From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 18 Aug 2012 05:45:30 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update with new indexes and wrap lines. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1558 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/ee97c28587827352ddf815549ff60522e048df27?ds=inline;hp=-c Update with new indexes and wrap lines. --- ee97c28587827352ddf815549ff60522e048df27 diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index cf4bfe4..933f336 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-17 19:31+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-18 07:42+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -6290,6 +6290,14 @@ msgstr "Piratvirksomhet I" msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "Asia, kommersiell piratvirksomhet i" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "CDs" +msgstr "CDer" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "foreign piracy of" +msgstr "utenlands piratvirksomhet mot" + #. f1 #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -9483,6 +9491,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" +msgstr "CD-ROMer, filmklipp brukt i" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -25052,6 +25064,10 @@ msgstr "" "for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre " "steder." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "copyright marking of" +msgstr "opphavsrettsmerking av" + #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 23b2ed2..27ed2db 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-17 19:31+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-18 07:42+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:13263 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:13272 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" @@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ msgid "Stevens, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:412 freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13264 +#: freeculture.xml:412 freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13273 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -582,17 +582,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:487 freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:487 freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:488 freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:488 freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -645,12 +645,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:565 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:999 freeculture.xml:1016 freeculture.xml:1063 freeculture.xml:9155 freeculture.xml:12633 freeculture.xml:13370 +#: freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:565 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:999 freeculture.xml:1016 freeculture.xml:1063 freeculture.xml:9164 freeculture.xml:12642 freeculture.xml:13379 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:566 freeculture.xml:585 freeculture.xml:1000 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1064 freeculture.xml:9156 freeculture.xml:12634 freeculture.xml:13371 +#: freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:566 freeculture.xml:585 freeculture.xml:1000 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1064 freeculture.xml:9165 freeculture.xml:12643 freeculture.xml:13380 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:9163 freeculture.xml:9823 +#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:9172 freeculture.xml:9832 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:868 freeculture.xml:9713 +#: freeculture.xml:868 freeculture.xml:9722 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:963 freeculture.xml:14678 +#: freeculture.xml:963 freeculture.xml:14691 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1421,7 +1421,7 @@ msgid "PIRACY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1114 freeculture.xml:4897 +#: freeculture.xml:1114 freeculture.xml:4902 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" @@ -1535,7 +1535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1201 freeculture.xml:7069 +#: freeculture.xml:1201 freeculture.xml:7078 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -2156,7 +2156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1659 freeculture.xml:2900 freeculture.xml:4601 freeculture.xml:4827 freeculture.xml:7470 freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:1659 freeculture.xml:2900 freeculture.xml:4606 freeculture.xml:4832 freeculture.xml:7479 freeculture.xml:8620 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2290,7 +2290,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER TWO: Mere Copyists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1751 freeculture.xml:1969 freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:1751 freeculture.xml:1969 freeculture.xml:6490 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" @@ -2533,7 +2533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1920 freeculture.xml:9305 +#: freeculture.xml:1920 freeculture.xml:9314 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -2664,7 +2664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2020 freeculture.xml:2526 freeculture.xml:6480 freeculture.xml:7332 freeculture.xml:8442 freeculture.xml:8514 +#: freeculture.xml:2020 freeculture.xml:2526 freeculture.xml:6489 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:8451 freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" @@ -2816,7 +2816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2132 freeculture.xml:3926 freeculture.xml:5016 freeculture.xml:8330 +#: freeculture.xml:2132 freeculture.xml:3931 freeculture.xml:5021 freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -2964,7 +2964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2244 freeculture.xml:8269 freeculture.xml:8508 +#: freeculture.xml:2244 freeculture.xml:8278 freeculture.xml:8517 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3247,7 +3247,7 @@ msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2438 freeculture.xml:2484 freeculture.xml:5673 +#: freeculture.xml:2438 freeculture.xml:2484 freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" @@ -3777,12 +3777,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:3190 freeculture.xml:4139 freeculture.xml:5269 freeculture.xml:5320 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10048 freeculture.xml:14641 freeculture.xml:14709 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:3190 freeculture.xml:4144 freeculture.xml:5274 freeculture.xml:5328 freeculture.xml:9782 freeculture.xml:9883 freeculture.xml:10057 freeculture.xml:14654 freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2832 freeculture.xml:3191 freeculture.xml:4140 freeculture.xml:9774 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:10049 freeculture.xml:14642 freeculture.xml:14710 +#: freeculture.xml:2832 freeculture.xml:3191 freeculture.xml:4145 freeculture.xml:9783 freeculture.xml:9884 freeculture.xml:10058 freeculture.xml:14655 freeculture.xml:14723 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -3909,7 +3909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4360 freeculture.xml:9644 freeculture.xml:9767 +#: freeculture.xml:2948 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:9653 freeculture.xml:9776 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -3940,7 +3940,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4361 freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:2952 freeculture.xml:3210 freeculture.xml:4366 freeculture.xml:9927 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -4203,7 +4203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3128 freeculture.xml:14329 +#: freeculture.xml:3128 freeculture.xml:14342 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4290,7 +4290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3188 freeculture.xml:4325 +#: freeculture.xml:3188 freeculture.xml:4330 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" @@ -4333,7 +4333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3227 freeculture.xml:8979 freeculture.xml:9444 freeculture.xml:12447 +#: freeculture.xml:3227 freeculture.xml:8988 freeculture.xml:9453 freeculture.xml:12456 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4364,7 +4364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3240 freeculture.xml:3752 freeculture.xml:6233 +#: freeculture.xml:3240 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" @@ -4401,12 +4401,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3270 freeculture.xml:4331 +#: freeculture.xml:3270 freeculture.xml:4336 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3272 freeculture.xml:4155 freeculture.xml:8166 freeculture.xml:8205 freeculture.xml:14742 +#: freeculture.xml:3272 freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:8175 freeculture.xml:8214 freeculture.xml:14755 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -4650,13 +4650,23 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3435 freeculture.xml:3514 freeculture.xml:3563 freeculture.xml:14741 +#: freeculture.xml:3435 freeculture.xml:3518 freeculture.xml:3568 freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3437 freeculture.xml:14133 +msgid "CDs" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3438 +msgid "foreign piracy of" +msgstr "" + #. f1 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3443 +#: freeculture.xml:3447 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, " @@ -4666,7 +4676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3437 +#: freeculture.xml:3441 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4678,7 +4688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3453 +#: freeculture.xml:3457 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4686,7 +4696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3459 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4698,7 +4708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3468 +#: freeculture.xml:3472 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4712,7 +4722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3479 +#: freeculture.xml:3483 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose
-#: freeculture.xml:3507 +#: freeculture.xml:3511 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3508 freeculture.xml:12737 freeculture.xml:13186 freeculture.xml:13193 +#: freeculture.xml:3512 freeculture.xml:12746 freeculture.xml:13195 freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3492 +#: freeculture.xml:3496 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New " @@ -4752,7 +4762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3487 +#: freeculture.xml:3491 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4764,12 +4774,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3529 freeculture.xml:3799 freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:3533 freeculture.xml:3804 freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3522 +#: freeculture.xml:3526 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: " @@ -4782,7 +4792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3516 +#: freeculture.xml:3520 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4792,7 +4802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3533 +#: freeculture.xml:3537 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4808,7 +4818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3546 +#: freeculture.xml:3551 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it is a property " @@ -4827,32 +4837,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3576 freeculture.xml:3604 freeculture.xml:11545 freeculture.xml:13062 freeculture.xml:13631 +#: freeculture.xml:3581 freeculture.xml:3609 freeculture.xml:11554 freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13640 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3577 freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:11547 freeculture.xml:13063 freeculture.xml:13632 +#: freeculture.xml:3582 freeculture.xml:3612 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:13072 freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3579 freeculture.xml:5259 +#: freeculture.xml:3584 freeculture.xml:5264 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3580 +#: freeculture.xml:3585 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3582 +#: freeculture.xml:3587 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3565 +#: freeculture.xml:3570 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -4870,7 +4880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3585 +#: freeculture.xml:3590 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4881,17 +4891,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3605 +#: freeculture.xml:3610 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3606 +#: freeculture.xml:3611 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3593 +#: freeculture.xml:3598 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4910,7 +4920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3611 +#: freeculture.xml:3616 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4922,7 +4932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3621 +#: freeculture.xml:3626 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all piracy " @@ -4935,7 +4945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3630 +#: freeculture.xml:3635 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4944,7 +4954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3636 +#: freeculture.xml:3641 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4953,20 +4963,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3642 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3648 +#: freeculture.xml:3653 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3653 +#: freeculture.xml:3658 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -4974,7 +4984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3650 +#: freeculture.xml:3655 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -4984,17 +4994,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3661 freeculture.xml:3668 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:3673 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3678 freeculture.xml:8399 +#: freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:8408 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3668 +#: freeculture.xml:3673 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5009,12 +5019,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3681 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3663 +#: freeculture.xml:3668 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -5026,7 +5036,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3694 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5040,7 +5050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3684 +#: freeculture.xml:3689 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -5056,7 +5066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3711 +#: freeculture.xml:3716 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5067,14 +5077,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3720 +#: freeculture.xml:3725 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3705 +#: freeculture.xml:3710 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5090,7 +5100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3729 +#: freeculture.xml:3734 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5102,14 +5112,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3739 +#: freeculture.xml:3744 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3745 +#: freeculture.xml:3750 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5122,7 +5132,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3756 +#: freeculture.xml:3761 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5135,7 +5145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3767 +#: freeculture.xml:3772 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5154,26 +5164,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3784 +#: freeculture.xml:3789 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3790 +#: freeculture.xml:3795 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3798 +#: freeculture.xml:3803 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3793 +#: freeculture.xml:3798 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5187,7 +5197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3809 +#: freeculture.xml:3814 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5198,17 +5208,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3817 freeculture.xml:3828 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:7955 freeculture.xml:7987 freeculture.xml:9701 freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:3822 freeculture.xml:3833 freeculture.xml:4191 freeculture.xml:7964 freeculture.xml:7996 freeculture.xml:9710 freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3818 freeculture.xml:4187 freeculture.xml:7956 freeculture.xml:7988 freeculture.xml:9702 freeculture.xml:14443 +#: freeculture.xml:3823 freeculture.xml:4192 freeculture.xml:7965 freeculture.xml:7997 freeculture.xml:9711 freeculture.xml:14456 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3828 +#: freeculture.xml:3833 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5225,7 +5235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3821 +#: freeculture.xml:3826 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5241,12 +5251,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3855 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3847 +#: freeculture.xml:3852 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5258,7 +5268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3860 +#: freeculture.xml:3865 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5271,7 +5281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3870 +#: freeculture.xml:3875 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5283,7 +5293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3881 +#: freeculture.xml:3886 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5292,7 +5302,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3890 +#: freeculture.xml:3895 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5310,12 +5320,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:3922 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3914 +#: freeculture.xml:3919 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5324,7 +5334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3886 +#: freeculture.xml:3891 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5345,7 +5355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#: freeculture.xml:3937 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5356,7 +5366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3940 +#: freeculture.xml:3945 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5374,7 +5384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3955 +#: freeculture.xml:3960 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5383,7 +5393,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3967 +#: freeculture.xml:3972 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5394,7 +5404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3961 +#: freeculture.xml:3966 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5408,17 +5418,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3981 freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4017 freeculture.xml:4042 freeculture.xml:4541 freeculture.xml:5872 freeculture.xml:5880 freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:6817 freeculture.xml:6821 freeculture.xml:7164 freeculture.xml:7229 freeculture.xml:7266 freeculture.xml:7484 freeculture.xml:13824 freeculture.xml:14556 freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:3986 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4022 freeculture.xml:4047 freeculture.xml:4546 freeculture.xml:5881 freeculture.xml:5889 freeculture.xml:5944 freeculture.xml:6826 freeculture.xml:6830 freeculture.xml:7173 freeculture.xml:7238 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:7493 freeculture.xml:13833 freeculture.xml:14569 freeculture.xml:14573 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3982 freeculture.xml:3993 freeculture.xml:6822 freeculture.xml:14561 +#: freeculture.xml:3987 freeculture.xml:3998 freeculture.xml:6831 freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3991 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -5432,7 +5442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3985 +#: freeculture.xml:3990 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5447,17 +5457,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4015 +#: freeculture.xml:4020 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4018 freeculture.xml:5873 freeculture.xml:5881 freeculture.xml:6818 freeculture.xml:14557 +#: freeculture.xml:4023 freeculture.xml:5882 freeculture.xml:5890 freeculture.xml:6827 freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4021 +#: freeculture.xml:4026 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5473,7 +5483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4034 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5484,13 +5494,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4043 freeculture.xml:13825 +#: freeculture.xml:4048 freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4046 +#: freeculture.xml:4051 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5508,7 +5518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4064 +#: freeculture.xml:4069 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5517,7 +5527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4070 +#: freeculture.xml:4075 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -5527,7 +5537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4077 +#: freeculture.xml:4082 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -5543,7 +5553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4091 +#: freeculture.xml:4096 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -5551,7 +5561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4108 +#: freeculture.xml:4113 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5562,7 +5572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4095 +#: freeculture.xml:4100 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5575,7 +5585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4119 +#: freeculture.xml:4124 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5589,7 +5599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4130 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5601,7 +5611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4143 +#: freeculture.xml:4148 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -5615,7 +5625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4158 +#: freeculture.xml:4163 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5626,7 +5636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4168 +#: freeculture.xml:4173 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5644,12 +5654,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 +#: freeculture.xml:4189 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4190 +#: freeculture.xml:4195 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5666,7 +5676,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4203 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5683,7 +5693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4225 +#: freeculture.xml:4230 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5693,13 +5703,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4237 +#: freeculture.xml:4242 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4242 +#: freeculture.xml:4247 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5707,14 +5717,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4253 +#: freeculture.xml:4258 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4218 +#: freeculture.xml:4223 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -5741,19 +5751,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4270 +#: freeculture.xml:4275 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4273 +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5770,7 +5780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4276 +#: freeculture.xml:4281 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5779,14 +5789,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4295 +#: freeculture.xml:4300 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4285 +#: freeculture.xml:4290 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5797,7 +5807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4300 +#: freeculture.xml:4305 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5807,77 +5817,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4311 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4312 +#: freeculture.xml:4317 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4313 +#: freeculture.xml:4318 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4314 +#: freeculture.xml:4319 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4319 +#: freeculture.xml:4324 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4320 +#: freeculture.xml:4325 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4321 freeculture.xml:4333 freeculture.xml:4339 +#: freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:4338 freeculture.xml:4344 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4322 freeculture.xml:4334 +#: freeculture.xml:4327 freeculture.xml:4339 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4326 +#: freeculture.xml:4331 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4327 +#: freeculture.xml:4332 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4328 freeculture.xml:4340 +#: freeculture.xml:4333 freeculture.xml:4345 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4332 +#: freeculture.xml:4337 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4337 +#: freeculture.xml:4342 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4338 +#: freeculture.xml:4343 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4350 +#: freeculture.xml:4355 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5894,7 +5904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4347 +#: freeculture.xml:4352 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5904,7 +5914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4368 +#: freeculture.xml:4373 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5918,7 +5928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#: freeculture.xml:4385 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5932,14 +5942,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4397 +#: freeculture.xml:4402 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4392 +#: freeculture.xml:4397 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5953,7 +5963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4408 +#: freeculture.xml:4413 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5970,7 +5980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4432 +#: freeculture.xml:4437 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -5978,7 +5988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4424 +#: freeculture.xml:4429 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5990,7 +6000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4437 +#: freeculture.xml:4442 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6004,7 +6014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4449 +#: freeculture.xml:4454 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6012,13 +6022,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4458 +#: freeculture.xml:4463 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4468 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6028,7 +6038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4470 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6043,7 +6053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4495 +#: freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6051,7 +6061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4482 +#: freeculture.xml:4487 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6067,7 +6077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4501 +#: freeculture.xml:4506 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6077,7 +6087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4514 +#: freeculture.xml:4519 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6089,7 +6099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4509 +#: freeculture.xml:4514 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6099,7 +6109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4524 +#: freeculture.xml:4529 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6112,27 +6122,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4537 +#: freeculture.xml:4542 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4538 +#: freeculture.xml:4543 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4539 freeculture.xml:4689 +#: freeculture.xml:4544 freeculture.xml:4694 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#: freeculture.xml:4547 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4545 +#: freeculture.xml:4550 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6146,17 +6156,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4561 +#: freeculture.xml:4566 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4562 +#: freeculture.xml:4567 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4561 +#: freeculture.xml:4566 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6171,7 +6181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4574 +#: freeculture.xml:4579 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6180,7 +6190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4557 +#: freeculture.xml:4562 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6196,12 +6206,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4587 +#: freeculture.xml:4592 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4599 +#: freeculture.xml:4604 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "<quote>copyright law.</quote> See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -6209,7 +6219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4590 +#: freeculture.xml:4595 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6224,12 +6234,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4616 +#: freeculture.xml:4621 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4607 +#: freeculture.xml:4612 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6243,7 +6253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4619 +#: freeculture.xml:4624 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6259,7 +6269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4631 +#: freeculture.xml:4636 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6271,7 +6281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4643 +#: freeculture.xml:4648 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6282,7 +6292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4652 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6291,7 +6301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4658 +#: freeculture.xml:4663 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -6305,7 +6315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4669 +#: freeculture.xml:4674 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -6315,7 +6325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4675 +#: freeculture.xml:4680 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -6331,7 +6341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4691 +#: freeculture.xml:4696 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -6344,17 +6354,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 +#: freeculture.xml:4705 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4701 +#: freeculture.xml:4706 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -6369,7 +6379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4716 +#: freeculture.xml:4721 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -6381,20 +6391,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4725 +#: freeculture.xml:4730 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4743 +#: freeculture.xml:4748 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4728 +#: freeculture.xml:4733 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6410,7 +6420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4748 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6420,7 +6430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4756 +#: freeculture.xml:4761 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6434,7 +6444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4768 +#: freeculture.xml:4773 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6446,7 +6456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4777 +#: freeculture.xml:4782 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6454,7 +6464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4792 +#: freeculture.xml:4797 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6466,7 +6476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4782 +#: freeculture.xml:4787 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -6478,7 +6488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4803 +#: freeculture.xml:4808 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6495,7 +6505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4824 +#: freeculture.xml:4829 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,</quote> " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -6504,7 +6514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 +#: freeculture.xml:4823 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6517,14 +6527,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4837 +#: freeculture.xml:4842 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4833 +#: freeculture.xml:4838 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -6532,12 +6542,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4849 freeculture.xml:14981 +#: freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4847 +#: freeculture.xml:4852 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -6545,22 +6555,22 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4858 +#: freeculture.xml:4863 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4860 +#: freeculture.xml:4865 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4861 +#: freeculture.xml:4866 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 +#: freeculture.xml:4847 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -6577,14 +6587,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4870 +#: freeculture.xml:4875 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4864 +#: freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6596,7 +6606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4878 +#: freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -6605,13 +6615,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4882 +#: freeculture.xml:4887 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4891 +#: freeculture.xml:4896 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6619,7 +6629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4884 +#: freeculture.xml:4889 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -6631,7 +6641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4900 +#: freeculture.xml:4905 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6646,7 +6656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4911 +#: freeculture.xml:4916 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6661,25 +6671,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:4931 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4929 +#: freeculture.xml:4934 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4935 +#: freeculture.xml:4940 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4931 +#: freeculture.xml:4936 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6693,7 +6703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4945 +#: freeculture.xml:4950 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6706,7 +6716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4955 +#: freeculture.xml:4960 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -6717,7 +6727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4962 +#: freeculture.xml:4967 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6729,32 +6739,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4980 +#: freeculture.xml:4985 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 +#: freeculture.xml:4986 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4982 +#: freeculture.xml:4987 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4983 +#: freeculture.xml:4988 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4984 +#: freeculture.xml:4989 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4977 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -6771,12 +6781,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4997 +#: freeculture.xml:5002 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4987 +#: freeculture.xml:4992 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6791,7 +6801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5001 +#: freeculture.xml:5006 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6799,7 +6809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5007 +#: freeculture.xml:5012 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -6813,7 +6823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5022 +#: freeculture.xml:5027 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -6836,7 +6846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5044 +#: freeculture.xml:5049 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6844,12 +6854,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 +#: freeculture.xml:5059 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5056 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -6859,19 +6869,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5063 +#: freeculture.xml:5068 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5074 freeculture.xml:5144 +#: freeculture.xml:5079 freeculture.xml:5149 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5068 +#: freeculture.xml:5073 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6883,7 +6893,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#: freeculture.xml:5082 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6894,7 +6904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5091 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6905,12 +6915,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5098 freeculture.xml:5106 +#: freeculture.xml:5103 freeculture.xml:5111 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5093 +#: freeculture.xml:5098 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -6921,7 +6931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5106 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6932,7 +6942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5109 +#: freeculture.xml:5114 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -6943,12 +6953,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5116 +#: freeculture.xml:5121 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5118 +#: freeculture.xml:5123 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6960,7 +6970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5126 +#: freeculture.xml:5131 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -6972,12 +6982,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5150 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5138 +#: freeculture.xml:5143 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6989,7 +6999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5148 +#: freeculture.xml:5153 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7003,7 +7013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5159 +#: freeculture.xml:5164 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7016,7 +7026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5171 +#: freeculture.xml:5176 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7026,7 +7036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5168 +#: freeculture.xml:5173 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7038,14 +7048,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5183 +#: freeculture.xml:5188 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5187 +#: freeculture.xml:5192 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7057,7 +7067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5197 +#: freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7067,17 +7077,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5204 +#: freeculture.xml:5209 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5216 +#: freeculture.xml:5221 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5207 +#: freeculture.xml:5212 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7093,7 +7103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5220 +#: freeculture.xml:5225 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7104,14 +7114,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5230 +#: freeculture.xml:5235 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5237 +#: freeculture.xml:5242 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7122,7 +7132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5245 +#: freeculture.xml:5250 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7131,22 +7141,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5254 +#: freeculture.xml:5259 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5255 +#: freeculture.xml:5260 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5257 freeculture.xml:5323 freeculture.xml:5507 freeculture.xml:10024 freeculture.xml:14344 +#: freeculture.xml:5262 freeculture.xml:5331 freeculture.xml:5516 freeculture.xml:10033 freeculture.xml:14357 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5261 +#: freeculture.xml:5266 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -7156,12 +7166,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5270 +#: freeculture.xml:5275 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:5278 +msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5273 +#: freeculture.xml:5281 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -7173,7 +7188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5283 +#: freeculture.xml:5291 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -7183,7 +7198,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5290 +#: freeculture.xml:5298 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -7193,7 +7208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5297 +#: freeculture.xml:5305 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -7204,19 +7219,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5305 +#: freeculture.xml:5313 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5321 +#: freeculture.xml:5329 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5323 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -7226,7 +7241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5309 +#: freeculture.xml:5317 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -7235,7 +7250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5327 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -7245,7 +7260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5342 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7253,7 +7268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5340 +#: freeculture.xml:5348 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -7265,7 +7280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5349 +#: freeculture.xml:5357 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -7278,12 +7293,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5360 +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5362 +#: freeculture.xml:5370 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7296,14 +7311,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5373 +#: freeculture.xml:5381 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5377 +#: freeculture.xml:5385 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7311,7 +7326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5383 +#: freeculture.xml:5391 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -7324,20 +7339,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5395 +#: freeculture.xml:5403 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5398 +#: freeculture.xml:5406 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5406 +#: freeculture.xml:5414 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -7346,7 +7361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5400 +#: freeculture.xml:5408 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -7357,7 +7372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5414 +#: freeculture.xml:5422 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -7367,7 +7382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5422 +#: freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -7376,7 +7391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5430 +#: freeculture.xml:5438 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -7389,7 +7404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5441 +#: freeculture.xml:5449 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -7410,7 +7425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5469 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7420,7 +7435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5469 +#: freeculture.xml:5478 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -7435,7 +7450,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5482 +#: freeculture.xml:5491 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7446,7 +7461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#: freeculture.xml:5501 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -7455,12 +7470,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5497 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5499 +#: freeculture.xml:5508 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7471,12 +7486,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5506 +#: freeculture.xml:5515 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5509 +#: freeculture.xml:5518 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7493,7 +7508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5524 +#: freeculture.xml:5533 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -7503,13 +7518,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5530 +#: freeculture.xml:5539 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 +#: freeculture.xml:5541 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7522,7 +7537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5552 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -7532,7 +7547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5550 +#: freeculture.xml:5559 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7549,7 +7564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5565 +#: freeculture.xml:5574 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7559,7 +7574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5571 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -7573,7 +7588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5584 +#: freeculture.xml:5593 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -7585,7 +7600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5593 +#: freeculture.xml:5602 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7598,7 +7613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5603 +#: freeculture.xml:5612 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -7614,22 +7629,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5618 +#: freeculture.xml:5627 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5620 freeculture.xml:8807 freeculture.xml:11041 freeculture.xml:11290 +#: freeculture.xml:5629 freeculture.xml:8816 freeculture.xml:11050 freeculture.xml:11299 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5622 freeculture.xml:8104 +#: freeculture.xml:5631 freeculture.xml:8113 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5624 +#: freeculture.xml:5633 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -7642,7 +7657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5635 +#: freeculture.xml:5644 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7653,12 +7668,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5643 +#: freeculture.xml:5652 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5646 +#: freeculture.xml:5655 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7668,7 +7683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5654 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7676,7 +7691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5659 +#: freeculture.xml:5668 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7686,12 +7701,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5674 +#: freeculture.xml:5683 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5673 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " @@ -7702,7 +7717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5667 +#: freeculture.xml:5676 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7712,12 +7727,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5691 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5684 +#: freeculture.xml:5693 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -7730,7 +7745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5695 +#: freeculture.xml:5704 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7743,7 +7758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5704 +#: freeculture.xml:5713 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7755,7 +7770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5715 +#: freeculture.xml:5724 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7768,12 +7783,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5724 +#: freeculture.xml:5733 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5726 +#: freeculture.xml:5735 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -7793,13 +7808,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5743 +#: freeculture.xml:5752 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5745 +#: freeculture.xml:5754 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7811,7 +7826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5757 +#: freeculture.xml:5766 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7822,7 +7837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5765 +#: freeculture.xml:5774 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7833,7 +7848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 +#: freeculture.xml:5791 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -7843,7 +7858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5773 +#: freeculture.xml:5782 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7856,7 +7871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5790 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7871,7 +7886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5801 +#: freeculture.xml:5810 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7883,22 +7898,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5811 +#: freeculture.xml:5820 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5813 +#: freeculture.xml:5822 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><seealso> -#: freeculture.xml:5814 +#: freeculture.xml:5823 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5817 +#: freeculture.xml:5826 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -7918,7 +7933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5835 +#: freeculture.xml:5844 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7928,7 +7943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5843 +#: freeculture.xml:5852 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7939,7 +7954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5851 +#: freeculture.xml:5860 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -7951,7 +7966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5863 +#: freeculture.xml:5872 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7962,7 +7977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5879 +#: freeculture.xml:5888 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -7974,7 +7989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5876 +#: freeculture.xml:5885 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7986,7 +8001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5897 +#: freeculture.xml:5906 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8000,7 +8015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5908 +#: freeculture.xml:5917 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8013,7 +8028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5920 +#: freeculture.xml:5929 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8024,7 +8039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8033,12 +8048,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5936 +#: freeculture.xml:5945 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5939 +#: freeculture.xml:5948 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8055,7 +8070,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5953 +#: freeculture.xml:5962 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8071,7 +8086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5968 +#: freeculture.xml:5977 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -8083,22 +8098,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:5988 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5980 +#: freeculture.xml:5989 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5981 freeculture.xml:9788 +#: freeculture.xml:5990 freeculture.xml:9797 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5983 +#: freeculture.xml:5992 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -8110,42 +8125,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6003 +#: freeculture.xml:6012 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6004 +#: freeculture.xml:6013 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6005 +#: freeculture.xml:6014 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6006 +#: freeculture.xml:6015 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6007 +#: freeculture.xml:6016 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6008 +#: freeculture.xml:6017 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6009 freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:6018 freeculture.xml:7457 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5993 +#: freeculture.xml:6002 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -8164,7 +8179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6013 +#: freeculture.xml:6022 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -8178,7 +8193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6025 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -8190,13 +8205,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6043 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6048 +#: freeculture.xml:6057 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -8206,7 +8221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6039 +#: freeculture.xml:6048 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -8220,7 +8235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6058 +#: freeculture.xml:6067 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -8232,7 +8247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6069 +#: freeculture.xml:6078 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -8248,7 +8263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6084 +#: freeculture.xml:6093 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -8261,7 +8276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6081 +#: freeculture.xml:6090 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -8274,7 +8289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6099 +#: freeculture.xml:6108 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -8285,7 +8300,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6107 +#: freeculture.xml:6116 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -8299,7 +8314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6122 +#: freeculture.xml:6131 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8311,7 +8326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6131 +#: freeculture.xml:6140 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -8319,7 +8334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6136 +#: freeculture.xml:6145 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -8334,7 +8349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6147 +#: freeculture.xml:6156 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -8351,7 +8366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6162 +#: freeculture.xml:6171 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8362,7 +8377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6171 +#: freeculture.xml:6180 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -8376,7 +8391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6183 +#: freeculture.xml:6192 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -8386,7 +8401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6191 +#: freeculture.xml:6200 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -8402,7 +8417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6206 +#: freeculture.xml:6215 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -8414,19 +8429,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6215 +#: freeculture.xml:6224 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6216 freeculture.xml:6402 freeculture.xml:6711 +#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:6411 freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6219 +#: freeculture.xml:6228 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -8443,12 +8458,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6235 freeculture.xml:6296 freeculture.xml:6405 +#: freeculture.xml:6244 freeculture.xml:6305 freeculture.xml:6414 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6237 +#: freeculture.xml:6246 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -8461,12 +8476,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:6295 freeculture.xml:6385 freeculture.xml:6404 freeculture.xml:9396 freeculture.xml:9595 +#: freeculture.xml:6256 freeculture.xml:6304 freeculture.xml:6394 freeculture.xml:6413 freeculture.xml:9405 freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6249 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -8478,12 +8493,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6258 freeculture.xml:6294 freeculture.xml:6343 freeculture.xml:6384 +#: freeculture.xml:6267 freeculture.xml:6303 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:6393 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6260 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -8502,7 +8517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6277 +#: freeculture.xml:6286 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -8510,7 +8525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6283 +#: freeculture.xml:6292 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -8522,12 +8537,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6292 +#: freeculture.xml:6301 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6307 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -8544,7 +8559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6316 +#: freeculture.xml:6325 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -8558,7 +8573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6312 +#: freeculture.xml:6321 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -8575,27 +8590,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6340 +#: freeculture.xml:6349 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6341 +#: freeculture.xml:6350 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6382 +#: freeculture.xml:6391 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6383 +#: freeculture.xml:6392 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6353 +#: freeculture.xml:6362 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -8630,7 +8645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6345 +#: freeculture.xml:6354 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8641,12 +8656,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6389 +#: freeculture.xml:6398 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6391 +#: freeculture.xml:6400 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8655,18 +8670,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6397 +#: freeculture.xml:6406 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6401 freeculture.xml:6710 +#: freeculture.xml:6410 freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6408 +#: freeculture.xml:6417 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8680,7 +8695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6420 +#: freeculture.xml:6429 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8692,7 +8707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6428 +#: freeculture.xml:6437 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8703,17 +8718,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6438 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6439 +#: freeculture.xml:6448 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6442 +#: freeculture.xml:6451 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -8727,13 +8742,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6453 +#: freeculture.xml:6462 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 +#: freeculture.xml:6464 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8750,7 +8765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6472 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8761,13 +8776,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6479 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6491 +#: freeculture.xml:6500 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8779,7 +8794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6483 +#: freeculture.xml:6492 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8801,25 +8816,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6512 freeculture.xml:14925 +#: freeculture.xml:6521 freeculture.xml:14938 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6513 freeculture.xml:13145 +#: freeculture.xml:6522 freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6525 +#: freeculture.xml:6534 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6515 +#: freeculture.xml:6524 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8837,7 +8852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6536 +#: freeculture.xml:6545 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8849,7 +8864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6546 +#: freeculture.xml:6555 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8866,7 +8881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6560 +#: freeculture.xml:6569 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -8877,22 +8892,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6569 +#: freeculture.xml:6578 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6572 +#: freeculture.xml:6581 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6580 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6575 +#: freeculture.xml:6584 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8902,7 +8917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6583 +#: freeculture.xml:6592 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -8910,17 +8925,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6587 +#: freeculture.xml:6596 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6588 +#: freeculture.xml:6597 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6590 +#: freeculture.xml:6599 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -8929,7 +8944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6596 +#: freeculture.xml:6605 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8941,13 +8956,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6604 +#: freeculture.xml:6613 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6610 +#: freeculture.xml:6619 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -8956,7 +8971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6606 +#: freeculture.xml:6615 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -8974,7 +8989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6627 +#: freeculture.xml:6636 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8988,19 +9003,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6638 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6645 +#: freeculture.xml:6654 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6647 +#: freeculture.xml:6656 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -9009,7 +9024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6653 +#: freeculture.xml:6662 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -9018,7 +9033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6658 +#: freeculture.xml:6667 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -9032,7 +9047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6671 +#: freeculture.xml:6680 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -9045,7 +9060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6681 +#: freeculture.xml:6690 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -9062,7 +9077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6696 +#: freeculture.xml:6705 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -9073,7 +9088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6703 +#: freeculture.xml:6712 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -9081,38 +9096,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6714 +#: freeculture.xml:6723 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6726 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6718 +#: freeculture.xml:6727 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6721 +#: freeculture.xml:6730 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6726 +#: freeculture.xml:6735 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6742 +#: freeculture.xml:6751 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:6745 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -9123,7 +9138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6728 +#: freeculture.xml:6737 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -9139,7 +9154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6752 +#: freeculture.xml:6761 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -9150,7 +9165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6760 +#: freeculture.xml:6769 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -9161,7 +9176,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6775 +#: freeculture.xml:6784 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -9180,7 +9195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6767 +#: freeculture.xml:6776 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -9193,7 +9208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6791 +#: freeculture.xml:6800 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -9204,7 +9219,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6806 +#: freeculture.xml:6815 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -9218,7 +9233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6800 +#: freeculture.xml:6809 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -9229,12 +9244,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6829 +#: freeculture.xml:6838 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6825 +#: freeculture.xml:6834 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -9247,7 +9262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6837 +#: freeculture.xml:6846 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -9258,7 +9273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6845 +#: freeculture.xml:6854 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -9272,7 +9287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6855 +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -9284,7 +9299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6866 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -9296,7 +9311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6876 +#: freeculture.xml:6885 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -9308,7 +9323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6886 +#: freeculture.xml:6895 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -9320,7 +9335,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6903 +#: freeculture.xml:6912 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -9329,7 +9344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6895 +#: freeculture.xml:6904 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -9341,12 +9356,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:6921 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6914 +#: freeculture.xml:6923 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -9355,7 +9370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6920 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -9371,7 +9386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6933 +#: freeculture.xml:6942 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -9389,7 +9404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6948 +#: freeculture.xml:6957 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -9404,7 +9419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6962 +#: freeculture.xml:6971 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -9420,7 +9435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6976 +#: freeculture.xml:6985 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -9431,13 +9446,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6984 +#: freeculture.xml:6993 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6995 +#: freeculture.xml:7004 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -9447,7 +9462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6988 +#: freeculture.xml:6997 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -9461,7 +9476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7007 +#: freeculture.xml:7016 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -9472,7 +9487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7016 +#: freeculture.xml:7025 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -9483,7 +9498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#: freeculture.xml:7034 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -9491,7 +9506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7030 +#: freeculture.xml:7039 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -9506,7 +9521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7044 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -9518,7 +9533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7066 +#: freeculture.xml:7075 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -9527,7 +9542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7056 +#: freeculture.xml:7065 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -9542,12 +9557,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7088 +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7090 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -9559,7 +9574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7076 +#: freeculture.xml:7085 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -9569,7 +9584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#: freeculture.xml:7102 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -9579,7 +9594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7101 +#: freeculture.xml:7110 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -9588,13 +9603,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7108 +#: freeculture.xml:7117 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7115 +#: freeculture.xml:7124 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -9608,7 +9623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7110 +#: freeculture.xml:7119 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -9619,7 +9634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7127 +#: freeculture.xml:7136 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -9635,7 +9650,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7145 +#: freeculture.xml:7154 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -9644,7 +9659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7140 +#: freeculture.xml:7149 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -9656,30 +9671,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7156 +#: freeculture.xml:7165 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7160 +#: freeculture.xml:7169 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7161 +#: freeculture.xml:7170 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7165 +#: freeculture.xml:7174 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7169 +#: freeculture.xml:7178 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9694,17 +9709,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7182 +#: freeculture.xml:7191 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7183 +#: freeculture.xml:7192 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7195 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9715,26 +9730,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7194 +#: freeculture.xml:7203 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7199 +#: freeculture.xml:7208 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7200 +#: freeculture.xml:7209 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 +#: freeculture.xml:7212 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9747,30 +9762,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7213 +#: freeculture.xml:7222 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 +#: freeculture.xml:7227 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7219 +#: freeculture.xml:7228 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7223 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9779,13 +9794,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7267 freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7276 freeculture.xml:7494 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7236 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -9795,7 +9810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7233 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9812,7 +9827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7254 +#: freeculture.xml:7263 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9825,7 +9840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7279 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9839,7 +9854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7282 +#: freeculture.xml:7291 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9848,7 +9863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7288 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9859,7 +9874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7296 +#: freeculture.xml:7305 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9874,7 +9889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7308 +#: freeculture.xml:7317 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -9888,7 +9903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7322 +#: freeculture.xml:7331 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9900,7 +9915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7335 +#: freeculture.xml:7344 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -9910,12 +9925,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7401 freeculture.xml:13498 +#: freeculture.xml:7350 freeculture.xml:7410 freeculture.xml:13507 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7343 +#: freeculture.xml:7352 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9928,7 +9943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7352 +#: freeculture.xml:7361 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9944,7 +9959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7367 +#: freeculture.xml:7376 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -9957,7 +9972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7377 +#: freeculture.xml:7386 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9969,7 +9984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7387 +#: freeculture.xml:7396 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9985,13 +10000,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7400 +#: freeculture.xml:7409 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7404 +#: freeculture.xml:7413 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -10008,7 +10023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7419 +#: freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -10019,12 +10034,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7428 +#: freeculture.xml:7437 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7430 +#: freeculture.xml:7439 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -10033,7 +10048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7436 +#: freeculture.xml:7445 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10043,18 +10058,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7443 +#: freeculture.xml:7452 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7454 freeculture.xml:7637 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:7468 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -10062,7 +10077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7451 +#: freeculture.xml:7460 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -10073,7 +10088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7468 +#: freeculture.xml:7477 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10081,7 +10096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7464 +#: freeculture.xml:7473 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -10093,7 +10108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7478 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -10102,7 +10117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7488 +#: freeculture.xml:7497 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -10114,17 +10129,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7501 +#: freeculture.xml:7510 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7504 +#: freeculture.xml:7513 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7507 +#: freeculture.xml:7516 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -10133,13 +10148,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7514 +#: freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7518 +#: freeculture.xml:7527 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -10152,35 +10167,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7531 +#: freeculture.xml:7540 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7532 +#: freeculture.xml:7541 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7535 +#: freeculture.xml:7544 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:7548 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7540 +#: freeculture.xml:7549 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7544 +#: freeculture.xml:7553 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -10191,17 +10206,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7554 +#: freeculture.xml:7563 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7555 +#: freeculture.xml:7564 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7552 +#: freeculture.xml:7561 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -10209,57 +10224,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7558 +#: freeculture.xml:7567 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7559 +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7562 +#: freeculture.xml:7571 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7567 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:7577 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7571 +#: freeculture.xml:7580 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7577 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7578 +#: freeculture.xml:7587 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7581 +#: freeculture.xml:7590 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7591 +#: freeculture.xml:7600 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -10270,7 +10285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7584 +#: freeculture.xml:7593 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -10285,7 +10300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7606 +#: freeculture.xml:7615 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -10304,7 +10319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7624 +#: freeculture.xml:7633 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -10313,7 +10328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7631 +#: freeculture.xml:7640 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -10325,7 +10340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7640 +#: freeculture.xml:7649 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -10335,19 +10350,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7647 +#: freeculture.xml:7656 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7657 +#: freeculture.xml:7666 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7651 +#: freeculture.xml:7660 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -10358,17 +10373,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7662 +#: freeculture.xml:7671 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7666 +#: freeculture.xml:7675 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -10377,7 +10392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7671 +#: freeculture.xml:7680 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -10388,7 +10403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7679 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -10403,7 +10418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7692 +#: freeculture.xml:7701 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -10413,34 +10428,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7702 +#: freeculture.xml:7711 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7706 freeculture.xml:7856 freeculture.xml:7927 freeculture.xml:8046 +#: freeculture.xml:7715 freeculture.xml:7865 freeculture.xml:7936 freeculture.xml:8055 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7709 freeculture.xml:7859 freeculture.xml:7928 freeculture.xml:8047 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 freeculture.xml:7868 freeculture.xml:7937 freeculture.xml:8056 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7712 freeculture.xml:7862 freeculture.xml:7930 freeculture.xml:8049 +#: freeculture.xml:7721 freeculture.xml:7871 freeculture.xml:7939 freeculture.xml:8058 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7713 freeculture.xml:7863 freeculture.xml:7931 freeculture.xml:8050 +#: freeculture.xml:7722 freeculture.xml:7872 freeculture.xml:7940 freeculture.xml:8059 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7716 +#: freeculture.xml:7725 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -10448,7 +10463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7721 +#: freeculture.xml:7730 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -10459,7 +10474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7730 +#: freeculture.xml:7739 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -10470,12 +10485,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7737 +#: freeculture.xml:7746 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7739 +#: freeculture.xml:7748 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -10491,7 +10506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7753 +#: freeculture.xml:7762 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -10501,7 +10516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 +#: freeculture.xml:7769 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -10512,7 +10527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -10527,7 +10542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7786 +#: freeculture.xml:7795 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -10541,12 +10556,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7809 freeculture.xml:10338 +#: freeculture.xml:7818 freeculture.xml:10347 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:7808 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -10565,7 +10580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7797 +#: freeculture.xml:7806 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -10575,7 +10590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7817 +#: freeculture.xml:7826 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -10587,7 +10602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7827 +#: freeculture.xml:7836 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10597,7 +10612,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7834 +#: freeculture.xml:7843 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10606,7 +10621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7840 +#: freeculture.xml:7849 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10617,7 +10632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:7857 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10627,7 +10642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7866 +#: freeculture.xml:7875 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10635,7 +10650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7882 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10643,7 +10658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7882 +#: freeculture.xml:7891 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10652,7 +10667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7888 +#: freeculture.xml:7897 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10661,7 +10676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7896 +#: freeculture.xml:7905 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10669,7 +10684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7901 +#: freeculture.xml:7910 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10682,7 +10697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7912 +#: freeculture.xml:7921 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10692,7 +10707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7919 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10704,7 +10719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7934 +#: freeculture.xml:7943 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10718,7 +10733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7946 +#: freeculture.xml:7955 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10729,17 +10744,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7953 freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:7962 freeculture.xml:8003 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7967 freeculture.xml:8007 freeculture.xml:8035 +#: freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:8016 freeculture.xml:8044 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7959 +#: freeculture.xml:7968 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10752,7 +10767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7986 +#: freeculture.xml:7995 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -10763,7 +10778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7971 +#: freeculture.xml:7980 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -10783,7 +10798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8000 +#: freeculture.xml:8009 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10791,19 +10806,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8014 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8010 +#: freeculture.xml:8019 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8013 +#: freeculture.xml:8022 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10814,13 +10829,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8021 +#: freeculture.xml:8030 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8024 +#: freeculture.xml:8033 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10829,17 +10844,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8032 +#: freeculture.xml:8041 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8033 +#: freeculture.xml:8042 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8037 +#: freeculture.xml:8046 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10850,7 +10865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8053 +#: freeculture.xml:8062 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10861,7 +10876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8061 +#: freeculture.xml:8070 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10875,7 +10890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8073 +#: freeculture.xml:8082 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10890,7 +10905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8092 +#: freeculture.xml:8101 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -10899,7 +10914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8086 +#: freeculture.xml:8095 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10909,7 +10924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8107 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10919,7 +10934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8106 +#: freeculture.xml:8115 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10932,7 +10947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8125 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10943,13 +10958,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8125 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8127 +#: freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10967,7 +10982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8145 +#: freeculture.xml:8154 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10977,7 +10992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8152 +#: freeculture.xml:8161 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10990,13 +11005,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8163 +#: freeculture.xml:8172 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 +#: freeculture.xml:8181 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -11005,7 +11020,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8179 +#: freeculture.xml:8188 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -11013,39 +11028,39 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8185 +#: freeculture.xml:8194 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#: freeculture.xml:8197 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8189 freeculture.xml:9547 +#: freeculture.xml:8198 freeculture.xml:9556 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8190 +#: freeculture.xml:8199 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8191 freeculture.xml:9548 +#: freeculture.xml:8200 freeculture.xml:9557 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8192 +#: freeculture.xml:8201 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8168 +#: freeculture.xml:8177 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -11063,7 +11078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8195 +#: freeculture.xml:8204 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -11076,7 +11091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8207 +#: freeculture.xml:8216 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -11090,12 +11105,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8221 freeculture.xml:8238 +#: freeculture.xml:8230 freeculture.xml:8247 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8218 +#: freeculture.xml:8227 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -11103,7 +11118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8236 +#: freeculture.xml:8245 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -11111,7 +11126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -11126,7 +11141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8243 +#: freeculture.xml:8252 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -11135,18 +11150,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8249 +#: freeculture.xml:8258 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8250 +#: freeculture.xml:8259 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8254 +#: freeculture.xml:8263 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -11154,7 +11169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8259 +#: freeculture.xml:8268 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -11163,24 +11178,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8265 +#: freeculture.xml:8274 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8268 +#: freeculture.xml:8277 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8333 +#: freeculture.xml:8279 freeculture.xml:8342 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8272 +#: freeculture.xml:8281 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -11191,7 +11206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8293 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -11202,7 +11217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8279 +#: freeculture.xml:8288 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -11212,7 +11227,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8295 +#: freeculture.xml:8304 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -11224,7 +11239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8314 +#: freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -11236,7 +11251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8304 +#: freeculture.xml:8313 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -11255,7 +11270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8335 +#: freeculture.xml:8344 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -11264,17 +11279,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8344 +#: freeculture.xml:8353 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8345 +#: freeculture.xml:8354 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8341 +#: freeculture.xml:8350 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -11284,7 +11299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8358 +#: freeculture.xml:8367 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -11292,7 +11307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8349 +#: freeculture.xml:8358 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -11303,7 +11318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8365 +#: freeculture.xml:8374 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -11317,13 +11332,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8376 +#: freeculture.xml:8385 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8385 +#: freeculture.xml:8394 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -11339,7 +11354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8378 +#: freeculture.xml:8387 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -11354,7 +11369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8402 +#: freeculture.xml:8411 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -11362,14 +11377,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8408 +#: freeculture.xml:8417 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8412 +#: freeculture.xml:8421 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -11378,7 +11393,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8426 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -11396,7 +11411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8436 +#: freeculture.xml:8445 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -11404,7 +11419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 +#: freeculture.xml:8454 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -11419,14 +11434,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8457 +#: freeculture.xml:8466 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8461 +#: freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -11436,7 +11451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8467 +#: freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -11445,32 +11460,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8509 +#: freeculture.xml:8518 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8510 +#: freeculture.xml:8519 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8511 +#: freeculture.xml:8520 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8512 +#: freeculture.xml:8521 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8513 +#: freeculture.xml:8522 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8484 +#: freeculture.xml:8493 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -11504,7 +11519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8474 +#: freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -11518,7 +11533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8518 +#: freeculture.xml:8527 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -11531,12 +11546,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8531 +#: freeculture.xml:8540 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8533 +#: freeculture.xml:8542 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -11546,7 +11561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8539 +#: freeculture.xml:8548 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -11561,7 +11576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8555 +#: freeculture.xml:8564 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -11570,7 +11585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8561 +#: freeculture.xml:8570 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -11584,7 +11599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8573 +#: freeculture.xml:8582 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -11599,7 +11614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8585 +#: freeculture.xml:8594 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -11610,7 +11625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8609 +#: freeculture.xml:8618 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four " "surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -11618,7 +11633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8594 +#: freeculture.xml:8603 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11636,14 +11651,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8615 +#: freeculture.xml:8624 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8619 +#: freeculture.xml:8628 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11653,38 +11668,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8631 freeculture.xml:8668 +#: freeculture.xml:8640 freeculture.xml:8677 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8632 freeculture.xml:8669 freeculture.xml:8707 freeculture.xml:8739 +#: freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:8678 freeculture.xml:8716 freeculture.xml:8748 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8637 freeculture.xml:8674 freeculture.xml:8712 freeculture.xml:8744 +#: freeculture.xml:8646 freeculture.xml:8683 freeculture.xml:8721 freeculture.xml:8753 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8675 freeculture.xml:8676 freeculture.xml:8713 freeculture.xml:8714 freeculture.xml:8745 freeculture.xml:8746 freeculture.xml:8750 freeculture.xml:8751 +#: freeculture.xml:8647 freeculture.xml:8684 freeculture.xml:8685 freeculture.xml:8722 freeculture.xml:8723 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:8755 freeculture.xml:8759 freeculture.xml:8760 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8643 freeculture.xml:8644 freeculture.xml:8680 freeculture.xml:8681 freeculture.xml:8719 +#: freeculture.xml:8648 freeculture.xml:8652 freeculture.xml:8653 freeculture.xml:8689 freeculture.xml:8690 freeculture.xml:8728 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8642 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:8717 freeculture.xml:8749 +#: freeculture.xml:8651 freeculture.xml:8688 freeculture.xml:8726 freeculture.xml:8758 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8651 +#: freeculture.xml:8660 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11694,12 +11709,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8660 +#: freeculture.xml:8669 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8688 +#: freeculture.xml:8697 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11708,7 +11723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8694 +#: freeculture.xml:8703 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11718,17 +11733,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8706 freeculture.xml:8738 +#: freeculture.xml:8715 freeculture.xml:8747 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8718 +#: freeculture.xml:8727 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8726 +#: freeculture.xml:8735 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11739,7 +11754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#: freeculture.xml:8767 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11748,7 +11763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8766 +#: freeculture.xml:8775 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11757,7 +11772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8772 +#: freeculture.xml:8781 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11771,12 +11786,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8796 +#: freeculture.xml:8805 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8790 +#: freeculture.xml:8799 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11787,7 +11802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8784 +#: freeculture.xml:8793 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -11805,7 +11820,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8809 +#: freeculture.xml:8818 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -11824,7 +11839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8828 +#: freeculture.xml:8837 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11839,33 +11854,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8854 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8849 +#: freeculture.xml:8858 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8851 +#: freeculture.xml:8860 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8854 +#: freeculture.xml:8863 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8857 +#: freeculture.xml:8866 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8866 +#: freeculture.xml:8875 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -11874,7 +11889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8861 +#: freeculture.xml:8870 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -11889,7 +11904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8878 +#: freeculture.xml:8887 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -11904,7 +11919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8890 +#: freeculture.xml:8899 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11918,7 +11933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8901 +#: freeculture.xml:8910 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -11928,14 +11943,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8907 +#: freeculture.xml:8916 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8911 +#: freeculture.xml:8920 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -11943,7 +11958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8916 +#: freeculture.xml:8925 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -11952,7 +11967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8922 +#: freeculture.xml:8931 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -11962,7 +11977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8928 +#: freeculture.xml:8937 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -11974,7 +11989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8942 +#: freeculture.xml:8951 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11985,7 +12000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8950 +#: freeculture.xml:8959 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -12002,7 +12017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8964 +#: freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -12015,7 +12030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:8982 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -12027,7 +12042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8984 +#: freeculture.xml:8993 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -12039,7 +12054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8994 +#: freeculture.xml:9003 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -12049,22 +12064,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9010 freeculture.xml:9292 freeculture.xml:10340 +#: freeculture.xml:9019 freeculture.xml:9301 freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9041 +#: freeculture.xml:9050 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9042 freeculture.xml:9765 +#: freeculture.xml:9051 freeculture.xml:9774 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9010 +#: freeculture.xml:9019 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -12100,7 +12115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9001 +#: freeculture.xml:9010 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -12113,7 +12128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9048 +#: freeculture.xml:9057 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -12123,7 +12138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9055 +#: freeculture.xml:9064 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -12137,7 +12152,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9067 +#: freeculture.xml:9076 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -12148,7 +12163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9075 +#: freeculture.xml:9084 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -12162,14 +12177,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9088 +#: freeculture.xml:9097 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9092 +#: freeculture.xml:9101 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -12180,7 +12195,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9109 +#: freeculture.xml:9118 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -12191,7 +12206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9099 +#: freeculture.xml:9108 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -12204,12 +12219,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9123 freeculture.xml:9480 +#: freeculture.xml:9132 freeculture.xml:9489 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9120 +#: freeculture.xml:9129 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -12217,7 +12232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9126 +#: freeculture.xml:9135 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -12225,12 +12240,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9134 +#: freeculture.xml:9143 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9136 +#: freeculture.xml:9145 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -12241,7 +12256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9144 +#: freeculture.xml:9153 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -12250,7 +12265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9150 +#: freeculture.xml:9159 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -12259,7 +12274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9158 +#: freeculture.xml:9167 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -12269,7 +12284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9166 +#: freeculture.xml:9175 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -12279,12 +12294,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9173 +#: freeculture.xml:9182 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9175 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -12301,7 +12316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9190 +#: freeculture.xml:9199 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -12316,7 +12331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9201 +#: freeculture.xml:9210 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -12326,7 +12341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9211 +#: freeculture.xml:9220 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -12340,12 +12355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9239 freeculture.xml:9260 +#: freeculture.xml:9248 freeculture.xml:9269 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9234 +#: freeculture.xml:9243 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -12356,12 +12371,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9255 +#: freeculture.xml:9264 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9246 +#: freeculture.xml:9255 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -12375,7 +12390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9222 +#: freeculture.xml:9231 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -12396,13 +12411,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9262 +#: freeculture.xml:9271 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9283 +#: freeculture.xml:9292 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12412,7 +12427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9264 +#: freeculture.xml:9273 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -12432,7 +12447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9294 +#: freeculture.xml:9303 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -12446,7 +12461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9307 +#: freeculture.xml:9316 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -12460,7 +12475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9318 +#: freeculture.xml:9327 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -12471,7 +12486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9329 +#: freeculture.xml:9338 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -12484,7 +12499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9339 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -12497,7 +12512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9350 +#: freeculture.xml:9359 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -12510,13 +12525,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9361 +#: freeculture.xml:9370 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9365 +#: freeculture.xml:9374 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -12529,12 +12544,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9387 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9380 +#: freeculture.xml:9389 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -12545,7 +12560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9388 +#: freeculture.xml:9397 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -12557,7 +12572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9398 +#: freeculture.xml:9407 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -12572,13 +12587,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9410 freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9419 freeculture.xml:9527 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9412 +#: freeculture.xml:9421 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -12593,7 +12608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9425 +#: freeculture.xml:9434 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -12601,12 +12616,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:9438 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9431 +#: freeculture.xml:9440 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -12617,7 +12632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9439 +#: freeculture.xml:9448 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -12627,7 +12642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9447 +#: freeculture.xml:9456 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12642,7 +12657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9459 +#: freeculture.xml:9468 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12652,7 +12667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9468 +#: freeculture.xml:9477 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12666,7 +12681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9483 +#: freeculture.xml:9492 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12678,12 +12693,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9493 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9496 +#: freeculture.xml:9505 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12696,7 +12711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9506 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12708,18 +12723,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9517 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9519 +#: freeculture.xml:9528 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9527 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -12732,7 +12747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9521 +#: freeculture.xml:9530 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -12753,22 +12768,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9551 +#: freeculture.xml:9560 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9552 +#: freeculture.xml:9561 msgid "cars, MP3 sound system in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9567 +#: freeculture.xml:9576 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9563 +#: freeculture.xml:9572 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12778,7 +12793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9554 +#: freeculture.xml:9563 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12790,7 +12805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9572 +#: freeculture.xml:9581 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -12802,7 +12817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9591 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -12818,7 +12833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9597 +#: freeculture.xml:9606 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -12833,7 +12848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9609 +#: freeculture.xml:9618 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12852,7 +12867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9628 +#: freeculture.xml:9637 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -12862,7 +12877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9635 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12876,7 +12891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9650 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -12886,12 +12901,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9663 +#: freeculture.xml:9672 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9646 +#: freeculture.xml:9655 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12909,7 +12924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9667 +#: freeculture.xml:9676 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12920,19 +12935,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9681 +#: freeculture.xml:9690 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9687 freeculture.xml:11546 +#: freeculture.xml:9696 freeculture.xml:11555 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:9686 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12943,7 +12958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9690 +#: freeculture.xml:9699 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -12951,7 +12966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9695 +#: freeculture.xml:9704 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12960,14 +12975,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9711 +#: freeculture.xml:9720 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9705 +#: freeculture.xml:9714 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -12981,7 +12996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9722 +#: freeculture.xml:9731 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12991,12 +13006,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9731 +#: freeculture.xml:9740 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9731 +#: freeculture.xml:9740 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -13015,17 +13030,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:9759 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9766 +#: freeculture.xml:9775 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:9759 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -13046,7 +13061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9729 +#: freeculture.xml:9738 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -13057,7 +13072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9779 +#: freeculture.xml:9788 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -13071,7 +13086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9791 +#: freeculture.xml:9800 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -13084,7 +13099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9802 +#: freeculture.xml:9811 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -13095,7 +13110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:9820 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -13111,7 +13126,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9827 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -13123,12 +13138,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9851 +#: freeculture.xml:9860 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9837 +#: freeculture.xml:9846 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -13146,12 +13161,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9861 +#: freeculture.xml:9870 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9856 +#: freeculture.xml:9865 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -13161,7 +13176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9866 +#: freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -13172,7 +13187,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9878 +#: freeculture.xml:9887 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -13187,12 +13202,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9917 +#: freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9900 +#: freeculture.xml:9909 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -13214,7 +13229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9893 +#: freeculture.xml:9902 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -13225,7 +13240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9925 +#: freeculture.xml:9934 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -13234,57 +13249,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9933 +#: freeculture.xml:9942 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9936 +#: freeculture.xml:9945 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9939 +#: freeculture.xml:9948 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9942 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9945 +#: freeculture.xml:9954 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9948 +#: freeculture.xml:9957 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9951 +#: freeculture.xml:9960 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:9963 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9957 +#: freeculture.xml:9966 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9960 +#: freeculture.xml:9969 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9963 +#: freeculture.xml:9972 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -13292,77 +13307,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9966 +#: freeculture.xml:9975 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9969 +#: freeculture.xml:9978 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9972 +#: freeculture.xml:9981 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9975 +#: freeculture.xml:9984 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9978 +#: freeculture.xml:9987 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:9990 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9984 +#: freeculture.xml:9993 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9987 +#: freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9990 +#: freeculture.xml:9999 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9996 +#: freeculture.xml:10005 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9999 +#: freeculture.xml:10008 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10002 +#: freeculture.xml:10011 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:10014 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10010 +#: freeculture.xml:10019 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -13373,7 +13388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10018 +#: freeculture.xml:10027 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -13381,12 +13396,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10022 freeculture.xml:14725 +#: freeculture.xml:10031 freeculture.xml:14738 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10027 +#: freeculture.xml:10036 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -13395,7 +13410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:10042 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -13409,7 +13424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10052 +#: freeculture.xml:10061 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -13418,7 +13433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10061 +#: freeculture.xml:10070 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -13429,12 +13444,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10071 +#: freeculture.xml:10080 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10073 +#: freeculture.xml:10082 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -13442,7 +13457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10088 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -13451,7 +13466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:10097 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -13462,7 +13477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10084 +#: freeculture.xml:10093 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -13480,7 +13495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10122 +#: freeculture.xml:10131 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -13488,7 +13503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10109 +#: freeculture.xml:10118 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -13511,7 +13526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10144 +#: freeculture.xml:10153 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -13520,7 +13535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10152 +#: freeculture.xml:10161 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -13529,7 +13544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10162 +#: freeculture.xml:10171 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -13537,12 +13552,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10169 +#: freeculture.xml:10178 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10134 +#: freeculture.xml:10143 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -13566,12 +13581,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10187 +#: freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:10181 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -13591,7 +13606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10190 +#: freeculture.xml:10199 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -13605,7 +13620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10203 +#: freeculture.xml:10212 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -13615,7 +13630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10210 +#: freeculture.xml:10219 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -13632,7 +13647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10224 +#: freeculture.xml:10233 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -13646,13 +13661,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10236 +#: freeculture.xml:10245 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:10248 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -13663,7 +13678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10250 +#: freeculture.xml:10259 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13675,12 +13690,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10258 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10260 +#: freeculture.xml:10269 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -13694,7 +13709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10271 +#: freeculture.xml:10280 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13707,7 +13722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10290 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13721,7 +13736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10295 +#: freeculture.xml:10304 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13733,7 +13748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10304 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13746,7 +13761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10315 +#: freeculture.xml:10324 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13758,7 +13773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10324 +#: freeculture.xml:10333 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13768,7 +13783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10330 +#: freeculture.xml:10339 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -13777,7 +13792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10343 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -13789,19 +13804,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10354 freeculture.xml:10464 +#: freeculture.xml:10363 freeculture.xml:10473 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10352 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10358 +#: freeculture.xml:10367 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -13815,7 +13830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 +#: freeculture.xml:10379 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -13823,7 +13838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10375 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13835,7 +13850,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10393 +#: freeculture.xml:10402 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -13852,7 +13867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10384 +#: freeculture.xml:10393 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -13866,7 +13881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10411 +#: freeculture.xml:10420 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13874,7 +13889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10416 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13886,7 +13901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10432 +#: freeculture.xml:10441 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -13909,7 +13924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10420 +#: freeculture.xml:10429 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13926,7 +13941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10452 +#: freeculture.xml:10461 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13940,7 +13955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10468 +#: freeculture.xml:10477 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13961,7 +13976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10488 +#: freeculture.xml:10497 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -13972,12 +13987,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10501 +#: freeculture.xml:10510 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10506 +#: freeculture.xml:10515 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -13987,7 +14002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10513 +#: freeculture.xml:10522 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13997,7 +14012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10521 +#: freeculture.xml:10530 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -14010,7 +14025,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10531 +#: freeculture.xml:10540 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -14020,7 +14035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10539 +#: freeculture.xml:10548 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -14028,7 +14043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10544 +#: freeculture.xml:10553 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -14037,7 +14052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10550 +#: freeculture.xml:10559 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -14046,17 +14061,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10560 +#: freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10562 +#: freeculture.xml:10571 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10565 +#: freeculture.xml:10574 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -14068,7 +14083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10574 +#: freeculture.xml:10583 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -14078,7 +14093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10581 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -14090,7 +14105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10592 +#: freeculture.xml:10601 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -14107,7 +14122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10616 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -14125,7 +14140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10605 +#: freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -14140,7 +14155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10633 +#: freeculture.xml:10642 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -14156,17 +14171,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 freeculture.xml:10656 +#: freeculture.xml:10655 freeculture.xml:10665 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10647 freeculture.xml:10657 +#: freeculture.xml:10656 freeculture.xml:10666 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10656 +#: freeculture.xml:10665 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -14179,7 +14194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10651 +#: freeculture.xml:10660 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -14188,7 +14203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10669 +#: freeculture.xml:10678 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -14199,7 +14214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10678 +#: freeculture.xml:10687 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -14209,7 +14224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10689 +#: freeculture.xml:10698 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -14217,7 +14232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10695 +#: freeculture.xml:10704 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -14231,12 +14246,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10714 freeculture.xml:12199 +#: freeculture.xml:10723 freeculture.xml:12208 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10705 +#: freeculture.xml:10714 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -14250,7 +14265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10717 +#: freeculture.xml:10726 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -14263,7 +14278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10728 +#: freeculture.xml:10737 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -14275,7 +14290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10737 +#: freeculture.xml:10746 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -14287,7 +14302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10747 +#: freeculture.xml:10756 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -14297,7 +14312,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10754 +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -14306,7 +14321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10762 +#: freeculture.xml:10771 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -14315,14 +14330,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10768 +#: freeculture.xml:10777 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10772 +#: freeculture.xml:10781 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -14330,7 +14345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10777 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -14339,7 +14354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10783 +#: freeculture.xml:10792 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -14348,14 +14363,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10789 +#: freeculture.xml:10798 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10793 +#: freeculture.xml:10802 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -14363,7 +14378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10799 +#: freeculture.xml:10808 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -14372,7 +14387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10805 +#: freeculture.xml:10814 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -14384,7 +14399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10816 +#: freeculture.xml:10825 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -14393,7 +14408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10828 +#: freeculture.xml:10837 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -14402,7 +14417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10835 +#: freeculture.xml:10844 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -14411,7 +14426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10843 +#: freeculture.xml:10852 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -14419,7 +14434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10821 +#: freeculture.xml:10830 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -14434,7 +14449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:10859 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -14449,7 +14464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10862 +#: freeculture.xml:10871 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -14461,7 +14476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10875 +#: freeculture.xml:10884 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -14471,7 +14486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10885 +#: freeculture.xml:10894 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -14481,12 +14496,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10891 freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:10900 freeculture.xml:11687 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10893 +#: freeculture.xml:10902 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -14502,7 +14517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10917 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -14510,14 +14525,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10915 +#: freeculture.xml:10924 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10906 +#: freeculture.xml:10915 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14530,7 +14545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10922 +#: freeculture.xml:10931 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -14545,7 +14560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10919 +#: freeculture.xml:10928 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14559,7 +14574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10943 +#: freeculture.xml:10952 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -14575,7 +14590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10956 +#: freeculture.xml:10965 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -14596,7 +14611,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10980 +#: freeculture.xml:10989 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -14605,12 +14620,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10988 +#: freeculture.xml:10997 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:10983 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -14622,7 +14637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10991 +#: freeculture.xml:11000 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -14634,7 +14649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11012 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -14649,7 +14664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11021 +#: freeculture.xml:11030 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -14659,7 +14674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -14671,7 +14686,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11030 +#: freeculture.xml:11039 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -14682,7 +14697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11043 +#: freeculture.xml:11052 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -14693,14 +14708,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11051 +#: freeculture.xml:11060 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11055 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -14708,7 +14723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11062 +#: freeculture.xml:11071 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14718,7 +14733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11071 +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -14726,7 +14741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11085 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14738,7 +14753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11085 +#: freeculture.xml:11094 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14752,7 +14767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11100 +#: freeculture.xml:11109 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14766,7 +14781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11112 +#: freeculture.xml:11121 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14774,23 +14789,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11558 +#: freeculture.xml:11129 freeculture.xml:11567 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:11130 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:11143 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -14800,12 +14815,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11140 +#: freeculture.xml:11149 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11123 +#: freeculture.xml:11132 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14821,7 +14836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 +#: freeculture.xml:11152 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14831,7 +14846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11149 +#: freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14843,7 +14858,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11167 +#: freeculture.xml:11176 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -14855,7 +14870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11160 +#: freeculture.xml:11169 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -14866,7 +14881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11177 +#: freeculture.xml:11186 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -14876,7 +14891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:11194 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14887,7 +14902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14902,7 +14917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11204 +#: freeculture.xml:11213 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14912,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11215 +#: freeculture.xml:11224 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14921,7 +14936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11223 +#: freeculture.xml:11232 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -14932,7 +14947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11240 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14943,7 +14958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11241 +#: freeculture.xml:11250 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14957,7 +14972,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11254 +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14965,7 +14980,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11261 +#: freeculture.xml:11270 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14978,7 +14993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11272 +#: freeculture.xml:11281 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14989,7 +15004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11281 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14998,12 +15013,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11287 +#: freeculture.xml:11296 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11293 +#: freeculture.xml:11302 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -15018,7 +15033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11315 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -15031,7 +15046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11316 +#: freeculture.xml:11325 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -15045,7 +15060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11327 +#: freeculture.xml:11336 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -15054,7 +15069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11333 +#: freeculture.xml:11342 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -15069,7 +15084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11357 +#: freeculture.xml:11366 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -15077,7 +15092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -15091,7 +15106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11364 +#: freeculture.xml:11373 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -15103,7 +15118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11373 +#: freeculture.xml:11382 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -15113,7 +15128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11380 +#: freeculture.xml:11389 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -15127,7 +15142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 +#: freeculture.xml:11400 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -15136,13 +15151,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11396 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11398 +#: freeculture.xml:11407 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -15152,7 +15167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 +#: freeculture.xml:11416 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -15162,7 +15177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11423 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -15170,7 +15185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11420 +#: freeculture.xml:11429 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -15183,7 +15198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11440 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -15191,13 +15206,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 freeculture.xml:11450 +#: freeculture.xml:11445 freeculture.xml:11459 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11438 +#: freeculture.xml:11447 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -15209,17 +15224,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11448 freeculture.xml:11809 freeculture.xml:11825 freeculture.xml:11922 freeculture.xml:12142 freeculture.xml:12173 freeculture.xml:12271 +#: freeculture.xml:11457 freeculture.xml:11818 freeculture.xml:11834 freeculture.xml:11931 freeculture.xml:12151 freeculture.xml:12182 freeculture.xml:12280 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11449 +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11452 +#: freeculture.xml:11461 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -15232,7 +15247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11462 +#: freeculture.xml:11471 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -15254,7 +15269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11483 +#: freeculture.xml:11492 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -15265,7 +15280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11491 +#: freeculture.xml:11500 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -15284,17 +15299,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 freeculture.xml:11548 +#: freeculture.xml:11531 freeculture.xml:11557 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11523 +#: freeculture.xml:11532 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11519 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -15312,7 +15327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11526 +#: freeculture.xml:11535 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -15322,7 +15337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 +#: freeculture.xml:11543 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -15338,17 +15353,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11555 +#: freeculture.xml:11564 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11556 +#: freeculture.xml:11565 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:11560 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -15358,7 +15373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11560 +#: freeculture.xml:11569 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -15367,32 +15382,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11566 +#: freeculture.xml:11575 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11576 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11568 +#: freeculture.xml:11577 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11578 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11579 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11572 +#: freeculture.xml:11581 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -15406,27 +15421,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:11611 freeculture.xml:11816 freeculture.xml:12178 +#: freeculture.xml:11604 freeculture.xml:11620 freeculture.xml:11825 freeculture.xml:12187 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11597 +#: freeculture.xml:11606 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11598 freeculture.xml:11810 freeculture.xml:12931 +#: freeculture.xml:11607 freeculture.xml:11819 freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11583 +#: freeculture.xml:11592 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -15443,7 +15458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11601 +#: freeculture.xml:11610 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -15458,7 +15473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11614 +#: freeculture.xml:11623 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -15468,7 +15483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11621 +#: freeculture.xml:11630 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -15480,7 +15495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11637 +#: freeculture.xml:11646 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -15488,7 +15503,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11645 +#: freeculture.xml:11654 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -15496,12 +15511,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11652 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11630 +#: freeculture.xml:11639 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -15518,7 +15533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11655 +#: freeculture.xml:11664 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -15533,7 +15548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11667 +#: freeculture.xml:11676 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -15543,7 +15558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11674 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -15551,12 +15566,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11679 freeculture.xml:11867 +#: freeculture.xml:11688 freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#: freeculture.xml:11690 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -15569,18 +15584,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11690 freeculture.xml:11717 freeculture.xml:12069 freeculture.xml:12081 +#: freeculture.xml:11699 freeculture.xml:11726 freeculture.xml:12078 freeculture.xml:12090 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11692 freeculture.xml:12033 +#: freeculture.xml:11701 freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11695 +#: freeculture.xml:11704 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -15593,7 +15608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11707 +#: freeculture.xml:11716 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -15606,7 +15621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11728 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -15616,7 +15631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11728 +#: freeculture.xml:11737 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -15627,7 +15642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11736 +#: freeculture.xml:11745 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -15640,7 +15655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11746 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -15655,7 +15670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11760 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -15665,7 +15680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11768 +#: freeculture.xml:11777 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -15674,7 +15689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11775 +#: freeculture.xml:11784 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -15689,7 +15704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11790 +#: freeculture.xml:11799 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -15699,7 +15714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11800 +#: freeculture.xml:11809 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -15710,7 +15725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11812 +#: freeculture.xml:11821 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -15720,7 +15735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11819 +#: freeculture.xml:11828 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -15730,7 +15745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11827 +#: freeculture.xml:11836 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -15744,7 +15759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11837 +#: freeculture.xml:11846 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -15754,7 +15769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11847 +#: freeculture.xml:11856 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15770,7 +15785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11871 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15779,14 +15794,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11869 +#: freeculture.xml:11878 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11874 +#: freeculture.xml:11883 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15795,7 +15810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#: freeculture.xml:11890 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -15804,7 +15819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11887 +#: freeculture.xml:11896 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15812,14 +15827,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11895 +#: freeculture.xml:11904 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 +#: freeculture.xml:11910 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15829,14 +15844,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11918 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11915 +#: freeculture.xml:11924 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15846,7 +15861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:11933 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15856,7 +15871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11931 +#: freeculture.xml:11940 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -15865,21 +15880,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11936 +#: freeculture.xml:11945 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11943 +#: freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11947 +#: freeculture.xml:11956 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -15888,12 +15903,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11955 +#: freeculture.xml:11964 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11957 +#: freeculture.xml:11966 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -15901,7 +15916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11963 +#: freeculture.xml:11972 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -15910,7 +15925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11971 +#: freeculture.xml:11980 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -15926,7 +15941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11984 +#: freeculture.xml:11993 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -15935,7 +15950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:12002 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15952,7 +15967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12008 +#: freeculture.xml:12017 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -15963,7 +15978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12016 +#: freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15971,7 +15986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12021 +#: freeculture.xml:12030 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -15979,7 +15994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12027 +#: freeculture.xml:12036 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15990,7 +16005,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12037 +#: freeculture.xml:12046 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15998,7 +16013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 +#: freeculture.xml:12051 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -16007,7 +16022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12048 +#: freeculture.xml:12057 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -16021,7 +16036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12059 +#: freeculture.xml:12068 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -16034,7 +16049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12071 +#: freeculture.xml:12080 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -16049,7 +16064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12093 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -16063,7 +16078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12095 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -16074,7 +16089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12111 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -16082,12 +16097,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12107 +#: freeculture.xml:12116 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12109 +#: freeculture.xml:12118 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -16105,7 +16120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12122 +#: freeculture.xml:12131 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -16120,7 +16135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:12146 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -16128,7 +16143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12144 +#: freeculture.xml:12153 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -16143,7 +16158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12155 +#: freeculture.xml:12164 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -16162,7 +16177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12175 +#: freeculture.xml:12184 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -16170,7 +16185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12181 +#: freeculture.xml:12190 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -16179,7 +16194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -16189,7 +16204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12203 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -16200,7 +16215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12202 +#: freeculture.xml:12211 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -16213,7 +16228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12211 +#: freeculture.xml:12220 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -16227,7 +16242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12226 +#: freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -16238,12 +16253,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12240 freeculture.xml:12245 +#: freeculture.xml:12249 freeculture.xml:12254 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12235 +#: freeculture.xml:12244 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -16254,19 +16269,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12243 +#: freeculture.xml:12252 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12244 +#: freeculture.xml:12253 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12248 +#: freeculture.xml:12257 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -16279,12 +16294,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12259 +#: freeculture.xml:12268 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12261 +#: freeculture.xml:12270 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -16297,7 +16312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12273 +#: freeculture.xml:12282 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -16311,7 +16326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12283 +#: freeculture.xml:12292 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -16321,7 +16336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12291 +#: freeculture.xml:12300 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -16329,7 +16344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12296 +#: freeculture.xml:12305 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -16341,12 +16356,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12304 freeculture.xml:12505 +#: freeculture.xml:12313 freeculture.xml:12514 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12306 +#: freeculture.xml:12315 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -16360,7 +16375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12318 +#: freeculture.xml:12327 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -16373,22 +16388,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12328 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12329 freeculture.xml:12370 +#: freeculture.xml:12338 freeculture.xml:12379 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12346 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12346 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -16411,7 +16426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12332 +#: freeculture.xml:12341 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -16426,7 +16441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:12373 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -16436,7 +16451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12372 +#: freeculture.xml:12381 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -16449,7 +16464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12382 +#: freeculture.xml:12391 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -16460,7 +16475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12390 +#: freeculture.xml:12399 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -16471,7 +16486,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12398 +#: freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -16483,7 +16498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12410 +#: freeculture.xml:12419 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -16494,7 +16509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12419 +#: freeculture.xml:12428 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -16512,7 +16527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12435 +#: freeculture.xml:12444 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -16527,7 +16542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12450 +#: freeculture.xml:12459 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -16540,7 +16555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12460 +#: freeculture.xml:12469 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -16552,7 +16567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12469 +#: freeculture.xml:12478 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -16562,7 +16577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12485 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -16572,7 +16587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12483 +#: freeculture.xml:12492 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -16581,7 +16596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12489 +#: freeculture.xml:12498 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -16599,7 +16614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:12516 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -16609,12 +16624,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12521 +#: freeculture.xml:12530 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12514 +#: freeculture.xml:12523 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -16626,7 +16641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12533 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -16638,7 +16653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12532 +#: freeculture.xml:12541 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -16660,7 +16675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12553 +#: freeculture.xml:12562 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -16671,7 +16686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:12570 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -16684,7 +16699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:12580 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -16694,7 +16709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12580 +#: freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -16708,12 +16723,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12590 +#: freeculture.xml:12599 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12592 +#: freeculture.xml:12601 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -16726,12 +16741,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12602 +#: freeculture.xml:12611 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12605 +#: freeculture.xml:12614 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -16744,7 +16759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12616 +#: freeculture.xml:12625 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -16755,7 +16770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12624 +#: freeculture.xml:12633 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -16766,7 +16781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12636 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -16776,7 +16791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12643 +#: freeculture.xml:12652 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -16788,27 +16803,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12655 +#: freeculture.xml:12664 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12666 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12660 +#: freeculture.xml:12669 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12663 +#: freeculture.xml:12672 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12666 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -16818,7 +16833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12673 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -16829,7 +16844,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12688 +#: freeculture.xml:12697 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -16840,7 +16855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12681 +#: freeculture.xml:12690 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16853,7 +16868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12699 +#: freeculture.xml:12708 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -16864,7 +16879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12707 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -16877,7 +16892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12718 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -16887,12 +16902,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12736 freeculture.xml:13187 +#: freeculture.xml:12745 freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12734 +#: freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -16901,7 +16916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12725 +#: freeculture.xml:12734 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -16914,7 +16929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12747 +#: freeculture.xml:12756 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16929,7 +16944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12774 +#: freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16938,7 +16953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12750 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -16961,7 +16976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12780 +#: freeculture.xml:12789 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -16973,7 +16988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:12799 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -16984,7 +16999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12798 +#: freeculture.xml:12807 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -16998,7 +17013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12813 +#: freeculture.xml:12822 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -17016,7 +17031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12816 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -17028,7 +17043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12834 +#: freeculture.xml:12843 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17041,7 +17056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12844 +#: freeculture.xml:12853 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17052,7 +17067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12852 +#: freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17064,7 +17079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12860 +#: freeculture.xml:12869 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17081,7 +17096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 +#: freeculture.xml:12884 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17089,7 +17104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12881 +#: freeculture.xml:12890 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17103,7 +17118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12893 +#: freeculture.xml:12902 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17115,7 +17130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12904 +#: freeculture.xml:12913 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17130,7 +17145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12918 +#: freeculture.xml:12927 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -17147,18 +17162,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 +#: freeculture.xml:12942 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12935 +#: freeculture.xml:12944 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12940 +#: freeculture.xml:12949 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -17173,22 +17188,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 freeculture.xml:13659 +#: freeculture.xml:12977 freeculture.xml:13668 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12969 freeculture.xml:13060 freeculture.xml:13584 +#: freeculture.xml:12978 freeculture.xml:13069 freeculture.xml:13593 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12970 freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:12979 freeculture.xml:13732 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12946 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -17214,7 +17229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#: freeculture.xml:12983 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -17225,14 +17240,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12982 +#: freeculture.xml:12991 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12981 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -17244,7 +17259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12992 +#: freeculture.xml:13001 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17268,7 +17283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13025 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17277,7 +17292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13022 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -17292,7 +17307,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13044 +#: freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -17313,12 +17328,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13061 +#: freeculture.xml:13070 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13033 +#: freeculture.xml:13042 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -17337,7 +17352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13075 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -17356,19 +17371,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13092 +#: freeculture.xml:13101 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13105 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13084 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -17381,7 +17396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13099 +#: freeculture.xml:13108 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -17391,12 +17406,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13106 freeculture.xml:13160 +#: freeculture.xml:13115 freeculture.xml:13169 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13108 +#: freeculture.xml:13117 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -17408,12 +17423,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13127 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13131 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -17426,12 +17441,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13131 +#: freeculture.xml:13140 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13133 +#: freeculture.xml:13142 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -17447,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -17463,7 +17478,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13163 +#: freeculture.xml:13172 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -17477,7 +17492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13184 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -17491,14 +17506,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13192 +#: freeculture.xml:13201 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13189 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17509,7 +17524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13201 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -17519,7 +17534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13208 +#: freeculture.xml:13217 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -17532,7 +17547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13220 +#: freeculture.xml:13229 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -17545,7 +17560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13231 +#: freeculture.xml:13240 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -17557,7 +17572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13239 +#: freeculture.xml:13248 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -17565,7 +17580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 +#: freeculture.xml:13254 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -17580,7 +17595,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:13265 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -17590,17 +17605,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13265 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13267 +#: freeculture.xml:13276 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13270 +#: freeculture.xml:13279 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -17614,7 +17629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13281 +#: freeculture.xml:13290 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -17624,7 +17639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13289 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -17634,7 +17649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13296 +#: freeculture.xml:13305 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -17646,7 +17661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13306 +#: freeculture.xml:13315 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -17656,7 +17671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13313 +#: freeculture.xml:13322 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -17667,20 +17682,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:13330 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13324 +#: freeculture.xml:13333 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13330 +#: freeculture.xml:13339 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17699,7 +17714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13348 +#: freeculture.xml:13357 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17709,7 +17724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13355 +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17717,7 +17732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13326 +#: freeculture.xml:13335 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -17737,28 +17752,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13372 freeculture.xml:13740 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13373 +#: freeculture.xml:13382 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13383 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13384 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17767,7 +17782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13389 +#: freeculture.xml:13398 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17776,7 +17791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13377 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -17795,20 +17810,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13403 +#: freeculture.xml:13412 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13411 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13415 +#: freeculture.xml:13424 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -17816,7 +17831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13420 +#: freeculture.xml:13429 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -17825,7 +17840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13426 +#: freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -17834,7 +17849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13433 +#: freeculture.xml:13442 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -17844,12 +17859,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13442 +#: freeculture.xml:13451 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13444 +#: freeculture.xml:13453 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -17859,7 +17874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13451 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -17873,7 +17888,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#: freeculture.xml:13470 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -17885,7 +17900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13473 +#: freeculture.xml:13482 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -17902,7 +17917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13487 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -17913,12 +17928,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13496 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13501 +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -17930,12 +17945,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13515 +#: freeculture.xml:13524 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -17953,17 +17968,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13530 +#: freeculture.xml:13539 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13540 +#: freeculture.xml:13549 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:13541 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -17977,7 +17992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13543 +#: freeculture.xml:13552 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -17990,7 +18005,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13560 +#: freeculture.xml:13569 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18005,7 +18020,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13554 +#: freeculture.xml:13563 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18019,7 +18034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13578 +#: freeculture.xml:13587 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -18031,12 +18046,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 +#: freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18046,7 +18061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13596 +#: freeculture.xml:13605 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18060,7 +18075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13608 +#: freeculture.xml:13617 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18073,7 +18088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13617 +#: freeculture.xml:13626 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18083,12 +18098,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13625 +#: freeculture.xml:13634 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13627 +#: freeculture.xml:13636 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18099,7 +18114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:13644 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18112,7 +18127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13646 +#: freeculture.xml:13655 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18123,7 +18138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13654 +#: freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -18132,7 +18147,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13662 +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18149,7 +18164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13678 +#: freeculture.xml:13687 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18161,7 +18176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13687 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18169,7 +18184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13701 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18184,7 +18199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13704 +#: freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18194,7 +18209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13712 +#: freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18209,7 +18224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13726 +#: freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18220,24 +18235,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13738 +#: freeculture.xml:13747 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13752 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13746 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -18251,7 +18266,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13759 +#: freeculture.xml:13768 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -18270,7 +18285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13777 +#: freeculture.xml:13786 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -18284,7 +18299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13797 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -18297,12 +18312,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13818 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13799 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -18316,7 +18331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13812 +#: freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -18331,7 +18346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13828 +#: freeculture.xml:13837 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -18341,7 +18356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13835 +#: freeculture.xml:13844 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -18355,7 +18370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13847 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -18363,18 +18378,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13852 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13853 +#: freeculture.xml:13862 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13864 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -18386,23 +18401,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13866 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:13876 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13868 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13885 +#: freeculture.xml:13894 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -18411,7 +18426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13870 +#: freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -18431,7 +18446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13903 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -18446,7 +18461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13906 +#: freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -18457,7 +18472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13916 +#: freeculture.xml:13925 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -18468,7 +18483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13924 +#: freeculture.xml:13933 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -18479,12 +18494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13938 +#: freeculture.xml:13947 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13940 +#: freeculture.xml:13949 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -18494,7 +18509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13947 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -18503,12 +18518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13954 +#: freeculture.xml:13963 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13965 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -18518,14 +18533,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#: freeculture.xml:13972 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13968 +#: freeculture.xml:13977 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -18534,12 +18549,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13974 +#: freeculture.xml:13983 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13986 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -18550,7 +18565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#: freeculture.xml:13995 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -18565,7 +18580,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14000 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -18573,7 +18588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13998 +#: freeculture.xml:14007 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -18583,7 +18598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14008 +#: freeculture.xml:14017 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -18594,12 +18609,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14022 +#: freeculture.xml:14031 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -18614,7 +18629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -18626,7 +18641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14044 +#: freeculture.xml:14053 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -18639,7 +18654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14054 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -18653,12 +18668,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14069 +#: freeculture.xml:14078 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14071 +#: freeculture.xml:14080 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -18670,7 +18685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14081 +#: freeculture.xml:14090 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -18678,7 +18693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -18692,7 +18707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14104 +#: freeculture.xml:14113 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -18701,7 +18716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14097 +#: freeculture.xml:14106 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -18717,7 +18732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14117 +#: freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -18726,8 +18741,13 @@ msgid "" "elsewhere." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:14134 +msgid "copyright marking of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14124 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -18741,7 +18761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14136 +#: freeculture.xml:14149 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -18752,7 +18772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -18760,7 +18780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14162 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -18771,12 +18791,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14161 +#: freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14163 +#: freeculture.xml:14176 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -18785,7 +18805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14176 +#: freeculture.xml:14189 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -18793,7 +18813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14168 +#: freeculture.xml:14181 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -18806,7 +18826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14196 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -18815,7 +18835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14204 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -18828,7 +18848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14213 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -18843,7 +18863,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -18851,12 +18871,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14242 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -18871,7 +18891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14233 +#: freeculture.xml:14246 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -18888,7 +18908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:14262 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -18896,7 +18916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14255 +#: freeculture.xml:14268 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -18906,12 +18926,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14272 +#: freeculture.xml:14285 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -18922,7 +18942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:14293 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -18935,19 +18955,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14293 +#: freeculture.xml:14306 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:14312 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14289 +#: freeculture.xml:14302 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -18959,12 +18979,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14307 +#: freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:14316 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -18973,7 +18993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14312 +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -18983,7 +19003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14332 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -18995,7 +19015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19010,7 +19030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19020,12 +19040,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14362 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14360 +#: freeculture.xml:14373 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19033,7 +19053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19043,7 +19063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19054,7 +19074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14375 +#: freeculture.xml:14388 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19064,12 +19084,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14385 +#: freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19079,7 +19099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14394 +#: freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19090,7 +19110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14403 +#: freeculture.xml:14416 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19100,7 +19120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14410 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19111,7 +19131,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14419 +#: freeculture.xml:14432 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19119,7 +19139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14424 +#: freeculture.xml:14437 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19128,7 +19148,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14430 +#: freeculture.xml:14443 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19137,7 +19157,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14449 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19145,7 +19165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14446 +#: freeculture.xml:14459 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19156,7 +19176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14454 +#: freeculture.xml:14467 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19166,7 +19186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19174,7 +19194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14467 +#: freeculture.xml:14480 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19189,7 +19209,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14479 +#: freeculture.xml:14492 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19205,13 +19225,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:14506 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19219,7 +19239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14495 +#: freeculture.xml:14508 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -19241,7 +19261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14520 +#: freeculture.xml:14533 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -19257,7 +19277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14536 +#: freeculture.xml:14549 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -19271,7 +19291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14547 +#: freeculture.xml:14560 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -19283,7 +19303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14577 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -19296,7 +19316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:14587 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -19309,7 +19329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14585 +#: freeculture.xml:14598 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -19321,7 +19341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14595 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -19334,7 +19354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14605 +#: freeculture.xml:14618 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -19345,14 +19365,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14613 +#: freeculture.xml:14626 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14617 +#: freeculture.xml:14630 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -19366,7 +19386,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14641 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -19377,17 +19397,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14690 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14679 freeculture.xml:14692 +#: freeculture.xml:14692 freeculture.xml:14705 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14640 +#: freeculture.xml:14653 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -19429,7 +19449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14636 +#: freeculture.xml:14649 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19444,7 +19464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14694 +#: freeculture.xml:14707 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -19462,7 +19482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14713 +#: freeculture.xml:14726 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -19475,7 +19495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14727 +#: freeculture.xml:14740 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -19493,7 +19513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14744 +#: freeculture.xml:14757 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -19509,7 +19529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14756 +#: freeculture.xml:14769 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -19520,13 +19540,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14765 +#: freeculture.xml:14778 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14770 +#: freeculture.xml:14783 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -19535,19 +19555,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14777 +#: freeculture.xml:14790 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14783 +#: freeculture.xml:14796 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14787 +#: freeculture.xml:14800 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -19555,14 +19575,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14793 +#: freeculture.xml:14806 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14798 +#: freeculture.xml:14811 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -19571,7 +19591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14804 +#: freeculture.xml:14817 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -19588,7 +19608,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14818 +#: freeculture.xml:14831 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -19598,12 +19618,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14829 +#: freeculture.xml:14842 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14831 +#: freeculture.xml:14844 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -19612,7 +19632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14837 +#: freeculture.xml:14850 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -19623,7 +19643,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14854 +#: freeculture.xml:14867 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -19631,7 +19651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14845 +#: freeculture.xml:14858 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -19644,7 +19664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14860 +#: freeculture.xml:14873 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -19652,7 +19672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14870 +#: freeculture.xml:14883 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -19672,7 +19692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14865 +#: freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -19684,7 +19704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14894 +#: freeculture.xml:14907 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -19694,7 +19714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14902 +#: freeculture.xml:14915 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -19707,7 +19727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14912 +#: freeculture.xml:14925 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -19718,7 +19738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14920 +#: freeculture.xml:14933 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -19726,7 +19746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14927 +#: freeculture.xml:14940 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -19739,7 +19759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14936 +#: freeculture.xml:14949 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -19749,7 +19769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14945 +#: freeculture.xml:14958 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -19757,12 +19777,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14954 +#: freeculture.xml:14967 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14956 +#: freeculture.xml:14969 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -19776,12 +19796,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14974 +#: freeculture.xml:14987 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14976 +#: freeculture.xml:14989 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -19790,7 +19810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14983 +#: freeculture.xml:14996 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -19806,7 +19826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14996 +#: freeculture.xml:15009 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -19819,7 +19839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15007 +#: freeculture.xml:15020 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -19841,7 +19861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15027 +#: freeculture.xml:15040 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -19852,7 +19872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15036 +#: freeculture.xml:15049 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 3d89918..ae60dd3 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -3433,6 +3433,10 @@ has so often done in the past. <section id="piracy-i"> <title>Piracy I Asia, commercial piracy in + + CDs + foreign piracy of + All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted @@ -3542,6 +3546,7 @@ from a computer network, there is not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible. + This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property right of a very special sort, it is a @@ -5269,6 +5274,9 @@ anticipation of the power of networks. artists retrospective compilations on + + CD-ROMs, film clips used in + Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute @@ -5464,6 +5472,7 @@ that the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? + These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a @@ -14120,6 +14129,10 @@ evolve. The best way to ensure that the system evolves is to limit the Copyright Office's role to that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted elsewhere. + + CDs + copyright marking of + For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The