From 37d733860ec474e7414368155e7d3d645e1b74db Mon Sep 17 00:00:00 2001 From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 28 Jul 2012 23:32:40 +0200 Subject: [PATCH] Add some indexes. --- freeculture.nb.po | 26 +- freeculture.pot | 1791 +++++++++++++++++++++++---------------------- 2 files changed, 919 insertions(+), 898 deletions(-) diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index fc6a599..aaa6672 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 13:25+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 23:28+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -3792,7 +3792,8 @@ msgid "" "16." msgstr "" "Se for eksempel Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, overs. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), kap. 16." +"citetitle>, bk. 1, overs. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), kap. " +"16." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -9949,7 +9950,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" @@ -12623,18 +12624,27 @@ msgstr "" "boken ti dager. til slutt, jeg har tillatelse til å bruke lese høyt knapp " "for å høre middlemarch lest høyt gjennom datamaskinen." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Aristotle" +msgstr "Aristoteles" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Politics, (Aristotle)" +msgstr "Politikk, (Aristotles)" + #. type: Content of:
-#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's Politics." +"translation): Aristotle's Politics. " msgstr "" -"Her er e-bok for et annet arbeid i den offentlige sfæren (inkludert " -"oversettelse): Aristoteles politikk." +"Her er e-boken for et annet allemannseid verk (inkludert " +"oversettelsen): Aristoteles Politikk " #. type: Content of:
msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" -msgstr "" +msgstr "E-bok av Aristoteles "Politikk"" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 734d919..562a33d 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 13:25+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 23:28+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -410,12 +410,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12696 +#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12702 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12709 +#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12715 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -549,12 +549,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8740 freeculture.xml:12097 freeculture.xml:12800 +#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8746 freeculture.xml:12103 freeculture.xml:12806 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8741 freeculture.xml:12098 freeculture.xml:12801 +#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:12104 freeculture.xml:12807 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -983,7 +983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9275 +#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9281 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1987,7 +1987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7142 freeculture.xml:8200 +#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7145 freeculture.xml:8206 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2597,7 +2597,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7927 +#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7933 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -2738,7 +2738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7865 +#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7871 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3622,7 +3622,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9465 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9471 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -3854,7 +3854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13729 +#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -3983,7 +3983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8563 freeculture.xml:9019 freeculture.xml:11913 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8569 freeculture.xml:9025 freeculture.xml:11919 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4349,7 +4349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12620 freeculture.xml:12627 +#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12199 freeculture.xml:12626 freeculture.xml:12633 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -4385,7 +4385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14256 +#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14262 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -4447,7 +4447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:12503 freeculture.xml:13053 +#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11060 freeculture.xml:12509 freeculture.xml:13059 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -4585,7 +4585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:7996 +#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:8002 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" @@ -6598,7 +6598,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9574 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -7521,8 +7521,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5721 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5721 freeculture.xml:7125 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" @@ -8148,7 +8148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12594 +#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12600 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -9349,20 +9349,20 @@ msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7286 +#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7292 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7132 +#: freeculture.xml:7135 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7125 +#: freeculture.xml:7128 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9373,7 +9373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7141 +#: freeculture.xml:7144 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -9381,7 +9381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7137 +#: freeculture.xml:7140 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9392,7 +9392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7149 +#: freeculture.xml:7152 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9401,7 +9401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7155 +#: freeculture.xml:7158 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9413,12 +9413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7166 +#: freeculture.xml:7170 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7169 +#: freeculture.xml:7173 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9427,13 +9427,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7176 +#: freeculture.xml:7180 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#: freeculture.xml:7184 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9446,35 +9446,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7191 +#: freeculture.xml:7195 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7192 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7195 +#: freeculture.xml:7199 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7199 +#: freeculture.xml:7203 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7200 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7204 +#: freeculture.xml:7208 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9484,65 +9484,76 @@ msgid "" "computer." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7218 +msgid "Aristotle" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7219 +msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7212 +#: freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " -"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7216 +#: freeculture.xml:7222 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7220 +#: freeculture.xml:7226 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7225 +#: freeculture.xml:7231 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7226 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7229 +#: freeculture.xml:7235 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7235 +#: freeculture.xml:7241 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7236 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7249 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9553,7 +9564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#: freeculture.xml:7248 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9568,7 +9579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7264 +#: freeculture.xml:7270 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9587,7 +9598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7282 +#: freeculture.xml:7288 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -9596,7 +9607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7289 +#: freeculture.xml:7295 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9608,7 +9619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7298 +#: freeculture.xml:7304 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9618,14 +9629,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7305 +#: freeculture.xml:7311 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7309 +#: freeculture.xml:7315 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9635,18 +9646,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7317 +#: freeculture.xml:7323 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7319 +#: freeculture.xml:7325 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7323 +#: freeculture.xml:7329 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9654,7 +9665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7330 +#: freeculture.xml:7336 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9665,7 +9676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7338 +#: freeculture.xml:7344 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9680,7 +9691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7351 +#: freeculture.xml:7357 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9690,19 +9701,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7359 +#: freeculture.xml:7365 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7363 +#: freeculture.xml:7369 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7366 +#: freeculture.xml:7372 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9711,7 +9722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7371 +#: freeculture.xml:7377 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9722,7 +9733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7386 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9733,7 +9744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7388 +#: freeculture.xml:7394 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -9749,7 +9760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7400 +#: freeculture.xml:7406 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9759,7 +9770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7407 +#: freeculture.xml:7413 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9770,7 +9781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7415 +#: freeculture.xml:7421 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9785,7 +9796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7431 +#: freeculture.xml:7437 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9799,12 +9810,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7454 freeculture.xml:9881 +#: freeculture.xml:7460 freeculture.xml:9887 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7444 +#: freeculture.xml:7450 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -9821,7 +9832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7442 +#: freeculture.xml:7448 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9831,7 +9842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7462 +#: freeculture.xml:7468 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9843,7 +9854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:7478 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9853,7 +9864,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7479 +#: freeculture.xml:7485 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9862,7 +9873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:7491 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9873,7 +9884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7493 +#: freeculture.xml:7499 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9883,7 +9894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7501 +#: freeculture.xml:7507 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9891,7 +9902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7508 +#: freeculture.xml:7514 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9899,7 +9910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7514 +#: freeculture.xml:7520 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9908,7 +9919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7520 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9917,7 +9928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7528 +#: freeculture.xml:7534 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9925,7 +9936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7533 +#: freeculture.xml:7539 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9938,7 +9949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7544 +#: freeculture.xml:7550 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -9948,7 +9959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7551 +#: freeculture.xml:7557 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9960,7 +9971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7566 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9974,7 +9985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7572 +#: freeculture.xml:7578 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9985,7 +9996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7580 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -9998,7 +10009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7606 +#: freeculture.xml:7612 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " @@ -10008,7 +10019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7591 +#: freeculture.xml:7597 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -10027,7 +10038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7615 +#: freeculture.xml:7621 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10035,17 +10046,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7620 +#: freeculture.xml:7626 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:7630 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7627 +#: freeculture.xml:7633 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10057,7 +10068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7635 +#: freeculture.xml:7641 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10066,17 +10077,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:7649 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7644 +#: freeculture.xml:7650 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7647 +#: freeculture.xml:7653 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10087,7 +10098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7655 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10098,7 +10109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10112,7 +10123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7675 +#: freeculture.xml:7681 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10127,7 +10138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7694 +#: freeculture.xml:7700 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " @@ -10135,7 +10146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7688 +#: freeculture.xml:7694 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10145,7 +10156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7700 +#: freeculture.xml:7706 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10155,7 +10166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7707 +#: freeculture.xml:7713 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10168,7 +10179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7717 +#: freeculture.xml:7723 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10179,13 +10190,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7726 +#: freeculture.xml:7732 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7728 +#: freeculture.xml:7734 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10203,7 +10214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7746 +#: freeculture.xml:7752 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10213,7 +10224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7753 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10226,18 +10237,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7764 +#: freeculture.xml:7770 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7767 +#: freeculture.xml:7773 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7773 +#: freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10246,7 +10257,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7780 +#: freeculture.xml:7786 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10254,19 +10265,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7786 +#: freeculture.xml:7792 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7789 +#: freeculture.xml:7795 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7769 +#: freeculture.xml:7775 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10281,7 +10292,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7792 +#: freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10294,7 +10305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7803 +#: freeculture.xml:7809 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10308,12 +10319,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7817 freeculture.xml:7834 +#: freeculture.xml:7823 freeculture.xml:7840 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7814 +#: freeculture.xml:7820 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10321,7 +10332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:7838 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10329,7 +10340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7827 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10344,7 +10355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7839 +#: freeculture.xml:7845 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10353,18 +10364,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7845 +#: freeculture.xml:7851 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7846 +#: freeculture.xml:7852 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7850 +#: freeculture.xml:7856 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10372,7 +10383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7855 +#: freeculture.xml:7861 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10381,24 +10392,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7861 +#: freeculture.xml:7867 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7866 freeculture.xml:7930 +#: freeculture.xml:7872 freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7868 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10409,7 +10420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7880 +#: freeculture.xml:7886 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10420,7 +10431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7875 +#: freeculture.xml:7881 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10430,7 +10441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7892 +#: freeculture.xml:7898 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10442,7 +10453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7911 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10454,7 +10465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7901 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10473,7 +10484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7932 +#: freeculture.xml:7938 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10482,17 +10493,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:7947 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7942 +#: freeculture.xml:7948 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7938 +#: freeculture.xml:7944 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10502,7 +10513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7955 +#: freeculture.xml:7961 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " @@ -10510,7 +10521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7946 +#: freeculture.xml:7952 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10521,7 +10532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7962 +#: freeculture.xml:7968 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10535,13 +10546,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7973 +#: freeculture.xml:7979 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7982 +#: freeculture.xml:7988 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10557,7 +10568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7975 +#: freeculture.xml:7981 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10571,7 +10582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7999 +#: freeculture.xml:8005 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10579,14 +10590,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8011 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8009 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10595,7 +10606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8014 +#: freeculture.xml:8020 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10613,7 +10624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8033 +#: freeculture.xml:8039 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10621,7 +10632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8039 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10636,14 +10647,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8051 +#: freeculture.xml:8057 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8055 +#: freeculture.xml:8061 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10653,7 +10664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8061 +#: freeculture.xml:8067 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10662,22 +10673,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8102 +#: freeculture.xml:8108 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8103 +#: freeculture.xml:8109 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8104 +#: freeculture.xml:8110 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8078 +#: freeculture.xml:8084 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10708,7 +10719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8068 +#: freeculture.xml:8074 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10722,7 +10733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8108 +#: freeculture.xml:8114 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10735,12 +10746,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8120 +#: freeculture.xml:8126 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8122 +#: freeculture.xml:8128 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10750,7 +10761,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8128 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10765,7 +10776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8150 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10774,7 +10785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8150 +#: freeculture.xml:8156 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10788,7 +10799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8162 +#: freeculture.xml:8168 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10803,7 +10814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8174 +#: freeculture.xml:8180 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10814,7 +10825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8198 +#: freeculture.xml:8204 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " @@ -10822,7 +10833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8183 +#: freeculture.xml:8189 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10840,12 +10851,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8204 +#: freeculture.xml:8210 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8207 +#: freeculture.xml:8213 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10855,38 +10866,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:8258 +#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8221 freeculture.xml:8259 freeculture.xml:8298 freeculture.xml:8331 +#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8337 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264 freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8336 +#: freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8309 freeculture.xml:8342 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8266 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8305 freeculture.xml:8337 freeculture.xml:8338 freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8343 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8272 freeculture.xml:8310 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8343 freeculture.xml:8344 freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8349 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8228 freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8310 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8238 freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:8276 freeculture.xml:8277 freeculture.xml:8316 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8231 freeculture.xml:8269 freeculture.xml:8308 freeculture.xml:8341 +#: freeculture.xml:8237 freeculture.xml:8275 freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8347 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8240 +#: freeculture.xml:8246 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10896,12 +10907,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8249 +#: freeculture.xml:8255 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8278 +#: freeculture.xml:8284 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10910,7 +10921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8290 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10920,17 +10931,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8330 +#: freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8336 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8309 +#: freeculture.xml:8315 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8317 +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10941,7 +10952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8350 +#: freeculture.xml:8356 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10950,7 +10961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8358 +#: freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10959,7 +10970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -10972,7 +10983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8380 +#: freeculture.xml:8386 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -10983,7 +10994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8374 +#: freeculture.xml:8380 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -11001,7 +11012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8397 +#: freeculture.xml:8403 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -11020,7 +11031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8416 +#: freeculture.xml:8422 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11035,33 +11046,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8433 +#: freeculture.xml:8439 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8437 +#: freeculture.xml:8443 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:8445 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8442 +#: freeculture.xml:8448 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 +#: freeculture.xml:8451 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8453 +#: freeculture.xml:8459 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " @@ -11069,7 +11080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8449 +#: freeculture.xml:8455 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11083,7 +11094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8471 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -11097,7 +11108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8477 +#: freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11111,7 +11122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8488 +#: freeculture.xml:8494 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -11120,21 +11131,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8494 +#: freeculture.xml:8500 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8498 +#: freeculture.xml:8504 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8503 +#: freeculture.xml:8509 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -11144,7 +11155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8509 +#: freeculture.xml:8515 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -11159,7 +11170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8526 +#: freeculture.xml:8532 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11170,7 +11181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8534 +#: freeculture.xml:8540 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11187,7 +11198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8548 +#: freeculture.xml:8554 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11199,7 +11210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8557 +#: freeculture.xml:8563 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -11211,7 +11222,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8568 +#: freeculture.xml:8574 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11223,7 +11234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8578 +#: freeculture.xml:8584 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11233,12 +11244,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8624 freeculture.xml:9325 +#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9331 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8594 +#: freeculture.xml:8600 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11272,7 +11283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8585 +#: freeculture.xml:8591 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11285,7 +11296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8630 +#: freeculture.xml:8636 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11295,7 +11306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8637 +#: freeculture.xml:8643 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11309,7 +11320,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8649 +#: freeculture.xml:8655 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11320,7 +11331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8657 +#: freeculture.xml:8663 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11334,14 +11345,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8670 +#: freeculture.xml:8676 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8674 +#: freeculture.xml:8680 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11352,7 +11363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8692 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11363,7 +11374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8682 +#: freeculture.xml:8688 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11376,12 +11387,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8706 freeculture.xml:9055 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 freeculture.xml:9061 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8703 +#: freeculture.xml:8709 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " @@ -11389,7 +11400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8709 +#: freeculture.xml:8715 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11397,12 +11408,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8717 +#: freeculture.xml:8723 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8720 +#: freeculture.xml:8726 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11412,7 +11423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8728 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11421,7 +11432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8735 +#: freeculture.xml:8741 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11430,7 +11441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8743 +#: freeculture.xml:8749 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11440,7 +11451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8750 +#: freeculture.xml:8756 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11450,12 +11461,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8757 +#: freeculture.xml:8763 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8759 +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11472,7 +11483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8774 +#: freeculture.xml:8780 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11487,7 +11498,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8785 +#: freeculture.xml:8791 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11497,7 +11508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8795 +#: freeculture.xml:8801 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11511,12 +11522,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8823 freeculture.xml:8844 +#: freeculture.xml:8829 freeculture.xml:8850 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8818 +#: freeculture.xml:8824 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11527,12 +11538,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8839 +#: freeculture.xml:8845 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8830 +#: freeculture.xml:8836 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11546,7 +11557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8806 +#: freeculture.xml:8812 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11568,7 +11579,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8866 +#: freeculture.xml:8872 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11578,7 +11589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8847 +#: freeculture.xml:8853 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11598,7 +11609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8876 +#: freeculture.xml:8882 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -11611,7 +11622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8887 +#: freeculture.xml:8893 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11625,7 +11636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8898 +#: freeculture.xml:8904 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -11635,7 +11646,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8907 +#: freeculture.xml:8913 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11648,7 +11659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8917 +#: freeculture.xml:8923 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11661,7 +11672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8928 +#: freeculture.xml:8934 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11674,13 +11685,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8939 +#: freeculture.xml:8945 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8943 +#: freeculture.xml:8949 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11693,12 +11704,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8956 +#: freeculture.xml:8962 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8958 +#: freeculture.xml:8964 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11709,7 +11720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8966 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11721,7 +11732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8975 +#: freeculture.xml:8981 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11736,13 +11747,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8987 freeculture.xml:9093 +#: freeculture.xml:8993 freeculture.xml:9099 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8989 +#: freeculture.xml:8995 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -11756,7 +11767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9001 +#: freeculture.xml:9007 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -11764,7 +11775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9006 +#: freeculture.xml:9012 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11775,7 +11786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9014 +#: freeculture.xml:9020 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11785,7 +11796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9022 +#: freeculture.xml:9028 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11800,7 +11811,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9034 +#: freeculture.xml:9040 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11810,7 +11821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9043 +#: freeculture.xml:9049 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11824,7 +11835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9058 +#: freeculture.xml:9064 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11836,12 +11847,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9068 +#: freeculture.xml:9074 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9071 +#: freeculture.xml:9077 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11854,7 +11865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9081 +#: freeculture.xml:9087 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11866,13 +11877,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9092 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9101 +#: freeculture.xml:9107 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -11884,7 +11895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:9101 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11904,17 +11915,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9122 +#: freeculture.xml:9128 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9137 +#: freeculture.xml:9143 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9133 +#: freeculture.xml:9139 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business " "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11924,7 +11935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9124 +#: freeculture.xml:9130 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11936,7 +11947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9142 +#: freeculture.xml:9148 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11948,7 +11959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9152 +#: freeculture.xml:9158 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11964,7 +11975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9167 +#: freeculture.xml:9173 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11979,7 +11990,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9179 +#: freeculture.xml:9185 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12002,7 +12013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9201 +#: freeculture.xml:9207 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12016,7 +12027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9215 +#: freeculture.xml:9221 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -12026,12 +12037,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9231 +#: freeculture.xml:9237 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9211 +#: freeculture.xml:9217 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12049,7 +12060,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9236 +#: freeculture.xml:9242 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12060,14 +12071,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9250 +#: freeculture.xml:9256 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9247 +#: freeculture.xml:9253 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12077,7 +12088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9258 +#: freeculture.xml:9264 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -12085,7 +12096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9264 +#: freeculture.xml:9270 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12094,14 +12105,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9273 +#: freeculture.xml:9279 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9270 +#: freeculture.xml:9276 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " @@ -12114,7 +12125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9290 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12125,7 +12136,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9293 +#: freeculture.xml:9299 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12143,7 +12154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9311 +#: freeculture.xml:9317 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12162,7 +12173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9291 +#: freeculture.xml:9297 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12174,7 +12185,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9333 +#: freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -12186,7 +12197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9343 +#: freeculture.xml:9349 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12199,7 +12210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9354 +#: freeculture.xml:9360 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12210,7 +12221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9363 +#: freeculture.xml:9369 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12226,7 +12237,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9384 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12238,12 +12249,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9402 +#: freeculture.xml:9408 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9388 +#: freeculture.xml:9394 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12261,12 +12272,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9412 +#: freeculture.xml:9418 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9407 +#: freeculture.xml:9413 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12276,7 +12287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9417 +#: freeculture.xml:9423 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12287,7 +12298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9425 +#: freeculture.xml:9431 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12302,12 +12313,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9464 +#: freeculture.xml:9470 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9447 +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12329,7 +12340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9440 +#: freeculture.xml:9446 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12340,7 +12351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9471 +#: freeculture.xml:9477 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12349,57 +12360,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9479 +#: freeculture.xml:9485 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9482 +#: freeculture.xml:9488 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9485 +#: freeculture.xml:9491 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9488 +#: freeculture.xml:9494 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9491 +#: freeculture.xml:9497 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9494 +#: freeculture.xml:9500 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9497 +#: freeculture.xml:9503 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9500 +#: freeculture.xml:9506 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9503 +#: freeculture.xml:9509 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9506 +#: freeculture.xml:9512 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9509 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12407,77 +12418,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9512 +#: freeculture.xml:9518 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9515 +#: freeculture.xml:9521 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9524 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9521 +#: freeculture.xml:9527 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9524 +#: freeculture.xml:9530 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9527 +#: freeculture.xml:9533 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9530 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9533 +#: freeculture.xml:9539 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9536 +#: freeculture.xml:9542 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9539 +#: freeculture.xml:9545 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9542 +#: freeculture.xml:9548 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9545 +#: freeculture.xml:9551 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9548 +#: freeculture.xml:9554 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9551 +#: freeculture.xml:9557 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9556 +#: freeculture.xml:9562 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12488,7 +12499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9564 +#: freeculture.xml:9570 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12496,7 +12507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9576 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12505,7 +12516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12519,7 +12530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9598 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " @@ -12528,7 +12539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9600 +#: freeculture.xml:9606 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12539,12 +12550,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9610 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9612 +#: freeculture.xml:9618 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12552,7 +12563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9618 +#: freeculture.xml:9624 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12561,7 +12572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9627 +#: freeculture.xml:9633 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12572,7 +12583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:9629 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12590,14 +12601,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9661 +#: freeculture.xml:9667 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9648 +#: freeculture.xml:9654 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12620,7 +12631,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9683 +#: freeculture.xml:9689 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " @@ -12629,7 +12640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9691 +#: freeculture.xml:9697 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12638,7 +12649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9701 +#: freeculture.xml:9707 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " @@ -12646,7 +12657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9673 +#: freeculture.xml:9679 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12669,7 +12680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9710 +#: freeculture.xml:9716 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12688,7 +12699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9727 +#: freeculture.xml:9733 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12702,7 +12713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9740 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12712,7 +12723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9747 +#: freeculture.xml:9753 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12729,7 +12740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9761 +#: freeculture.xml:9767 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12743,13 +12754,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9773 +#: freeculture.xml:9779 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9776 +#: freeculture.xml:9782 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12760,7 +12771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9787 +#: freeculture.xml:9793 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12771,12 +12782,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9795 +#: freeculture.xml:9801 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9797 +#: freeculture.xml:9803 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12790,7 +12801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9808 +#: freeculture.xml:9814 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12803,7 +12814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:9824 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12817,7 +12828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9832 +#: freeculture.xml:9838 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12829,7 +12840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9841 +#: freeculture.xml:9847 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12842,7 +12853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9852 +#: freeculture.xml:9858 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12854,7 +12865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9861 +#: freeculture.xml:9867 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12863,7 +12874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9867 +#: freeculture.xml:9873 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12878,19 +12889,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9884 +#: freeculture.xml:9890 msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9890 +#: freeculture.xml:9896 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12903,7 +12914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9902 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12911,7 +12922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9907 +#: freeculture.xml:9913 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12923,7 +12934,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9925 +#: freeculture.xml:9931 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " @@ -12939,7 +12950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9916 +#: freeculture.xml:9922 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12953,7 +12964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9943 +#: freeculture.xml:9949 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12961,7 +12972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9939 +#: freeculture.xml:9945 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12973,7 +12984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9964 +#: freeculture.xml:9970 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -12994,7 +13005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9952 +#: freeculture.xml:9958 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13011,7 +13022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9983 +#: freeculture.xml:9989 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13025,7 +13036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9999 +#: freeculture.xml:10005 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13046,7 +13057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10019 +#: freeculture.xml:10025 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -13057,12 +13068,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10032 +#: freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10037 +#: freeculture.xml:10043 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13071,7 +13082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10043 +#: freeculture.xml:10049 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13081,7 +13092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10057 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13093,7 +13104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10060 +#: freeculture.xml:10066 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13103,7 +13114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10074 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13111,7 +13122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10073 +#: freeculture.xml:10079 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13120,7 +13131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10085 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13129,12 +13140,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10095 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10091 +#: freeculture.xml:10097 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13145,7 +13156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10100 +#: freeculture.xml:10106 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13155,7 +13166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10113 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13167,7 +13178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10118 +#: freeculture.xml:10124 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13184,7 +13195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10141 +#: freeculture.xml:10147 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13202,7 +13213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10130 +#: freeculture.xml:10136 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13216,7 +13227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10158 +#: freeculture.xml:10164 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13233,7 +13244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10178 +#: freeculture.xml:10184 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13245,7 +13256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10173 +#: freeculture.xml:10179 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13254,7 +13265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10189 +#: freeculture.xml:10195 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13265,7 +13276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10198 +#: freeculture.xml:10204 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13275,7 +13286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10209 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -13283,7 +13294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10221 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13296,12 +13307,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10234 freeculture.xml:11677 +#: freeculture.xml:10240 freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10225 +#: freeculture.xml:10231 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13314,7 +13325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10237 +#: freeculture.xml:10243 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13327,7 +13338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10248 +#: freeculture.xml:10254 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13339,7 +13350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10257 +#: freeculture.xml:10263 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13351,7 +13362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10267 +#: freeculture.xml:10273 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13361,7 +13372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10274 +#: freeculture.xml:10280 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13369,7 +13380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10282 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13378,14 +13389,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10288 +#: freeculture.xml:10294 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10292 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13393,7 +13404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10297 +#: freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13401,7 +13412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13410,14 +13421,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:10315 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10313 +#: freeculture.xml:10319 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13425,7 +13436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10319 +#: freeculture.xml:10325 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13434,7 +13445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10325 +#: freeculture.xml:10331 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13446,7 +13457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10336 +#: freeculture.xml:10342 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13455,7 +13466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10348 +#: freeculture.xml:10354 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " @@ -13464,7 +13475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10355 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13472,7 +13483,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10363 +#: freeculture.xml:10369 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -13480,7 +13491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10347 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13495,7 +13506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 +#: freeculture.xml:10376 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13509,7 +13520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10383 +#: freeculture.xml:10389 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -13521,7 +13532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10396 +#: freeculture.xml:10402 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13531,7 +13542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:10412 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13541,7 +13552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10419 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -13557,7 +13568,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10428 +#: freeculture.xml:10434 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -13565,14 +13576,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10435 +#: freeculture.xml:10441 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10426 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13585,7 +13596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10442 +#: freeculture.xml:10448 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13599,7 +13610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10445 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13613,7 +13624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10463 +#: freeculture.xml:10469 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -13629,7 +13640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10482 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -13649,7 +13660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10499 +#: freeculture.xml:10505 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -13658,7 +13669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10493 +#: freeculture.xml:10499 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13670,7 +13681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10509 +#: freeculture.xml:10515 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13682,7 +13693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10521 +#: freeculture.xml:10527 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13696,7 +13707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10542 +#: freeculture.xml:10548 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13706,7 +13717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10542 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13718,7 +13729,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10551 +#: freeculture.xml:10557 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13729,7 +13740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13740,14 +13751,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10571 +#: freeculture.xml:10577 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10575 +#: freeculture.xml:10581 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13755,7 +13766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10582 +#: freeculture.xml:10588 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13765,14 +13776,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10591 +#: freeculture.xml:10597 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10596 +#: freeculture.xml:10602 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -13784,7 +13795,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10605 +#: freeculture.xml:10611 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13798,7 +13809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10620 +#: freeculture.xml:10626 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13812,7 +13823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10632 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13820,13 +13831,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10637 +#: freeculture.xml:10643 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10650 +#: freeculture.xml:10656 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -13836,12 +13847,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10656 +#: freeculture.xml:10662 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10639 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13856,7 +13867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10659 +#: freeculture.xml:10665 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13866,7 +13877,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10665 +#: freeculture.xml:10671 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13878,7 +13889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10683 +#: freeculture.xml:10689 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -13890,7 +13901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10676 +#: freeculture.xml:10682 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13901,7 +13912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10693 +#: freeculture.xml:10699 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13911,7 +13922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10701 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -13922,7 +13933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10709 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13937,7 +13948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10720 +#: freeculture.xml:10726 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13947,7 +13958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10730 +#: freeculture.xml:10736 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13956,7 +13967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10738 +#: freeculture.xml:10744 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13966,7 +13977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10747 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13977,7 +13988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10757 +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13991,7 +14002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10770 +#: freeculture.xml:10776 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13999,7 +14010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10777 +#: freeculture.xml:10783 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14012,7 +14023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10788 +#: freeculture.xml:10794 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14023,7 +14034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10797 +#: freeculture.xml:10803 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14032,12 +14043,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10806 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14052,7 +14063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10819 +#: freeculture.xml:10825 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14065,7 +14076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10829 +#: freeculture.xml:10835 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14079,7 +14090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10840 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -14087,7 +14098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10846 +#: freeculture.xml:10852 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14101,7 +14112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10869 +#: freeculture.xml:10875 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14109,7 +14120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10857 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14123,7 +14134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10876 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14134,7 +14145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14144,7 +14155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10891 +#: freeculture.xml:10897 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14157,7 +14168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10902 +#: freeculture.xml:10908 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14167,7 +14178,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10914 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14177,7 +14188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10917 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14187,7 +14198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10924 +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14195,7 +14206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10930 +#: freeculture.xml:10936 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14208,7 +14219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10940 +#: freeculture.xml:10946 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14216,13 +14227,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10945 freeculture.xml:10959 +#: freeculture.xml:10951 freeculture.xml:10965 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10947 +#: freeculture.xml:10953 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14234,17 +14245,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10957 freeculture.xml:11298 freeculture.xml:11313 freeculture.xml:11406 freeculture.xml:11620 freeculture.xml:11651 freeculture.xml:11739 +#: freeculture.xml:10963 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11412 freeculture.xml:11626 freeculture.xml:11657 freeculture.xml:11745 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10958 +#: freeculture.xml:10964 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10961 +#: freeculture.xml:10967 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14257,7 +14268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10971 +#: freeculture.xml:10977 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14278,7 +14289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10992 +#: freeculture.xml:10998 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14289,7 +14300,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11000 +#: freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14308,17 +14319,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11031 freeculture.xml:11055 +#: freeculture.xml:11037 freeculture.xml:11061 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11032 +#: freeculture.xml:11038 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11019 +#: freeculture.xml:11025 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14336,7 +14347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11035 +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14346,7 +14357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11043 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14361,7 +14372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11058 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14370,7 +14381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11070 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14379,32 +14390,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11070 +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11071 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11072 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11073 +#: freeculture.xml:11079 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11074 +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11082 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14418,12 +14429,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11099 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11656 +#: freeculture.xml:11105 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:11310 freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11087 +#: freeculture.xml:11093 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14438,7 +14449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11108 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14453,7 +14464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11121 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14462,7 +14473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11128 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14474,7 +14485,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11138 +#: freeculture.xml:11144 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14482,19 +14493,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11146 +#: freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11153 +#: freeculture.xml:11159 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11131 +#: freeculture.xml:11137 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14511,7 +14522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11156 +#: freeculture.xml:11162 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14526,7 +14537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11174 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14538,7 +14549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11177 +#: freeculture.xml:11183 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14551,13 +14562,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11210 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:11561 +#: freeculture.xml:11192 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11567 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11188 +#: freeculture.xml:11194 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14570,7 +14581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 +#: freeculture.xml:11206 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14583,7 +14594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11212 +#: freeculture.xml:11218 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14593,7 +14604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11226 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14604,7 +14615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14617,7 +14628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11238 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14632,7 +14643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11252 +#: freeculture.xml:11258 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14642,7 +14653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11259 +#: freeculture.xml:11265 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14652,7 +14663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11266 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14670,7 +14681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11289 +#: freeculture.xml:11295 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14681,7 +14692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11300 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14691,7 +14702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11307 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14702,7 +14713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11315 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14720,7 +14731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11332 +#: freeculture.xml:11338 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14736,7 +14747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11347 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14745,14 +14756,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11359 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11358 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14761,7 +14772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14770,7 +14781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11371 +#: freeculture.xml:11377 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14778,14 +14789,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11379 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11385 +#: freeculture.xml:11391 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14795,14 +14806,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11393 +#: freeculture.xml:11399 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11399 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14812,7 +14823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11408 +#: freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14822,7 +14833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11415 +#: freeculture.xml:11421 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -14831,21 +14842,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11420 +#: freeculture.xml:11426 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11427 +#: freeculture.xml:11433 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11437 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14854,7 +14865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11440 +#: freeculture.xml:11446 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14862,7 +14873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11452 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14871,7 +14882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11454 +#: freeculture.xml:11460 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14887,7 +14898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:11473 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14895,7 +14906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11475 +#: freeculture.xml:11481 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14912,7 +14923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11490 +#: freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14922,7 +14933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11497 +#: freeculture.xml:11503 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14930,7 +14941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11502 +#: freeculture.xml:11508 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -14938,7 +14949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11508 +#: freeculture.xml:11514 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -14949,7 +14960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11517 +#: freeculture.xml:11523 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14957,7 +14968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11528 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -14966,7 +14977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11528 +#: freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14980,7 +14991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11539 +#: freeculture.xml:11545 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14993,7 +15004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:11557 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15008,7 +15019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11564 +#: freeculture.xml:11570 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15021,7 +15032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11575 +#: freeculture.xml:11581 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15032,7 +15043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11582 +#: freeculture.xml:11588 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -15040,7 +15051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11587 +#: freeculture.xml:11593 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15057,7 +15068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11600 +#: freeculture.xml:11606 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15072,7 +15083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11615 +#: freeculture.xml:11621 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15080,7 +15091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11628 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15095,7 +15106,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11633 +#: freeculture.xml:11639 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15114,7 +15125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:11659 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15122,7 +15133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11659 +#: freeculture.xml:11665 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15131,7 +15142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:11671 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15141,7 +15152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11672 +#: freeculture.xml:11678 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15153,7 +15164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11680 +#: freeculture.xml:11686 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15173,7 +15184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11701 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15184,12 +15195,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11715 +#: freeculture.xml:11721 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11710 +#: freeculture.xml:11716 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15199,7 +15210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11718 +#: freeculture.xml:11724 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15211,12 +15222,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11729 +#: freeculture.xml:11735 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:11737 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15228,7 +15239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11741 +#: freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15242,7 +15253,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11751 +#: freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15252,7 +15263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11765 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15260,7 +15271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11764 +#: freeculture.xml:11770 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15271,12 +15282,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11772 freeculture.xml:11971 +#: freeculture.xml:11778 freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11774 +#: freeculture.xml:11780 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15290,7 +15301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11786 +#: freeculture.xml:11792 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15303,18 +15314,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11796 +#: freeculture.xml:11802 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11797 freeculture.xml:11836 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 freeculture.xml:11842 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11804 +#: freeculture.xml:11810 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15336,7 +15347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11800 +#: freeculture.xml:11806 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -15350,7 +15361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11830 +#: freeculture.xml:11836 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15360,7 +15371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11838 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15373,7 +15384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11848 +#: freeculture.xml:11854 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15384,7 +15395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11856 +#: freeculture.xml:11862 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15395,7 +15406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11864 +#: freeculture.xml:11870 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15407,7 +15418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11876 +#: freeculture.xml:11882 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15418,7 +15429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11885 +#: freeculture.xml:11891 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15436,7 +15447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 +#: freeculture.xml:11907 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15451,7 +15462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11916 +#: freeculture.xml:11922 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15463,7 +15474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11926 +#: freeculture.xml:11932 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15475,7 +15486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15485,7 +15496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11942 +#: freeculture.xml:11948 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15495,7 +15506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11949 +#: freeculture.xml:11955 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15504,7 +15515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:11961 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15522,7 +15533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11973 +#: freeculture.xml:11979 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15531,12 +15542,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11986 +#: freeculture.xml:11992 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11979 +#: freeculture.xml:11985 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15548,7 +15559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11989 +#: freeculture.xml:11995 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15560,7 +15571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:12003 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15582,7 +15593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12018 +#: freeculture.xml:12024 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15593,7 +15604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12026 +#: freeculture.xml:12032 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15605,7 +15616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15615,7 +15626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12045 +#: freeculture.xml:12051 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15629,7 +15640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12056 +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15642,12 +15653,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12066 +#: freeculture.xml:12072 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12075 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15660,7 +15671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12080 +#: freeculture.xml:12086 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15671,7 +15682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12088 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15682,7 +15693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12100 +#: freeculture.xml:12106 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15692,7 +15703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12107 +#: freeculture.xml:12113 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15704,12 +15715,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12119 +#: freeculture.xml:12125 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12122 +#: freeculture.xml:12128 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15719,7 +15730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12129 +#: freeculture.xml:12135 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15730,7 +15741,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12144 +#: freeculture.xml:12150 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15741,7 +15752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:12143 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15754,7 +15765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12155 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15765,7 +15776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12163 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15778,7 +15789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12174 +#: freeculture.xml:12180 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15788,12 +15799,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12621 +#: freeculture.xml:12198 freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12190 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -15802,7 +15813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12181 +#: freeculture.xml:12187 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15815,7 +15826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12209 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15830,7 +15841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12230 +#: freeculture.xml:12236 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15839,7 +15850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12197 +#: freeculture.xml:12203 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15862,7 +15873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12236 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15874,7 +15885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12246 +#: freeculture.xml:12252 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15885,7 +15896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12254 +#: freeculture.xml:12260 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15899,7 +15910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12269 +#: freeculture.xml:12275 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -15917,7 +15928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12263 +#: freeculture.xml:12269 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15929,7 +15940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12290 +#: freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15942,7 +15953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12300 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15953,7 +15964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12308 +#: freeculture.xml:12314 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15965,7 +15976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12316 +#: freeculture.xml:12322 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15981,7 +15992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12331 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15989,7 +16000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12343 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16004,7 +16015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12349 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16024,7 +16035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16042,7 +16053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12386 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16056,12 +16067,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12414 freeculture.xml:13141 +#: freeculture.xml:12420 freeculture.xml:13147 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12383 +#: freeculture.xml:12389 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16085,7 +16096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12417 +#: freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16096,14 +16107,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12425 +#: freeculture.xml:12431 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12424 +#: freeculture.xml:12430 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16115,7 +16126,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12435 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16139,7 +16150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12459 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16148,7 +16159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12465 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16163,7 +16174,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12487 +#: freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16183,7 +16194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12482 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16199,7 +16210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12506 +#: freeculture.xml:12512 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16218,14 +16229,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12532 +#: freeculture.xml:12538 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12530 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16238,7 +16249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12544 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16248,7 +16259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12546 +#: freeculture.xml:12552 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16260,12 +16271,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12556 +#: freeculture.xml:12562 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12566 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16278,7 +16289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12570 +#: freeculture.xml:12576 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16293,7 +16304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12583 +#: freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16310,7 +16321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12597 +#: freeculture.xml:12603 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16323,7 +16334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12609 +#: freeculture.xml:12615 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16337,14 +16348,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12626 +#: freeculture.xml:12632 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12623 +#: freeculture.xml:12629 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16355,7 +16366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12635 +#: freeculture.xml:12641 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16365,7 +16376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12648 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16378,7 +16389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12654 +#: freeculture.xml:12660 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16391,7 +16402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12664 +#: freeculture.xml:12670 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16402,7 +16413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12672 +#: freeculture.xml:12678 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16410,7 +16421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12684 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16424,7 +16435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12689 +#: freeculture.xml:12695 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16434,12 +16445,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12708 +#: freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:12704 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16454,7 +16465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12718 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16464,7 +16475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12720 +#: freeculture.xml:12726 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16474,7 +16485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12727 +#: freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16486,7 +16497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16496,7 +16507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12744 +#: freeculture.xml:12750 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16507,20 +16518,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12752 +#: freeculture.xml:12758 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12755 +#: freeculture.xml:12761 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12760 +#: freeculture.xml:12766 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16539,7 +16550,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12778 +#: freeculture.xml:12784 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16549,7 +16560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12785 +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16557,7 +16568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12757 +#: freeculture.xml:12763 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16576,18 +16587,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12802 freeculture.xml:13157 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12803 +#: freeculture.xml:12809 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12808 +#: freeculture.xml:12814 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16596,7 +16607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12817 +#: freeculture.xml:12823 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16604,7 +16615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12805 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16623,20 +16634,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12831 +#: freeculture.xml:12837 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12847 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12846 +#: freeculture.xml:12852 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16644,7 +16655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12851 +#: freeculture.xml:12857 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16653,7 +16664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12857 +#: freeculture.xml:12863 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16662,7 +16673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12864 +#: freeculture.xml:12870 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16672,12 +16683,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12873 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 +#: freeculture.xml:12881 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16686,7 +16697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12881 +#: freeculture.xml:12887 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16700,7 +16711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12891 +#: freeculture.xml:12897 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16711,7 +16722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#: freeculture.xml:12909 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16727,7 +16738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#: freeculture.xml:12923 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16737,12 +16748,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12926 +#: freeculture.xml:12932 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12928 +#: freeculture.xml:12934 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16754,12 +16765,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12938 +#: freeculture.xml:12944 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12942 +#: freeculture.xml:12948 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16776,12 +16787,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 +#: freeculture.xml:12962 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12958 +#: freeculture.xml:12964 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16794,7 +16805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16807,7 +16818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12984 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -16821,7 +16832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12978 +#: freeculture.xml:12984 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16834,7 +16845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13002 +#: freeculture.xml:13008 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16845,12 +16856,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13009 +#: freeculture.xml:13015 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13017 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16860,7 +16871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13019 +#: freeculture.xml:13025 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16874,7 +16885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 +#: freeculture.xml:13037 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16887,7 +16898,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13040 +#: freeculture.xml:13046 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16897,7 +16908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13049 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16907,7 +16918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13056 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16920,7 +16931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13067 +#: freeculture.xml:13073 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16931,7 +16942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13075 +#: freeculture.xml:13081 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16940,7 +16951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13080 +#: freeculture.xml:13086 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16957,7 +16968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13102 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16969,7 +16980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13105 +#: freeculture.xml:13111 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16977,7 +16988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13110 +#: freeculture.xml:13116 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16992,7 +17003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13128 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17002,7 +17013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13130 +#: freeculture.xml:13136 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17017,7 +17028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13150 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17028,19 +17039,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13155 +#: freeculture.xml:13161 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13160 +#: freeculture.xml:13166 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 +#: freeculture.xml:13170 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17054,7 +17065,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13181 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17072,7 +17083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13193 +#: freeculture.xml:13199 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17085,7 +17096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13204 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17098,12 +17109,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13225 +#: freeculture.xml:13231 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13215 +#: freeculture.xml:13221 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17117,7 +17128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13228 +#: freeculture.xml:13234 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17131,7 +17142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13240 +#: freeculture.xml:13246 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17141,7 +17152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13247 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17155,7 +17166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13259 +#: freeculture.xml:13265 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -17164,7 +17175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13265 +#: freeculture.xml:13271 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17177,7 +17188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13292 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17186,7 +17197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13276 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17206,7 +17217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13301 +#: freeculture.xml:13307 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17221,7 +17232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13313 +#: freeculture.xml:13319 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17232,7 +17243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13323 +#: freeculture.xml:13329 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17243,7 +17254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13331 +#: freeculture.xml:13337 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17254,12 +17265,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13347 +#: freeculture.xml:13353 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17269,7 +17280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13354 +#: freeculture.xml:13360 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17278,12 +17289,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13361 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13363 +#: freeculture.xml:13369 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17293,14 +17304,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13370 +#: freeculture.xml:13376 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17309,12 +17320,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13387 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13384 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -17324,7 +17335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13392 +#: freeculture.xml:13398 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17339,7 +17350,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13406 +#: freeculture.xml:13412 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17347,7 +17358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13404 +#: freeculture.xml:13410 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17357,7 +17368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17368,12 +17379,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13426 +#: freeculture.xml:13432 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13428 +#: freeculture.xml:13434 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17388,7 +17399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13441 +#: freeculture.xml:13447 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17400,7 +17411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13450 +#: freeculture.xml:13456 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17413,7 +17424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13460 +#: freeculture.xml:13466 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17427,12 +17438,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13475 +#: freeculture.xml:13481 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13477 +#: freeculture.xml:13483 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17444,7 +17455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13487 +#: freeculture.xml:13493 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17452,7 +17463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13493 +#: freeculture.xml:13499 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17466,7 +17477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13510 +#: freeculture.xml:13516 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17475,7 +17486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:13509 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17491,7 +17502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13523 +#: freeculture.xml:13529 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17501,7 +17512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13530 +#: freeculture.xml:13536 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17515,7 +17526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13542 +#: freeculture.xml:13548 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17526,7 +17537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13550 +#: freeculture.xml:13556 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17534,7 +17545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13555 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17545,12 +17556,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13567 +#: freeculture.xml:13573 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13569 +#: freeculture.xml:13575 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17559,7 +17570,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13582 +#: freeculture.xml:13588 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -17567,7 +17578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13574 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17580,7 +17591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17589,7 +17600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13603 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17602,7 +17613,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13606 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17616,7 +17627,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13627 +#: freeculture.xml:13633 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17624,12 +17635,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13619 +#: freeculture.xml:13625 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17644,7 +17655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:13645 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17661,7 +17672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -17669,7 +17680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13661 +#: freeculture.xml:13667 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17678,12 +17689,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13671 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13673 +#: freeculture.xml:13679 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17694,7 +17705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:13687 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17706,14 +17717,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13694 +#: freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13690 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17725,12 +17736,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13703 +#: freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17739,7 +17750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13712 +#: freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17749,7 +17760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13719 +#: freeculture.xml:13725 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -17761,7 +17772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13732 +#: freeculture.xml:13738 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -17776,7 +17787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13745 +#: freeculture.xml:13751 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17786,12 +17797,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13761 +#: freeculture.xml:13767 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13759 +#: freeculture.xml:13765 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -17799,7 +17810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17809,7 +17820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13767 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17820,7 +17831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13774 +#: freeculture.xml:13780 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17830,12 +17841,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13784 +#: freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13786 +#: freeculture.xml:13792 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17845,7 +17856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13793 +#: freeculture.xml:13799 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17856,7 +17867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13802 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17866,7 +17877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13815 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17876,7 +17887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13817 +#: freeculture.xml:13823 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17884,7 +17895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:13828 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17893,7 +17904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13828 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17902,7 +17913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#: freeculture.xml:13840 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17910,7 +17921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13840 +#: freeculture.xml:13846 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17921,7 +17932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13848 +#: freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17930,7 +17941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17938,7 +17949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13860 +#: freeculture.xml:13866 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17953,7 +17964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17970,7 +17981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13905 +#: freeculture.xml:13911 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17978,7 +17989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13887 +#: freeculture.xml:13893 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18000,7 +18011,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13912 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -18016,7 +18027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13928 +#: freeculture.xml:13934 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -18029,7 +18040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13939 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18040,7 +18051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13948 +#: freeculture.xml:13954 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18052,7 +18063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13958 +#: freeculture.xml:13964 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18065,7 +18076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13969 +#: freeculture.xml:13975 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18077,7 +18088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:13985 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18090,7 +18101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13989 +#: freeculture.xml:13995 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18101,14 +18112,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13997 +#: freeculture.xml:14003 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14001 +#: freeculture.xml:14007 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18122,7 +18133,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14012 +#: freeculture.xml:14018 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18133,12 +18144,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14024 +#: freeculture.xml:14030 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18177,7 +18188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:14026 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18192,7 +18203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14071 +#: freeculture.xml:14077 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18210,7 +18221,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14086 +#: freeculture.xml:14092 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18223,7 +18234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14099 +#: freeculture.xml:14105 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18240,7 +18251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14114 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18255,7 +18266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14126 +#: freeculture.xml:14132 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18266,13 +18277,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14135 +#: freeculture.xml:14141 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14140 +#: freeculture.xml:14146 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18281,19 +18292,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14147 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:14159 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14157 +#: freeculture.xml:14163 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -18301,14 +18312,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14163 +#: freeculture.xml:14169 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14168 +#: freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18317,7 +18328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14174 +#: freeculture.xml:14180 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18334,7 +18345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14188 +#: freeculture.xml:14194 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18344,12 +18355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14199 +#: freeculture.xml:14205 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14201 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18358,7 +18369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#: freeculture.xml:14213 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18369,7 +18380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14224 +#: freeculture.xml:14230 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -18377,7 +18388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14215 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18390,7 +18401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:14236 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18398,7 +18409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:14246 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18418,7 +18429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14235 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18430,7 +18441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14264 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18440,7 +18451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14272 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18453,7 +18464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14282 +#: freeculture.xml:14288 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18464,7 +18475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14290 +#: freeculture.xml:14296 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18472,7 +18483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14296 +#: freeculture.xml:14302 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18485,7 +18496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14305 +#: freeculture.xml:14311 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18495,7 +18506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14314 +#: freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18503,12 +18514,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14325 +#: freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14327 +#: freeculture.xml:14333 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18522,12 +18533,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14342 +#: freeculture.xml:14348 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14344 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18536,7 +18547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:14356 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18552,7 +18563,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:14369 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18565,7 +18576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14374 +#: freeculture.xml:14380 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18586,7 +18597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14394 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18597,7 +18608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14403 +#: freeculture.xml:14409 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " -- 2.51.0