From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Mon, 30 Jul 2012 15:39:34 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Make CC logo an inline image with alternate text. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1999 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/fbac1f85d163c98b4c6b639e0d562eedc51cff97?ds=inline Make CC logo an inline image with alternate text. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index da1483a..4c88fb4 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 09:21+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 17:21+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -63,17 +63,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" " 2004 Lawrence Lessig " -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" width=\"100%\" align=" +"\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.svg" +"\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" width=\"100%\" align=" +"\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.svg" +"\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><figure> -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" - #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" -msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> msgid "" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 2f7929a..30eb245 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 09:21+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-30 17:21+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -37,7 +37,7 @@ msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:119 +#: freeculture.xml:24 freeculture.xml:126 msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" @@ -68,23 +68,26 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<copyright> <year>2004</year> <holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><figure><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> #: freeculture.xml:46 -msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" width=\"100%\" " +"align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:47 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#: freeculture.xml:53 +msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> #: freeculture.xml:45 -msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> -#: freeculture.xml:52 +#: freeculture.xml:59 msgid "" "This version of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is licensed under a " "Creative Commons license. This license permits non-commercial use of this " @@ -94,12 +97,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> -#: freeculture.xml:61 +#: freeculture.xml:68 msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> -#: freeculture.xml:63 +#: freeculture.xml:70 msgid "" "LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " "url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " @@ -119,69 +122,69 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:87 +#: freeculture.xml:94 msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:90 +#: freeculture.xml:97 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:91 +#: freeculture.xml:98 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:92 +#: freeculture.xml:99 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:99 +#: freeculture.xml:106 msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:102 +#: freeculture.xml:109 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:105 +#: freeculture.xml:112 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:110 +#: freeculture.xml:117 msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS, NEW YORK" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:115 +#: freeculture.xml:122 msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:125 +#: freeculture.xml:132 msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:130 +#: freeculture.xml:137 msgid "" "THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " "New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:134 +#: freeculture.xml:141 msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:137 +#: freeculture.xml:144 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. Copyright " @@ -189,97 +192,97 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:142 +#: freeculture.xml:149 msgid "" "Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune " "Media Services, Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:146 +#: freeculture.xml:153 msgid "" "Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC " "Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:150 +#: freeculture.xml:157 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:153 +#: freeculture.xml:160 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:158 +#: freeculture.xml:165 msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:161 +#: freeculture.xml:168 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:164 +#: freeculture.xml:171 msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:167 +#: freeculture.xml:174 msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:170 +#: freeculture.xml:177 msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:173 +#: freeculture.xml:180 msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:176 +#: freeculture.xml:183 msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:179 +#: freeculture.xml:186 msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:182 +#: freeculture.xml:189 msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:185 +#: freeculture.xml:192 msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:188 +#: freeculture.xml:195 msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:192 +#: freeculture.xml:199 msgid "&translationblock;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:196 +#: freeculture.xml:203 msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " @@ -294,29 +297,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> -#: freeculture.xml:213 +#: freeculture.xml:220 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:221 +#: freeculture.xml:228 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> -#: freeculture.xml:283 +#: freeculture.xml:290 msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:285 +#: freeculture.xml:292 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:288 +#: freeculture.xml:295 msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws " "of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of " @@ -324,14 +327,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:298 +#: freeculture.xml:305 msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:294 +#: freeculture.xml:301 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -340,7 +343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:303 +#: freeculture.xml:310 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " @@ -352,7 +355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:312 +#: freeculture.xml:319 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " @@ -364,7 +367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:323 +#: freeculture.xml:330 msgid "" "But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " "the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " @@ -373,14 +376,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:335 +#: freeculture.xml:342 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " "(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:330 +#: freeculture.xml:337 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " @@ -399,7 +402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:350 +#: freeculture.xml:357 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -410,17 +413,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:365 freeculture.xml:12736 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12742 +#: freeculture.xml:376 freeculture.xml:386 freeculture.xml:12749 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:360 +#: freeculture.xml:367 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -434,14 +437,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:377 +#: freeculture.xml:384 msgid "" "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" <citetitle>New York " "Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:373 +#: freeculture.xml:380 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -451,7 +454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:384 +#: freeculture.xml:391 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free " "Culture</citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of " @@ -471,7 +474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:400 +#: freeculture.xml:407 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -489,7 +492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> -#: freeculture.xml:418 +#: freeculture.xml:425 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -501,12 +504,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:433 +#: freeculture.xml:440 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:435 +#: freeculture.xml:442 msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " "hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " @@ -517,14 +520,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:447 +#: freeculture.xml:454 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " "Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:443 +#: freeculture.xml:450 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -537,7 +540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:456 +#: freeculture.xml:463 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -549,17 +552,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8763 freeculture.xml:12130 freeculture.xml:12833 +#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:952 freeculture.xml:998 freeculture.xml:8770 freeculture.xml:12137 freeculture.xml:12840 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8764 freeculture.xml:12131 freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:472 freeculture.xml:485 freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:953 freeculture.xml:999 freeculture.xml:8771 freeculture.xml:12138 freeculture.xml:12841 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:467 +#: freeculture.xml:474 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -573,7 +576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:480 +#: freeculture.xml:487 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -586,7 +589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:500 +#: freeculture.xml:507 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " @@ -600,7 +603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:491 +#: freeculture.xml:498 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -613,13 +616,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:514 +#: freeculture.xml:521 msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:517 +#: freeculture.xml:524 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -632,7 +635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:530 +#: freeculture.xml:537 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -652,22 +655,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:559 +#: freeculture.xml:566 msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:560 +#: freeculture.xml:567 msgid "Edison, Thomas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:561 +#: freeculture.xml:568 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:548 +#: freeculture.xml:555 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -683,7 +686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:564 +#: freeculture.xml:571 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -695,7 +698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:574 +#: freeculture.xml:581 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -708,19 +711,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:585 +#: freeculture.xml:592 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:596 +#: freeculture.xml:603 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard " "Armstrong</citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:589 +#: freeculture.xml:596 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " @@ -733,7 +736,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:602 +#: freeculture.xml:609 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -744,12 +747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:616 freeculture.xml:636 +#: freeculture.xml:623 freeculture.xml:643 msgid "Sarnoff, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:611 +#: freeculture.xml:618 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -759,7 +762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:623 +#: freeculture.xml:630 msgid "" "See \"Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,\" First " "Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at " @@ -767,7 +770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:620 +#: freeculture.xml:627 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -776,7 +779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:632 +#: freeculture.xml:639 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -785,12 +788,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:645 +#: freeculture.xml:652 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:640 +#: freeculture.xml:647 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -801,7 +804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:650 +#: freeculture.xml:657 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -817,12 +820,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:669 +#: freeculture.xml:676 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:665 +#: freeculture.xml:672 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -831,12 +834,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:673 +#: freeculture.xml:680 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:675 +#: freeculture.xml:682 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -848,7 +851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:685 +#: freeculture.xml:692 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -863,7 +866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:697 +#: freeculture.xml:704 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -879,7 +882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:719 +#: freeculture.xml:726 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " @@ -888,7 +891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:713 +#: freeculture.xml:720 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " "which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " @@ -899,7 +902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:728 +#: freeculture.xml:735 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -913,7 +916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:739 +#: freeculture.xml:746 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -925,7 +928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:748 +#: freeculture.xml:755 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -938,7 +941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:760 +#: freeculture.xml:767 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -952,12 +955,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1811 +#: freeculture.xml:792 freeculture.xml:1807 freeculture.xml:1818 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:777 +#: freeculture.xml:784 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -970,7 +973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:771 +#: freeculture.xml:778 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -983,19 +986,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9305 +#: freeculture.xml:804 freeculture.xml:9312 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:795 +#: freeculture.xml:802 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " "Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:793 +#: freeculture.xml:800 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -1011,7 +1014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:812 +#: freeculture.xml:819 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -1025,7 +1028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:825 +#: freeculture.xml:832 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1046,7 +1049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:844 +#: freeculture.xml:851 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1057,7 +1060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:861 +#: freeculture.xml:868 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York " @@ -1065,7 +1068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:853 +#: freeculture.xml:860 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1080,7 +1083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:870 +#: freeculture.xml:877 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1090,7 +1093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:878 +#: freeculture.xml:885 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1099,12 +1102,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14095 +#: freeculture.xml:899 freeculture.xml:14102 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:890 +#: freeculture.xml:897 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" " "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder " @@ -1112,7 +1115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:884 +#: freeculture.xml:891 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1126,7 +1129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:900 +#: freeculture.xml:907 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1139,7 +1142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:912 +#: freeculture.xml:919 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1149,7 +1152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:920 +#: freeculture.xml:927 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1161,7 +1164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:931 +#: freeculture.xml:938 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " @@ -1179,7 +1182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:948 +#: freeculture.xml:955 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1189,7 +1192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:958 +#: freeculture.xml:965 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1202,7 +1205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:968 +#: freeculture.xml:975 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1211,14 +1214,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:974 +#: freeculture.xml:981 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:978 +#: freeculture.xml:985 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1228,7 +1231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:985 +#: freeculture.xml:992 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1238,7 +1241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:994 +#: freeculture.xml:1001 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1250,7 +1253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1004 +#: freeculture.xml:1011 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " @@ -1258,7 +1261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1009 +#: freeculture.xml:1016 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1269,7 +1272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1017 +#: freeculture.xml:1024 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1282,7 +1285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1028 +#: freeculture.xml:1035 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1293,17 +1296,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1038 +#: freeculture.xml:1045 msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1042 freeculture.xml:4659 +#: freeculture.xml:1049 freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1045 +#: freeculture.xml:1052 msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1314,14 +1317,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1057 +#: freeculture.xml:1064 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1053 +#: freeculture.xml:1060 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1330,7 +1333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1063 +#: freeculture.xml:1070 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1341,7 +1344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1072 +#: freeculture.xml:1079 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1351,7 +1354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1080 +#: freeculture.xml:1087 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1361,7 +1364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1088 +#: freeculture.xml:1095 msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1370,12 +1373,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1094 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1098 +#: freeculture.xml:1105 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1385,13 +1388,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1106 +#: freeculture.xml:1113 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1112 +#: freeculture.xml:1119 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 " @@ -1399,12 +1402,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1125 freeculture.xml:6756 +#: freeculture.xml:1132 freeculture.xml:6763 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1120 +#: freeculture.xml:1127 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at " @@ -1415,7 +1418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1108 +#: freeculture.xml:1115 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1429,13 +1432,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1130 +#: freeculture.xml:1137 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1132 +#: freeculture.xml:1139 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1445,7 +1448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1140 +#: freeculture.xml:1147 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1455,7 +1458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1147 +#: freeculture.xml:1154 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1465,7 +1468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1154 +#: freeculture.xml:1161 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1475,12 +1478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:1189 +#: freeculture.xml:1168 freeculture.xml:1196 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1182 +#: freeculture.xml:1189 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " @@ -1492,7 +1495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1163 +#: freeculture.xml:1170 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1514,7 +1517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1195 +#: freeculture.xml:1202 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1522,12 +1525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1203 +#: freeculture.xml:1210 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1205 +#: freeculture.xml:1212 msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane " @@ -1538,7 +1541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1212 +#: freeculture.xml:1219 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " @@ -1550,7 +1553,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1221 +#: freeculture.xml:1228 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1559,7 +1562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1228 +#: freeculture.xml:1235 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1569,14 +1572,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1241 +#: freeculture.xml:1248 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1235 +#: freeculture.xml:1242 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1586,12 +1589,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1250 +#: freeculture.xml:1257 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1247 +#: freeculture.xml:1254 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1600,7 +1603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1253 +#: freeculture.xml:1260 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1612,7 +1615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1262 +#: freeculture.xml:1269 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1621,7 +1624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1268 +#: freeculture.xml:1275 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1633,7 +1636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1282 +#: freeculture.xml:1289 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1646,7 +1649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1276 +#: freeculture.xml:1283 msgid "" "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " "Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " @@ -1661,7 +1664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1303 +#: freeculture.xml:1310 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1669,7 +1672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1299 +#: freeculture.xml:1306 msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -1684,7 +1687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1318 +#: freeculture.xml:1325 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1697,7 +1700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1327 +#: freeculture.xml:1334 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1724,7 +1727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1349 +#: freeculture.xml:1356 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1737,7 +1740,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1363 +#: freeculture.xml:1370 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -1750,7 +1753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1357 +#: freeculture.xml:1364 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1764,7 +1767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1380 +#: freeculture.xml:1387 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1776,7 +1779,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1389 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1789,7 +1792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1402 +#: freeculture.xml:1409 msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " @@ -1797,7 +1800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1408 +#: freeculture.xml:1415 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: " @@ -1809,7 +1812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1417 +#: freeculture.xml:1424 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1822,7 +1825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1428 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1831,7 +1834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1433 +#: freeculture.xml:1440 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " @@ -1848,7 +1851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1448 +#: freeculture.xml:1455 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " @@ -1862,7 +1865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1459 +#: freeculture.xml:1466 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -1878,20 +1881,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1473 +#: freeculture.xml:1480 msgid "Winick, Judd" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1486 +#: freeculture.xml:1493 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing " "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1476 +#: freeculture.xml:1483 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -1904,7 +1907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1491 +#: freeculture.xml:1498 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -1916,7 +1919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1508 +#: freeculture.xml:1515 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law " @@ -1929,7 +1932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1500 +#: freeculture.xml:1507 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -1941,7 +1944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1519 +#: freeculture.xml:1526 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -1954,7 +1957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1530 +#: freeculture.xml:1537 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -1965,7 +1968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1537 +#: freeculture.xml:1544 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -1979,7 +1982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1550 +#: freeculture.xml:1557 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -1987,12 +1990,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2752 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4592 freeculture.xml:7151 freeculture.xml:8221 +#: freeculture.xml:1574 freeculture.xml:2759 freeculture.xml:4372 freeculture.xml:4599 freeculture.xml:7158 freeculture.xml:8228 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1560 +#: freeculture.xml:1567 msgid "" "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively " "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -2005,7 +2008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1555 +#: freeculture.xml:1562 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -2016,7 +2019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1574 +#: freeculture.xml:1581 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -2033,7 +2036,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1589 +#: freeculture.xml:1596 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2042,7 +2045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1598 +#: freeculture.xml:1605 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2053,7 +2056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1606 +#: freeculture.xml:1613 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -2062,7 +2065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1612 +#: freeculture.xml:1619 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2079,7 +2082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1626 +#: freeculture.xml:1633 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2092,7 +2095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1637 +#: freeculture.xml:1644 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " @@ -2106,7 +2109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1649 +#: freeculture.xml:1656 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2114,17 +2117,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1657 +#: freeculture.xml:1664 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1658 +#: freeculture.xml:1665 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1660 +#: freeculture.xml:1667 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2136,7 +2139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1669 +#: freeculture.xml:1676 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2149,13 +2152,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1680 +#: freeculture.xml:1687 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1683 +#: freeculture.xml:1690 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2169,14 +2172,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1700 +#: freeculture.xml:1707 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1695 +#: freeculture.xml:1702 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2186,19 +2189,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1718 freeculture.xml:1741 +#: freeculture.xml:1725 freeculture.xml:1748 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1716 +#: freeculture.xml:1723 msgid "" "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: " "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1705 +#: freeculture.xml:1712 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2212,18 +2215,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1734 +#: freeculture.xml:1741 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1738 +#: freeculture.xml:1745 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1723 +#: freeculture.xml:1730 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2240,12 +2243,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1756 +#: freeculture.xml:1763 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1745 +#: freeculture.xml:1752 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2260,7 +2263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1760 +#: freeculture.xml:1767 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2276,7 +2279,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1782 +#: freeculture.xml:1789 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " @@ -2286,7 +2289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1773 +#: freeculture.xml:1780 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2300,7 +2303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1790 +#: freeculture.xml:1797 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2311,12 +2314,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1812 +#: freeculture.xml:1819 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1809 +#: freeculture.xml:1816 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" " "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder " @@ -2324,7 +2327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1802 +#: freeculture.xml:1809 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2339,7 +2342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1829 +#: freeculture.xml:1836 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " @@ -2350,7 +2353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1819 +#: freeculture.xml:1826 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2364,7 +2367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1837 +#: freeculture.xml:1844 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2382,7 +2385,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1854 +#: freeculture.xml:1861 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2409,7 +2412,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1886 +#: freeculture.xml:1893 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -2418,7 +2421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1880 +#: freeculture.xml:1887 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2432,12 +2435,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1903 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1898 +#: freeculture.xml:1905 msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " @@ -2447,7 +2450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1906 +#: freeculture.xml:1913 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2456,7 +2459,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1916 +#: freeculture.xml:1923 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family " @@ -2464,7 +2467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1912 +#: freeculture.xml:1919 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2476,7 +2479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1927 +#: freeculture.xml:1934 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2489,7 +2492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1937 +#: freeculture.xml:1944 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2500,22 +2503,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1944 +#: freeculture.xml:1951 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1958 freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:2025 freeculture.xml:2460 +#: freeculture.xml:1965 freeculture.xml:2025 freeculture.xml:2032 freeculture.xml:2467 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1959 +#: freeculture.xml:1966 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1956 +#: freeculture.xml:1963 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2524,7 +2527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1970 +#: freeculture.xml:1977 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -2533,7 +2536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1946 +#: freeculture.xml:1953 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2551,12 +2554,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1977 +#: freeculture.xml:1984 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1979 +#: freeculture.xml:1986 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2566,7 +2569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:1993 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2575,7 +2578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1993 +#: freeculture.xml:2000 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2584,25 +2587,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2001 +#: freeculture.xml:2008 msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2017 +#: freeculture.xml:2024 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:4778 freeculture.xml:7945 +#: freeculture.xml:2029 freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:7952 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2006 +#: freeculture.xml:2013 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2616,7 +2619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2027 +#: freeculture.xml:2034 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2630,7 +2633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2039 +#: freeculture.xml:2046 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2641,7 +2644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2047 +#: freeculture.xml:2054 msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2661,7 +2664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2066 +#: freeculture.xml:2073 msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2673,7 +2676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2077 +#: freeculture.xml:2084 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2694,7 +2697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2096 +#: freeculture.xml:2103 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -2705,7 +2708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2103 +#: freeculture.xml:2110 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2714,7 +2717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2112 +#: freeculture.xml:2119 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2727,7 +2730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2123 +#: freeculture.xml:2130 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2738,17 +2741,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7883 freeculture.xml:8120 +#: freeculture.xml:2137 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:8127 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2131 +#: freeculture.xml:2138 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2133 +#: freeculture.xml:2140 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " @@ -2765,7 +2768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2147 +#: freeculture.xml:2154 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2776,7 +2779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2157 +#: freeculture.xml:2164 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2788,7 +2791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2166 +#: freeculture.xml:2173 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2800,7 +2803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2175 +#: freeculture.xml:2182 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2817,7 +2820,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2189 +#: freeculture.xml:2196 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2830,7 +2833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2215 +#: freeculture.xml:2222 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in " "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, " @@ -2838,7 +2841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2200 +#: freeculture.xml:2207 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -2857,14 +2860,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2224 +#: freeculture.xml:2231 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal " "of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2220 +#: freeculture.xml:2227 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -2876,14 +2879,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2239 +#: freeculture.xml:2246 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " "University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2232 +#: freeculture.xml:2239 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -2896,7 +2899,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2245 +#: freeculture.xml:2252 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -2907,7 +2910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2256 +#: freeculture.xml:2263 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -2918,12 +2921,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2268 +#: freeculture.xml:2275 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2264 +#: freeculture.xml:2271 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -2933,19 +2936,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2282 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2285 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2271 +#: freeculture.xml:2278 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -2961,7 +2964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2288 +#: freeculture.xml:2295 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -2970,7 +2973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2295 +#: freeculture.xml:2302 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -2981,13 +2984,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2304 +#: freeculture.xml:2311 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2307 +#: freeculture.xml:2314 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3000,18 +3003,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2317 freeculture.xml:2370 +#: freeculture.xml:2324 freeculture.xml:2377 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2325 +#: freeculture.xml:2332 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2319 +#: freeculture.xml:2326 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3029,7 +3032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2343 +#: freeculture.xml:2350 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci " @@ -3039,7 +3042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2335 +#: freeculture.xml:2342 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -3054,7 +3057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2362 +#: freeculture.xml:2369 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all " @@ -3069,7 +3072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2355 +#: freeculture.xml:2362 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " @@ -3085,7 +3088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2382 +#: freeculture.xml:2389 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " @@ -3102,12 +3105,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2398 +#: freeculture.xml:2405 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2401 +#: freeculture.xml:2408 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " @@ -3115,7 +3118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2406 +#: freeculture.xml:2413 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3125,7 +3128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2413 +#: freeculture.xml:2420 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " @@ -3139,7 +3142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2426 +#: freeculture.xml:2433 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3149,7 +3152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2433 +#: freeculture.xml:2440 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " @@ -3160,7 +3163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2441 +#: freeculture.xml:2448 msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " @@ -3171,7 +3174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2450 +#: freeculture.xml:2457 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3186,7 +3189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2462 +#: freeculture.xml:2469 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3195,7 +3198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2470 +#: freeculture.xml:2477 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3208,7 +3211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2486 +#: freeculture.xml:2493 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" " @@ -3217,7 +3220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2479 +#: freeculture.xml:2486 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " @@ -3230,7 +3233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2494 +#: freeculture.xml:2501 msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " @@ -3238,7 +3241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2499 +#: freeculture.xml:2506 msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " @@ -3248,7 +3251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2507 +#: freeculture.xml:2514 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3257,7 +3260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2513 +#: freeculture.xml:2520 msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " "<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, quipped to " @@ -3265,12 +3268,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2527 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2522 +#: freeculture.xml:2529 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3280,7 +3283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2529 +#: freeculture.xml:2536 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3291,7 +3294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2537 +#: freeculture.xml:2544 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3302,7 +3305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2544 +#: freeculture.xml:2551 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3315,7 +3318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2556 +#: freeculture.xml:2563 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3326,7 +3329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2565 +#: freeculture.xml:2572 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3340,7 +3343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2577 +#: freeculture.xml:2584 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3351,7 +3354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2584 +#: freeculture.xml:2591 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3361,7 +3364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2593 +#: freeculture.xml:2600 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3378,7 +3381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2608 +#: freeculture.xml:2615 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3389,7 +3392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2617 +#: freeculture.xml:2624 msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " @@ -3405,7 +3408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2630 +#: freeculture.xml:2637 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " @@ -3419,7 +3422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2653 +#: freeculture.xml:2660 msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group " @@ -3427,7 +3430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2641 +#: freeculture.xml:2648 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3442,7 +3445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2659 +#: freeculture.xml:2666 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3451,7 +3454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2666 +#: freeculture.xml:2673 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3465,7 +3468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2677 +#: freeculture.xml:2684 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3477,7 +3480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2687 +#: freeculture.xml:2694 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -3485,7 +3488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2699 +#: freeculture.xml:2706 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3494,14 +3497,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2707 +#: freeculture.xml:2714 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" " "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2691 +#: freeculture.xml:2698 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3515,7 +3518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2712 +#: freeculture.xml:2719 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3523,7 +3526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2719 +#: freeculture.xml:2726 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3532,7 +3535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2726 +#: freeculture.xml:2733 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3542,12 +3545,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2735 +#: freeculture.xml:2742 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2737 +#: freeculture.xml:2744 msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " @@ -3558,12 +3561,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2745 +#: freeculture.xml:2752 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2749 +#: freeculture.xml:2756 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -3573,7 +3576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2747 +#: freeculture.xml:2754 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3587,12 +3590,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2765 +#: freeculture.xml:2772 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2769 +#: freeculture.xml:2776 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3604,7 +3607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2789 +#: freeculture.xml:2796 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -3619,17 +3622,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 +#: freeculture.xml:2807 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2801 freeculture.xml:3046 freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:9496 +#: freeculture.xml:2808 freeculture.xml:3053 freeculture.xml:4148 freeculture.xml:9503 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2778 +#: freeculture.xml:2785 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3646,7 +3649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2811 +#: freeculture.xml:2818 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -3654,7 +3657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2805 +#: freeculture.xml:2812 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -3669,7 +3672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2821 +#: freeculture.xml:2828 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3679,19 +3682,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2832 +#: freeculture.xml:2839 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2834 +#: freeculture.xml:2841 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2838 +#: freeculture.xml:2845 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3703,12 +3706,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2847 freeculture.xml:2991 +#: freeculture.xml:2854 freeculture.xml:2998 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2849 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -3728,7 +3731,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 69 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2867 +#: freeculture.xml:2874 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," @@ -3736,7 +3739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2881 +#: freeculture.xml:2888 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -3747,7 +3750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2874 +#: freeculture.xml:2881 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3759,7 +3762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2895 +#: freeculture.xml:2902 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3767,7 +3770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2901 +#: freeculture.xml:2908 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3775,14 +3778,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2908 +#: freeculture.xml:2915 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2891 +#: freeculture.xml:2898 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -3795,7 +3798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2921 +#: freeculture.xml:2928 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3804,7 +3807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2932 +#: freeculture.xml:2939 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -3812,7 +3815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2913 +#: freeculture.xml:2920 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -3830,7 +3833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2938 +#: freeculture.xml:2945 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -3845,7 +3848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -3856,12 +3859,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2968 freeculture.xml:13765 +#: freeculture.xml:2975 freeculture.xml:13772 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2961 +#: freeculture.xml:2968 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -3874,7 +3877,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2985 +#: freeculture.xml:2992 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -3885,7 +3888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2971 +#: freeculture.xml:2978 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -3902,7 +3905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2994 +#: freeculture.xml:3001 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3911,7 +3914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3016 +#: freeculture.xml:3023 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -3919,7 +3922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3001 +#: freeculture.xml:3008 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3936,29 +3939,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3023 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3028 freeculture.xml:4106 +#: freeculture.xml:3035 freeculture.xml:4113 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3030 +#: freeculture.xml:3037 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3045 +#: freeculture.xml:3052 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3036 +#: freeculture.xml:3043 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" " @@ -3975,7 +3978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3033 +#: freeculture.xml:3040 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -3985,13 +3988,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3063 freeculture.xml:8586 freeculture.xml:9046 freeculture.xml:11946 +#: freeculture.xml:3070 freeculture.xml:8593 freeculture.xml:9053 freeculture.xml:11953 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3053 +#: freeculture.xml:3060 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4006,7 +4009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3068 +#: freeculture.xml:3075 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4016,12 +4019,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3076 freeculture.xml:3568 freeculture.xml:5946 +#: freeculture.xml:3083 freeculture.xml:3575 freeculture.xml:5953 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3079 +#: freeculture.xml:3086 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4030,7 +4033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3085 +#: freeculture.xml:3092 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4042,7 +4045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3096 +#: freeculture.xml:3103 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4053,18 +4056,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3105 freeculture.xml:4112 +#: freeculture.xml:3112 freeculture.xml:4119 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3108 +#: freeculture.xml:3115 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3111 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4076,18 +4079,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3122 +#: freeculture.xml:3129 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3135 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4097,14 +4100,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3139 +#: freeculture.xml:3146 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#: freeculture.xml:3131 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -4119,14 +4122,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3150 +#: freeculture.xml:3157 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3146 +#: freeculture.xml:3153 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4134,13 +4137,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3156 +#: freeculture.xml:3163 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3165 +#: freeculture.xml:3172 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4148,7 +4151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3160 +#: freeculture.xml:3167 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4158,14 +4161,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3176 +#: freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3179 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " @@ -4173,19 +4176,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3181 +#: freeculture.xml:3188 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3197 freeculture.xml:3199 +#: freeculture.xml:3204 freeculture.xml:3206 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3195 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4193,7 +4196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3186 +#: freeculture.xml:3193 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4205,14 +4208,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3203 +#: freeculture.xml:3210 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3207 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4227,7 +4230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3224 +#: freeculture.xml:3231 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -4238,7 +4241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3219 +#: freeculture.xml:3226 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " @@ -4251,12 +4254,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3241 +#: freeculture.xml:3248 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3243 +#: freeculture.xml:3250 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4267,7 +4270,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3251 +#: freeculture.xml:3258 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4279,13 +4282,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3261 +#: freeculture.xml:3268 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3269 +#: freeculture.xml:3276 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -4295,7 +4298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3263 +#: freeculture.xml:3270 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4307,7 +4310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3279 +#: freeculture.xml:3286 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4315,7 +4318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3285 +#: freeculture.xml:3292 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4327,7 +4330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3294 +#: freeculture.xml:3301 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4342,7 +4345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3305 +#: freeculture.xml:3312 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4351,12 +4354,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:12225 freeculture.xml:12653 freeculture.xml:12660 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 freeculture.xml:12232 freeculture.xml:12660 freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3318 +#: freeculture.xml:3325 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -4375,7 +4378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3313 +#: freeculture.xml:3320 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4387,12 +4390,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3352 freeculture.xml:3615 freeculture.xml:14294 +#: freeculture.xml:3359 freeculture.xml:3622 freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3345 +#: freeculture.xml:3352 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -4405,7 +4408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3339 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4415,7 +4418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3356 +#: freeculture.xml:3363 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4431,7 +4434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3369 +#: freeculture.xml:3376 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -4449,27 +4452,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3398 freeculture.xml:3425 freeculture.xml:11086 freeculture.xml:12536 freeculture.xml:13084 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:3432 freeculture.xml:11093 freeculture.xml:12543 freeculture.xml:13091 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3400 +#: freeculture.xml:3407 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3401 +#: freeculture.xml:3408 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3403 +#: freeculture.xml:3410 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3387 +#: freeculture.xml:3394 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4486,7 +4489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3406 +#: freeculture.xml:3413 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4497,7 +4500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3414 +#: freeculture.xml:3421 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4514,7 +4517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3429 +#: freeculture.xml:3436 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4526,7 +4529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3439 +#: freeculture.xml:3446 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4538,7 +4541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3448 +#: freeculture.xml:3455 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4547,7 +4550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3454 +#: freeculture.xml:3461 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4556,20 +4559,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3460 +#: freeculture.xml:3467 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3466 +#: freeculture.xml:3473 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3471 +#: freeculture.xml:3478 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -4577,7 +4580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3468 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4587,12 +4590,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3494 freeculture.xml:8014 +#: freeculture.xml:3501 freeculture.xml:8021 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3485 +#: freeculture.xml:3492 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do " @@ -4606,12 +4609,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3497 +#: freeculture.xml:3504 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3487 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4623,7 +4626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3505 +#: freeculture.xml:3512 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " "<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; " @@ -4636,7 +4639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3500 +#: freeculture.xml:3507 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4652,7 +4655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3527 +#: freeculture.xml:3534 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -4663,14 +4666,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3543 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3521 +#: freeculture.xml:3528 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4686,7 +4689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3545 +#: freeculture.xml:3552 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4698,14 +4701,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3555 +#: freeculture.xml:3562 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3561 +#: freeculture.xml:3568 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4718,7 +4721,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3572 +#: freeculture.xml:3579 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4731,7 +4734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3583 +#: freeculture.xml:3590 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4750,26 +4753,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3600 +#: freeculture.xml:3607 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3606 +#: freeculture.xml:3613 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3614 +#: freeculture.xml:3621 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3609 +#: freeculture.xml:3616 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4783,7 +4786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3625 +#: freeculture.xml:3632 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4794,7 +4797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3640 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " "Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " @@ -4810,7 +4813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3633 +#: freeculture.xml:3640 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4825,12 +4828,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3666 +#: freeculture.xml:3673 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3658 +#: freeculture.xml:3665 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " @@ -4841,7 +4844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3670 +#: freeculture.xml:3677 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4854,7 +4857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3680 +#: freeculture.xml:3687 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4866,7 +4869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3691 +#: freeculture.xml:3698 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4875,7 +4878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3700 +#: freeculture.xml:3707 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -4893,12 +4896,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3727 +#: freeculture.xml:3734 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 +#: freeculture.xml:3731 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4906,7 +4909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3696 +#: freeculture.xml:3703 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4927,7 +4930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3742 +#: freeculture.xml:3749 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4938,7 +4941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3750 +#: freeculture.xml:3757 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4956,7 +4959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3765 +#: freeculture.xml:3772 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4965,7 +4968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3777 +#: freeculture.xml:3784 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4976,7 +4979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3771 +#: freeculture.xml:3778 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -4991,7 +4994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3797 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -5005,7 +5008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3791 +#: freeculture.xml:3798 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5020,12 +5023,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3817 +#: freeculture.xml:3824 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3819 +#: freeculture.xml:3826 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5040,7 +5043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3832 +#: freeculture.xml:3839 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5052,7 +5055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3840 +#: freeculture.xml:3847 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5069,7 +5072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3857 +#: freeculture.xml:3864 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5078,7 +5081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3863 +#: freeculture.xml:3870 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -5087,7 +5090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3870 +#: freeculture.xml:3877 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -5103,7 +5106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3884 +#: freeculture.xml:3891 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -5111,7 +5114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3901 +#: freeculture.xml:3908 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5122,7 +5125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3888 +#: freeculture.xml:3895 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5135,7 +5138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3912 +#: freeculture.xml:3919 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5149,7 +5152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3923 +#: freeculture.xml:3930 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5161,7 +5164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#: freeculture.xml:3939 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5175,7 +5178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3944 +#: freeculture.xml:3951 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5186,7 +5189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3954 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5204,12 +5207,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3969 +#: freeculture.xml:3976 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3971 +#: freeculture.xml:3978 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5225,7 +5228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3984 +#: freeculture.xml:3991 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5242,7 +5245,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4006 +#: freeculture.xml:4013 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5252,13 +5255,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4018 +#: freeculture.xml:4025 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4023 +#: freeculture.xml:4030 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5266,14 +5269,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4034 +#: freeculture.xml:4041 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3999 +#: freeculture.xml:4006 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5299,14 +5302,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4051 +#: freeculture.xml:4058 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4039 +#: freeculture.xml:4046 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5322,7 +5325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4056 +#: freeculture.xml:4063 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5331,14 +5334,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4075 +#: freeculture.xml:4082 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4065 +#: freeculture.xml:4072 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5349,7 +5352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4080 +#: freeculture.xml:4087 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5359,82 +5362,82 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4088 +#: freeculture.xml:4095 msgid "Table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4092 +#: freeculture.xml:4099 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4093 +#: freeculture.xml:4100 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4094 +#: freeculture.xml:4101 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4095 +#: freeculture.xml:4102 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4100 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4101 +#: freeculture.xml:4108 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4114 freeculture.xml:4120 +#: freeculture.xml:4109 freeculture.xml:4121 freeculture.xml:4127 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4103 freeculture.xml:4115 +#: freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:4122 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4107 +#: freeculture.xml:4114 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4108 +#: freeculture.xml:4115 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4109 freeculture.xml:4121 +#: freeculture.xml:4116 freeculture.xml:4128 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4113 +#: freeculture.xml:4120 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4118 +#: freeculture.xml:4125 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4119 +#: freeculture.xml:4126 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4131 +#: freeculture.xml:4138 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5451,7 +5454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4128 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5461,7 +5464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4148 +#: freeculture.xml:4155 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5474,7 +5477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 +#: freeculture.xml:4167 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5488,14 +5491,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4177 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4172 +#: freeculture.xml:4179 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5509,7 +5512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4188 +#: freeculture.xml:4195 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5526,7 +5529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4212 +#: freeculture.xml:4219 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, " @@ -5534,7 +5537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4204 +#: freeculture.xml:4211 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5554,20 +5557,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4226 +#: freeculture.xml:4233 msgid "" "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " "should be protected just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4234 +#: freeculture.xml:4241 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4239 +#: freeculture.xml:4246 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5576,7 +5579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4246 +#: freeculture.xml:4253 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5591,7 +5594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4271 +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -5599,7 +5602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5615,7 +5618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4277 +#: freeculture.xml:4284 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5625,7 +5628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4290 +#: freeculture.xml:4297 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5637,7 +5640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4285 +#: freeculture.xml:4292 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5646,7 +5649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4300 +#: freeculture.xml:4307 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5658,12 +5661,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4313 +#: freeculture.xml:4320 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4315 +#: freeculture.xml:4322 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in " "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play " @@ -5677,7 +5680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4330 +#: freeculture.xml:4337 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5691,7 +5694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4341 +#: freeculture.xml:4348 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -5700,7 +5703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4326 +#: freeculture.xml:4333 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " @@ -5716,7 +5719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4363 +#: freeculture.xml:4370 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -5724,7 +5727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4354 +#: freeculture.xml:4361 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5739,12 +5742,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#: freeculture.xml:4387 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4371 +#: freeculture.xml:4378 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5757,7 +5760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4383 +#: freeculture.xml:4390 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -5773,7 +5776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4395 +#: freeculture.xml:4402 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5785,7 +5788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4407 +#: freeculture.xml:4414 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5796,7 +5799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4416 +#: freeculture.xml:4423 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5805,7 +5808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4422 +#: freeculture.xml:4429 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -5819,7 +5822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4433 +#: freeculture.xml:4440 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5828,7 +5831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4439 +#: freeculture.xml:4446 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5844,7 +5847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4454 +#: freeculture.xml:4461 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5857,7 +5860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4466 +#: freeculture.xml:4473 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5872,7 +5875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4482 +#: freeculture.xml:4489 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5885,14 +5888,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4508 +#: freeculture.xml:4515 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4493 +#: freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5908,7 +5911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4513 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5918,7 +5921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4521 +#: freeculture.xml:4528 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5932,7 +5935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4533 +#: freeculture.xml:4540 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5944,7 +5947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#: freeculture.xml:4549 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -5952,7 +5955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4557 +#: freeculture.xml:4564 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5964,7 +5967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4547 +#: freeculture.xml:4554 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5976,7 +5979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4568 +#: freeculture.xml:4575 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -5993,7 +5996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4589 +#: freeculture.xml:4596 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -6002,7 +6005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4583 +#: freeculture.xml:4590 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6015,14 +6018,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4602 +#: freeculture.xml:4609 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4598 +#: freeculture.xml:4605 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -6031,7 +6034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4612 +#: freeculture.xml:4619 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92." @@ -6039,17 +6042,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4622 +#: freeculture.xml:4629 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4624 +#: freeculture.xml:4631 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4607 +#: freeculture.xml:4614 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -6064,14 +6067,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4633 +#: freeculture.xml:4640 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4627 +#: freeculture.xml:4634 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6083,7 +6086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4641 +#: freeculture.xml:4648 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -6093,7 +6096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4653 +#: freeculture.xml:4660 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6101,7 +6104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4646 +#: freeculture.xml:4653 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -6112,7 +6115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4662 +#: freeculture.xml:4669 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6126,7 +6129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4673 +#: freeculture.xml:4680 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6141,25 +6144,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4688 +#: freeculture.xml:4695 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4691 +#: freeculture.xml:4698 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:4704 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4693 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6173,7 +6176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4707 +#: freeculture.xml:4714 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6186,7 +6189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4724 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6196,7 +6199,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4724 +#: freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6208,32 +6211,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4742 +#: freeculture.xml:4749 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4743 +#: freeculture.xml:4750 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4744 +#: freeculture.xml:4751 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4745 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4746 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " @@ -6250,12 +6253,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4759 +#: freeculture.xml:4766 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 +#: freeculture.xml:4756 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6269,7 +6272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4763 +#: freeculture.xml:4770 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6277,7 +6280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4769 +#: freeculture.xml:4776 msgid "" "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " @@ -6290,7 +6293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4784 +#: freeculture.xml:4791 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6312,7 +6315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4805 +#: freeculture.xml:4812 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6320,12 +6323,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4813 +#: freeculture.xml:4820 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4815 +#: freeculture.xml:4822 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6334,19 +6337,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 +#: freeculture.xml:4829 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:4902 +#: freeculture.xml:4840 freeculture.xml:4909 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4827 +#: freeculture.xml:4834 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6358,7 +6361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 +#: freeculture.xml:4843 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6369,7 +6372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4845 +#: freeculture.xml:4852 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6379,12 +6382,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4857 freeculture.xml:4865 +#: freeculture.xml:4864 freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4852 +#: freeculture.xml:4859 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -6395,7 +6398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4860 +#: freeculture.xml:4867 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6406,7 +6409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4868 +#: freeculture.xml:4875 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " @@ -6417,7 +6420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4876 +#: freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6428,7 +6431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4884 +#: freeculture.xml:4891 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6440,12 +6443,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4903 +#: freeculture.xml:4910 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4896 +#: freeculture.xml:4903 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6457,7 +6460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4906 +#: freeculture.xml:4913 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -6471,7 +6474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4917 +#: freeculture.xml:4924 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -6484,7 +6487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4929 +#: freeculture.xml:4936 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6494,7 +6497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6505,12 +6508,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4941 +#: freeculture.xml:4948 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4945 +#: freeculture.xml:4952 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -6522,7 +6525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4955 +#: freeculture.xml:4962 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6532,12 +6535,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4979 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4963 +#: freeculture.xml:4970 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6553,7 +6556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4976 +#: freeculture.xml:4983 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " @@ -6564,14 +6567,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4986 +#: freeculture.xml:4993 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4993 +#: freeculture.xml:5000 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6582,7 +6585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5001 +#: freeculture.xml:5008 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6591,22 +6594,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5010 +#: freeculture.xml:5017 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5011 +#: freeculture.xml:5018 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5012 freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5046 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:5060 freeculture.xml:5112 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5151 freeculture.xml:5214 freeculture.xml:9599 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5027 freeculture.xml:5038 freeculture.xml:5053 freeculture.xml:5062 freeculture.xml:5067 freeculture.xml:5119 freeculture.xml:5135 freeculture.xml:5158 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:9606 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5014 +#: freeculture.xml:5021 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6616,7 +6619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5022 +#: freeculture.xml:5029 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6628,7 +6631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5033 +#: freeculture.xml:5040 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6638,7 +6641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5040 +#: freeculture.xml:5047 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6648,7 +6651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5048 +#: freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6658,24 +6661,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5057 +#: freeculture.xml:5064 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5073 +#: freeculture.xml:5080 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5074 +#: freeculture.xml:5081 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5068 +#: freeculture.xml:5075 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6684,7 +6687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5062 +#: freeculture.xml:5069 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6693,7 +6696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5079 +#: freeculture.xml:5086 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6703,7 +6706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5093 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6711,7 +6714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5092 +#: freeculture.xml:5099 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6723,7 +6726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6736,7 +6739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5114 +#: freeculture.xml:5121 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6749,14 +6752,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5125 +#: freeculture.xml:5132 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " "sure whether we were totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5130 +#: freeculture.xml:5137 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6764,7 +6767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5136 +#: freeculture.xml:5143 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -6777,20 +6780,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5148 +#: freeculture.xml:5155 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5152 +#: freeculture.xml:5159 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5160 +#: freeculture.xml:5167 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -6799,7 +6802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5154 +#: freeculture.xml:5161 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6810,7 +6813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5168 +#: freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " @@ -6820,7 +6823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5176 +#: freeculture.xml:5183 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " @@ -6829,7 +6832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5184 +#: freeculture.xml:5191 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -6842,7 +6845,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5195 +#: freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6862,7 +6865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5216 +#: freeculture.xml:5223 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6882,7 +6885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5233 +#: freeculture.xml:5240 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6893,7 +6896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5243 +#: freeculture.xml:5250 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -6902,12 +6905,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5248 +#: freeculture.xml:5255 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5250 +#: freeculture.xml:5257 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6918,12 +6921,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5257 +#: freeculture.xml:5264 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5259 +#: freeculture.xml:5266 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6940,7 +6943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5274 +#: freeculture.xml:5281 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6950,12 +6953,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5290 +#: freeculture.xml:5297 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5281 +#: freeculture.xml:5288 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6968,7 +6971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5293 +#: freeculture.xml:5300 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6978,7 +6981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5307 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -6995,7 +6998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5322 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7005,7 +7008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5321 +#: freeculture.xml:5328 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " @@ -7018,7 +7021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5333 +#: freeculture.xml:5340 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -7029,7 +7032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5349 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7042,7 +7045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 +#: freeculture.xml:5359 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -7058,12 +7061,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5367 +#: freeculture.xml:5374 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5369 +#: freeculture.xml:5376 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -7075,7 +7078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5378 +#: freeculture.xml:5385 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7086,7 +7089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5386 +#: freeculture.xml:5393 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7096,7 +7099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5401 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7104,7 +7107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5399 +#: freeculture.xml:5406 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7115,7 +7118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5412 +#: freeculture.xml:5419 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -7125,7 +7128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5406 +#: freeculture.xml:5413 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7135,7 +7138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5420 +#: freeculture.xml:5427 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -7148,7 +7151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5431 +#: freeculture.xml:5438 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7161,7 +7164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5440 +#: freeculture.xml:5447 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7173,7 +7176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5451 +#: freeculture.xml:5458 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7186,7 +7189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5468 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -7206,7 +7209,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5479 +#: freeculture.xml:5486 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7218,7 +7221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5491 +#: freeculture.xml:5498 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7229,7 +7232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5499 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7240,7 +7243,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5516 +#: freeculture.xml:5523 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 " @@ -7250,7 +7253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5507 +#: freeculture.xml:5514 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7263,7 +7266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5524 +#: freeculture.xml:5531 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7277,7 +7280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5535 +#: freeculture.xml:5542 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7289,12 +7292,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5562 +#: freeculture.xml:5569 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5546 +#: freeculture.xml:5553 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7315,7 +7318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5565 +#: freeculture.xml:5572 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7325,7 +7328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5573 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7336,7 +7339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5581 +#: freeculture.xml:5588 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7348,7 +7351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5593 +#: freeculture.xml:5600 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7360,7 +7363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5605 +#: freeculture.xml:5612 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago " @@ -7371,7 +7374,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5602 +#: freeculture.xml:5609 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7383,7 +7386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5619 +#: freeculture.xml:5626 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7397,7 +7400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5630 +#: freeculture.xml:5637 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7409,7 +7412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5649 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7420,7 +7423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5650 +#: freeculture.xml:5657 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7429,7 +7432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5657 +#: freeculture.xml:5664 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7446,7 +7449,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5671 +#: freeculture.xml:5678 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7462,7 +7465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5686 +#: freeculture.xml:5693 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7473,17 +7476,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5696 +#: freeculture.xml:5703 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5705 +#: freeculture.xml:5712 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5698 +#: freeculture.xml:5705 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7495,42 +7498,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5718 +#: freeculture.xml:5725 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5719 +#: freeculture.xml:5726 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5720 +#: freeculture.xml:5727 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5721 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5722 +#: freeculture.xml:5729 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5723 +#: freeculture.xml:5730 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5724 freeculture.xml:7129 +#: freeculture.xml:5731 freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5708 +#: freeculture.xml:5715 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7549,7 +7552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5728 +#: freeculture.xml:5735 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7563,7 +7566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5740 +#: freeculture.xml:5747 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7575,13 +7578,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5749 +#: freeculture.xml:5756 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5763 +#: freeculture.xml:5770 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7591,7 +7594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5754 +#: freeculture.xml:5761 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7605,7 +7608,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5773 +#: freeculture.xml:5780 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7617,7 +7620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5784 +#: freeculture.xml:5791 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7633,7 +7636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5799 +#: freeculture.xml:5806 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7645,7 +7648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5796 +#: freeculture.xml:5803 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7657,7 +7660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5814 +#: freeculture.xml:5821 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7668,7 +7671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5822 +#: freeculture.xml:5829 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7682,7 +7685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5837 +#: freeculture.xml:5844 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7696,7 +7699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5849 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7711,7 +7714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5860 +#: freeculture.xml:5867 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7727,7 +7730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5875 +#: freeculture.xml:5882 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7738,7 +7741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5884 +#: freeculture.xml:5891 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7752,7 +7755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5896 +#: freeculture.xml:5903 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -7762,7 +7765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 +#: freeculture.xml:5911 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7778,7 +7781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5919 +#: freeculture.xml:5926 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7790,19 +7793,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:5935 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 freeculture.xml:6104 freeculture.xml:6406 +#: freeculture.xml:5936 freeculture.xml:6111 freeculture.xml:6413 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5932 +#: freeculture.xml:5939 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7819,7 +7822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5949 +#: freeculture.xml:5956 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7832,7 +7835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5960 +#: freeculture.xml:5967 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7844,7 +7847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5970 +#: freeculture.xml:5977 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7862,7 +7865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5987 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -7870,7 +7873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5993 +#: freeculture.xml:6000 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7882,12 +7885,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6002 +#: freeculture.xml:6009 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6005 +#: freeculture.xml:6012 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7904,7 +7907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6023 +#: freeculture.xml:6030 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7918,7 +7921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6019 +#: freeculture.xml:6026 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7935,22 +7938,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6047 +#: freeculture.xml:6054 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6048 +#: freeculture.xml:6055 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6087 +#: freeculture.xml:6094 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6059 +#: freeculture.xml:6066 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7983,7 +7986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6051 +#: freeculture.xml:6058 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -7994,12 +7997,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6091 +#: freeculture.xml:6098 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6093 +#: freeculture.xml:6100 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8008,18 +8011,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6099 +#: freeculture.xml:6106 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6103 freeculture.xml:6405 +#: freeculture.xml:6110 freeculture.xml:6412 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6115 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8033,7 +8036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6120 +#: freeculture.xml:6127 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8045,7 +8048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6135 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8056,17 +8059,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6138 +#: freeculture.xml:6145 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6139 +#: freeculture.xml:6146 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6142 +#: freeculture.xml:6149 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -8081,7 +8084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6154 +#: freeculture.xml:6161 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8098,7 +8101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6171 +#: freeculture.xml:6178 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8110,7 +8113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6187 +#: freeculture.xml:6194 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8121,7 +8124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6179 +#: freeculture.xml:6186 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8144,19 +8147,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6219 +#: freeculture.xml:6226 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6228 freeculture.xml:12627 +#: freeculture.xml:6235 freeculture.xml:12634 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6209 +#: freeculture.xml:6216 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8175,7 +8178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6231 +#: freeculture.xml:6238 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8187,7 +8190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6241 +#: freeculture.xml:6248 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8204,7 +8207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6255 +#: freeculture.xml:6262 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -8215,22 +8218,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6264 +#: freeculture.xml:6271 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6267 +#: freeculture.xml:6274 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6275 +#: freeculture.xml:6282 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6270 +#: freeculture.xml:6277 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8240,7 +8243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6278 +#: freeculture.xml:6285 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -8248,17 +8251,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6282 freeculture.xml:6288 +#: freeculture.xml:6289 freeculture.xml:6295 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6289 +#: freeculture.xml:6296 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6284 +#: freeculture.xml:6291 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -8268,7 +8271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6292 +#: freeculture.xml:6299 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8281,7 +8284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6305 +#: freeculture.xml:6312 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " @@ -8290,7 +8293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6301 +#: freeculture.xml:6308 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8308,7 +8311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6322 +#: freeculture.xml:6329 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8322,19 +8325,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6333 +#: freeculture.xml:6340 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6340 +#: freeculture.xml:6347 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6342 +#: freeculture.xml:6349 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8343,7 +8346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6348 +#: freeculture.xml:6355 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8352,7 +8355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6353 +#: freeculture.xml:6360 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8366,7 +8369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6366 +#: freeculture.xml:6373 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -8379,7 +8382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6376 +#: freeculture.xml:6383 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8396,7 +8399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6391 +#: freeculture.xml:6398 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8407,7 +8410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6398 +#: freeculture.xml:6405 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8415,38 +8418,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6409 +#: freeculture.xml:6416 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6412 +#: freeculture.xml:6419 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6413 +#: freeculture.xml:6420 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6416 +#: freeculture.xml:6423 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6421 +#: freeculture.xml:6428 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6437 +#: freeculture.xml:6444 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6431 +#: freeculture.xml:6438 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -8457,7 +8460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6423 +#: freeculture.xml:6430 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8473,7 +8476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 +#: freeculture.xml:6454 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8484,7 +8487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 +#: freeculture.xml:6462 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8495,7 +8498,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6470 +#: freeculture.xml:6477 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -8514,7 +8517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6462 +#: freeculture.xml:6469 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8527,7 +8530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6486 +#: freeculture.xml:6493 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8538,7 +8541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6501 +#: freeculture.xml:6508 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8552,7 +8555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6495 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8563,12 +8566,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6516 +#: freeculture.xml:6523 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6512 +#: freeculture.xml:6519 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8581,7 +8584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6524 +#: freeculture.xml:6531 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8592,7 +8595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6532 +#: freeculture.xml:6539 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8606,7 +8609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6542 +#: freeculture.xml:6549 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8618,7 +8621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6553 +#: freeculture.xml:6560 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8630,7 +8633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6563 +#: freeculture.xml:6570 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8642,7 +8645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6573 +#: freeculture.xml:6580 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8654,7 +8657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6590 +#: freeculture.xml:6597 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8663,7 +8666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6582 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8675,12 +8678,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6599 +#: freeculture.xml:6606 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6601 +#: freeculture.xml:6608 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8689,7 +8692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6607 +#: freeculture.xml:6614 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8705,7 +8708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6620 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8723,7 +8726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6635 +#: freeculture.xml:6642 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8738,7 +8741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6649 +#: freeculture.xml:6656 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8754,7 +8757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6663 +#: freeculture.xml:6670 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8765,13 +8768,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6671 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6682 +#: freeculture.xml:6689 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " @@ -8780,7 +8783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6675 +#: freeculture.xml:6682 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8794,7 +8797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6694 +#: freeculture.xml:6701 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8805,7 +8808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6703 +#: freeculture.xml:6710 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8816,7 +8819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6712 +#: freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8824,7 +8827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6724 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8839,7 +8842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6731 +#: freeculture.xml:6738 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8851,7 +8854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6753 +#: freeculture.xml:6760 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -8860,7 +8863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6743 +#: freeculture.xml:6750 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8876,7 +8879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6768 +#: freeculture.xml:6775 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -8887,7 +8890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6763 +#: freeculture.xml:6770 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8897,7 +8900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6779 +#: freeculture.xml:6786 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8907,7 +8910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6788 +#: freeculture.xml:6795 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8916,13 +8919,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6796 +#: freeculture.xml:6803 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6803 +#: freeculture.xml:6810 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8935,7 +8938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6798 +#: freeculture.xml:6805 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8946,7 +8949,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6815 +#: freeculture.xml:6822 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -8962,7 +8965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6833 +#: freeculture.xml:6840 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8971,7 +8974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 +#: freeculture.xml:6835 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8983,25 +8986,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6844 +#: freeculture.xml:6851 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6848 +#: freeculture.xml:6855 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6849 +#: freeculture.xml:6856 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6853 +#: freeculture.xml:6860 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9016,17 +9019,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6866 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6867 +#: freeculture.xml:6874 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6870 +#: freeculture.xml:6877 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9037,26 +9040,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6878 +#: freeculture.xml:6885 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6883 +#: freeculture.xml:6890 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6884 +#: freeculture.xml:6891 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6887 +#: freeculture.xml:6894 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9069,30 +9072,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6898 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6899 +#: freeculture.xml:6906 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6903 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6904 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6908 +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9101,7 +9104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6916 +#: freeculture.xml:6923 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -9111,7 +9114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:6920 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9128,7 +9131,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6937 +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9141,7 +9144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6950 +#: freeculture.xml:6957 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9155,7 +9158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6962 +#: freeculture.xml:6969 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9164,7 +9167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6968 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9175,7 +9178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 +#: freeculture.xml:6983 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9190,7 +9193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6988 +#: freeculture.xml:6995 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -9204,7 +9207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7003 +#: freeculture.xml:7010 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9216,7 +9219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7013 +#: freeculture.xml:7020 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -9226,7 +9229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7020 +#: freeculture.xml:7027 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9238,7 +9241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7032 +#: freeculture.xml:7039 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9254,7 +9257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7049 +#: freeculture.xml:7056 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -9267,7 +9270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7061 +#: freeculture.xml:7068 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9279,7 +9282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7070 +#: freeculture.xml:7077 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9296,7 +9299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7085 +#: freeculture.xml:7092 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9313,7 +9316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7100 +#: freeculture.xml:7107 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9324,12 +9327,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7109 +#: freeculture.xml:7116 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7111 +#: freeculture.xml:7118 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9338,7 +9341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7117 +#: freeculture.xml:7124 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9348,25 +9351,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7124 +#: freeculture.xml:7131 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7126 freeculture.xml:7305 +#: freeculture.xml:7133 freeculture.xml:7312 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7140 +#: freeculture.xml:7147 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7132 +#: freeculture.xml:7139 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9377,7 +9380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7149 +#: freeculture.xml:7156 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -9385,7 +9388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7145 +#: freeculture.xml:7152 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9396,7 +9399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7159 +#: freeculture.xml:7166 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9405,7 +9408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7165 +#: freeculture.xml:7172 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9417,17 +9420,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7178 +#: freeculture.xml:7185 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7181 +#: freeculture.xml:7188 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7184 +#: freeculture.xml:7191 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9436,13 +9439,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7191 +#: freeculture.xml:7198 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7195 +#: freeculture.xml:7202 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9455,35 +9458,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7208 +#: freeculture.xml:7215 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7209 +#: freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7212 +#: freeculture.xml:7219 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7216 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7224 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7221 +#: freeculture.xml:7228 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9494,17 +9497,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7231 +#: freeculture.xml:7238 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7232 +#: freeculture.xml:7239 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7229 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -9512,57 +9515,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7235 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7236 +#: freeculture.xml:7243 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7246 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7244 +#: freeculture.xml:7251 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7245 +#: freeculture.xml:7252 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7254 +#: freeculture.xml:7261 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7255 +#: freeculture.xml:7262 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7258 +#: freeculture.xml:7265 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 +#: freeculture.xml:7275 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9573,7 +9576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7261 +#: freeculture.xml:7268 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9588,7 +9591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7283 +#: freeculture.xml:7290 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9607,7 +9610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7301 +#: freeculture.xml:7308 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -9616,7 +9619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7308 +#: freeculture.xml:7315 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9628,7 +9631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7317 +#: freeculture.xml:7324 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9638,14 +9641,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7331 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7328 +#: freeculture.xml:7335 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9655,18 +9658,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7336 +#: freeculture.xml:7343 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7338 +#: freeculture.xml:7345 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7342 +#: freeculture.xml:7349 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9674,7 +9677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7347 +#: freeculture.xml:7354 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9685,7 +9688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7355 +#: freeculture.xml:7362 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9700,7 +9703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7368 +#: freeculture.xml:7375 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9710,19 +9713,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7377 +#: freeculture.xml:7384 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7381 +#: freeculture.xml:7388 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7384 +#: freeculture.xml:7391 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9731,7 +9734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7389 +#: freeculture.xml:7396 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9742,7 +9745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7398 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9753,7 +9756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7406 +#: freeculture.xml:7413 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -9769,7 +9772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7418 +#: freeculture.xml:7425 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9779,7 +9782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7425 +#: freeculture.xml:7432 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9790,7 +9793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7433 +#: freeculture.xml:7440 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9805,7 +9808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7449 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9819,12 +9822,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:7479 freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7462 +#: freeculture.xml:7469 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -9841,7 +9844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7460 +#: freeculture.xml:7467 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9851,7 +9854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7480 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9863,7 +9866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7490 +#: freeculture.xml:7497 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9873,7 +9876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7497 +#: freeculture.xml:7504 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9882,7 +9885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7503 +#: freeculture.xml:7510 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9893,7 +9896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7511 +#: freeculture.xml:7518 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9903,7 +9906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7519 +#: freeculture.xml:7526 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9911,7 +9914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7526 +#: freeculture.xml:7533 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9919,7 +9922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7532 +#: freeculture.xml:7539 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9928,7 +9931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7538 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9937,7 +9940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7546 +#: freeculture.xml:7553 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9945,7 +9948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7551 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9958,7 +9961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7562 +#: freeculture.xml:7569 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -9968,7 +9971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7569 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9980,7 +9983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7578 +#: freeculture.xml:7585 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9994,7 +9997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7590 +#: freeculture.xml:7597 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10005,7 +10008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7598 +#: freeculture.xml:7605 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10018,7 +10021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:7631 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " @@ -10028,7 +10031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7609 +#: freeculture.xml:7616 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -10047,7 +10050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7633 +#: freeculture.xml:7640 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10055,17 +10058,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7638 +#: freeculture.xml:7645 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7642 +#: freeculture.xml:7649 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7645 +#: freeculture.xml:7652 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10077,7 +10080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7653 +#: freeculture.xml:7660 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10086,17 +10089,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7668 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7662 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7665 +#: freeculture.xml:7672 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10107,7 +10110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7673 +#: freeculture.xml:7680 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10118,7 +10121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10132,7 +10135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7693 +#: freeculture.xml:7700 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10147,7 +10150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7712 +#: freeculture.xml:7719 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " @@ -10155,7 +10158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7706 +#: freeculture.xml:7713 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10165,7 +10168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:7725 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10175,7 +10178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7725 +#: freeculture.xml:7732 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10188,7 +10191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7735 +#: freeculture.xml:7742 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10199,13 +10202,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7744 +#: freeculture.xml:7751 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7746 +#: freeculture.xml:7753 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10223,7 +10226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7764 +#: freeculture.xml:7771 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10233,7 +10236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7771 +#: freeculture.xml:7778 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10246,18 +10249,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7782 +#: freeculture.xml:7789 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7785 +#: freeculture.xml:7792 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7791 +#: freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10266,7 +10269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7798 +#: freeculture.xml:7805 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10274,19 +10277,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7804 +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7807 +#: freeculture.xml:7814 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7787 +#: freeculture.xml:7794 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10301,7 +10304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7810 +#: freeculture.xml:7817 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10314,7 +10317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7828 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10328,12 +10331,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7835 freeculture.xml:7852 +#: freeculture.xml:7842 freeculture.xml:7859 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:7839 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10341,7 +10344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7850 +#: freeculture.xml:7857 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10349,7 +10352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7839 +#: freeculture.xml:7846 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10364,7 +10367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7857 +#: freeculture.xml:7864 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10373,18 +10376,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7863 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#: freeculture.xml:7871 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7868 +#: freeculture.xml:7875 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10392,7 +10395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7880 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10401,24 +10404,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7886 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7882 +#: freeculture.xml:7889 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7884 freeculture.xml:7948 +#: freeculture.xml:7891 freeculture.xml:7955 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7886 +#: freeculture.xml:7893 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10429,7 +10432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7905 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10440,7 +10443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7893 +#: freeculture.xml:7900 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10450,7 +10453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7910 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10462,7 +10465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7929 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10474,7 +10477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7919 +#: freeculture.xml:7926 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10493,7 +10496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7950 +#: freeculture.xml:7957 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10502,17 +10505,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7959 +#: freeculture.xml:7966 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 +#: freeculture.xml:7967 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7956 +#: freeculture.xml:7963 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10522,7 +10525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7973 +#: freeculture.xml:7980 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " @@ -10530,7 +10533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7964 +#: freeculture.xml:7971 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10541,7 +10544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7980 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10555,13 +10558,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7991 +#: freeculture.xml:7998 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8000 +#: freeculture.xml:8007 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10577,7 +10580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7993 +#: freeculture.xml:8000 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10591,7 +10594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8017 +#: freeculture.xml:8024 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10599,14 +10602,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8023 +#: freeculture.xml:8030 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8027 +#: freeculture.xml:8034 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10615,7 +10618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8032 +#: freeculture.xml:8039 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10633,7 +10636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8051 +#: freeculture.xml:8058 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10641,7 +10644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8057 +#: freeculture.xml:8064 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10656,14 +10659,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8069 +#: freeculture.xml:8076 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8073 +#: freeculture.xml:8080 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10673,7 +10676,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8079 +#: freeculture.xml:8086 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10682,32 +10685,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8121 +#: freeculture.xml:8128 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8122 +#: freeculture.xml:8129 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8123 +#: freeculture.xml:8130 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8124 +#: freeculture.xml:8131 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8125 +#: freeculture.xml:8132 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8096 +#: freeculture.xml:8103 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10740,7 +10743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8086 +#: freeculture.xml:8093 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10754,7 +10757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8129 +#: freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10767,12 +10770,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8141 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8143 +#: freeculture.xml:8150 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10782,7 +10785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 +#: freeculture.xml:8156 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10797,7 +10800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8165 +#: freeculture.xml:8172 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10806,7 +10809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8171 +#: freeculture.xml:8178 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10820,7 +10823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8183 +#: freeculture.xml:8190 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10835,7 +10838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8195 +#: freeculture.xml:8202 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10846,7 +10849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8219 +#: freeculture.xml:8226 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " @@ -10854,7 +10857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8204 +#: freeculture.xml:8211 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10872,12 +10875,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8232 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8228 +#: freeculture.xml:8235 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10887,38 +10890,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8241 freeculture.xml:8279 +#: freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:8286 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8242 freeculture.xml:8280 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8352 +#: freeculture.xml:8249 freeculture.xml:8287 freeculture.xml:8326 freeculture.xml:8359 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8247 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8324 freeculture.xml:8357 +#: freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8331 freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:8286 freeculture.xml:8287 freeculture.xml:8325 freeculture.xml:8326 freeculture.xml:8358 freeculture.xml:8359 freeculture.xml:8363 freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8294 freeculture.xml:8332 freeculture.xml:8333 freeculture.xml:8365 freeculture.xml:8366 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:8371 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8249 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8331 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 freeculture.xml:8260 freeculture.xml:8261 freeculture.xml:8298 freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:8338 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8329 freeculture.xml:8362 +#: freeculture.xml:8259 freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8336 freeculture.xml:8369 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8261 +#: freeculture.xml:8268 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10928,12 +10931,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8270 +#: freeculture.xml:8277 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8299 +#: freeculture.xml:8306 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10942,7 +10945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8305 +#: freeculture.xml:8312 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10952,17 +10955,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8351 +#: freeculture.xml:8325 freeculture.xml:8358 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8330 +#: freeculture.xml:8337 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8338 +#: freeculture.xml:8345 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10973,7 +10976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8371 +#: freeculture.xml:8378 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10982,7 +10985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8379 +#: freeculture.xml:8386 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10991,7 +10994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8385 +#: freeculture.xml:8392 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11006,7 +11009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8403 +#: freeculture.xml:8410 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11017,7 +11020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8397 +#: freeculture.xml:8404 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -11035,7 +11038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8420 +#: freeculture.xml:8427 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -11054,7 +11057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:8446 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11069,33 +11072,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8456 +#: freeculture.xml:8463 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8460 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8462 +#: freeculture.xml:8469 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8472 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:8475 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8476 +#: freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " @@ -11103,7 +11106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8472 +#: freeculture.xml:8479 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11117,7 +11120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8488 +#: freeculture.xml:8495 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -11131,7 +11134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8500 +#: freeculture.xml:8507 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11145,7 +11148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8511 +#: freeculture.xml:8518 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -11154,21 +11157,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8517 +#: freeculture.xml:8524 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8521 +#: freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8526 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -11178,7 +11181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8532 +#: freeculture.xml:8539 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -11193,7 +11196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8549 +#: freeculture.xml:8556 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11204,7 +11207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8557 +#: freeculture.xml:8564 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11221,7 +11224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8571 +#: freeculture.xml:8578 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11233,7 +11236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8580 +#: freeculture.xml:8587 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -11245,7 +11248,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8591 +#: freeculture.xml:8598 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11257,7 +11260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8601 +#: freeculture.xml:8608 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11267,12 +11270,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8647 freeculture.xml:9355 +#: freeculture.xml:8654 freeculture.xml:9362 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8617 +#: freeculture.xml:8624 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11306,7 +11309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8608 +#: freeculture.xml:8615 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11319,7 +11322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8653 +#: freeculture.xml:8660 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11329,7 +11332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8660 +#: freeculture.xml:8667 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11343,7 +11346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8672 +#: freeculture.xml:8679 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11354,7 +11357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8680 +#: freeculture.xml:8687 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11368,14 +11371,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8693 +#: freeculture.xml:8700 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8697 +#: freeculture.xml:8704 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11386,7 +11389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8715 +#: freeculture.xml:8722 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11397,7 +11400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8705 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11410,12 +11413,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8729 freeculture.xml:9082 +#: freeculture.xml:8736 freeculture.xml:9089 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8726 +#: freeculture.xml:8733 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " @@ -11423,7 +11426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8732 +#: freeculture.xml:8739 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11431,12 +11434,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8740 +#: freeculture.xml:8747 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8743 +#: freeculture.xml:8750 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11446,7 +11449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8751 +#: freeculture.xml:8758 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11455,7 +11458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11464,7 +11467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8766 +#: freeculture.xml:8773 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11474,7 +11477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8773 +#: freeculture.xml:8780 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11484,12 +11487,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8780 +#: freeculture.xml:8787 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8782 +#: freeculture.xml:8789 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11506,7 +11509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8797 +#: freeculture.xml:8804 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11521,7 +11524,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8808 +#: freeculture.xml:8815 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11531,7 +11534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8818 +#: freeculture.xml:8825 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11545,12 +11548,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8846 freeculture.xml:8867 +#: freeculture.xml:8853 freeculture.xml:8874 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8841 +#: freeculture.xml:8848 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11561,12 +11564,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8862 +#: freeculture.xml:8869 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8853 +#: freeculture.xml:8860 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11580,7 +11583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8829 +#: freeculture.xml:8836 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11602,7 +11605,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8889 +#: freeculture.xml:8896 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11612,7 +11615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8870 +#: freeculture.xml:8877 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11632,7 +11635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8899 +#: freeculture.xml:8906 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -11646,7 +11649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8911 +#: freeculture.xml:8918 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11660,7 +11663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8922 +#: freeculture.xml:8929 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -11671,7 +11674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:8940 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11684,7 +11687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8943 +#: freeculture.xml:8950 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11697,7 +11700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8954 +#: freeculture.xml:8961 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11710,13 +11713,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8965 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8969 +#: freeculture.xml:8976 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11729,12 +11732,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8982 +#: freeculture.xml:8989 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8984 +#: freeculture.xml:8991 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11745,7 +11748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8992 +#: freeculture.xml:8999 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11757,7 +11760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9001 +#: freeculture.xml:9008 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11772,13 +11775,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 freeculture.xml:9120 +#: freeculture.xml:9020 freeculture.xml:9127 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9015 +#: freeculture.xml:9022 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -11793,7 +11796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9035 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -11801,7 +11804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9033 +#: freeculture.xml:9040 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11812,7 +11815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9041 +#: freeculture.xml:9048 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11822,7 +11825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9049 +#: freeculture.xml:9056 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11837,7 +11840,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9061 +#: freeculture.xml:9068 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11847,7 +11850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9070 +#: freeculture.xml:9077 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11861,7 +11864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9085 +#: freeculture.xml:9092 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11873,12 +11876,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:9102 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9098 +#: freeculture.xml:9105 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11891,7 +11894,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9108 +#: freeculture.xml:9115 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11903,13 +11906,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9119 +#: freeculture.xml:9126 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 +#: freeculture.xml:9135 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -11921,7 +11924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9122 +#: freeculture.xml:9129 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11941,17 +11944,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9149 +#: freeculture.xml:9156 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9164 +#: freeculture.xml:9171 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9160 +#: freeculture.xml:9167 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business " "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11961,7 +11964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9151 +#: freeculture.xml:9158 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11973,7 +11976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9169 +#: freeculture.xml:9176 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11985,7 +11988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9179 +#: freeculture.xml:9186 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -12001,7 +12004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9194 +#: freeculture.xml:9201 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -12016,7 +12019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9206 +#: freeculture.xml:9213 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12039,7 +12042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9228 +#: freeculture.xml:9235 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12053,7 +12056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9242 +#: freeculture.xml:9249 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -12063,12 +12066,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9258 +#: freeculture.xml:9265 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9245 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12086,7 +12089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9263 +#: freeculture.xml:9270 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12097,14 +12100,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9277 +#: freeculture.xml:9284 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9274 +#: freeculture.xml:9281 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12114,7 +12117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9285 +#: freeculture.xml:9292 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -12122,7 +12125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9291 +#: freeculture.xml:9298 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12131,14 +12134,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9303 +#: freeculture.xml:9310 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9297 +#: freeculture.xml:9304 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -12152,7 +12155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9314 +#: freeculture.xml:9321 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12163,7 +12166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9323 +#: freeculture.xml:9330 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12181,7 +12184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9341 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12200,7 +12203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9321 +#: freeculture.xml:9328 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12212,7 +12215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9363 +#: freeculture.xml:9370 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -12225,7 +12228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9374 +#: freeculture.xml:9381 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12238,7 +12241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9385 +#: freeculture.xml:9392 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12249,7 +12252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9394 +#: freeculture.xml:9401 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12265,7 +12268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9409 +#: freeculture.xml:9416 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12277,12 +12280,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9433 +#: freeculture.xml:9440 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9419 +#: freeculture.xml:9426 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12300,12 +12303,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9443 +#: freeculture.xml:9450 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9438 +#: freeculture.xml:9445 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12315,7 +12318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9448 +#: freeculture.xml:9455 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12326,7 +12329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9456 +#: freeculture.xml:9463 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12341,12 +12344,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9495 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9478 +#: freeculture.xml:9485 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12368,7 +12371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9471 +#: freeculture.xml:9478 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12379,7 +12382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9502 +#: freeculture.xml:9509 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12388,57 +12391,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9510 +#: freeculture.xml:9517 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9513 +#: freeculture.xml:9520 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#: freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9519 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:9529 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9525 +#: freeculture.xml:9532 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9528 +#: freeculture.xml:9535 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9531 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9534 +#: freeculture.xml:9541 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9537 +#: freeculture.xml:9544 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9540 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12446,77 +12449,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9543 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9546 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9549 +#: freeculture.xml:9556 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9552 +#: freeculture.xml:9559 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9555 +#: freeculture.xml:9562 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9558 +#: freeculture.xml:9565 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9561 +#: freeculture.xml:9568 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9564 +#: freeculture.xml:9571 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9567 +#: freeculture.xml:9574 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9577 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9573 +#: freeculture.xml:9580 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9583 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9579 +#: freeculture.xml:9586 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9589 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9587 +#: freeculture.xml:9594 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12527,7 +12530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9595 +#: freeculture.xml:9602 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12535,7 +12538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9601 +#: freeculture.xml:9608 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12544,7 +12547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9607 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12558,7 +12561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:9630 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " @@ -12567,7 +12570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9631 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12578,12 +12581,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9641 +#: freeculture.xml:9648 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9643 +#: freeculture.xml:9650 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12591,7 +12594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9649 +#: freeculture.xml:9656 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12600,7 +12603,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9658 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12611,7 +12614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9661 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12629,14 +12632,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9692 +#: freeculture.xml:9699 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9686 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12659,7 +12662,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9714 +#: freeculture.xml:9721 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " @@ -12668,7 +12671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9722 +#: freeculture.xml:9729 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12677,7 +12680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9732 +#: freeculture.xml:9739 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " @@ -12685,7 +12688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9704 +#: freeculture.xml:9711 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12708,7 +12711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9741 +#: freeculture.xml:9748 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12727,7 +12730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9758 +#: freeculture.xml:9765 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12741,7 +12744,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9771 +#: freeculture.xml:9778 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12751,7 +12754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9778 +#: freeculture.xml:9785 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12768,7 +12771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:9799 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12782,13 +12785,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9804 +#: freeculture.xml:9811 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9807 +#: freeculture.xml:9814 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12799,7 +12802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:9825 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12810,12 +12813,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9826 +#: freeculture.xml:9833 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9828 +#: freeculture.xml:9835 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12829,7 +12832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9839 +#: freeculture.xml:9846 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12842,7 +12845,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9849 +#: freeculture.xml:9856 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12856,7 +12859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9863 +#: freeculture.xml:9870 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12868,7 +12871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9872 +#: freeculture.xml:9879 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12881,7 +12884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9883 +#: freeculture.xml:9890 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12893,7 +12896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9892 +#: freeculture.xml:9899 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12902,7 +12905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9898 +#: freeculture.xml:9905 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12917,19 +12920,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9917 freeculture.xml:10026 +#: freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9922 msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9921 +#: freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12942,7 +12945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9933 +#: freeculture.xml:9940 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12950,7 +12953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9938 +#: freeculture.xml:9945 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12962,7 +12965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9956 +#: freeculture.xml:9963 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " @@ -12978,7 +12981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9947 +#: freeculture.xml:9954 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12992,7 +12995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:9981 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13000,7 +13003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9970 +#: freeculture.xml:9977 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13012,7 +13015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -13033,7 +13036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9983 +#: freeculture.xml:9990 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13050,7 +13053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10014 +#: freeculture.xml:10021 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13064,7 +13067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10030 +#: freeculture.xml:10037 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13085,7 +13088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10050 +#: freeculture.xml:10057 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -13096,12 +13099,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10063 +#: freeculture.xml:10070 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10075 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13110,7 +13113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10074 +#: freeculture.xml:10081 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13120,7 +13123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10082 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13132,7 +13135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10091 +#: freeculture.xml:10098 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13142,7 +13145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#: freeculture.xml:10106 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13150,7 +13153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10104 +#: freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13159,7 +13162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10110 +#: freeculture.xml:10117 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13168,12 +13171,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10120 +#: freeculture.xml:10127 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10122 +#: freeculture.xml:10129 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13184,7 +13187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10131 +#: freeculture.xml:10138 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13194,7 +13197,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10145 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13206,7 +13209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10149 +#: freeculture.xml:10156 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13223,7 +13226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:10179 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13241,7 +13244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10161 +#: freeculture.xml:10168 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13255,7 +13258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10189 +#: freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13272,7 +13275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10210 +#: freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13284,7 +13287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10205 +#: freeculture.xml:10212 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13293,7 +13296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10221 +#: freeculture.xml:10228 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13304,7 +13307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10230 +#: freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13314,7 +13317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10241 +#: freeculture.xml:10248 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -13322,7 +13325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10247 +#: freeculture.xml:10254 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13335,12 +13338,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10266 freeculture.xml:11709 +#: freeculture.xml:10273 freeculture.xml:11716 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10257 +#: freeculture.xml:10264 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13353,7 +13356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10269 +#: freeculture.xml:10276 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13366,7 +13369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10280 +#: freeculture.xml:10287 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13378,7 +13381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10289 +#: freeculture.xml:10296 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13390,7 +13393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10299 +#: freeculture.xml:10306 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13400,7 +13403,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10306 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13408,7 +13411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10314 +#: freeculture.xml:10321 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13417,14 +13420,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10320 +#: freeculture.xml:10327 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10324 +#: freeculture.xml:10331 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13432,7 +13435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10329 +#: freeculture.xml:10336 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13440,7 +13443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10335 +#: freeculture.xml:10342 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13449,14 +13452,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10348 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10345 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13464,7 +13467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10351 +#: freeculture.xml:10358 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13473,7 +13476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10357 +#: freeculture.xml:10364 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13485,7 +13488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10368 +#: freeculture.xml:10375 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13494,7 +13497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10380 +#: freeculture.xml:10387 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " @@ -13503,7 +13506,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10387 +#: freeculture.xml:10394 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13511,7 +13514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10395 +#: freeculture.xml:10402 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -13519,7 +13522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10373 +#: freeculture.xml:10380 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13534,7 +13537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13548,7 +13551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10415 +#: freeculture.xml:10422 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -13560,7 +13563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10428 +#: freeculture.xml:10435 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13570,7 +13573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10438 +#: freeculture.xml:10445 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13580,7 +13583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10452 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -13596,7 +13599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10460 +#: freeculture.xml:10467 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -13604,14 +13607,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10467 +#: freeculture.xml:10474 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10458 +#: freeculture.xml:10465 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13624,7 +13627,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10474 +#: freeculture.xml:10481 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13638,7 +13641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10471 +#: freeculture.xml:10478 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13652,7 +13655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:10502 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -13668,7 +13671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:10515 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -13688,7 +13691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10531 +#: freeculture.xml:10538 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -13697,7 +13700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10525 +#: freeculture.xml:10532 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13709,7 +13712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10541 +#: freeculture.xml:10548 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13721,7 +13724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10553 +#: freeculture.xml:10560 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13735,7 +13738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10574 +#: freeculture.xml:10581 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13745,7 +13748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10568 +#: freeculture.xml:10575 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13757,7 +13760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10583 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13768,7 +13771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10595 +#: freeculture.xml:10602 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13779,14 +13782,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10603 +#: freeculture.xml:10610 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10607 +#: freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13794,7 +13797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10614 +#: freeculture.xml:10621 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13804,14 +13807,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10623 +#: freeculture.xml:10630 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:10635 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -13823,7 +13826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10637 +#: freeculture.xml:10644 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13837,7 +13840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10652 +#: freeculture.xml:10659 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13851,7 +13854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10664 +#: freeculture.xml:10671 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13859,13 +13862,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10669 +#: freeculture.xml:10676 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10682 +#: freeculture.xml:10689 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -13875,12 +13878,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10688 +#: freeculture.xml:10695 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10671 +#: freeculture.xml:10678 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13895,7 +13898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10691 +#: freeculture.xml:10698 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13905,7 +13908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10697 +#: freeculture.xml:10704 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13917,7 +13920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10715 +#: freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -13929,7 +13932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10708 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13940,7 +13943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10725 +#: freeculture.xml:10732 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13950,7 +13953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10733 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -13961,7 +13964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10741 +#: freeculture.xml:10748 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13976,7 +13979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10752 +#: freeculture.xml:10759 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13986,7 +13989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10762 +#: freeculture.xml:10769 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13995,7 +13998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10770 +#: freeculture.xml:10777 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -14005,7 +14008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10779 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14016,7 +14019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10789 +#: freeculture.xml:10796 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14030,7 +14033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10802 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14038,7 +14041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10809 +#: freeculture.xml:10816 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14051,7 +14054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10820 +#: freeculture.xml:10827 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14062,7 +14065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10829 +#: freeculture.xml:10836 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14071,12 +14074,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10835 +#: freeculture.xml:10842 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#: freeculture.xml:10845 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14091,7 +14094,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10851 +#: freeculture.xml:10858 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14104,7 +14107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10861 +#: freeculture.xml:10868 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14118,7 +14121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10872 +#: freeculture.xml:10879 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -14126,7 +14129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10878 +#: freeculture.xml:10885 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14140,7 +14143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10901 +#: freeculture.xml:10908 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14148,7 +14151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10889 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14162,7 +14165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10915 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14173,7 +14176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10916 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14183,7 +14186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10923 +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14196,7 +14199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10934 +#: freeculture.xml:10941 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14206,7 +14209,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10940 +#: freeculture.xml:10947 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14216,7 +14219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10949 +#: freeculture.xml:10956 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14226,7 +14229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:10963 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14234,7 +14237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10962 +#: freeculture.xml:10969 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14247,7 +14250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10972 +#: freeculture.xml:10979 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14255,13 +14258,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10977 freeculture.xml:10991 +#: freeculture.xml:10984 freeculture.xml:10998 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10979 +#: freeculture.xml:10986 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14273,17 +14276,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10989 freeculture.xml:11330 freeculture.xml:11345 freeculture.xml:11438 freeculture.xml:11652 freeculture.xml:11683 freeculture.xml:11771 +#: freeculture.xml:10996 freeculture.xml:11337 freeculture.xml:11352 freeculture.xml:11445 freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:11690 freeculture.xml:11778 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10990 +#: freeculture.xml:10997 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10993 +#: freeculture.xml:11000 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14296,7 +14299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11010 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14317,7 +14320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11024 +#: freeculture.xml:11031 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14328,7 +14331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11032 +#: freeculture.xml:11039 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14347,17 +14350,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11063 freeculture.xml:11087 +#: freeculture.xml:11070 freeculture.xml:11094 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11071 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11051 +#: freeculture.xml:11058 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14375,7 +14378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11067 +#: freeculture.xml:11074 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14385,7 +14388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 +#: freeculture.xml:11082 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14400,7 +14403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14409,7 +14412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11096 +#: freeculture.xml:11103 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14418,32 +14421,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11109 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11103 +#: freeculture.xml:11110 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11104 +#: freeculture.xml:11111 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11105 +#: freeculture.xml:11112 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11106 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11115 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14457,12 +14460,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11131 freeculture.xml:11144 freeculture.xml:11336 freeculture.xml:11688 +#: freeculture.xml:11138 freeculture.xml:11151 freeculture.xml:11343 freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11126 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14477,7 +14480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:11141 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14492,7 +14495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11147 +#: freeculture.xml:11154 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14501,7 +14504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11154 +#: freeculture.xml:11161 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14513,7 +14516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14521,19 +14524,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11178 +#: freeculture.xml:11185 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:11192 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11163 +#: freeculture.xml:11170 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14550,7 +14553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11188 +#: freeculture.xml:11195 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14565,7 +14568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 +#: freeculture.xml:11207 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14577,7 +14580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11209 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14590,13 +14593,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11218 freeculture.xml:11242 freeculture.xml:11581 freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 freeculture.xml:11249 freeculture.xml:11588 freeculture.xml:11600 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11227 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14609,7 +14612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14622,7 +14625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11244 +#: freeculture.xml:11251 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14632,7 +14635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11252 +#: freeculture.xml:11259 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14643,7 +14646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11260 +#: freeculture.xml:11267 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14656,7 +14659,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11270 +#: freeculture.xml:11277 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14671,7 +14674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11284 +#: freeculture.xml:11291 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14681,7 +14684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11291 +#: freeculture.xml:11298 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14691,7 +14694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11298 +#: freeculture.xml:11305 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14709,7 +14712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11321 +#: freeculture.xml:11328 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14720,7 +14723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11332 +#: freeculture.xml:11339 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14730,7 +14733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11339 +#: freeculture.xml:11346 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14741,7 +14744,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11347 +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14759,7 +14762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14775,7 +14778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11379 +#: freeculture.xml:11386 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14784,14 +14787,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11385 +#: freeculture.xml:11392 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11390 +#: freeculture.xml:11397 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14800,7 +14803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11397 +#: freeculture.xml:11404 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14809,7 +14812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11403 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14817,14 +14820,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11411 +#: freeculture.xml:11418 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11417 +#: freeculture.xml:11424 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14834,14 +14837,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11425 +#: freeculture.xml:11432 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14851,7 +14854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11440 +#: freeculture.xml:11447 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14861,7 +14864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11447 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -14870,21 +14873,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11452 +#: freeculture.xml:11459 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11459 +#: freeculture.xml:11466 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11463 +#: freeculture.xml:11470 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14893,7 +14896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:11479 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14901,7 +14904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11478 +#: freeculture.xml:11485 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14910,7 +14913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11486 +#: freeculture.xml:11493 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14926,7 +14929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11499 +#: freeculture.xml:11506 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14934,7 +14937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11507 +#: freeculture.xml:11514 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14951,7 +14954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11529 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14961,7 +14964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11529 +#: freeculture.xml:11536 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14969,7 +14972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 +#: freeculture.xml:11541 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -14977,7 +14980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11540 +#: freeculture.xml:11547 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -14988,7 +14991,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11549 +#: freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14996,7 +14999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11554 +#: freeculture.xml:11561 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -15005,7 +15008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11560 +#: freeculture.xml:11567 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15019,7 +15022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11571 +#: freeculture.xml:11578 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15032,7 +15035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11583 +#: freeculture.xml:11590 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15047,7 +15050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11603 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15060,7 +15063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11607 +#: freeculture.xml:11614 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15071,7 +15074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11614 +#: freeculture.xml:11621 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -15079,7 +15082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11619 +#: freeculture.xml:11626 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15096,7 +15099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11632 +#: freeculture.xml:11639 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15111,7 +15114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11654 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15119,7 +15122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11654 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15134,7 +15137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:11672 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15153,7 +15156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11685 +#: freeculture.xml:11692 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15161,7 +15164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11691 +#: freeculture.xml:11698 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15170,7 +15173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11697 +#: freeculture.xml:11704 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15180,7 +15183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11704 +#: freeculture.xml:11711 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15192,7 +15195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11712 +#: freeculture.xml:11719 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15212,7 +15215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11733 +#: freeculture.xml:11740 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15223,12 +15226,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11747 +#: freeculture.xml:11754 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:11749 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15238,7 +15241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11750 +#: freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15250,12 +15253,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11761 +#: freeculture.xml:11768 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11763 +#: freeculture.xml:11770 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15267,7 +15270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11773 +#: freeculture.xml:11780 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15281,7 +15284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11783 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15291,7 +15294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11791 +#: freeculture.xml:11798 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15299,7 +15302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11796 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15310,12 +15313,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11804 freeculture.xml:12004 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11806 +#: freeculture.xml:11813 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15329,7 +15332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11818 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15342,18 +15345,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11828 +#: freeculture.xml:11835 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11829 freeculture.xml:11869 +#: freeculture.xml:11836 freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11837 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15375,7 +15378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11832 +#: freeculture.xml:11839 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -15390,7 +15393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11863 +#: freeculture.xml:11870 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15400,7 +15403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11871 +#: freeculture.xml:11878 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15413,7 +15416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#: freeculture.xml:11888 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15424,7 +15427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:11896 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15435,7 +15438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11897 +#: freeculture.xml:11904 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15447,7 +15450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11916 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15458,7 +15461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11918 +#: freeculture.xml:11925 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15476,7 +15479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11934 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15491,7 +15494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11949 +#: freeculture.xml:11956 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15503,7 +15506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11959 +#: freeculture.xml:11966 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15515,7 +15518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11968 +#: freeculture.xml:11975 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15525,7 +15528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11975 +#: freeculture.xml:11982 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15535,7 +15538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11982 +#: freeculture.xml:11989 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15544,7 +15547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:11995 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15562,7 +15565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#: freeculture.xml:12013 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15571,12 +15574,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12026 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12012 +#: freeculture.xml:12019 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15588,7 +15591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12022 +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15600,7 +15603,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12030 +#: freeculture.xml:12037 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15622,7 +15625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12051 +#: freeculture.xml:12058 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15633,7 +15636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12059 +#: freeculture.xml:12066 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15645,7 +15648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12076 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15655,7 +15658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12078 +#: freeculture.xml:12085 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15669,7 +15672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12089 +#: freeculture.xml:12096 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15682,12 +15685,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12106 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12109 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15700,7 +15703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12113 +#: freeculture.xml:12120 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15711,7 +15714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12121 +#: freeculture.xml:12128 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15722,7 +15725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15732,7 +15735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12140 +#: freeculture.xml:12147 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15744,12 +15747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12152 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12154 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15759,7 +15762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12161 +#: freeculture.xml:12168 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15770,7 +15773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15781,7 +15784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15794,7 +15797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15805,7 +15808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12195 +#: freeculture.xml:12202 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15818,7 +15821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12206 +#: freeculture.xml:12213 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15828,12 +15831,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12224 freeculture.xml:12654 +#: freeculture.xml:12231 freeculture.xml:12661 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12222 +#: freeculture.xml:12229 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -15842,7 +15845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12213 +#: freeculture.xml:12220 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15855,7 +15858,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12235 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15870,7 +15873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12262 +#: freeculture.xml:12269 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -15879,7 +15882,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12229 +#: freeculture.xml:12236 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15902,7 +15905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12275 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15914,7 +15917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12278 +#: freeculture.xml:12285 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15925,7 +15928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15939,7 +15942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12301 +#: freeculture.xml:12308 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -15957,7 +15960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12295 +#: freeculture.xml:12302 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15969,7 +15972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12322 +#: freeculture.xml:12329 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15982,7 +15985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12332 +#: freeculture.xml:12339 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15993,7 +15996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12340 +#: freeculture.xml:12347 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -16005,7 +16008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12348 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -16021,7 +16024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -16029,7 +16032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:12376 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16044,7 +16047,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12381 +#: freeculture.xml:12388 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16064,7 +16067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12401 +#: freeculture.xml:12408 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16082,7 +16085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12418 +#: freeculture.xml:12425 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16096,17 +16099,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12446 freeculture.xml:13111 +#: freeculture.xml:12453 freeculture.xml:13118 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12447 freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:12454 freeculture.xml:13182 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12415 +#: freeculture.xml:12422 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16131,7 +16134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12450 +#: freeculture.xml:12457 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16142,14 +16145,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12458 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12457 +#: freeculture.xml:12464 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16161,7 +16164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12468 +#: freeculture.xml:12475 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16185,7 +16188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12492 +#: freeculture.xml:12499 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16194,7 +16197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12498 +#: freeculture.xml:12505 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16209,7 +16212,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12520 +#: freeculture.xml:12527 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16229,7 +16232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12509 +#: freeculture.xml:12516 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16245,7 +16248,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12539 +#: freeculture.xml:12546 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16264,14 +16267,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12565 +#: freeculture.xml:12572 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12557 +#: freeculture.xml:12564 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16284,7 +16287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:12578 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16294,7 +16297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12579 +#: freeculture.xml:12586 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16306,12 +16309,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12589 +#: freeculture.xml:12596 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12593 +#: freeculture.xml:12600 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16324,7 +16327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12603 +#: freeculture.xml:12610 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16339,7 +16342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12616 +#: freeculture.xml:12623 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16356,7 +16359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12630 +#: freeculture.xml:12637 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16369,7 +16372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12649 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16383,14 +16386,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12659 +#: freeculture.xml:12666 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12656 +#: freeculture.xml:12663 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16401,7 +16404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12668 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16411,7 +16414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12675 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16424,7 +16427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12687 +#: freeculture.xml:12694 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16437,7 +16440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12697 +#: freeculture.xml:12704 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16448,7 +16451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16456,7 +16459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12711 +#: freeculture.xml:12718 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16470,7 +16473,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12722 +#: freeculture.xml:12729 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16480,12 +16483,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12748 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12731 +#: freeculture.xml:12738 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16500,7 +16503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12745 +#: freeculture.xml:12752 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16510,7 +16513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16520,7 +16523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12760 +#: freeculture.xml:12767 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16532,7 +16535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12770 +#: freeculture.xml:12777 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16542,7 +16545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12784 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16553,20 +16556,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12785 +#: freeculture.xml:12792 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12788 +#: freeculture.xml:12795 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12793 +#: freeculture.xml:12800 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16585,7 +16588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12811 +#: freeculture.xml:12818 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16595,7 +16598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12818 +#: freeculture.xml:12825 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16603,7 +16606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16622,18 +16625,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12835 freeculture.xml:13192 +#: freeculture.xml:12842 freeculture.xml:13199 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12843 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12848 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16642,7 +16645,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12850 +#: freeculture.xml:12857 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16650,7 +16653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12838 +#: freeculture.xml:12845 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16669,20 +16672,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12864 +#: freeculture.xml:12871 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12872 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12876 +#: freeculture.xml:12883 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16690,7 +16693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12881 +#: freeculture.xml:12888 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16699,7 +16702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12887 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16708,7 +16711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12894 +#: freeculture.xml:12901 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16718,12 +16721,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#: freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12905 +#: freeculture.xml:12912 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16732,7 +16735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12911 +#: freeculture.xml:12918 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16746,7 +16749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12921 +#: freeculture.xml:12928 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16757,7 +16760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 +#: freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16773,7 +16776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12947 +#: freeculture.xml:12954 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16783,12 +16786,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12956 +#: freeculture.xml:12963 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12958 +#: freeculture.xml:12965 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16800,12 +16803,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12975 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12972 +#: freeculture.xml:12979 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -16823,12 +16826,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:12994 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12989 +#: freeculture.xml:12996 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16841,7 +16844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12999 +#: freeculture.xml:13006 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16854,7 +16857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13015 +#: freeculture.xml:13022 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -16868,7 +16871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13009 +#: freeculture.xml:13016 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16881,7 +16884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13033 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16892,12 +16895,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13040 +#: freeculture.xml:13047 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13042 +#: freeculture.xml:13049 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16907,7 +16910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13050 +#: freeculture.xml:13057 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16921,7 +16924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13062 +#: freeculture.xml:13069 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16934,7 +16937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13071 +#: freeculture.xml:13078 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16944,7 +16947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13080 +#: freeculture.xml:13087 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16954,7 +16957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13087 +#: freeculture.xml:13094 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16967,7 +16970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13098 +#: freeculture.xml:13105 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16978,7 +16981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13106 +#: freeculture.xml:13113 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16987,7 +16990,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13114 +#: freeculture.xml:13121 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -17004,7 +17007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13130 +#: freeculture.xml:13137 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -17016,7 +17019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13139 +#: freeculture.xml:13146 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -17024,7 +17027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13151 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17039,7 +17042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17049,7 +17052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 +#: freeculture.xml:13171 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17064,7 +17067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 +#: freeculture.xml:13185 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17075,19 +17078,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13190 +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#: freeculture.xml:13206 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17101,7 +17104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13210 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17119,7 +17122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13228 +#: freeculture.xml:13235 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17132,7 +17135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13239 +#: freeculture.xml:13246 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17145,12 +17148,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13260 +#: freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13250 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17164,7 +17167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13263 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17178,7 +17181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17188,7 +17191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13282 +#: freeculture.xml:13289 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17202,7 +17205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13294 +#: freeculture.xml:13301 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -17211,7 +17214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13300 +#: freeculture.xml:13307 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17224,7 +17227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13327 +#: freeculture.xml:13334 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17233,7 +17236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13311 +#: freeculture.xml:13318 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17253,7 +17256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13343 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17268,7 +17271,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13348 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17279,7 +17282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13365 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17290,7 +17293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:13373 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17301,12 +17304,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#: freeculture.xml:13387 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13382 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17316,7 +17319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13389 +#: freeculture.xml:13396 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17325,12 +17328,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13396 +#: freeculture.xml:13403 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13398 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17340,14 +17343,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13405 +#: freeculture.xml:13412 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#: freeculture.xml:13417 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17356,12 +17359,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13423 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13419 +#: freeculture.xml:13426 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -17372,7 +17375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13428 +#: freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17387,7 +17390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13442 +#: freeculture.xml:13449 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17395,7 +17398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13440 +#: freeculture.xml:13447 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17405,7 +17408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13450 +#: freeculture.xml:13457 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17416,12 +17419,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13462 +#: freeculture.xml:13469 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13464 +#: freeculture.xml:13471 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17436,7 +17439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13477 +#: freeculture.xml:13484 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17448,7 +17451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13486 +#: freeculture.xml:13493 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17461,7 +17464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13496 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17475,12 +17478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13518 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13513 +#: freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17492,7 +17495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13523 +#: freeculture.xml:13530 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17500,7 +17503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13529 +#: freeculture.xml:13536 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17514,7 +17517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13546 +#: freeculture.xml:13553 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17523,7 +17526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13539 +#: freeculture.xml:13546 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17539,7 +17542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13559 +#: freeculture.xml:13566 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17549,7 +17552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13566 +#: freeculture.xml:13573 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17563,7 +17566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13578 +#: freeculture.xml:13585 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17574,7 +17577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13593 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17582,7 +17585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:13598 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17593,12 +17596,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13610 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13605 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17607,7 +17610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13618 +#: freeculture.xml:13625 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -17615,7 +17618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13610 +#: freeculture.xml:13617 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17628,7 +17631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13625 +#: freeculture.xml:13632 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17637,7 +17640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13633 +#: freeculture.xml:13640 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17650,7 +17653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17664,7 +17667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13663 +#: freeculture.xml:13670 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17672,12 +17675,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13671 +#: freeculture.xml:13678 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13662 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17692,7 +17695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13675 +#: freeculture.xml:13682 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17709,7 +17712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13698 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -17717,7 +17720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13697 +#: freeculture.xml:13704 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17726,12 +17729,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13714 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17742,7 +17745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13717 +#: freeculture.xml:13724 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17754,14 +17757,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13730 +#: freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13726 +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17773,12 +17776,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13750 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13746 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17787,7 +17790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17797,7 +17800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -17809,7 +17812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13768 +#: freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -17824,7 +17827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13781 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17834,12 +17837,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13797 +#: freeculture.xml:13804 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13795 +#: freeculture.xml:13802 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -17847,7 +17850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13789 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17857,7 +17860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13803 +#: freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17868,7 +17871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13810 +#: freeculture.xml:13817 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17878,12 +17881,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17893,7 +17896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13829 +#: freeculture.xml:13836 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17904,7 +17907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13838 +#: freeculture.xml:13845 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17914,7 +17917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13845 +#: freeculture.xml:13852 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17925,7 +17928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13854 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17933,7 +17936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:13866 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17942,7 +17945,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13872 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17951,7 +17954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13871 +#: freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17959,7 +17962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13877 +#: freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17970,7 +17973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13885 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -17980,7 +17983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13893 +#: freeculture.xml:13900 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17988,7 +17991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13898 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -18003,7 +18006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13910 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -18020,7 +18023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13943 +#: freeculture.xml:13950 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18028,7 +18031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13932 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18050,7 +18053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -18066,7 +18069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13966 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -18079,7 +18082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13984 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18090,7 +18093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#: freeculture.xml:13993 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18102,7 +18105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13996 +#: freeculture.xml:14003 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18115,7 +18118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14007 +#: freeculture.xml:14014 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18127,7 +18130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14017 +#: freeculture.xml:14024 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18140,7 +18143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14027 +#: freeculture.xml:14034 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18151,14 +18154,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14039 +#: freeculture.xml:14046 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18172,7 +18175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14057 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18183,12 +18186,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14096 +#: freeculture.xml:14103 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14062 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18227,7 +18230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:14065 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18242,7 +18245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18260,7 +18263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14124 +#: freeculture.xml:14131 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18273,7 +18276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#: freeculture.xml:14144 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18290,7 +18293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:14159 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18305,7 +18308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14171 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18316,13 +18319,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14173 +#: freeculture.xml:14180 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14178 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18331,19 +18334,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14185 +#: freeculture.xml:14192 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14195 +#: freeculture.xml:14202 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -18351,14 +18354,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14201 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14206 +#: freeculture.xml:14213 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18367,7 +18370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14212 +#: freeculture.xml:14219 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18384,7 +18387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14233 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18394,12 +18397,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14237 +#: freeculture.xml:14244 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14239 +#: freeculture.xml:14246 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18408,7 +18411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14245 +#: freeculture.xml:14252 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18419,7 +18422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -18427,7 +18430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14260 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18440,7 +18443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:14275 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18448,7 +18451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14278 +#: freeculture.xml:14285 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18468,7 +18471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:14280 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18480,7 +18483,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14302 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18490,7 +18493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14310 +#: freeculture.xml:14317 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18503,7 +18506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14320 +#: freeculture.xml:14327 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18514,7 +18517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14328 +#: freeculture.xml:14335 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18522,7 +18525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14341 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18535,7 +18538,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14343 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18545,7 +18548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14352 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18553,12 +18556,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18572,12 +18575,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14380 +#: freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18586,7 +18589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14386 +#: freeculture.xml:14393 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18602,7 +18605,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14399 +#: freeculture.xml:14406 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18615,7 +18618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14410 +#: freeculture.xml:14417 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18636,7 +18639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14430 +#: freeculture.xml:14437 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18647,7 +18650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14439 +#: freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 2e54fca..c752c9a 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -42,10 +42,17 @@ <legalnotice> <para> - <figure id="CreativeCommons"> - <title>Creative Commons, Some rights reserved - -
+ + + + + + + + + Creative Commons, Some rights reserved + +