10778 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -15121,13 +15141,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10786 +#: freeculture.xml:10790 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10789 +#: freeculture.xml:10793 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -15138,7 +15158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10800 +#: freeculture.xml:10804 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -15150,17 +15170,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10808 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10809 +#: freeculture.xml:10813 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10811 +#: freeculture.xml:10815 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15174,7 +15194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10822 +#: freeculture.xml:10826 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15187,7 +15207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10836 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15201,7 +15221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10847 +#: freeculture.xml:10851 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15213,7 +15233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10856 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15226,7 +15246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10867 +#: freeculture.xml:10871 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15238,7 +15258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10876 +#: freeculture.xml:10880 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15248,7 +15268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10882 +#: freeculture.xml:10886 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15257,7 +15277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10893 +#: freeculture.xml:10897 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15269,19 +15289,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10901 freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:10905 freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10903 +#: freeculture.xml:10907 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10912 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15295,7 +15315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10920 +#: freeculture.xml:10924 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15303,7 +15323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10925 +#: freeculture.xml:10929 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15315,7 +15335,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10943 +#: freeculture.xml:10947 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15332,7 +15352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10934 +#: freeculture.xml:10938 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15345,13 +15365,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:10960 msgid "recording industry tracking users of" msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10962 +#: freeculture.xml:10966 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15359,7 +15379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10958 +#: freeculture.xml:10962 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15371,7 +15391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10983 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15394,7 +15414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10971 +#: freeculture.xml:10975 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15412,7 +15432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11004 +#: freeculture.xml:11008 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15426,7 +15446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11020 +#: freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15447,7 +15467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11040 +#: freeculture.xml:11044 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15458,12 +15478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11053 +#: freeculture.xml:11057 msgid "Balances" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11058 +#: freeculture.xml:11062 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15473,7 +15493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11065 +#: freeculture.xml:11069 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15483,7 +15503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11073 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15496,7 +15516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11083 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15506,7 +15526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11095 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15514,7 +15534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11096 +#: freeculture.xml:11100 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15523,7 +15543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11106 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15532,22 +15552,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11112 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11113 +#: freeculture.xml:11117 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11114 +#: freeculture.xml:11118 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15559,17 +15579,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11124 +#: freeculture.xml:11128 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11125 +#: freeculture.xml:11129 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11131 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15579,7 +15599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11136 +#: freeculture.xml:11140 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15591,12 +15611,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11146 +#: freeculture.xml:11150 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11148 +#: freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15612,12 +15632,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12241 +#: freeculture.xml:11177 freeculture.xml:12245 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11173 +#: freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15636,7 +15656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11162 +#: freeculture.xml:11166 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15651,17 +15671,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11197 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11194 +#: freeculture.xml:11198 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11198 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15677,22 +15697,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11213 freeculture.xml:11225 +#: freeculture.xml:11217 freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11226 +#: freeculture.xml:11218 freeculture.xml:11230 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11227 +#: freeculture.xml:11231 msgid "perpetual copyright term proposed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11225 +#: freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The full text is: " @@ -15706,7 +15726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11224 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15715,27 +15735,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11238 +#: freeculture.xml:11242 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11239 +#: freeculture.xml:11243 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11240 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11241 +#: freeculture.xml:11245 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11243 +#: freeculture.xml:11247 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15746,17 +15766,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12209 +#: freeculture.xml:11256 freeculture.xml:11468 freeculture.xml:12213 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 +#: freeculture.xml:11259 freeculture.xml:11305 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11257 +#: freeculture.xml:11261 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15766,7 +15786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11268 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15774,7 +15794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11279 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15788,13 +15808,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12827 +#: freeculture.xml:11291 freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11289 +#: freeculture.xml:11293 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15807,7 +15827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11303 +#: freeculture.xml:11307 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15820,7 +15840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11314 +#: freeculture.xml:11318 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15832,7 +15852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11323 +#: freeculture.xml:11327 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15844,7 +15864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11333 +#: freeculture.xml:11337 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15854,7 +15874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11340 +#: freeculture.xml:11344 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15863,7 +15883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11348 +#: freeculture.xml:11352 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15872,14 +15892,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11354 +#: freeculture.xml:11358 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11358 +#: freeculture.xml:11362 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15887,7 +15907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11363 +#: freeculture.xml:11367 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15896,7 +15916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11369 +#: freeculture.xml:11373 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15906,14 +15926,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11375 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11379 +#: freeculture.xml:11383 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15921,7 +15941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11385 +#: freeculture.xml:11389 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you " @@ -15930,7 +15950,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 +#: freeculture.xml:11395 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15942,7 +15962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11402 +#: freeculture.xml:11406 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15951,7 +15971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11418 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15960,7 +15980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11421 +#: freeculture.xml:11425 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15969,7 +15989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11429 +#: freeculture.xml:11433 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15977,7 +15997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 +#: freeculture.xml:11411 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15992,7 +16012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 +#: freeculture.xml:11440 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -16007,7 +16027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11451 +#: freeculture.xml:11455 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -16019,17 +16039,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12366 +#: freeculture.xml:11467 freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "commerce, interstate" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12367 +#: freeculture.xml:11469 freeculture.xml:12371 msgid "interstate commerce" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:11471 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -16039,7 +16059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11477 +#: freeculture.xml:11481 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -16049,17 +16069,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:11487 freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12295 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12559 freeculture.xml:12656 freeculture.xml:12726 +#: freeculture.xml:11488 freeculture.xml:11544 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:12369 freeculture.xml:12563 freeculture.xml:12660 freeculture.xml:12730 msgid "United States v. Lopez" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11486 +#: freeculture.xml:11490 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -16075,26 +16095,26 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:11505 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12296 +#: freeculture.xml:11513 freeculture.xml:12300 msgid "United States v. Morrison" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11508 +#: freeculture.xml:11512 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11499 +#: freeculture.xml:11503 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16107,7 +16127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11518 +#: freeculture.xml:11522 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -16122,7 +16142,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11515 +#: freeculture.xml:11519 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16136,12 +16156,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12298 +#: freeculture.xml:11543 freeculture.xml:12302 msgid "Supreme Court restraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11542 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -16157,7 +16177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11560 +#: freeculture.xml:11564 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -16177,13 +16197,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11577 +#: freeculture.xml:11581 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11585 +#: freeculture.xml:11589 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -16192,7 +16212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11579 +#: freeculture.xml:11583 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -16204,7 +16224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11595 +#: freeculture.xml:11599 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16216,7 +16236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11609 +#: freeculture.xml:11613 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16231,7 +16251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11627 +#: freeculture.xml:11631 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16241,7 +16261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11621 +#: freeculture.xml:11625 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16253,7 +16273,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11637 +#: freeculture.xml:11641 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16264,7 +16284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11650 +#: freeculture.xml:11654 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16275,14 +16295,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11658 +#: freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:11666 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16290,7 +16310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11669 +#: freeculture.xml:11673 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16300,7 +16320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11682 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16308,7 +16328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11683 +#: freeculture.xml:11687 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16320,7 +16340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11692 +#: freeculture.xml:11696 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16334,7 +16354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11707 +#: freeculture.xml:11711 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16348,7 +16368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11723 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16356,28 +16376,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:11728 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12165 +#: freeculture.xml:11729 freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11726 +#: freeculture.xml:11730 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11727 +#: freeculture.xml:11731 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11740 +#: freeculture.xml:11744 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16387,7 +16407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11729 +#: freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16402,7 +16422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11747 +#: freeculture.xml:11751 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16412,7 +16432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11753 +#: freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16424,7 +16444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11771 +#: freeculture.xml:11775 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16436,7 +16456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11764 +#: freeculture.xml:11768 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16447,7 +16467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11781 +#: freeculture.xml:11785 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16457,7 +16477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11789 +#: freeculture.xml:11793 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16468,7 +16488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11797 +#: freeculture.xml:11801 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16483,7 +16503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11808 +#: freeculture.xml:11812 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16493,7 +16513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11819 +#: freeculture.xml:11823 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16502,7 +16522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11827 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16513,7 +16533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11835 +#: freeculture.xml:11839 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16524,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11845 +#: freeculture.xml:11849 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16538,7 +16558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11858 +#: freeculture.xml:11862 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16546,7 +16566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11865 +#: freeculture.xml:11869 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16559,7 +16579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11876 +#: freeculture.xml:11880 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16570,7 +16590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11885 +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16579,12 +16599,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11895 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11896 +#: freeculture.xml:11900 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16599,7 +16619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11913 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16612,7 +16632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11919 +#: freeculture.xml:11923 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16626,7 +16646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11930 +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16635,7 +16655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11937 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16650,7 +16670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11961 +#: freeculture.xml:11965 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> " "Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16658,7 +16678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11949 +#: freeculture.xml:11953 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16672,7 +16692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11968 +#: freeculture.xml:11972 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16684,7 +16704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11977 +#: freeculture.xml:11981 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16694,7 +16714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11984 +#: freeculture.xml:11988 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16708,7 +16728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11995 +#: freeculture.xml:11999 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16717,13 +16737,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12000 +#: freeculture.xml:12004 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12002 +#: freeculture.xml:12006 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16733,7 +16753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12011 +#: freeculture.xml:12015 msgid "" "It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court rarely " @@ -16744,7 +16764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12023 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16752,7 +16772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16765,7 +16785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:12040 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16773,18 +16793,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12056 +#: freeculture.xml:12045 freeculture.xml:12060 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12440 +#: freeculture.xml:12046 freeculture.xml:12197 freeculture.xml:12444 msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12044 +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16796,17 +16816,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:12454 freeculture.xml:12551 freeculture.xml:12776 freeculture.xml:12807 freeculture.xml:12906 +#: freeculture.xml:12058 freeculture.xml:12441 freeculture.xml:12458 freeculture.xml:12555 freeculture.xml:12780 freeculture.xml:12811 freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:12059 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12058 +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16819,7 +16839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12073 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16841,7 +16861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12090 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16852,7 +16872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16871,17 +16891,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 freeculture.xml:12143 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 freeculture.xml:12147 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12119 +#: freeculture.xml:12123 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16898,7 +16918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:12137 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16909,7 +16929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12145 +#: freeculture.xml:12149 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16922,17 +16942,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12158 +#: freeculture.xml:12162 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12160 +#: freeculture.xml:12164 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16941,7 +16961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12167 +#: freeculture.xml:12171 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16950,32 +16970,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12173 +#: freeculture.xml:12177 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12174 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12175 +#: freeculture.xml:12179 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12180 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12177 +#: freeculture.xml:12181 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12179 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16989,28 +17009,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12189 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12439 freeculture.xml:12808 +#: freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12212 freeculture.xml:12443 freeculture.xml:12812 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12190 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12191 +#: freeculture.xml:12195 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 freeculture.xml:12442 freeculture.xml:13601 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12195 +#: freeculture.xml:12199 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -17024,12 +17044,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12210 +#: freeculture.xml:12214 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12212 +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -17043,7 +17063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12224 +#: freeculture.xml:12228 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -17053,7 +17073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12231 +#: freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -17064,18 +17084,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12239 +#: freeculture.xml:12243 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12240 +#: freeculture.xml:12244 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12254 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -17083,7 +17103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12258 +#: freeculture.xml:12262 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -17092,7 +17112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12243 +#: freeculture.xml:12247 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -17109,7 +17129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12267 +#: freeculture.xml:12271 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -17124,7 +17144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12279 +#: freeculture.xml:12283 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -17134,7 +17154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -17142,37 +17162,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12290 +#: freeculture.xml:12294 msgid "Kennedy, Anthony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:12496 +#: freeculture.xml:12295 freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12500 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12294 +#: freeculture.xml:12298 msgid "Thomas, Clarence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12297 +#: freeculture.xml:12301 msgid "Scalia, Antonin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12299 +#: freeculture.xml:12303 msgid "congressional actions restrained by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12300 +#: freeculture.xml:12304 msgid "factions of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12302 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -17185,18 +17205,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12336 freeculture.xml:12701 freeculture.xml:12713 +#: freeculture.xml:12315 freeculture.xml:12340 freeculture.xml:12705 freeculture.xml:12717 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12312 freeculture.xml:12664 +#: freeculture.xml:12316 freeculture.xml:12668 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12314 +#: freeculture.xml:12318 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17209,7 +17229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12326 +#: freeculture.xml:12330 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17222,7 +17242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12338 +#: freeculture.xml:12342 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17232,7 +17252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12348 +#: freeculture.xml:12352 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17243,7 +17263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12356 +#: freeculture.xml:12360 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17256,7 +17276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12373 +#: freeculture.xml:12377 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17271,7 +17291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12387 +#: freeculture.xml:12391 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17281,7 +17301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12396 +#: freeculture.xml:12400 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17290,7 +17310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12403 +#: freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17305,7 +17325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12418 +#: freeculture.xml:12422 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17315,7 +17335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12428 +#: freeculture.xml:12432 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17326,7 +17346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12442 +#: freeculture.xml:12446 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17335,7 +17355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12448 +#: freeculture.xml:12452 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17345,7 +17365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12456 +#: freeculture.xml:12460 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17359,7 +17379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12466 +#: freeculture.xml:12470 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17369,7 +17389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12480 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17385,7 +17405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12491 +#: freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17394,14 +17414,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12498 +#: freeculture.xml:12502 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12503 +#: freeculture.xml:12507 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17410,7 +17430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12514 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17419,7 +17439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12516 +#: freeculture.xml:12520 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17427,14 +17447,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12528 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12530 +#: freeculture.xml:12534 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17444,14 +17464,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12542 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12544 +#: freeculture.xml:12548 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17461,7 +17481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12553 +#: freeculture.xml:12557 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17471,7 +17491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:12565 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17480,21 +17500,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#: freeculture.xml:12570 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12573 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12577 +#: freeculture.xml:12581 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17503,12 +17523,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12585 +#: freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12591 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17516,7 +17536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12593 +#: freeculture.xml:12597 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17525,7 +17545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:12605 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17541,7 +17561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12614 +#: freeculture.xml:12618 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17550,7 +17570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12623 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17567,7 +17587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12638 +#: freeculture.xml:12642 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17578,7 +17598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12646 +#: freeculture.xml:12650 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17586,7 +17606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12651 +#: freeculture.xml:12655 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17594,7 +17614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12658 +#: freeculture.xml:12662 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17605,7 +17625,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12668 +#: freeculture.xml:12672 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17613,7 +17633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12673 +#: freeculture.xml:12677 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17622,7 +17642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12679 +#: freeculture.xml:12683 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17636,7 +17656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:12695 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17649,7 +17669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12703 +#: freeculture.xml:12707 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17664,7 +17684,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12716 +#: freeculture.xml:12720 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17678,7 +17698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12728 +#: freeculture.xml:12732 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17689,7 +17709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12735 +#: freeculture.xml:12739 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17697,12 +17717,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12740 +#: freeculture.xml:12744 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12742 +#: freeculture.xml:12746 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17720,7 +17740,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12756 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17735,7 +17755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12771 +#: freeculture.xml:12775 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17743,7 +17763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12778 +#: freeculture.xml:12782 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17758,7 +17778,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12789 +#: freeculture.xml:12793 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17777,7 +17797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12810 +#: freeculture.xml:12814 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17785,7 +17805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12815 +#: freeculture.xml:12819 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17794,7 +17814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12821 +#: freeculture.xml:12825 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17804,7 +17824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12829 +#: freeculture.xml:12833 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17814,7 +17834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12840 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17827,7 +17847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12849 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17841,7 +17861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12860 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17852,12 +17872,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 freeculture.xml:12880 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 freeculture.xml:12884 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12869 +#: freeculture.xml:12873 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17868,14 +17888,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12879 +#: freeculture.xml:12883 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " "width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12883 +#: freeculture.xml:12887 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17888,12 +17908,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12894 +#: freeculture.xml:12898 msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12896 +#: freeculture.xml:12900 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17906,7 +17926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12908 +#: freeculture.xml:12912 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17920,7 +17940,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12918 +#: freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17930,7 +17950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12926 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17938,7 +17958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12931 +#: freeculture.xml:12935 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17950,22 +17970,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:12943 freeculture.xml:13146 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12940 +#: freeculture.xml:12944 msgid "Democratic Party" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12941 +#: freeculture.xml:12945 msgid "Republican Party" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12943 +#: freeculture.xml:12947 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17979,7 +17999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12955 +#: freeculture.xml:12959 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17992,22 +18012,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12965 +#: freeculture.xml:12969 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12966 freeculture.xml:13007 +#: freeculture.xml:12970 freeculture.xml:13011 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#: freeculture.xml:12978 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#: freeculture.xml:12978 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -18030,7 +18050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12969 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -18045,7 +18065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13001 +#: freeculture.xml:13005 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -18055,7 +18075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13009 +#: freeculture.xml:13013 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -18068,7 +18088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13019 +#: freeculture.xml:13023 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -18079,7 +18099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13027 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -18090,7 +18110,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13035 +#: freeculture.xml:13039 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -18102,7 +18122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13047 +#: freeculture.xml:13051 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -18113,7 +18133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13056 +#: freeculture.xml:13060 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -18131,7 +18151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13072 +#: freeculture.xml:13076 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -18146,7 +18166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13087 +#: freeculture.xml:13091 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -18159,7 +18179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13097 +#: freeculture.xml:13101 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18171,7 +18191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13106 +#: freeculture.xml:13110 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -18181,7 +18201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13113 +#: freeculture.xml:13117 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18191,7 +18211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13124 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18200,7 +18220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13126 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18218,7 +18238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13148 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18228,12 +18248,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13150 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13152 +#: freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18244,12 +18264,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13160 +#: freeculture.xml:13164 msgid "Eldred Act opposed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13162 +#: freeculture.xml:13166 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18261,7 +18281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13170 +#: freeculture.xml:13174 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18283,7 +18303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13191 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18294,7 +18314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18307,7 +18327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13209 +#: freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18317,7 +18337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:13222 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18331,12 +18351,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13228 +#: freeculture.xml:13232 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13230 +#: freeculture.xml:13234 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18349,12 +18369,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13240 +#: freeculture.xml:13244 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13243 +#: freeculture.xml:13247 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18367,7 +18387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13254 +#: freeculture.xml:13258 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18378,7 +18398,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13262 +#: freeculture.xml:13266 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18389,7 +18409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13274 +#: freeculture.xml:13278 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18399,7 +18419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13281 +#: freeculture.xml:13285 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18411,47 +18431,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13293 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13294 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13295 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13296 +#: freeculture.xml:13300 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13297 +#: freeculture.xml:13301 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812 +#: freeculture.xml:13302 freeculture.xml:13816 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812 +#: freeculture.xml:13302 freeculture.xml:13816 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13299 +#: freeculture.xml:13303 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13301 +#: freeculture.xml:13305 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18461,7 +18481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13308 +#: freeculture.xml:13312 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18472,7 +18492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13323 +#: freeculture.xml:13327 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18483,7 +18503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13316 +#: freeculture.xml:13320 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18495,18 +18515,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814 +#: freeculture.xml:13336 freeculture.xml:13818 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13333 +#: freeculture.xml:13337 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13340 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18517,7 +18537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13348 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18530,7 +18550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13355 +#: freeculture.xml:13359 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18540,27 +18560,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13361 +#: freeculture.xml:13365 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13366 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13363 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13870 +#: freeculture.xml:13380 freeculture.xml:13874 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13378 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18569,7 +18589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13365 +#: freeculture.xml:13369 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18581,13 +18601,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#: freeculture.xml:13384 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13392 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18602,7 +18622,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13415 +#: freeculture.xml:13419 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18611,7 +18631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13382 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18634,7 +18654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13422 +#: freeculture.xml:13426 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18646,7 +18666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13432 +#: freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18657,7 +18677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13440 +#: freeculture.xml:13444 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18671,7 +18691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13455 +#: freeculture.xml:13459 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18689,7 +18709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13453 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18701,7 +18721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13477 +#: freeculture.xml:13481 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18714,12 +18734,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13486 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13488 +#: freeculture.xml:13492 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18730,7 +18750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13496 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18741,13 +18761,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:13507 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13505 +#: freeculture.xml:13509 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18764,7 +18784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13527 +#: freeculture.xml:13531 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18772,7 +18792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13533 +#: freeculture.xml:13537 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18786,7 +18806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13548 +#: freeculture.xml:13552 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18798,7 +18818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13557 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18813,7 +18833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13571 +#: freeculture.xml:13575 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18830,68 +18850,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14360 +#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14364 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:13760 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:13705 freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 freeculture.xml:13709 freeculture.xml:14283 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:13593 freeculture.xml:14430 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:13594 freeculture.xml:14431 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13596 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13593 +#: freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13594 freeculture.xml:13757 +#: freeculture.xml:13598 freeculture.xml:13761 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13596 +#: freeculture.xml:13600 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18907,7 +18927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13600 +#: freeculture.xml:13604 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18932,7 +18952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:13640 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18942,20 +18962,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13646 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13645 +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13644 +#: freeculture.xml:13648 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18966,13 +18986,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13654 freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13658 freeculture.xml:13815 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:13660 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18996,7 +19016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13680 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -19005,17 +19025,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:15431 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 freeculture.xml:15435 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13690 +#: freeculture.xml:13694 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -19029,13 +19049,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13702 +#: freeculture.xml:13706 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13718 +#: freeculture.xml:13722 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -19056,7 +19076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13711 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -19071,18 +19091,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13736 +#: freeculture.xml:13740 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13737 +#: freeculture.xml:13741 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13743 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -19100,25 +19120,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13758 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13759 +#: freeculture.xml:13763 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13761 +#: freeculture.xml:13765 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -19131,7 +19151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13775 +#: freeculture.xml:13779 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -19141,17 +19161,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 freeculture.xml:13842 +#: freeculture.xml:13787 freeculture.xml:13846 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13784 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13786 +#: freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -19163,12 +19183,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13797 +#: freeculture.xml:13801 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13802 +#: freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -19181,12 +19201,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:13817 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13816 +#: freeculture.xml:13820 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -19202,7 +19222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13830 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -19218,7 +19238,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13844 +#: freeculture.xml:13848 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19232,17 +19252,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13859 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13856 +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13858 +#: freeculture.xml:13862 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19256,14 +19276,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13876 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19274,7 +19294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#: freeculture.xml:13890 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19284,7 +19304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13895 +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19297,7 +19317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13911 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19310,7 +19330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13918 +#: freeculture.xml:13922 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19322,7 +19342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13926 +#: freeculture.xml:13930 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19330,7 +19350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13932 +#: freeculture.xml:13936 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19345,7 +19365,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13943 +#: freeculture.xml:13947 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19355,17 +19375,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13952 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13958 +#: freeculture.xml:13962 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19379,7 +19399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13969 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19389,7 +19409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19399,7 +19419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13984 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19411,7 +19431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13994 +#: freeculture.xml:13998 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19421,7 +19441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14001 +#: freeculture.xml:14005 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19432,20 +19452,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14009 +#: freeculture.xml:14013 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14012 +#: freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14018 +#: freeculture.xml:14022 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19464,7 +19484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14036 +#: freeculture.xml:14040 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19474,7 +19494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14043 +#: freeculture.xml:14047 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19482,7 +19502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14014 +#: freeculture.xml:14018 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19502,33 +19522,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14060 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14061 +#: freeculture.xml:14065 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14062 freeculture.xml:14457 +#: freeculture.xml:14066 freeculture.xml:14461 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14063 +#: freeculture.xml:14067 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14064 +#: freeculture.xml:14068 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14069 +#: freeculture.xml:14073 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19537,7 +19557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14078 +#: freeculture.xml:14082 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19546,7 +19566,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14066 +#: freeculture.xml:14070 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19565,25 +19585,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14092 +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14100 +#: freeculture.xml:14104 msgid "Afterword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135 +#: freeculture.xml:14105 freeculture.xml:14139 msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14105 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19591,7 +19611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14114 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19600,7 +19620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14116 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19609,7 +19629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14125 +#: freeculture.xml:14129 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19619,12 +19639,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "Us, now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#: freeculture.xml:14141 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19634,7 +19654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19647,13 +19667,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14154 +#: freeculture.xml:14158 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14156 +#: freeculture.xml:14160 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19665,7 +19685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14168 +#: freeculture.xml:14172 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19682,7 +19702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14184 +#: freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19693,22 +19713,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:14196 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14195 +#: freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14197 +#: freeculture.xml:14201 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19720,12 +19740,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#: freeculture.xml:14211 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14211 +#: freeculture.xml:14215 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19743,22 +19763,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14230 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14227 +#: freeculture.xml:14231 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14228 +#: freeculture.xml:14232 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19771,12 +19791,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14239 +#: freeculture.xml:14243 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14241 +#: freeculture.xml:14245 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19789,7 +19809,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14259 +#: freeculture.xml:14263 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19804,7 +19824,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19818,12 +19838,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14278 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14282 +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19834,12 +19854,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14289 +#: freeculture.xml:14293 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14291 +#: freeculture.xml:14295 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19849,7 +19869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19863,12 +19883,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14310 +#: freeculture.xml:14314 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14312 +#: freeculture.xml:14316 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19881,7 +19901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19891,12 +19911,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:14334 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19907,7 +19927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14344 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19920,7 +19940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14351 +#: freeculture.xml:14355 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19931,12 +19951,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19944,23 +19964,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14367 +#: freeculture.xml:14371 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:14373 freeculture.xml:14409 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14370 +#: freeculture.xml:14374 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14372 +#: freeculture.xml:14376 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19977,17 +19997,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14391 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14388 +#: freeculture.xml:14392 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14390 +#: freeculture.xml:14394 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19999,7 +20019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14401 +#: freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -20007,7 +20027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14407 +#: freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -20022,7 +20042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14419 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -20033,7 +20053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14429 +#: freeculture.xml:14433 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -20047,7 +20067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14443 +#: freeculture.xml:14447 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -20058,24 +20078,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14456 +#: freeculture.xml:14460 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14463 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:14466 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14464 +#: freeculture.xml:14468 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -20089,7 +20109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14475 +#: freeculture.xml:14479 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -20108,7 +20128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -20122,7 +20142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14504 +#: freeculture.xml:14508 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -20135,13 +20155,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14514 +#: freeculture.xml:14518 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14516 +#: freeculture.xml:14520 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -20155,7 +20175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14529 +#: freeculture.xml:14533 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -20170,7 +20190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14542 +#: freeculture.xml:14546 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -20180,7 +20200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14549 +#: freeculture.xml:14553 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -20194,7 +20214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14561 +#: freeculture.xml:14565 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20202,18 +20222,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14566 +#: freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14567 +#: freeculture.xml:14571 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14569 +#: freeculture.xml:14573 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20225,23 +20245,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14580 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14581 +#: freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14583 +#: freeculture.xml:14587 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14600 +#: freeculture.xml:14604 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20250,7 +20270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14585 +#: freeculture.xml:14589 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20270,7 +20290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14609 +#: freeculture.xml:14613 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20285,7 +20305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14621 +#: freeculture.xml:14625 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20296,7 +20316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14631 +#: freeculture.xml:14635 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20307,7 +20327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14639 +#: freeculture.xml:14643 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20318,12 +20338,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14653 +#: freeculture.xml:14657 msgid "Them, soon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14655 +#: freeculture.xml:14659 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20333,7 +20353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14662 +#: freeculture.xml:14666 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20342,12 +20362,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14669 +#: freeculture.xml:14673 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:14675 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20357,14 +20377,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14678 +#: freeculture.xml:14682 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14683 +#: freeculture.xml:14687 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20373,12 +20393,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14689 +#: freeculture.xml:14693 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14692 +#: freeculture.xml:14696 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20389,7 +20409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14701 +#: freeculture.xml:14705 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20404,7 +20424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14715 +#: freeculture.xml:14719 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20412,7 +20432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14713 +#: freeculture.xml:14717 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20422,7 +20442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14723 +#: freeculture.xml:14727 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20433,12 +20453,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14735 +#: freeculture.xml:14739 msgid "Registration and renewal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14737 +#: freeculture.xml:14741 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20453,7 +20473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14750 +#: freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20465,22 +20485,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:14762 msgid "domain names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:14763 msgid "domain name registration on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14760 +#: freeculture.xml:14764 msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14762 +#: freeculture.xml:14766 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20493,7 +20513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14772 +#: freeculture.xml:14776 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20507,12 +20527,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14787 +#: freeculture.xml:14791 msgid "Marking" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14789 +#: freeculture.xml:14793 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20524,7 +20544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14799 +#: freeculture.xml:14803 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20532,7 +20552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14805 +#: freeculture.xml:14809 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20546,7 +20566,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14822 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20555,7 +20575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14815 +#: freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20571,7 +20591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14835 +#: freeculture.xml:14839 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20581,12 +20601,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:14845 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:14847 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20600,7 +20620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14855 +#: freeculture.xml:14859 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20611,7 +20631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14863 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20619,7 +20639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14868 +#: freeculture.xml:14872 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20630,12 +20650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14880 +#: freeculture.xml:14884 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14882 +#: freeculture.xml:14886 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20644,7 +20664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14895 +#: freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20652,7 +20672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14887 +#: freeculture.xml:14891 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20665,7 +20685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14902 +#: freeculture.xml:14906 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20674,7 +20694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14910 +#: freeculture.xml:14914 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20687,7 +20707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14919 +#: freeculture.xml:14923 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20701,13 +20721,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14931 +#: freeculture.xml:14935 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14942 +#: freeculture.xml:14946 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20715,7 +20735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14934 +#: freeculture.xml:14938 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20730,7 +20750,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14953 +#: freeculture.xml:14957 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20747,7 +20767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14969 +#: freeculture.xml:14973 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20755,7 +20775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14975 +#: freeculture.xml:14979 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20765,12 +20785,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14985 +#: freeculture.xml:14989 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14989 +#: freeculture.xml:14993 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20781,7 +20801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14997 +#: freeculture.xml:15001 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20793,20 +20813,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15005 +#: freeculture.xml:15009 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15011 +#: freeculture.xml:15015 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15007 +#: freeculture.xml:15011 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20818,12 +20838,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15024 +#: freeculture.xml:15028 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15020 +#: freeculture.xml:15024 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20832,7 +20852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15029 +#: freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20842,7 +20862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15036 +#: freeculture.xml:15040 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20854,7 +20874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15049 +#: freeculture.xml:15053 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20869,7 +20889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15063 +#: freeculture.xml:15067 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20879,12 +20899,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15077 +#: freeculture.xml:15081 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20892,7 +20912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15071 +#: freeculture.xml:15075 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20902,7 +20922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15085 +#: freeculture.xml:15089 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20913,7 +20933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15092 +#: freeculture.xml:15096 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20923,12 +20943,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15102 +#: freeculture.xml:15106 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15104 +#: freeculture.xml:15108 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20938,7 +20958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15111 +#: freeculture.xml:15115 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20949,7 +20969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15120 +#: freeculture.xml:15124 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20959,7 +20979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15127 +#: freeculture.xml:15131 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20970,7 +20990,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15136 +#: freeculture.xml:15140 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20978,7 +20998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15141 +#: freeculture.xml:15145 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20987,7 +21007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15147 +#: freeculture.xml:15151 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20996,7 +21016,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15153 +#: freeculture.xml:15157 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -21004,7 +21024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:15165 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -21015,7 +21035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15169 +#: freeculture.xml:15173 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -21025,7 +21045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15177 +#: freeculture.xml:15181 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -21033,7 +21053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15182 +#: freeculture.xml:15186 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -21048,7 +21068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15194 +#: freeculture.xml:15198 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -21064,13 +21084,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15208 +#: freeculture.xml:15212 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15228 +#: freeculture.xml:15232 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -21078,7 +21098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15210 +#: freeculture.xml:15214 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -21100,7 +21120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15235 +#: freeculture.xml:15239 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -21116,7 +21136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15251 +#: freeculture.xml:15255 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -21130,7 +21150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15262 +#: freeculture.xml:15266 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -21142,7 +21162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15273 +#: freeculture.xml:15277 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -21155,7 +21175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15283 +#: freeculture.xml:15287 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -21168,7 +21188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15294 +#: freeculture.xml:15298 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -21180,7 +21200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15304 +#: freeculture.xml:15308 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -21193,7 +21213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15314 +#: freeculture.xml:15318 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21204,14 +21224,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15322 +#: freeculture.xml:15326 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15326 +#: freeculture.xml:15330 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21225,7 +21245,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15337 +#: freeculture.xml:15341 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21236,17 +21256,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15386 +#: freeculture.xml:15348 freeculture.xml:15390 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15384 +#: freeculture.xml:15388 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15350 +#: freeculture.xml:15354 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21288,7 +21308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15346 +#: freeculture.xml:15350 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21303,7 +21323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15400 +#: freeculture.xml:15404 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21320,18 +21340,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15416 +#: freeculture.xml:15420 msgid "semiotic democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15417 +#: freeculture.xml:15421 msgid "semiotic" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15419 +#: freeculture.xml:15423 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21344,17 +21364,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15432 +#: freeculture.xml:15436 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15434 +#: freeculture.xml:15438 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15436 +#: freeculture.xml:15440 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21372,17 +21392,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15451 +#: freeculture.xml:15455 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15454 +#: freeculture.xml:15458 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15456 +#: freeculture.xml:15460 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21398,7 +21418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15468 +#: freeculture.xml:15472 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21409,13 +21429,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15477 +#: freeculture.xml:15481 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15482 +#: freeculture.xml:15486 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21424,19 +21444,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15489 +#: freeculture.xml:15493 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15495 +#: freeculture.xml:15499 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15499 +#: freeculture.xml:15503 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21444,14 +21464,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15505 +#: freeculture.xml:15509 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15510 +#: freeculture.xml:15514 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21460,7 +21480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15516 +#: freeculture.xml:15520 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21477,7 +21497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15530 +#: freeculture.xml:15534 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21487,12 +21507,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15541 +#: freeculture.xml:15545 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15543 +#: freeculture.xml:15547 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21501,7 +21521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15549 +#: freeculture.xml:15553 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21511,18 +21531,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15556 +#: freeculture.xml:15560 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15557 +#: freeculture.xml:15561 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15568 +#: freeculture.xml:15572 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21530,7 +21550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15559 +#: freeculture.xml:15563 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21543,7 +21563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15574 +#: freeculture.xml:15578 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21551,7 +21571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15584 +#: freeculture.xml:15588 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21571,7 +21591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15579 +#: freeculture.xml:15583 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21583,7 +21603,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15608 +#: freeculture.xml:15612 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21593,7 +21613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15616 +#: freeculture.xml:15620 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21606,7 +21626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15626 +#: freeculture.xml:15630 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21617,7 +21637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15634 +#: freeculture.xml:15638 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21625,7 +21645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15641 +#: freeculture.xml:15645 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21638,7 +21658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15650 +#: freeculture.xml:15654 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21648,7 +21668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15659 +#: freeculture.xml:15663 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21656,12 +21676,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15668 +#: freeculture.xml:15672 msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15670 +#: freeculture.xml:15674 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21675,12 +21695,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15690 +#: freeculture.xml:15694 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15692 +#: freeculture.xml:15696 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21689,7 +21709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15699 +#: freeculture.xml:15703 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21705,7 +21725,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15712 +#: freeculture.xml:15716 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21718,7 +21738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15723 +#: freeculture.xml:15727 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21740,7 +21760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15743 +#: freeculture.xml:15747 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21751,7 +21771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15752 +#: freeculture.xml:15756 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21760,48 +21780,48 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'href' of: <book><xi:include> -#: freeculture.xml:15761 +#: freeculture.xml:15765 msgid "freeculture-about-edition-en.xml" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15771 +#: freeculture.xml:15775 msgid "" "Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " "and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15775 +#: freeculture.xml:15779 msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15779 +#: freeculture.xml:15783 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15783 +#: freeculture.xml:15787 msgid "Published in 2015. First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15787 +#: freeculture.xml:15791 msgid "" "This English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l edition was published by Petter " "Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15792 +#: freeculture.xml:15796 msgid "" "Typeset with <ulink url=\"http://dblatex.sourceforge.net\">dblatex</ulink> " "using the font Crimson Text." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15798 +#: freeculture.xml:15802 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21810,7 +21830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15804 +#: freeculture.xml:15808 msgid "" "Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright " @@ -21819,7 +21839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15810 +#: freeculture.xml:15814 msgid "" "Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office " @@ -21827,19 +21847,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15816 +#: freeculture.xml:15820 msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15820 +#: freeculture.xml:15824 msgid "" "The quotes on the cover came from <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15825 +#: freeculture.xml:15829 msgid "" "Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " @@ -21848,44 +21868,44 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15832 +#: freeculture.xml:15836 msgid "Classifications:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15836 +#: freeculture.xml:15840 msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15845 +#: freeculture.xml:15849 msgid "(UDK) 347.78" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15849 +#: freeculture.xml:15853 msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15853 +#: freeculture.xml:15857 msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15857 +#: freeculture.xml:15861 msgid "" "Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink " "url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15862 +#: freeculture.xml:15866 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15869 +#: freeculture.xml:15873 msgid "" "The Docbook source is available from <ulink " "url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please " @@ -21893,47 +21913,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> -#: freeculture.xml:15876 +#: freeculture.xml:15880 msgid "images/cc.svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15892 +#: freeculture.xml:15896 msgid "Format / MIME-type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15893 +#: freeculture.xml:15897 msgid "ISBN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15898 +#: freeculture.xml:15902 msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15899 +#: freeculture.xml:15903 msgid "978-82-690182-0-2" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15902 +#: freeculture.xml:15906 msgid "application/pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15903 +#: freeculture.xml:15907 msgid "978-82-690182-1-9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15906 +#: freeculture.xml:15910 msgid "application/epub+zip" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15907 +#: freeculture.xml:15911 msgid "978-82-690182-2-6" msgstr "" -- 2.47.2