From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 30 Aug 2012 19:22:19 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1434 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/f9b749dee143962114c251c713a7d2da03c0c28f?ds=inline Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 98169f9..d4b9d6c 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 21:07+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 21:18+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -23840,6 +23840,10 @@ msgstr "" "denne diskusjonen, siden WIPO var den fremstående internasjonale aktør som " "drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmål." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -24127,10 +24131,26 @@ msgstr "" "tilgivelig hos en førsteårs jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert " "statstjenestemann som håndterer utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "drugs" +msgstr "medisiner" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "pharmaceutical" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "generiske medisiner" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "patents" +msgstr "patenter" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "on pharmaceuticals" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to promote\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13326 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13331 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13327 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13332 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14320 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14326 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14326 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9227 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:13430 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9227 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9228 freeculture.xml:12696 freeculture.xml:13431 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9228 freeculture.xml:12696 freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14719 +#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14724 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:14785 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:14790 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14783 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4228,12 +4228,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:5384 freeculture.xml:5433 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14684 freeculture.xml:14749 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:5384 freeculture.xml:5433 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14689 freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14684 freeculture.xml:14749 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14689 freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4660,7 +4660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:14380 +#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4862,7 +4862,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4277 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:14782 +#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4277 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:14787 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5106,12 +5106,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:3637 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:14784 +#: freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:3637 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:14789 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:9511 freeculture.xml:10318 freeculture.xml:14175 freeculture.xml:14766 +#: freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:9511 freeculture.xml:10318 freeculture.xml:14180 freeculture.xml:14771 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5193,7 +5193,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3631 freeculture.xml:12793 freeculture.xml:13246 freeculture.xml:13253 +#: freeculture.xml:3631 freeculture.xml:12793 freeculture.xml:13251 freeculture.xml:13258 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5230,7 +5230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3926 freeculture.xml:14932 +#: freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3926 freeculture.xml:14937 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5293,7 +5293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:14785 +#: freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:14790 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" @@ -5303,17 +5303,17 @@ msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:11593 freeculture.xml:13092 freeculture.xml:13690 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:11593 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3691 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:13093 freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:13095 freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:3694 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:5375 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:13145 +#: freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:3694 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:5375 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:13147 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -5690,12 +5690,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:3952 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:14492 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:3952 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:14492 freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:14497 freeculture.xml:14498 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -5910,12 +5910,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7589 freeculture.xml:13878 freeculture.xml:14604 freeculture.xml:14605 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7589 freeculture.xml:13883 freeculture.xml:14609 freeculture.xml:14610 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:14605 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:14610 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -5954,7 +5954,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:14604 +#: freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:14609 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -5986,7 +5986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:13878 +#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:13883 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -7108,7 +7108,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:15028 +#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7703,7 +7703,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5374 freeculture.xml:5434 freeculture.xml:5619 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:5374 freeculture.xml:5434 freeculture.xml:5619 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -9419,12 +9419,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:14971 +#: freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:14976 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:13207 +#: freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:13212 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10553,7 +10553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7451 freeculture.xml:7511 freeculture.xml:13558 +#: freeculture.xml:7451 freeculture.xml:7511 freeculture.xml:13563 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -14043,7 +14043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:14765 +#: freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:14770 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -17573,7 +17573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12792 freeculture.xml:13247 +#: freeculture.xml:12792 freeculture.xml:13252 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" @@ -17879,17 +17879,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13026 freeculture.xml:13717 +#: freeculture.xml:13026 freeculture.xml:13722 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13027 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13643 +#: freeculture.xml:13027 freeculture.xml:13096 freeculture.xml:13648 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13028 freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13028 freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" @@ -17948,9 +17948,14 @@ msgid "" "with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:13049 freeculture.xml:13195 +msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13050 +#: freeculture.xml:13051 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17974,7 +17979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13074 +#: freeculture.xml:13075 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17983,12 +17988,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13079 freeculture.xml:14763 +#: freeculture.xml:13081 freeculture.xml:14768 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13081 +#: freeculture.xml:13083 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is open source and free " @@ -18002,13 +18007,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "copyleft licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13107 +#: freeculture.xml:13109 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18029,7 +18034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13098 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18044,18 +18049,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13124 +#: freeculture.xml:13126 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13125 +#: freeculture.xml:13127 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13127 +#: freeculture.xml:13129 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support open source and free " "software is not to oppose copyright. Open source and free " @@ -18073,25 +18078,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13146 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13145 +#: freeculture.xml:13147 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13155 +#: freeculture.xml:13157 msgid "" "Krim, The Quiet War over Open-Source, available at link #64." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:13149 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18104,7 +18109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18114,12 +18119,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13168 freeculture.xml:13221 +#: freeculture.xml:13170 freeculture.xml:13226 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13170 +#: freeculture.xml:13172 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18131,12 +18136,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13180 +#: freeculture.xml:13182 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13184 +#: freeculture.xml:13186 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18149,12 +18154,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13193 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 +msgid "drugs" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:13196 +msgid "pharmaceutical" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:13198 +msgid "patents" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:13198 +msgid "on pharmaceuticals" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "promote intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18170,7 +18195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13209 +#: freeculture.xml:13214 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18186,7 +18211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13223 +#: freeculture.xml:13228 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights, " @@ -18200,7 +18225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13235 +#: freeculture.xml:13240 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called feudalism. Under " @@ -18214,14 +18239,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13252 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, " "210–20. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13249 +#: freeculture.xml:13254 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property. -#: freeculture.xml:13261 +#: freeculture.xml:13266 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -18242,7 +18267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13273 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -18255,7 +18280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13280 +#: freeculture.xml:13285 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -18268,7 +18293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13291 +#: freeculture.xml:13296 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -18280,7 +18305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13299 +#: freeculture.xml:13304 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -18288,7 +18313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13305 +#: freeculture.xml:13310 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to seek balance, then count me with the silly, for " @@ -18303,7 +18328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13316 +#: freeculture.xml:13321 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -18313,17 +18338,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13324 +#: freeculture.xml:13329 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#: freeculture.xml:13333 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13330 +#: freeculture.xml:13335 msgid "" "There are moments of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -18337,7 +18362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13341 +#: freeculture.xml:13346 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -18347,7 +18372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13349 +#: freeculture.xml:13354 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -18357,7 +18382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13356 +#: freeculture.xml:13361 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -18369,7 +18394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:13371 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -18379,7 +18404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13373 +#: freeculture.xml:13378 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -18390,20 +18415,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13384 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#: freeculture.xml:13395 msgid "" "John Borland, RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers, CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at -#: freeculture.xml:13408 +#: freeculture.xml:13413 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady, mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at -#: freeculture.xml:13415 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs, Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at -#: freeculture.xml:13386 +#: freeculture.xml:13391 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -18460,38 +18485,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13432 +#: freeculture.xml:13437 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13433 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:13434 freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13439 freeculture.xml:13801 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13435 +#: freeculture.xml:13440 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:13441 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:13441 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13441 +#: freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "" "BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public, BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at -#: freeculture.xml:13450 +#: freeculture.xml:13455 msgid "" "Creative Commons and Brazil, Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at link " @@ -18509,7 +18534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13438 +#: freeculture.xml:13443 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a Creative Archive, from which British citizens " @@ -18528,20 +18553,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13464 +#: freeculture.xml:13469 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13477 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13476 +#: freeculture.xml:13481 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -18549,7 +18574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#: freeculture.xml:13486 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -18558,7 +18583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13487 +#: freeculture.xml:13492 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -18567,7 +18592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13494 +#: freeculture.xml:13499 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -18577,12 +18602,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:13508 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13505 +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -18592,7 +18617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13512 +#: freeculture.xml:13517 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -18606,7 +18631,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13522 +#: freeculture.xml:13527 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18618,7 +18643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13534 +#: freeculture.xml:13539 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -18635,7 +18660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13548 +#: freeculture.xml:13553 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -18646,12 +18671,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13557 +#: freeculture.xml:13562 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13560 +#: freeculture.xml:13565 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -18663,12 +18688,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13570 +#: freeculture.xml:13575 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13574 +#: freeculture.xml:13579 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -18686,17 +18711,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 +#: freeculture.xml:13594 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13590 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -18709,7 +18734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -18722,7 +18747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13619 +#: freeculture.xml:13624 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18737,7 +18762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 +#: freeculture.xml:13618 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18751,7 +18776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13637 +#: freeculture.xml:13642 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -18763,12 +18788,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13645 +#: freeculture.xml:13650 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13647 +#: freeculture.xml:13652 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18778,7 +18803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13660 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18792,7 +18817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13667 +#: freeculture.xml:13672 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18805,7 +18830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13676 +#: freeculture.xml:13681 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18815,12 +18840,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13684 +#: freeculture.xml:13689 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13686 +#: freeculture.xml:13691 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18831,7 +18856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13694 +#: freeculture.xml:13699 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18844,7 +18869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13705 +#: freeculture.xml:13710 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18855,7 +18880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -18864,7 +18889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13719 +#: freeculture.xml:13724 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18881,7 +18906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13735 +#: freeculture.xml:13740 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18893,7 +18918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13744 +#: freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18901,7 +18926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18916,7 +18941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13761 +#: freeculture.xml:13766 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18926,7 +18951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18941,7 +18966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18952,24 +18977,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13795 +#: freeculture.xml:13800 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13798 +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13803 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -18983,7 +19008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13814 +#: freeculture.xml:13819 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19002,7 +19027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13832 +#: freeculture.xml:13837 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19016,7 +19041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13843 +#: freeculture.xml:13848 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19029,13 +19054,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13853 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19049,7 +19074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:13872 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19064,7 +19089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13880 +#: freeculture.xml:13885 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19074,7 +19099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13887 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19088,7 +19113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:13904 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19096,18 +19121,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13904 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13905 +#: freeculture.xml:13910 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19119,23 +19144,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13918 +#: freeculture.xml:13923 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:13924 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13920 +#: freeculture.xml:13925 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13942 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19144,7 +19169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13922 +#: freeculture.xml:13927 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19164,7 +19189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13951 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19179,7 +19204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13958 +#: freeculture.xml:13963 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19190,7 +19215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13968 +#: freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19201,7 +19226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:13981 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19212,12 +19237,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:13995 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13992 +#: freeculture.xml:13997 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19227,7 +19252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13999 +#: freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19236,12 +19261,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14006 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14008 +#: freeculture.xml:14013 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19251,14 +19276,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14015 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19267,12 +19292,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14026 +#: freeculture.xml:14031 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14029 +#: freeculture.xml:14034 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19283,7 +19308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14038 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19298,7 +19323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:14057 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19306,7 +19331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14055 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19316,7 +19341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14060 +#: freeculture.xml:14065 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19327,12 +19352,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14072 +#: freeculture.xml:14077 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14074 +#: freeculture.xml:14079 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19347,7 +19372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14092 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19359,7 +19384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14096 +#: freeculture.xml:14101 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19372,7 +19397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:14111 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19386,12 +19411,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14121 +#: freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14123 +#: freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19403,7 +19428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14133 +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19411,7 +19436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14139 +#: freeculture.xml:14144 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19425,7 +19450,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14156 +#: freeculture.xml:14161 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19434,7 +19459,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14154 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19450,7 +19475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14169 +#: freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19460,12 +19485,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14175 +#: freeculture.xml:14180 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14177 +#: freeculture.xml:14182 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19479,7 +19504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14189 +#: freeculture.xml:14194 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19490,7 +19515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14197 +#: freeculture.xml:14202 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19498,7 +19523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14202 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19509,12 +19534,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14214 +#: freeculture.xml:14219 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19523,7 +19548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19531,7 +19556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19544,7 +19569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14236 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19553,7 +19578,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14244 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19566,7 +19591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14253 +#: freeculture.xml:14258 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19580,13 +19605,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14276 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19594,7 +19619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:14273 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19609,7 +19634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14287 +#: freeculture.xml:14292 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19626,7 +19651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:14308 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19634,7 +19659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14309 +#: freeculture.xml:14314 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19644,12 +19669,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14324 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14323 +#: freeculture.xml:14328 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19660,7 +19685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14331 +#: freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19672,20 +19697,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14339 +#: freeculture.xml:14344 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14341 +#: freeculture.xml:14346 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -19697,12 +19722,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14358 +#: freeculture.xml:14363 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19711,7 +19736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19721,7 +19746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14370 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19733,7 +19758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14383 +#: freeculture.xml:14388 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19748,7 +19773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14397 +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19758,12 +19783,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14413 +#: freeculture.xml:14418 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14411 +#: freeculture.xml:14416 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19771,7 +19796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:14410 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19781,7 +19806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14419 +#: freeculture.xml:14424 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19792,7 +19817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:14431 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19802,12 +19827,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14441 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14438 +#: freeculture.xml:14443 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19817,7 +19842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14445 +#: freeculture.xml:14450 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19828,7 +19853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14454 +#: freeculture.xml:14459 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19838,7 +19863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14461 +#: freeculture.xml:14466 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19849,7 +19874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14470 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19857,7 +19882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14475 +#: freeculture.xml:14480 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19866,7 +19891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14481 +#: freeculture.xml:14486 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19875,7 +19900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14487 +#: freeculture.xml:14492 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19883,7 +19908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14495 +#: freeculture.xml:14500 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19894,7 +19919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14503 +#: freeculture.xml:14508 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19904,7 +19929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:14516 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19912,7 +19937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14516 +#: freeculture.xml:14521 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19927,7 +19952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14528 +#: freeculture.xml:14533 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19943,13 +19968,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14542 +#: freeculture.xml:14547 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14562 +#: freeculture.xml:14567 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19957,7 +19982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14544 +#: freeculture.xml:14549 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -19979,7 +20004,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14569 +#: freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -19995,7 +20020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14585 +#: freeculture.xml:14590 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20009,7 +20034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14596 +#: freeculture.xml:14601 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20021,7 +20046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14607 +#: freeculture.xml:14612 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20034,7 +20059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14617 +#: freeculture.xml:14622 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20047,7 +20072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14633 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20059,7 +20084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14638 +#: freeculture.xml:14643 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20072,7 +20097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14648 +#: freeculture.xml:14653 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20083,14 +20108,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14656 +#: freeculture.xml:14661 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14660 +#: freeculture.xml:14665 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20104,7 +20129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:14676 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20115,17 +20140,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14678 freeculture.xml:14720 +#: freeculture.xml:14683 freeculture.xml:14725 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14718 +#: freeculture.xml:14723 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14684 +#: freeculture.xml:14689 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20167,7 +20192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14680 +#: freeculture.xml:14685 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20182,7 +20207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14734 +#: freeculture.xml:14739 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20200,7 +20225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14751 +#: freeculture.xml:14756 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20213,17 +20238,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14764 +#: freeculture.xml:14769 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14766 +#: freeculture.xml:14771 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14768 +#: freeculture.xml:14773 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20241,22 +20266,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14783 +#: freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14786 +#: freeculture.xml:14791 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14786 +#: freeculture.xml:14791 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14788 +#: freeculture.xml:14793 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20272,7 +20297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14800 +#: freeculture.xml:14805 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20283,13 +20308,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14814 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14814 +#: freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20298,19 +20323,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14821 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14827 +#: freeculture.xml:14832 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14831 +#: freeculture.xml:14836 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20318,14 +20343,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14837 +#: freeculture.xml:14842 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:14847 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20334,7 +20359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14848 +#: freeculture.xml:14853 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20351,7 +20376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20361,12 +20386,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14873 +#: freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14875 +#: freeculture.xml:14880 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20375,7 +20400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14881 +#: freeculture.xml:14886 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20385,23 +20410,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14888 +#: freeculture.xml:14893 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14889 +#: freeculture.xml:14894 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14889 +#: freeculture.xml:14894 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14900 +#: freeculture.xml:14905 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20409,7 +20434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14891 +#: freeculture.xml:14896 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20422,7 +20447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14906 +#: freeculture.xml:14911 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20430,7 +20455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14916 +#: freeculture.xml:14921 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20450,7 +20475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14911 +#: freeculture.xml:14916 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20462,7 +20487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14940 +#: freeculture.xml:14945 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20472,7 +20497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14948 +#: freeculture.xml:14953 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20485,7 +20510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14958 +#: freeculture.xml:14963 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20496,7 +20521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14966 +#: freeculture.xml:14971 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20504,7 +20529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14973 +#: freeculture.xml:14978 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20517,7 +20542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14982 +#: freeculture.xml:14987 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20527,7 +20552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14991 +#: freeculture.xml:14996 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20535,12 +20560,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15000 +#: freeculture.xml:15005 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15002 +#: freeculture.xml:15007 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20554,12 +20579,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15021 +#: freeculture.xml:15026 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15023 +#: freeculture.xml:15028 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20568,7 +20593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15030 +#: freeculture.xml:15035 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20584,7 +20609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15043 +#: freeculture.xml:15048 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20597,7 +20622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15054 +#: freeculture.xml:15059 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20619,7 +20644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15074 +#: freeculture.xml:15079 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20630,7 +20655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15083 +#: freeculture.xml:15088 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index e840792..eae61d5 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -13046,6 +13046,7 @@ perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with intellectual property issues. </para> +<indexterm id='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='startofrange'><primary>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)</primary></indexterm> <para> Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a @@ -13076,6 +13077,7 @@ had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/> <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm> <para> But there is one project within that list that is highly @@ -13190,7 +13192,10 @@ in understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing with intellectual property issues. </para> +<indexterm><primary>World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>drugs</primary><secondary>pharmaceutical</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>generic drugs</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>patents</primary><secondary>on pharmaceuticals</secondary></indexterm> <para> Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the