From 739cd0ded2845f4a8b3260fb84edefeb851d271e Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2012 08:35:35 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Add some indexes. --- freeculture.nb.po | 35 +- freeculture.pot | 1220 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 2 files changed, 637 insertions(+), 618 deletions(-) diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 0bff38e..bc9f651 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-23 23:12+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-24 08:32+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -4534,10 +4534,10 @@ msgid "" "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " "tinkered a computer into a $15 million lawsuit became an activist:" msgstr "" -"23. juni overførte Jesse alle sine oppsparte midler til advokaten som " -"jobbet for RIA. Saken mot ham ble trukket. Og med dette, ble " -"unggutten som hadde fiklet med en datamaskin og blitt saksøkt for 15 " -"millioner dollar en aktivist:" +"23. juni overførte Jesse alle sine oppsparte midler til advokaten som jobbet " +"for RIA. Saken mot ham ble trukket. Og med dette, ble unggutten som hadde " +"fiklet med en datamaskin og blitt saksøkt for 15 millioner dollar en " +"aktivist:" #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -10579,7 +10579,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." -msgstr "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." +msgstr "" +"Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." #. type: Content of: msgid "Gates, Bill" @@ -11513,7 +11514,8 @@ msgid "" "available at link #26." msgstr "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, juli/august 2003, " -"tilgjengelig fra link #26." +"tilgjengelig fra link #26." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -14582,7 +14584,10 @@ msgstr "" "for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " "regler bør styre det?" -#. f2. +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Berman, Howard L." +msgstr "Berman, Howard L." + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " @@ -14595,7 +14600,7 @@ msgid "" "\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, " "available at link #34. " "Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent " -"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " +"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " "the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a " "family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon " "Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could " @@ -14610,7 +14615,8 @@ msgid "" "sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-" "sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " "to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at link #36." +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -15753,7 +15759,6 @@ msgstr "" "gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " "medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." -#. f11. #. type: Content of: msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" @@ -15768,7 +15773,7 @@ msgid "" "copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, " "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" 27 June 2003, " "33–34, available at link " -"#44." +"#44. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -19905,6 +19910,10 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Bolling, Ruben" +msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19912,7 +19921,7 @@ msgid "" "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " "case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " "wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that." +"that. " msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—" "av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 2b85b1a..adf3ed7 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-23 23:12+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-24 08:32+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -417,12 +417,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:361 freeculture.xml:12713 +#: freeculture.xml:361 freeculture.xml:12699 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:372 freeculture.xml:382 freeculture.xml:12726 +#: freeculture.xml:372 freeculture.xml:382 freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -555,12 +555,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:511 freeculture.xml:530 freeculture.xml:930 freeculture.xml:947 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8748 freeculture.xml:12114 freeculture.xml:12817 +#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:511 freeculture.xml:530 freeculture.xml:930 freeculture.xml:947 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8748 freeculture.xml:12100 freeculture.xml:12803 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:481 freeculture.xml:512 freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:931 freeculture.xml:948 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:8749 freeculture.xml:12115 freeculture.xml:12818 +#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:481 freeculture.xml:512 freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:931 freeculture.xml:948 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:8749 freeculture.xml:12101 freeculture.xml:12804 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:14056 +#: freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -3554,7 +3554,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2768 freeculture.xml:3011 freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:9478 +#: freeculture.xml:2768 freeculture.xml:3011 freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:9471 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -3785,7 +3785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2934 freeculture.xml:13732 +#: freeculture.xml:2934 freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4258,7 +4258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3293 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12638 freeculture.xml:12645 +#: freeculture.xml:3293 freeculture.xml:12195 freeculture.xml:12624 freeculture.xml:12631 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -6435,7 +6435,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:5033 freeculture.xml:5044 freeculture.xml:5059 freeculture.xml:5068 freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5141 freeculture.xml:5164 freeculture.xml:5226 freeculture.xml:9580 +#: freeculture.xml:5025 freeculture.xml:5033 freeculture.xml:5044 freeculture.xml:5059 freeculture.xml:5068 freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5141 freeculture.xml:5164 freeculture.xml:5226 freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -7967,7 +7967,7 @@ msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6236 freeculture.xml:12612 +#: freeculture.xml:6236 freeculture.xml:12598 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -9585,7 +9585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7474 freeculture.xml:9892 +#: freeculture.xml:7474 freeculture.xml:9885 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" @@ -10978,9 +10978,13 @@ msgid "" "rules should govern it?" msgstr "" -#. f2. +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9330 +msgid "Berman, Howard L." +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:8599 +#: freeculture.xml:8600 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -10992,7 +10996,7 @@ msgid "" "\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, " "available at link " "#34. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied " -"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand " +"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand " "that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 " "songs through a family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In " "re. Verizon Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a " @@ -11008,7 +11012,8 @@ msgid "" "universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, " "\"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 " "August 2003, D3, available at link #36." +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -11865,9 +11870,8 @@ msgid "" "liability." msgstr "" -#. f11. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9315 +#: freeculture.xml:9316 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -11881,7 +11885,8 @@ msgid "" "which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media " "devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " "World,\" 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at link #44." +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -11909,7 +11914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9349 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -11922,7 +11927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9360 +#: freeculture.xml:9359 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -11933,7 +11938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9369 +#: freeculture.xml:9368 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -11949,7 +11954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9384 +#: freeculture.xml:9383 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -11961,12 +11966,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9413 +#: freeculture.xml:9407 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9396 +#: freeculture.xml:9393 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -11984,12 +11989,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9422 +#: freeculture.xml:9417 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9418 +#: freeculture.xml:9412 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -11999,7 +12004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:9422 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12010,7 +12015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9437 +#: freeculture.xml:9430 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12025,12 +12030,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9477 +#: freeculture.xml:9470 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9460 +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12051,7 +12056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9453 +#: freeculture.xml:9446 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12062,7 +12067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9484 +#: freeculture.xml:9477 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12070,57 +12075,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9491 +#: freeculture.xml:9484 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9494 +#: freeculture.xml:9487 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9497 +#: freeculture.xml:9490 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9500 +#: freeculture.xml:9493 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9503 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9506 +#: freeculture.xml:9499 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9509 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9512 +#: freeculture.xml:9505 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9515 +#: freeculture.xml:9508 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9511 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9521 +#: freeculture.xml:9514 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12128,77 +12133,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9524 +#: freeculture.xml:9517 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9527 +#: freeculture.xml:9520 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9530 +#: freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9533 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9536 +#: freeculture.xml:9529 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9539 +#: freeculture.xml:9532 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9542 +#: freeculture.xml:9535 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9545 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9548 +#: freeculture.xml:9541 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9551 +#: freeculture.xml:9544 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9554 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9557 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9560 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:9556 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:9561 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12208,7 +12213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9569 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12216,7 +12221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9575 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12225,7 +12230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9588 +#: freeculture.xml:9581 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12239,7 +12244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9604 +#: freeculture.xml:9597 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " @@ -12248,7 +12253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9611 +#: freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12259,12 +12264,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9621 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12272,7 +12277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9629 +#: freeculture.xml:9622 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12281,7 +12286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9638 +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12292,7 +12297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9634 +#: freeculture.xml:9627 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12310,14 +12315,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9672 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9659 +#: freeculture.xml:9652 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12340,7 +12345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9694 +#: freeculture.xml:9687 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -12348,7 +12353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9702 +#: freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12357,7 +12362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9712 +#: freeculture.xml:9705 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " @@ -12365,7 +12370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9684 +#: freeculture.xml:9677 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12388,7 +12393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9721 +#: freeculture.xml:9714 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12407,7 +12412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9738 +#: freeculture.xml:9731 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12421,7 +12426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9751 +#: freeculture.xml:9744 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12431,7 +12436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9758 +#: freeculture.xml:9751 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12448,7 +12453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9772 +#: freeculture.xml:9765 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12462,13 +12467,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9784 +#: freeculture.xml:9777 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9787 +#: freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12479,7 +12484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9798 +#: freeculture.xml:9791 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12490,12 +12495,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9806 +#: freeculture.xml:9799 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9808 +#: freeculture.xml:9801 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12509,7 +12514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9819 +#: freeculture.xml:9812 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12522,7 +12527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9829 +#: freeculture.xml:9822 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12536,7 +12541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9843 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12548,7 +12553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9852 +#: freeculture.xml:9845 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12561,7 +12566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9863 +#: freeculture.xml:9856 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12573,7 +12578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9872 +#: freeculture.xml:9865 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12582,7 +12587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9878 +#: freeculture.xml:9871 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12597,12 +12602,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9895 +#: freeculture.xml:9888 msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9900 +#: freeculture.xml:9893 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12615,7 +12620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:9905 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12623,7 +12628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9917 +#: freeculture.xml:9910 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12635,7 +12640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9935 +#: freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -12650,7 +12655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12664,7 +12669,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9953 +#: freeculture.xml:9946 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12672,7 +12677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9949 +#: freeculture.xml:9942 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12684,7 +12689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:9967 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " @@ -12703,7 +12708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9962 +#: freeculture.xml:9955 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12721,7 +12726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:9986 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12734,7 +12739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10008 +#: freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -12755,7 +12760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10028 +#: freeculture.xml:10021 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -12766,12 +12771,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10041 +#: freeculture.xml:10034 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10045 +#: freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -12780,7 +12785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10044 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -12790,7 +12795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10059 +#: freeculture.xml:10052 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -12802,7 +12807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10061 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -12812,7 +12817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10076 +#: freeculture.xml:10069 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -12820,7 +12825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10081 +#: freeculture.xml:10074 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -12829,7 +12834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10087 +#: freeculture.xml:10080 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -12838,12 +12843,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10096 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10098 +#: freeculture.xml:10091 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -12854,7 +12859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10100 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -12864,7 +12869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10114 +#: freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -12876,7 +12881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10125 +#: freeculture.xml:10118 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -12891,7 +12896,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10148 +#: freeculture.xml:10141 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -12909,7 +12914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10137 +#: freeculture.xml:10130 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -12923,7 +12928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10165 +#: freeculture.xml:10158 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " @@ -12939,7 +12944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10185 +#: freeculture.xml:10178 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -12951,7 +12956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10180 +#: freeculture.xml:10173 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -12960,7 +12965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#: freeculture.xml:10189 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -12971,7 +12976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10205 +#: freeculture.xml:10198 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -12981,7 +12986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:10209 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -12989,7 +12994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10222 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13002,12 +13007,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10241 freeculture.xml:11699 +#: freeculture.xml:10234 freeculture.xml:11684 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10232 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13020,7 +13025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10244 +#: freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13033,7 +13038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10255 +#: freeculture.xml:10248 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13045,7 +13050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10264 +#: freeculture.xml:10257 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13057,7 +13062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10274 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13067,7 +13072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10274 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13075,7 +13080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10289 +#: freeculture.xml:10282 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13084,14 +13089,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10295 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10299 +#: freeculture.xml:10292 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13099,7 +13104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10304 +#: freeculture.xml:10297 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13107,7 +13112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10310 +#: freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13116,14 +13121,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10316 +#: freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10320 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13131,7 +13136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10326 +#: freeculture.xml:10319 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13140,7 +13145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10332 +#: freeculture.xml:10325 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13152,7 +13157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10343 +#: freeculture.xml:10336 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13161,7 +13166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10356 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -13170,7 +13175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10363 +#: freeculture.xml:10356 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13178,7 +13183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 +#: freeculture.xml:10363 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " @@ -13186,7 +13191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10349 +#: freeculture.xml:10342 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13201,7 +13206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10378 +#: freeculture.xml:10371 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13215,7 +13220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10391 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -13227,7 +13232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10404 +#: freeculture.xml:10397 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13237,7 +13242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10414 +#: freeculture.xml:10407 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13247,7 +13252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10423 +#: freeculture.xml:10416 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -13263,18 +13268,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10436 +#: freeculture.xml:10429 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13286,7 +13291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10452 +#: freeculture.xml:10445 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13300,7 +13305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10450 +#: freeculture.xml:10443 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13314,7 +13319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10469 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " @@ -13329,7 +13334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10490 +#: freeculture.xml:10483 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " @@ -13349,7 +13354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10513 +#: freeculture.xml:10506 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " "U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " @@ -13357,7 +13362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13369,7 +13374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10523 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13381,7 +13386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10535 +#: freeculture.xml:10528 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13395,7 +13400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10556 +#: freeculture.xml:10549 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13404,7 +13409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10550 +#: freeculture.xml:10543 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13416,7 +13421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10565 +#: freeculture.xml:10558 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13427,7 +13432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 +#: freeculture.xml:10570 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13438,14 +13443,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10585 +#: freeculture.xml:10578 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10589 +#: freeculture.xml:10582 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13453,7 +13458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10596 +#: freeculture.xml:10589 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13463,14 +13468,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10605 +#: freeculture.xml:10598 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10611 +#: freeculture.xml:10604 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -13482,7 +13487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10620 +#: freeculture.xml:10613 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13496,7 +13501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10635 +#: freeculture.xml:10628 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13510,7 +13515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10647 +#: freeculture.xml:10640 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13518,13 +13523,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10652 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10665 +#: freeculture.xml:10658 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -13533,7 +13538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10654 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13547,7 +13552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10673 +#: freeculture.xml:10666 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13557,7 +13562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10679 +#: freeculture.xml:10672 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13569,7 +13574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10696 +#: freeculture.xml:10689 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " @@ -13579,7 +13584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#: freeculture.xml:10683 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13590,7 +13595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10706 +#: freeculture.xml:10699 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13600,7 +13605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10714 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -13610,7 +13615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10723 +#: freeculture.xml:10716 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13625,7 +13630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10734 +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13635,7 +13640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10744 +#: freeculture.xml:10737 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13644,7 +13649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10752 +#: freeculture.xml:10745 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13654,7 +13659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10761 +#: freeculture.xml:10754 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13665,7 +13670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10771 +#: freeculture.xml:10764 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13679,7 +13684,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10784 +#: freeculture.xml:10777 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13687,7 +13692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10791 +#: freeculture.xml:10784 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13700,7 +13705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10801 +#: freeculture.xml:10794 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13711,7 +13716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10810 +#: freeculture.xml:10803 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -13720,12 +13725,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10816 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10819 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -13740,7 +13745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10825 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -13753,7 +13758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10842 +#: freeculture.xml:10835 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -13766,7 +13771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10853 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -13774,7 +13779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10859 +#: freeculture.xml:10852 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -13788,7 +13793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10882 +#: freeculture.xml:10875 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -13796,7 +13801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10870 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -13810,7 +13815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10889 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -13821,7 +13826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10897 +#: freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -13831,7 +13836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10904 +#: freeculture.xml:10897 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -13844,7 +13849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10915 +#: freeculture.xml:10908 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -13854,7 +13859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10921 +#: freeculture.xml:10914 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -13864,7 +13869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10930 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -13874,7 +13879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10937 +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -13882,7 +13887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10943 +#: freeculture.xml:10936 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -13895,7 +13900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10953 +#: freeculture.xml:10946 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -13903,13 +13908,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10958 freeculture.xml:10972 +#: freeculture.xml:10951 freeculture.xml:10965 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10960 +#: freeculture.xml:10953 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -13921,17 +13926,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10970 freeculture.xml:11311 freeculture.xml:11326 freeculture.xml:11420 freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11673 freeculture.xml:11760 +#: freeculture.xml:10963 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11413 freeculture.xml:11627 freeculture.xml:11658 freeculture.xml:11746 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10971 +#: freeculture.xml:10964 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:10967 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -13944,7 +13949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10984 +#: freeculture.xml:10977 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -13965,7 +13970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11005 +#: freeculture.xml:10998 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -13976,7 +13981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11013 +#: freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -13995,17 +14000,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11044 freeculture.xml:11067 +#: freeculture.xml:11037 freeculture.xml:11060 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11038 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11032 +#: freeculture.xml:11025 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14023,7 +14028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11048 +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14033,7 +14038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14047,7 +14052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11070 +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14056,7 +14061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11069 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14065,32 +14070,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11082 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11083 +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11084 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11085 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11086 +#: freeculture.xml:11079 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11088 +#: freeculture.xml:11081 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14104,12 +14109,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11111 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:11317 freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11104 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11310 freeculture.xml:11663 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11099 +#: freeculture.xml:11092 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14124,7 +14129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11114 +#: freeculture.xml:11107 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14139,7 +14144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14148,7 +14153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14160,7 +14165,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11150 +#: freeculture.xml:11143 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14168,19 +14173,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11158 +#: freeculture.xml:11151 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11165 +#: freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:11136 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14196,7 +14201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11161 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14211,7 +14216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11180 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14223,7 +14228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11189 +#: freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14235,13 +14240,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11198 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:11571 freeculture.xml:11583 +#: freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11568 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14254,7 +14259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11212 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14267,7 +14272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11224 +#: freeculture.xml:11217 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14277,7 +14282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14288,7 +14293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11240 +#: freeculture.xml:11233 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14301,7 +14306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11250 +#: freeculture.xml:11243 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -14314,7 +14319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11263 +#: freeculture.xml:11256 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14324,7 +14329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11272 +#: freeculture.xml:11265 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14334,7 +14339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11279 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14352,7 +14357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11302 +#: freeculture.xml:11295 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14363,7 +14368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11313 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14373,7 +14378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11320 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14384,7 +14389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11328 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14402,7 +14407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#: freeculture.xml:11338 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14418,7 +14423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11360 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14427,14 +14432,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11366 +#: freeculture.xml:11359 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11371 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14443,7 +14448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11378 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14452,7 +14457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11384 +#: freeculture.xml:11377 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14460,14 +14465,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11392 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11398 +#: freeculture.xml:11391 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14477,14 +14482,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11406 +#: freeculture.xml:11399 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11412 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14494,7 +14499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11422 +#: freeculture.xml:11415 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14504,7 +14509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11429 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " @@ -14513,21 +14518,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11434 +#: freeculture.xml:11427 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11442 +#: freeculture.xml:11435 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14536,7 +14541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11455 +#: freeculture.xml:11448 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14544,7 +14549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11461 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14553,7 +14558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11470 +#: freeculture.xml:11462 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14569,7 +14574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11483 +#: freeculture.xml:11475 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14577,7 +14582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11491 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14594,7 +14599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11498 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14604,7 +14609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11517 +#: freeculture.xml:11505 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14612,7 +14617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11510 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -14620,7 +14625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11527 +#: freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -14630,7 +14635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11538 +#: freeculture.xml:11524 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14638,7 +14643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11544 +#: freeculture.xml:11529 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " @@ -14647,7 +14652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:11535 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14660,7 +14665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11561 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14673,7 +14678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11573 +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14688,7 +14693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11586 +#: freeculture.xml:11571 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14701,7 +14706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11597 +#: freeculture.xml:11582 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -14711,7 +14716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11604 +#: freeculture.xml:11589 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -14719,7 +14724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11609 +#: freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " @@ -14735,7 +14740,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11607 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -14750,7 +14755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11637 +#: freeculture.xml:11622 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -14758,7 +14763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11644 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -14773,7 +14778,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11655 +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -14792,7 +14797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11675 +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -14800,7 +14805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#: freeculture.xml:11666 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -14809,7 +14814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11672 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -14819,7 +14824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11694 +#: freeculture.xml:11679 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -14831,7 +14836,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11702 +#: freeculture.xml:11687 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -14851,7 +14856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11723 +#: freeculture.xml:11708 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -14861,18 +14866,23 @@ msgid "" "creative ferment." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11722 +msgid "Bolling, Ruben" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11732 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " "case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " "wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " -"that." +"that. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11739 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -14884,12 +14894,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11750 +#: freeculture.xml:11736 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11752 +#: freeculture.xml:11738 msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " @@ -14901,7 +14911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11762 +#: freeculture.xml:11748 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -14915,7 +14925,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11772 +#: freeculture.xml:11758 msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -14925,7 +14935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11766 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -14933,7 +14943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11785 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -14944,12 +14954,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11793 freeculture.xml:11991 +#: freeculture.xml:11779 freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11795 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -14963,7 +14973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11807 +#: freeculture.xml:11793 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -14976,18 +14986,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11817 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11818 freeculture.xml:11857 +#: freeculture.xml:11804 freeculture.xml:11843 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11825 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15009,7 +15019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11821 +#: freeculture.xml:11807 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -15023,7 +15033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11851 +#: freeculture.xml:11837 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15033,7 +15043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11859 +#: freeculture.xml:11845 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15045,7 +15055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11869 +#: freeculture.xml:11855 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15056,7 +15066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11877 +#: freeculture.xml:11863 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15067,7 +15077,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11885 +#: freeculture.xml:11871 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15079,7 +15089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11897 +#: freeculture.xml:11883 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15090,7 +15100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11906 +#: freeculture.xml:11892 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15109,7 +15119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11922 +#: freeculture.xml:11908 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15123,7 +15133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11936 +#: freeculture.xml:11922 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15135,7 +15145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11946 +#: freeculture.xml:11932 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15146,7 +15156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15156,7 +15166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11962 +#: freeculture.xml:11948 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15166,7 +15176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11969 +#: freeculture.xml:11955 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15175,7 +15185,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11975 +#: freeculture.xml:11961 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15193,7 +15203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:11979 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15202,7 +15212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11999 +#: freeculture.xml:11985 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15213,7 +15223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12008 +#: freeculture.xml:11994 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15225,7 +15235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12016 +#: freeculture.xml:12002 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15247,7 +15257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12037 +#: freeculture.xml:12023 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15258,7 +15268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12045 +#: freeculture.xml:12031 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15270,7 +15280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:12041 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15280,7 +15290,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12064 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15294,7 +15304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12075 +#: freeculture.xml:12061 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15307,12 +15317,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12071 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12088 +#: freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15324,7 +15334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12084 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15335,7 +15345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12105 +#: freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15346,7 +15356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15356,7 +15366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12124 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15368,12 +15378,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12136 +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12124 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15383,7 +15393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12145 +#: freeculture.xml:12131 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15394,7 +15404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12160 +#: freeculture.xml:12146 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15405,7 +15415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12153 +#: freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15418,7 +15428,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12171 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15429,7 +15439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12179 +#: freeculture.xml:12165 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15442,7 +15452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12190 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15452,12 +15462,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12639 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 freeculture.xml:12625 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12206 +#: freeculture.xml:12192 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " @@ -15465,7 +15475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12197 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15478,7 +15488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12218 +#: freeculture.xml:12204 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15492,7 +15502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12236 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15501,7 +15511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12213 +#: freeculture.xml:12199 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15524,7 +15534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12256 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15536,7 +15546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12266 +#: freeculture.xml:12252 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15547,7 +15557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12274 +#: freeculture.xml:12260 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15561,7 +15571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12289 +#: freeculture.xml:12275 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " @@ -15578,7 +15588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12283 +#: freeculture.xml:12269 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15590,7 +15600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12310 +#: freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15603,7 +15613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12320 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15614,7 +15624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12328 +#: freeculture.xml:12314 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15626,7 +15636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12336 +#: freeculture.xml:12322 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15642,7 +15652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12351 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15650,7 +15660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12357 +#: freeculture.xml:12343 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15665,7 +15675,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15685,7 +15695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12389 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -15703,7 +15713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12406 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15716,12 +15726,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12434 freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:12420 freeculture.xml:13140 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12403 +#: freeculture.xml:12389 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -15745,7 +15755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12437 +#: freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -15756,14 +15766,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12445 +#: freeculture.xml:12431 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12444 +#: freeculture.xml:12430 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -15775,7 +15785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12455 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -15799,7 +15809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12479 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -15808,7 +15818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12485 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -15823,7 +15833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -15842,7 +15852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12496 +#: freeculture.xml:12482 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -15858,7 +15868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12525 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -15877,14 +15887,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12551 +#: freeculture.xml:12537 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12543 +#: freeculture.xml:12529 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -15897,7 +15907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12557 +#: freeculture.xml:12543 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -15907,7 +15917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12565 +#: freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -15919,12 +15929,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12575 +#: freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12579 +#: freeculture.xml:12565 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -15937,7 +15947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12589 +#: freeculture.xml:12575 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -15952,7 +15962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12602 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -15968,7 +15978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12615 +#: freeculture.xml:12601 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -15981,7 +15991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12627 +#: freeculture.xml:12613 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -15995,14 +16005,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12644 +#: freeculture.xml:12630 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12641 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16012,7 +16022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12652 +#: freeculture.xml:12638 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16022,7 +16032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12659 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16035,7 +16045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12671 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16048,7 +16058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12681 +#: freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16059,7 +16069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12689 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16067,7 +16077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12695 +#: freeculture.xml:12681 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16081,7 +16091,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12706 +#: freeculture.xml:12692 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16091,12 +16101,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12725 +#: freeculture.xml:12711 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12715 +#: freeculture.xml:12701 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16111,7 +16121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12715 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16121,7 +16131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12723 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16131,7 +16141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12744 +#: freeculture.xml:12730 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16143,7 +16153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12754 +#: freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16153,7 +16163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12761 +#: freeculture.xml:12747 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16164,20 +16174,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12769 +#: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12772 +#: freeculture.xml:12758 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12763 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16195,7 +16205,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12795 +#: freeculture.xml:12781 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16205,7 +16215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12802 +#: freeculture.xml:12788 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16213,7 +16223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12774 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16232,18 +16242,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 freeculture.xml:13170 +#: freeculture.xml:12805 freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12820 +#: freeculture.xml:12806 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12825 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16252,7 +16262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16260,7 +16270,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12822 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16279,20 +16289,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:12842 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12860 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16300,7 +16310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12865 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16309,7 +16319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12871 +#: freeculture.xml:12857 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16318,7 +16328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12878 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16328,12 +16338,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12887 +#: freeculture.xml:12873 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12889 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16342,7 +16352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12895 +#: freeculture.xml:12881 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16356,7 +16366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12905 +#: freeculture.xml:12891 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16367,7 +16377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#: freeculture.xml:12903 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16383,7 +16393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12931 +#: freeculture.xml:12917 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16393,12 +16403,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12940 +#: freeculture.xml:12926 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12942 +#: freeculture.xml:12928 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16410,12 +16420,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12952 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 +#: freeculture.xml:12942 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16432,12 +16442,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12970 +#: freeculture.xml:12956 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12972 +#: freeculture.xml:12958 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16450,7 +16460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12982 +#: freeculture.xml:12968 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16463,7 +16473,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12998 +#: freeculture.xml:12984 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " @@ -16476,7 +16486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12992 +#: freeculture.xml:12978 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16489,7 +16499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13002 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16500,12 +16510,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13023 +#: freeculture.xml:13009 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#: freeculture.xml:13011 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16515,7 +16525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13033 +#: freeculture.xml:13019 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16529,7 +16539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13045 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16542,7 +16552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13054 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16552,7 +16562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13063 +#: freeculture.xml:13049 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16561,7 +16571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13069 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16574,7 +16584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13080 +#: freeculture.xml:13066 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16585,7 +16595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13088 +#: freeculture.xml:13074 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16594,7 +16604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13093 +#: freeculture.xml:13079 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16611,7 +16621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13109 +#: freeculture.xml:13095 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16623,7 +16633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13104 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16631,7 +16641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13123 +#: freeculture.xml:13109 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16646,7 +16656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13135 +#: freeculture.xml:13121 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16656,7 +16666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 +#: freeculture.xml:13129 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16671,7 +16681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13157 +#: freeculture.xml:13143 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16682,19 +16692,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13168 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13173 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13177 +#: freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -16708,7 +16718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13187 +#: freeculture.xml:13173 msgid "" "Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " @@ -16726,7 +16736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13205 +#: freeculture.xml:13191 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -16739,7 +16749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13216 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -16752,12 +16762,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13223 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13227 +#: freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -16771,7 +16781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13240 +#: freeculture.xml:13226 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -16785,7 +16795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13252 +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -16795,7 +16805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13259 +#: freeculture.xml:13245 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -16809,7 +16819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13271 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -16818,7 +16828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13277 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -16831,7 +16841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13303 +#: freeculture.xml:13289 msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " @@ -16840,7 +16850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13288 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -16859,7 +16869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13312 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -16874,7 +16884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13324 +#: freeculture.xml:13310 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -16885,7 +16895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13334 +#: freeculture.xml:13320 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -16896,7 +16906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13342 +#: freeculture.xml:13328 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -16907,12 +16917,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13356 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13344 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -16922,7 +16932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13365 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -16931,12 +16941,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13372 +#: freeculture.xml:13358 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13360 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -16946,14 +16956,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13386 +#: freeculture.xml:13372 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -16962,12 +16972,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13392 +#: freeculture.xml:13378 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13395 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -16977,7 +16987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13403 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -16992,7 +17002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13417 +#: freeculture.xml:13403 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17000,7 +17010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13415 +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17010,7 +17020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13425 +#: freeculture.xml:13411 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17021,12 +17031,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13437 +#: freeculture.xml:13423 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13439 +#: freeculture.xml:13425 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17041,7 +17051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13452 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17053,7 +17063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#: freeculture.xml:13447 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17066,7 +17076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13457 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17080,12 +17090,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13486 +#: freeculture.xml:13472 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13488 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17097,7 +17107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13498 +#: freeculture.xml:13484 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17105,7 +17115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13504 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17119,7 +17129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13521 +#: freeculture.xml:13507 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17128,7 +17138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13514 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17144,7 +17154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13534 +#: freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17154,7 +17164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13541 +#: freeculture.xml:13527 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17168,7 +17178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13552 +#: freeculture.xml:13538 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17179,7 +17189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13560 +#: freeculture.xml:13546 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17187,7 +17197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13565 +#: freeculture.xml:13551 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17198,12 +17208,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13577 +#: freeculture.xml:13563 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13579 +#: freeculture.xml:13565 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17212,14 +17222,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:13577 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 +#: freeculture.xml:13570 msgid "" "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " @@ -17230,7 +17240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17239,7 +17249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13606 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -17252,7 +17262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13614 +#: freeculture.xml:13600 msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " @@ -17266,7 +17276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13634 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17274,7 +17284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13627 +#: freeculture.xml:13613 msgid "" "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " @@ -17288,7 +17298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13645 +#: freeculture.xml:13631 msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -17305,7 +17315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13646 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -17313,7 +17323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13665 +#: freeculture.xml:13651 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17322,12 +17332,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13675 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13677 +#: freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17338,7 +17348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13685 +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17350,14 +17360,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13698 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13694 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17369,12 +17379,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13711 +#: freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17383,7 +17393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13716 +#: freeculture.xml:13702 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17393,7 +17403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -17405,7 +17415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13735 +#: freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -17420,7 +17430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13747 +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17430,12 +17440,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13763 +#: freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13761 +#: freeculture.xml:13747 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " @@ -17443,7 +17453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13741 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17453,7 +17463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17464,7 +17474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13776 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17474,12 +17484,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13786 +#: freeculture.xml:13772 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17489,7 +17499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13795 +#: freeculture.xml:13781 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17500,7 +17510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13804 +#: freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17510,7 +17520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13797 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17520,7 +17530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17528,7 +17538,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13824 +#: freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17537,7 +17547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13830 +#: freeculture.xml:13816 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17546,7 +17556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13836 +#: freeculture.xml:13822 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17554,7 +17564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13842 +#: freeculture.xml:13828 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17565,7 +17575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13836 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17574,7 +17584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13857 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17582,7 +17592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13862 +#: freeculture.xml:13848 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17597,7 +17607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17614,7 +17624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13906 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17622,7 +17632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13889 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17643,7 +17653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17659,7 +17669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13929 +#: freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17672,7 +17682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13940 +#: freeculture.xml:13926 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -17683,7 +17693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13949 +#: freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -17695,7 +17705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -17708,7 +17718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13970 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -17720,7 +17730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13980 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -17733,7 +17743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -17744,14 +17754,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13998 +#: freeculture.xml:13984 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14002 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -17765,7 +17775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:13999 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -17776,12 +17786,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14024 +#: freeculture.xml:14010 msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " "October 2000), available at <ulink " @@ -17818,7 +17828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14021 +#: freeculture.xml:14007 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17833,7 +17843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -17851,7 +17861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14085 +#: freeculture.xml:14071 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -17864,7 +17874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14098 +#: freeculture.xml:14084 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -17881,7 +17891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14113 +#: freeculture.xml:14099 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -17896,7 +17906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14125 +#: freeculture.xml:14111 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -17907,13 +17917,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14139 +#: freeculture.xml:14125 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -17922,19 +17932,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14146 +#: freeculture.xml:14132 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14156 +#: freeculture.xml:14142 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -17942,14 +17952,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14162 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14167 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -17958,7 +17968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14173 +#: freeculture.xml:14159 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -17975,7 +17985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14187 +#: freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -17985,12 +17995,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14184 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -17999,7 +18009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14206 +#: freeculture.xml:14192 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18010,14 +18020,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14223 +#: freeculture.xml:14209 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14214 +#: freeculture.xml:14200 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18030,7 +18040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14215 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18039,7 +18049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14239 +#: freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18058,7 +18068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14234 +#: freeculture.xml:14220 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18070,7 +18080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:14248 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18080,7 +18090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#: freeculture.xml:14256 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18093,7 +18103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18104,7 +18114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14288 +#: freeculture.xml:14274 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18112,7 +18122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14294 +#: freeculture.xml:14280 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18125,7 +18135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:14289 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18135,7 +18145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14312 +#: freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18143,12 +18153,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14307 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14323 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18162,12 +18172,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14338 +#: freeculture.xml:14324 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14326 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18176,7 +18186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14332 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18192,7 +18202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14359 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18205,7 +18215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14370 +#: freeculture.xml:14356 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18226,7 +18236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14390 +#: freeculture.xml:14376 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18237,7 +18247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14399 +#: freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " -- 2.51.0