From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 26 Jul 2012 15:04:56 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add some indexes. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2117 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/de376ca2bd5182c1c0b8e3a40b1945187397c524?ds=inline Add some indexes. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 62f6923..17556e6 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 13:13+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 16:53+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -2588,7 +2588,10 @@ msgstr "" "begynne Ã¥ tenke disse problemene, bør sÃ¥ bare om nÃ¥ du være rÃ¥dvill om noe " "du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." -#. f7 +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" +msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -2597,7 +2600,8 @@ msgid "" "Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " "\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-" -"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different." +"secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. " msgstr "" "begrepet immaterielle er relativt nylige opprinnelsesland. se siva " "vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 11 (new york: new york university " @@ -4633,13 +4637,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Film" msgstr "filmen" -#. f1 #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " -"87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and patent." +"87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and " +"patent. " msgstr "" "Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for Ã¥ sette meg til dette ekstraordinære " "historie. Se ogsÃ¥ siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 87­93, som " @@ -7267,14 +7271,15 @@ msgstr "" "bøker holdt oppe; alle konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, " "ble fjernet." -#. f3 #. type: Content of: msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." +"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. " +"" msgstr "" -"Aom Siva Vaidhyanathan pent hevder, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette en \"lov " -"om opphavsrett.\" Se vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." +"Som Siva Vaidhyanathan sÃ¥ pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette " +"en \"opphavsrettslov.\" Se Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. " +"" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -7659,16 +7664,15 @@ msgstr "" "publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om \"Statute of Anne\" sa at de var " "falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." -#. f6 #. type: Content of: msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " msgstr "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " -"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +"Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For en fantastisk overbevisende fortelling, se " +"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -12278,10 +12282,12 @@ msgstr "" "brødrene og advarte dem om at det ville fÃ¥ seriøse juridiske konsekvenser " "hvis de gikk videre med sin plan." -#. f20 #. type: Content of: -msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." -msgstr "Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." +msgid "" +"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3. " +"" +msgstr "Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3. " +"" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -14136,15 +14142,15 @@ msgstr "" "færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " "enn nÃ¥." -#. f35 #. type: Content of: -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " -"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." +"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " +"" msgstr "" -"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" " -"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 159­60." +"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans \"fire kapitulasjoner\" for " +"opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " +"" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -16797,12 +16803,17 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" +msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred" + #. type: Content of: -#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," +"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " +"" msgstr "" -"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter,\" forklarer von Lohmann, " +"" #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -16943,7 +16954,6 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -16954,7 +16964,8 @@ msgid "" "university might not believe her. It might treat this \"contraband\" as " "presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have already " "learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of wars of " -"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann," +"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, " msgstr "" "nÃ¥, selvfølgelig, hun vil ha rett til Ã¥ forsvare seg selv. Du kan leie en " "advokat for henne (pÃ¥ $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 66f638c..d04326d 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 13:13+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-26 16:53+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -420,12 +420,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:365 freeculture.xml:12710 +#: freeculture.xml:365 freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:376 freeculture.xml:386 freeculture.xml:12723 +#: freeculture.xml:376 freeculture.xml:386 freeculture.xml:12725 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -558,12 +558,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:951 freeculture.xml:996 freeculture.xml:8753 freeculture.xml:12111 freeculture.xml:12814 +#: freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:951 freeculture.xml:996 freeculture.xml:8753 freeculture.xml:12113 freeculture.xml:12816 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:472 freeculture.xml:485 freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:952 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:12112 freeculture.xml:12815 +#: freeculture.xml:472 freeculture.xml:485 freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:952 freeculture.xml:997 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:12114 freeculture.xml:12817 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -960,7 +960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:792 freeculture.xml:1793 freeculture.xml:1804 +#: freeculture.xml:792 freeculture.xml:1794 freeculture.xml:1805 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" @@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:898 freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:898 freeculture.xml:14055 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1047 freeculture.xml:4669 +#: freeculture.xml:1047 freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" @@ -1397,7 +1397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1129 freeculture.xml:6762 +#: freeculture.xml:1129 freeculture.xml:6759 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -1974,7 +1974,11 @@ msgid "" "about something you hadn't thought through before." msgstr "" -#. f7 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:1566 freeculture.xml:2740 freeculture.xml:4365 freeculture.xml:4599 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:8211 +msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:1559 msgid "" @@ -1983,7 +1987,8 @@ msgid "" "Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas (New York: " "Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term accurately describes a set of " "\"property\" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and " -"trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is very different." +"trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. " +"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -1998,7 +2003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1572 +#: freeculture.xml:1573 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -2015,7 +2020,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1587 +#: freeculture.xml:1588 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -2024,7 +2029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1596 +#: freeculture.xml:1597 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -2035,7 +2040,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1604 +#: freeculture.xml:1605 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -2044,7 +2049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1610 +#: freeculture.xml:1611 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2061,7 +2066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1624 +#: freeculture.xml:1625 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2074,7 +2079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1635 +#: freeculture.xml:1636 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " "are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this " @@ -2087,7 +2092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1646 +#: freeculture.xml:1647 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2095,17 +2100,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1654 +#: freeculture.xml:1655 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1655 +#: freeculture.xml:1656 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1657 +#: freeculture.xml:1658 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2117,7 +2122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1666 +#: freeculture.xml:1667 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2130,13 +2135,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1677 +#: freeculture.xml:1678 msgid "Eastman, George" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1680 +#: freeculture.xml:1681 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2150,14 +2155,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1697 +#: freeculture.xml:1698 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " "Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1692 +#: freeculture.xml:1693 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2166,19 +2171,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1715 freeculture.xml:1738 +#: freeculture.xml:1716 freeculture.xml:1739 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1713 +#: freeculture.xml:1714 msgid "" "Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), " "53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1702 +#: freeculture.xml:1703 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2192,18 +2197,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1731 +#: freeculture.xml:1732 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1735 +#: freeculture.xml:1736 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1720 +#: freeculture.xml:1721 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2220,12 +2225,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1753 +#: freeculture.xml:1754 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1742 +#: freeculture.xml:1743 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2240,7 +2245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1757 +#: freeculture.xml:1758 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2256,14 +2261,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1779 +#: freeculture.xml:1780 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 " "S.E." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1770 +#: freeculture.xml:1771 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2277,7 +2282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1783 +#: freeculture.xml:1784 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2288,12 +2293,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1805 +#: freeculture.xml:1806 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1802 +#: freeculture.xml:1803 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " "Law Review 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -2301,7 +2306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1795 +#: freeculture.xml:1796 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2316,7 +2321,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1822 +#: freeculture.xml:1823 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " @@ -2325,7 +2330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1812 +#: freeculture.xml:1813 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2339,7 +2344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1830 +#: freeculture.xml:1831 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2357,7 +2362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1847 +#: freeculture.xml:1848 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2384,7 +2389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1879 +#: freeculture.xml:1880 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -2393,7 +2398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1873 +#: freeculture.xml:1874 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2407,12 +2412,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1896 +#: freeculture.xml:1897 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1891 +#: freeculture.xml:1892 msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " @@ -2422,7 +2427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1899 +#: freeculture.xml:1900 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2431,7 +2436,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1909 +#: freeculture.xml:1910 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " "Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, " @@ -2439,7 +2444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1905 +#: freeculture.xml:1906 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2451,7 +2456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1920 +#: freeculture.xml:1921 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2464,7 +2469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1930 +#: freeculture.xml:1931 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2475,22 +2480,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1937 +#: freeculture.xml:1938 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1951 freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:2453 +#: freeculture.xml:1952 freeculture.xml:2012 freeculture.xml:2019 freeculture.xml:2454 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1952 +#: freeculture.xml:1953 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1949 +#: freeculture.xml:1950 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2499,7 +2504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1963 +#: freeculture.xml:1964 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -2508,7 +2513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1939 +#: freeculture.xml:1940 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2526,12 +2531,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1970 +#: freeculture.xml:1971 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1972 +#: freeculture.xml:1973 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2541,7 +2546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1979 +#: freeculture.xml:1980 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2550,7 +2555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1986 +#: freeculture.xml:1987 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2559,25 +2564,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1994 +#: freeculture.xml:1995 msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2010 +#: freeculture.xml:2011 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2015 freeculture.xml:3709 freeculture.xml:4788 freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:2016 freeculture.xml:3711 freeculture.xml:4785 freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1999 +#: freeculture.xml:2000 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2591,7 +2596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2020 +#: freeculture.xml:2021 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2605,7 +2610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2032 +#: freeculture.xml:2033 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2616,7 +2621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2040 +#: freeculture.xml:2041 msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2636,7 +2641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2059 +#: freeculture.xml:2060 msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2648,7 +2653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2070 +#: freeculture.xml:2071 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2669,7 +2674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2089 +#: freeculture.xml:2090 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -2680,7 +2685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2096 +#: freeculture.xml:2097 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2689,7 +2694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2105 +#: freeculture.xml:2106 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2702,7 +2707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2116 +#: freeculture.xml:2117 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2713,17 +2718,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:2124 freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2124 +#: freeculture.xml:2125 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2126 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " @@ -2740,7 +2745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2140 +#: freeculture.xml:2141 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2751,7 +2756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2150 +#: freeculture.xml:2151 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2763,7 +2768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2159 +#: freeculture.xml:2160 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2775,7 +2780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2168 +#: freeculture.xml:2169 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2792,7 +2797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2182 +#: freeculture.xml:2183 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2805,14 +2810,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2208 +#: freeculture.xml:2209 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " "trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2193 +#: freeculture.xml:2194 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -2831,14 +2836,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2217 +#: freeculture.xml:2218 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " "Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2213 +#: freeculture.xml:2214 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -2850,14 +2855,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2232 +#: freeculture.xml:2233 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " "65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2225 +#: freeculture.xml:2226 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -2870,7 +2875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2238 +#: freeculture.xml:2239 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -2881,7 +2886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2249 +#: freeculture.xml:2250 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -2892,12 +2897,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2261 +#: freeculture.xml:2262 msgid "Dean, Howard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2257 +#: freeculture.xml:2258 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -2907,19 +2912,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2275 +#: freeculture.xml:2276 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2278 +#: freeculture.xml:2279 msgid "Lott, Trent" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2264 +#: freeculture.xml:2265 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -2935,7 +2940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2281 +#: freeculture.xml:2282 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -2944,7 +2949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2288 +#: freeculture.xml:2289 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -2955,13 +2960,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2297 +#: freeculture.xml:2298 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2300 +#: freeculture.xml:2301 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -2974,18 +2979,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2310 freeculture.xml:2363 +#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:2364 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2318 +#: freeculture.xml:2319 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2312 +#: freeculture.xml:2313 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3002,7 +3007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2336 +#: freeculture.xml:2337 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " @@ -3012,7 +3017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2328 +#: freeculture.xml:2329 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -3027,7 +3032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2355 +#: freeculture.xml:2356 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " "Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as " @@ -3041,7 +3046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2348 +#: freeculture.xml:2349 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " @@ -3057,7 +3062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2375 +#: freeculture.xml:2376 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " @@ -3074,12 +3079,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2391 +#: freeculture.xml:2392 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2394 +#: freeculture.xml:2395 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " @@ -3087,7 +3092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2399 +#: freeculture.xml:2400 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3097,7 +3102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2406 +#: freeculture.xml:2407 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " @@ -3111,7 +3116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2419 +#: freeculture.xml:2420 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3121,7 +3126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2426 +#: freeculture.xml:2427 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " @@ -3132,7 +3137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2434 +#: freeculture.xml:2435 msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " @@ -3143,7 +3148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2443 +#: freeculture.xml:2444 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3158,7 +3163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2455 +#: freeculture.xml:2456 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3167,7 +3172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2463 +#: freeculture.xml:2464 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3180,7 +3185,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2478 +#: freeculture.xml:2479 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the " @@ -3188,7 +3193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2472 +#: freeculture.xml:2473 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " @@ -3200,7 +3205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2486 +#: freeculture.xml:2487 msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " @@ -3208,7 +3213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2491 +#: freeculture.xml:2492 msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " @@ -3218,7 +3223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2499 +#: freeculture.xml:2500 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3227,19 +3232,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2505 +#: freeculture.xml:2506 msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " "9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2511 +#: freeculture.xml:2512 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2513 +#: freeculture.xml:2514 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3249,7 +3254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2520 +#: freeculture.xml:2521 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3260,7 +3265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2528 +#: freeculture.xml:2529 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3271,7 +3276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2535 +#: freeculture.xml:2536 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3284,7 +3289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2547 +#: freeculture.xml:2548 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3295,7 +3300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2556 +#: freeculture.xml:2557 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3309,7 +3314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2568 +#: freeculture.xml:2569 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3320,7 +3325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2575 +#: freeculture.xml:2576 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3330,7 +3335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2584 +#: freeculture.xml:2585 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3347,7 +3352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2599 +#: freeculture.xml:2600 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3358,7 +3363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2608 +#: freeculture.xml:2609 msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " @@ -3373,7 +3378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2620 +#: freeculture.xml:2621 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " @@ -3387,7 +3392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2640 +#: freeculture.xml:2641 msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " @@ -3395,7 +3400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2631 +#: freeculture.xml:2632 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3409,7 +3414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2646 +#: freeculture.xml:2647 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3418,7 +3423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2653 +#: freeculture.xml:2654 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3432,7 +3437,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2664 +#: freeculture.xml:2665 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3444,7 +3449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2674 +#: freeculture.xml:2675 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -3452,7 +3457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2686 +#: freeculture.xml:2687 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3461,14 +3466,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2694 +#: freeculture.xml:2695 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2678 +#: freeculture.xml:2679 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3482,7 +3487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2699 +#: freeculture.xml:2700 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3490,7 +3495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2706 +#: freeculture.xml:2707 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3499,7 +3504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2713 +#: freeculture.xml:2714 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3509,12 +3514,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2722 +#: freeculture.xml:2723 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2724 +#: freeculture.xml:2725 msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " @@ -3525,23 +3530,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2732 +#: freeculture.xml:2733 msgid "Film" msgstr "" -#. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2736 +#: freeculture.xml:2737 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " "87–93, which details Edison's \"adventures\" with copyright and " -"patent." +"patent. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2734 +#: freeculture.xml:2735 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3555,12 +3559,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2751 +#: freeculture.xml:2753 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2755 +#: freeculture.xml:2757 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3572,7 +3576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2775 +#: freeculture.xml:2777 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " "Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " @@ -3587,17 +3591,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2786 +#: freeculture.xml:2788 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2787 freeculture.xml:3030 freeculture.xml:4129 freeculture.xml:9479 +#: freeculture.xml:2789 freeculture.xml:3032 freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:9479 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2764 +#: freeculture.xml:2766 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3614,14 +3618,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2797 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2791 +#: freeculture.xml:2793 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -3636,7 +3640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2807 +#: freeculture.xml:2809 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3646,19 +3650,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2818 +#: freeculture.xml:2820 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2820 +#: freeculture.xml:2822 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2824 +#: freeculture.xml:2826 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3670,12 +3674,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2833 freeculture.xml:2975 +#: freeculture.xml:2835 freeculture.xml:2977 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2835 +#: freeculture.xml:2837 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -3695,7 +3699,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 69 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2853 +#: freeculture.xml:2855 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," @@ -3703,7 +3707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2867 +#: freeculture.xml:2869 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -3714,7 +3718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2860 +#: freeculture.xml:2862 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3726,7 +3730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2881 +#: freeculture.xml:2883 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3734,7 +3738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:2889 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3742,14 +3746,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2894 +#: freeculture.xml:2896 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2877 +#: freeculture.xml:2879 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -3762,7 +3766,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2907 +#: freeculture.xml:2909 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3771,7 +3775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2918 +#: freeculture.xml:2920 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -3779,7 +3783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2899 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -3797,7 +3801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2924 +#: freeculture.xml:2926 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " "artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid " @@ -3812,7 +3816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2938 +#: freeculture.xml:2940 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -3823,12 +3827,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 freeculture.xml:13729 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:13731 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2946 +#: freeculture.xml:2948 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -3841,7 +3845,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2969 +#: freeculture.xml:2971 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -3851,7 +3855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2956 +#: freeculture.xml:2958 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " @@ -3868,7 +3872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2978 +#: freeculture.xml:2980 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3877,7 +3881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3000 +#: freeculture.xml:3002 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -3885,7 +3889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2985 +#: freeculture.xml:2987 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3902,29 +3906,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3007 +#: freeculture.xml:3009 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:4094 +#: freeculture.xml:3014 freeculture.xml:4096 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3014 +#: freeculture.xml:3016 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 +#: freeculture.xml:3031 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3020 +#: freeculture.xml:3022 msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " @@ -3939,7 +3943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3017 +#: freeculture.xml:3019 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -3949,13 +3953,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3046 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:9034 freeculture.xml:11929 +#: freeculture.xml:3048 freeculture.xml:8574 freeculture.xml:9034 freeculture.xml:11931 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3037 +#: freeculture.xml:3039 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " @@ -3969,7 +3973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3051 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -3979,12 +3983,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3059 freeculture.xml:3543 freeculture.xml:5952 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:3545 freeculture.xml:5949 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3062 +#: freeculture.xml:3064 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -3993,7 +3997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3068 +#: freeculture.xml:3070 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4005,7 +4009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3078 +#: freeculture.xml:3080 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4016,18 +4020,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3087 freeculture.xml:4100 +#: freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:4102 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3090 +#: freeculture.xml:3092 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3093 +#: freeculture.xml:3095 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4039,18 +4043,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3103 +#: freeculture.xml:3105 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3104 +#: freeculture.xml:3106 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3110 +#: freeculture.xml:3112 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4060,14 +4064,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3123 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3106 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -4082,14 +4086,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3132 +#: freeculture.xml:3134 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3130 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4097,13 +4101,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3138 +#: freeculture.xml:3140 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3147 +#: freeculture.xml:3149 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4111,7 +4115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3142 +#: freeculture.xml:3144 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4121,14 +4125,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3158 +#: freeculture.xml:3160 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3154 +#: freeculture.xml:3156 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " @@ -4136,19 +4140,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3163 +#: freeculture.xml:3165 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:3181 +#: freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3177 +#: freeculture.xml:3179 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4156,7 +4160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3168 +#: freeculture.xml:3170 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4168,14 +4172,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3185 +#: freeculture.xml:3187 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3189 +#: freeculture.xml:3191 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4190,7 +4194,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3206 +#: freeculture.xml:3208 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " "Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " @@ -4200,7 +4204,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3203 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " @@ -4213,12 +4217,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3223 +#: freeculture.xml:3225 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3225 +#: freeculture.xml:3227 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4229,7 +4233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3233 +#: freeculture.xml:3235 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4241,13 +4245,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3243 +#: freeculture.xml:3245 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3251 +#: freeculture.xml:3253 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " "Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at " @@ -4257,7 +4261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3245 +#: freeculture.xml:3247 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4269,7 +4273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3261 +#: freeculture.xml:3263 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4277,7 +4281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3267 +#: freeculture.xml:3269 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4289,7 +4293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3276 +#: freeculture.xml:3278 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4304,7 +4308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3287 +#: freeculture.xml:3289 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4313,12 +4317,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3314 freeculture.xml:12206 freeculture.xml:12635 freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:3316 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12637 freeculture.xml:12644 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3300 +#: freeculture.xml:3302 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " @@ -4337,7 +4341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3295 +#: freeculture.xml:3297 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4349,12 +4353,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3334 freeculture.xml:3590 freeculture.xml:14252 +#: freeculture.xml:3336 freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:14254 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3327 +#: freeculture.xml:3329 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " @@ -4366,7 +4370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3321 +#: freeculture.xml:3323 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4376,7 +4380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3338 +#: freeculture.xml:3340 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4392,7 +4396,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3351 +#: freeculture.xml:3353 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " @@ -4410,12 +4414,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3380 +#: freeculture.xml:3382 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3369 +#: freeculture.xml:3371 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4431,7 +4435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3383 +#: freeculture.xml:3385 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4442,7 +4446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3391 +#: freeculture.xml:3393 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4458,7 +4462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3405 +#: freeculture.xml:3407 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4470,7 +4474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3415 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4482,7 +4486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3424 +#: freeculture.xml:3426 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4491,7 +4495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3430 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4500,26 +4504,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3436 +#: freeculture.xml:3438 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3442 +#: freeculture.xml:3444 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3447 +#: freeculture.xml:3449 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3444 +#: freeculture.xml:3446 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4529,12 +4533,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3469 freeculture.xml:8010 +#: freeculture.xml:3471 freeculture.xml:8008 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3461 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " "National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " @@ -4548,12 +4552,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3472 +#: freeculture.xml:3474 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3458 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4565,7 +4569,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3482 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " @@ -4576,7 +4580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#: freeculture.xml:3477 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4592,7 +4596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3502 +#: freeculture.xml:3504 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " "(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " @@ -4602,14 +4606,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3511 +#: freeculture.xml:3513 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " "Times, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3496 +#: freeculture.xml:3498 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4625,7 +4629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3520 +#: freeculture.xml:3522 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4637,14 +4641,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3530 +#: freeculture.xml:3532 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3538 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4657,7 +4661,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3547 +#: freeculture.xml:3549 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4670,7 +4674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3558 +#: freeculture.xml:3560 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4689,26 +4693,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3581 +#: freeculture.xml:3583 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3589 +#: freeculture.xml:3591 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49. <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3584 +#: freeculture.xml:3586 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4722,7 +4726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3600 +#: freeculture.xml:3602 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4733,7 +4737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3615 +#: freeculture.xml:3617 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " "Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " @@ -4749,7 +4753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3608 +#: freeculture.xml:3610 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4764,12 +4768,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3641 +#: freeculture.xml:3643 msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3633 +#: freeculture.xml:3635 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " @@ -4780,7 +4784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3645 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4792,7 +4796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3655 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4804,7 +4808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3664 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4813,7 +4817,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3674 +#: freeculture.xml:3676 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4830,12 +4834,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3701 +#: freeculture.xml:3703 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3698 +#: freeculture.xml:3700 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4843,7 +4847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3670 +#: freeculture.xml:3672 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4863,7 +4867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3715 +#: freeculture.xml:3717 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4874,7 +4878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3724 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4892,7 +4896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3742 +#: freeculture.xml:3744 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4901,7 +4905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3757 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4912,7 +4916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3749 +#: freeculture.xml:3751 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -4927,7 +4931,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3780 +#: freeculture.xml:3782 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -4940,7 +4944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3774 +#: freeculture.xml:3776 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -4955,12 +4959,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3801 +#: freeculture.xml:3803 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3803 +#: freeculture.xml:3805 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -4975,7 +4979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3816 +#: freeculture.xml:3818 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -4987,7 +4991,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3824 +#: freeculture.xml:3826 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5004,7 +5008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3841 +#: freeculture.xml:3843 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5013,7 +5017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3847 +#: freeculture.xml:3849 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -5022,7 +5026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3854 +#: freeculture.xml:3856 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -5037,7 +5041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3867 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -5045,7 +5049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3884 +#: freeculture.xml:3886 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5056,7 +5060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3871 +#: freeculture.xml:3873 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5069,7 +5073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3894 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5083,7 +5087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3905 +#: freeculture.xml:3907 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5095,7 +5099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3916 +#: freeculture.xml:3918 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5109,7 +5113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3929 +#: freeculture.xml:3931 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5120,7 +5124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3939 +#: freeculture.xml:3941 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5137,12 +5141,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3957 +#: freeculture.xml:3959 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3959 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5158,7 +5162,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3972 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5175,7 +5179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3994 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5185,13 +5189,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4006 +#: freeculture.xml:4008 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4011 +#: freeculture.xml:4013 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, " "(C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5199,14 +5203,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4022 +#: freeculture.xml:4024 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3987 +#: freeculture.xml:3989 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5232,14 +5236,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4038 +#: freeculture.xml:4040 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " "Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4027 +#: freeculture.xml:4029 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5255,7 +5259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4043 +#: freeculture.xml:4045 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5264,14 +5268,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4062 +#: freeculture.xml:4064 msgid "" "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " "(1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4052 +#: freeculture.xml:4054 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5282,7 +5286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4067 +#: freeculture.xml:4069 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5292,82 +5296,82 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4076 +#: freeculture.xml:4078 msgid "Table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4080 +#: freeculture.xml:4082 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4081 +#: freeculture.xml:4083 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4082 +#: freeculture.xml:4084 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4083 +#: freeculture.xml:4085 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4088 +#: freeculture.xml:4090 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4089 +#: freeculture.xml:4091 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4090 freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4108 +#: freeculture.xml:4092 freeculture.xml:4104 freeculture.xml:4110 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4091 freeculture.xml:4103 +#: freeculture.xml:4093 freeculture.xml:4105 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4095 +#: freeculture.xml:4097 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4096 +#: freeculture.xml:4098 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4097 freeculture.xml:4109 +#: freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:4111 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4101 +#: freeculture.xml:4103 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4106 +#: freeculture.xml:4108 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4107 +#: freeculture.xml:4109 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4119 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5383,7 +5387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4116 +#: freeculture.xml:4118 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5393,7 +5397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4136 +#: freeculture.xml:4138 msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " "riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " @@ -5406,7 +5410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4148 +#: freeculture.xml:4150 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5420,12 +5424,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4165 +#: freeculture.xml:4167 msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 +#: freeculture.xml:4162 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5439,7 +5443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4177 +#: freeculture.xml:4179 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5456,14 +5460,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4204 +#: freeculture.xml:4206 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4194 +#: freeculture.xml:4196 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5482,20 +5486,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4218 +#: freeculture.xml:4220 msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " "just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4226 +#: freeculture.xml:4228 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4230 +#: freeculture.xml:4232 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5504,7 +5508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4237 +#: freeculture.xml:4239 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5519,7 +5523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4264 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " @@ -5527,7 +5531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4249 +#: freeculture.xml:4251 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5543,7 +5547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4268 +#: freeculture.xml:4270 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5553,7 +5557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4283 +#: freeculture.xml:4285 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5565,7 +5569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4276 +#: freeculture.xml:4278 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5574,7 +5578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4296 +#: freeculture.xml:4298 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5586,12 +5590,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4310 +#: freeculture.xml:4312 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4312 +#: freeculture.xml:4314 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " @@ -5605,7 +5609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4328 +#: freeculture.xml:4330 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5618,7 +5622,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4339 +#: freeculture.xml:4341 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." @@ -5626,7 +5630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4324 +#: freeculture.xml:4326 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the " "\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive " @@ -5641,16 +5645,16 @@ msgid "" "editions was eliminated." msgstr "" -#. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4365 +#: freeculture.xml:4363 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." +"\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4355 +#: freeculture.xml:4354 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5665,7 +5669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4373 +#: freeculture.xml:4371 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5678,7 +5682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4386 +#: freeculture.xml:4382 msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " "Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " @@ -5693,7 +5697,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4403 +#: freeculture.xml:4399 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5705,7 +5709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4415 +#: freeculture.xml:4411 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5716,7 +5720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4425 +#: freeculture.xml:4421 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5724,7 +5728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4430 +#: freeculture.xml:4426 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " @@ -5738,7 +5742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4442 +#: freeculture.xml:4438 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5747,7 +5751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4449 +#: freeculture.xml:4445 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5762,7 +5766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4466 +#: freeculture.xml:4462 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5775,7 +5779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4474 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5790,7 +5794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4494 +#: freeculture.xml:4490 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5803,14 +5807,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4518 +#: freeculture.xml:4514 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4505 +#: freeculture.xml:4501 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5826,7 +5830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4523 +#: freeculture.xml:4519 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5836,7 +5840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4532 +#: freeculture.xml:4528 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5850,7 +5854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4544 +#: freeculture.xml:4540 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5862,7 +5866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4553 +#: freeculture.xml:4549 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -5870,7 +5874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4568 +#: freeculture.xml:4564 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5882,7 +5886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4558 +#: freeculture.xml:4554 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5894,7 +5898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4579 +#: freeculture.xml:4575 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -5910,17 +5914,16 @@ msgid "" "way to protect authors." msgstr "" -#. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4600 +#: freeculture.xml:4596 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " -"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +"Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4594 +#: freeculture.xml:4590 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -5933,14 +5936,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4612 +#: freeculture.xml:4609 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4608 +#: freeculture.xml:4605 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -5949,7 +5952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4622 +#: freeculture.xml:4619 msgid "" "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " "92." @@ -5957,17 +5960,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4632 +#: freeculture.xml:4629 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4634 +#: freeculture.xml:4631 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4617 +#: freeculture.xml:4614 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -5982,14 +5985,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4643 +#: freeculture.xml:4640 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " "Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4637 +#: freeculture.xml:4634 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6001,7 +6004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4651 +#: freeculture.xml:4648 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -6010,7 +6013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4663 +#: freeculture.xml:4660 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " @@ -6018,7 +6021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4656 +#: freeculture.xml:4653 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -6029,7 +6032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4672 +#: freeculture.xml:4669 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6043,7 +6046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4683 +#: freeculture.xml:4680 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6058,25 +6061,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4698 +#: freeculture.xml:4695 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4701 +#: freeculture.xml:4698 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4707 +#: freeculture.xml:4704 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6089,7 +6092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4714 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " "attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " @@ -6102,7 +6105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4727 +#: freeculture.xml:4724 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6112,7 +6115,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4734 +#: freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6124,32 +6127,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4752 +#: freeculture.xml:4749 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4753 +#: freeculture.xml:4750 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4754 +#: freeculture.xml:4751 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4755 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4756 +#: freeculture.xml:4753 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4744 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " "clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " @@ -6165,12 +6168,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4769 +#: freeculture.xml:4766 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4759 +#: freeculture.xml:4756 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6184,14 +6187,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4773 +#: freeculture.xml:4770 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4779 +#: freeculture.xml:4776 msgid "" "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " @@ -6204,7 +6207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4794 +#: freeculture.xml:4791 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6226,7 +6229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4814 +#: freeculture.xml:4811 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6234,12 +6237,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 +#: freeculture.xml:4819 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4824 +#: freeculture.xml:4821 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6248,19 +6251,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4831 +#: freeculture.xml:4828 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 freeculture.xml:4911 +#: freeculture.xml:4839 freeculture.xml:4908 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4836 +#: freeculture.xml:4833 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6272,7 +6275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4845 +#: freeculture.xml:4842 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6282,7 +6285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4854 +#: freeculture.xml:4851 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " @@ -6292,12 +6295,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4866 freeculture.xml:4874 +#: freeculture.xml:4863 freeculture.xml:4871 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4861 +#: freeculture.xml:4858 msgid "" "Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " @@ -6308,7 +6311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4869 +#: freeculture.xml:4866 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6319,7 +6322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4877 +#: freeculture.xml:4874 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " @@ -6330,7 +6333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4885 +#: freeculture.xml:4882 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6341,7 +6344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4893 +#: freeculture.xml:4890 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6352,12 +6355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4912 +#: freeculture.xml:4909 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4905 +#: freeculture.xml:4902 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6369,7 +6372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4915 +#: freeculture.xml:4912 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " @@ -6382,7 +6385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4926 +#: freeculture.xml:4923 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " "copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " @@ -6394,7 +6397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4938 +#: freeculture.xml:4935 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6404,7 +6407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4935 +#: freeculture.xml:4932 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6415,12 +6418,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4950 +#: freeculture.xml:4947 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4954 +#: freeculture.xml:4951 msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " "lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " @@ -6432,7 +6435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4964 +#: freeculture.xml:4961 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6442,12 +6445,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4981 +#: freeculture.xml:4978 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4969 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6463,7 +6466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4985 +#: freeculture.xml:4982 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " @@ -6474,14 +6477,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:4992 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5002 +#: freeculture.xml:4999 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6492,7 +6495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5010 +#: freeculture.xml:5007 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6501,22 +6504,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5019 +#: freeculture.xml:5016 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5020 +#: freeculture.xml:5017 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5021 freeculture.xml:5029 freeculture.xml:5040 freeculture.xml:5055 freeculture.xml:5064 freeculture.xml:5069 freeculture.xml:5121 freeculture.xml:5137 freeculture.xml:5160 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:9581 +#: freeculture.xml:5018 freeculture.xml:5026 freeculture.xml:5037 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5061 freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5118 freeculture.xml:5134 freeculture.xml:5157 freeculture.xml:5219 freeculture.xml:9581 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5023 +#: freeculture.xml:5020 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6526,7 +6529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5031 +#: freeculture.xml:5028 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6538,7 +6541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5042 +#: freeculture.xml:5039 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6548,7 +6551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5049 +#: freeculture.xml:5046 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6558,7 +6561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5057 +#: freeculture.xml:5054 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6568,24 +6571,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5066 +#: freeculture.xml:5063 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5079 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5083 +#: freeculture.xml:5080 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#: freeculture.xml:5074 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6594,7 +6597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5071 +#: freeculture.xml:5068 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6603,7 +6606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5088 +#: freeculture.xml:5085 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6613,7 +6616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5095 +#: freeculture.xml:5092 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6621,7 +6624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5098 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6632,7 +6635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5107 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6645,7 +6648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5123 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6658,14 +6661,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5134 +#: freeculture.xml:5131 msgid "" "It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5139 +#: freeculture.xml:5136 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6673,7 +6676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5142 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -6686,20 +6689,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5157 +#: freeculture.xml:5154 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5161 +#: freeculture.xml:5158 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5169 +#: freeculture.xml:5166 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " "Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink " @@ -6707,7 +6710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5163 +#: freeculture.xml:5160 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6718,7 +6721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5177 +#: freeculture.xml:5174 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " @@ -6728,7 +6731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5185 +#: freeculture.xml:5182 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " @@ -6737,7 +6740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5193 +#: freeculture.xml:5190 msgid "" "Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " "sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " @@ -6750,7 +6753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5203 +#: freeculture.xml:5200 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6770,7 +6773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5224 +#: freeculture.xml:5221 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6790,7 +6793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5241 +#: freeculture.xml:5238 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6801,7 +6804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5251 +#: freeculture.xml:5248 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " @@ -6810,12 +6813,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5256 +#: freeculture.xml:5253 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5258 +#: freeculture.xml:5255 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6826,12 +6829,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5265 +#: freeculture.xml:5262 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5267 +#: freeculture.xml:5264 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6848,7 +6851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5282 +#: freeculture.xml:5279 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6858,12 +6861,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 +#: freeculture.xml:5295 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5289 +#: freeculture.xml:5286 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6876,7 +6879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5301 +#: freeculture.xml:5298 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6886,7 +6889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5308 +#: freeculture.xml:5305 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -6903,7 +6906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5323 +#: freeculture.xml:5320 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -6913,7 +6916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5329 +#: freeculture.xml:5326 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " @@ -6926,7 +6929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5341 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -6937,7 +6940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5350 +#: freeculture.xml:5347 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -6950,7 +6953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5360 +#: freeculture.xml:5357 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -6966,12 +6969,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5375 +#: freeculture.xml:5372 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5377 +#: freeculture.xml:5374 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -6983,7 +6986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5386 +#: freeculture.xml:5383 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -6994,7 +6997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5391 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " @@ -7004,7 +7007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5402 +#: freeculture.xml:5399 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7012,7 +7015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5407 +#: freeculture.xml:5404 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7023,7 +7026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5420 +#: freeculture.xml:5417 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -7033,7 +7036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5414 +#: freeculture.xml:5411 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7043,7 +7046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5428 +#: freeculture.xml:5425 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -7056,7 +7059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5439 +#: freeculture.xml:5436 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we " @@ -7068,7 +7071,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5448 +#: freeculture.xml:5445 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7080,7 +7083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5459 +#: freeculture.xml:5456 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7093,7 +7096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5469 +#: freeculture.xml:5466 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -7113,7 +7116,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5487 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7125,7 +7128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5499 +#: freeculture.xml:5496 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7136,7 +7139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5507 +#: freeculture.xml:5504 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7147,7 +7150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5524 +#: freeculture.xml:5521 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " @@ -7156,7 +7159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5515 +#: freeculture.xml:5512 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7169,7 +7172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 +#: freeculture.xml:5529 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7183,7 +7186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5540 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7195,12 +7198,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5570 +#: freeculture.xml:5567 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5554 +#: freeculture.xml:5551 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7221,7 +7224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5573 +#: freeculture.xml:5570 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7231,7 +7234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5581 +#: freeculture.xml:5578 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7242,7 +7245,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5589 +#: freeculture.xml:5586 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7254,7 +7257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5601 +#: freeculture.xml:5598 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7266,7 +7269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5613 +#: freeculture.xml:5610 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " @@ -7277,7 +7280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5610 +#: freeculture.xml:5607 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7289,7 +7292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5627 +#: freeculture.xml:5624 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7303,7 +7306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5638 +#: freeculture.xml:5635 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7315,7 +7318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5650 +#: freeculture.xml:5647 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7326,7 +7329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5658 +#: freeculture.xml:5655 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7335,7 +7338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5665 +#: freeculture.xml:5662 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7352,7 +7355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5679 +#: freeculture.xml:5676 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7368,7 +7371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5694 +#: freeculture.xml:5691 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7379,17 +7382,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5704 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5713 +#: freeculture.xml:5710 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5706 +#: freeculture.xml:5703 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7401,42 +7404,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5726 +#: freeculture.xml:5723 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5727 +#: freeculture.xml:5724 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5728 +#: freeculture.xml:5725 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5729 +#: freeculture.xml:5726 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5730 +#: freeculture.xml:5727 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5731 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5732 +#: freeculture.xml:5729 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5716 +#: freeculture.xml:5713 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7455,7 +7458,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5736 +#: freeculture.xml:5733 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7469,7 +7472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5748 +#: freeculture.xml:5745 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7481,13 +7484,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5757 +#: freeculture.xml:5754 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5771 +#: freeculture.xml:5768 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7497,7 +7500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5762 +#: freeculture.xml:5759 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7511,7 +7514,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5781 +#: freeculture.xml:5778 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7523,7 +7526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5792 +#: freeculture.xml:5789 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7538,7 +7541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5807 +#: freeculture.xml:5804 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7550,7 +7553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5804 +#: freeculture.xml:5801 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7562,7 +7565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5822 +#: freeculture.xml:5819 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7573,7 +7576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5830 +#: freeculture.xml:5827 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7587,7 +7590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5845 +#: freeculture.xml:5842 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7601,7 +7604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5857 +#: freeculture.xml:5854 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7615,7 +7618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5868 +#: freeculture.xml:5865 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7630,7 +7633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5883 +#: freeculture.xml:5880 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7641,7 +7644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5892 +#: freeculture.xml:5889 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7655,7 +7658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 +#: freeculture.xml:5901 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " @@ -7665,7 +7668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5911 +#: freeculture.xml:5908 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7680,7 +7683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5925 +#: freeculture.xml:5922 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7692,19 +7695,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5934 +#: freeculture.xml:5931 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5935 freeculture.xml:6110 freeculture.xml:6411 +#: freeculture.xml:5932 freeculture.xml:6107 freeculture.xml:6408 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5938 +#: freeculture.xml:5935 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7721,7 +7724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5955 +#: freeculture.xml:5952 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7734,7 +7737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5966 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7746,7 +7749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5976 +#: freeculture.xml:5973 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7764,7 +7767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5993 +#: freeculture.xml:5990 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -7772,7 +7775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5999 +#: freeculture.xml:5996 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7784,12 +7787,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6008 +#: freeculture.xml:6005 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6011 +#: freeculture.xml:6008 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7806,7 +7809,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6029 +#: freeculture.xml:6026 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7819,7 +7822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6025 +#: freeculture.xml:6022 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7836,22 +7839,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6053 +#: freeculture.xml:6050 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6054 +#: freeculture.xml:6051 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6093 +#: freeculture.xml:6090 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6065 +#: freeculture.xml:6062 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7882,7 +7885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6057 +#: freeculture.xml:6054 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -7893,12 +7896,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6097 +#: freeculture.xml:6094 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6099 +#: freeculture.xml:6096 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -7907,18 +7910,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6105 +#: freeculture.xml:6102 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6109 freeculture.xml:6410 +#: freeculture.xml:6106 freeculture.xml:6407 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6114 +#: freeculture.xml:6111 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -7932,7 +7935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6126 +#: freeculture.xml:6123 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -7944,7 +7947,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6131 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -7955,17 +7958,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6144 +#: freeculture.xml:6141 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6145 +#: freeculture.xml:6142 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6148 +#: freeculture.xml:6145 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -7980,7 +7983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6160 +#: freeculture.xml:6157 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -7997,7 +8000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6177 +#: freeculture.xml:6174 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8009,7 +8012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6193 +#: freeculture.xml:6190 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8020,7 +8023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6185 +#: freeculture.xml:6182 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8043,17 +8046,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6225 +#: freeculture.xml:6222 msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6234 freeculture.xml:12609 +#: freeculture.xml:6231 freeculture.xml:12611 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6215 +#: freeculture.xml:6212 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8072,7 +8075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6237 +#: freeculture.xml:6234 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8084,7 +8087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6247 +#: freeculture.xml:6244 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8101,7 +8104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6261 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -8112,22 +8115,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6270 +#: freeculture.xml:6267 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6273 +#: freeculture.xml:6270 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6281 +#: freeculture.xml:6278 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6276 +#: freeculture.xml:6273 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8137,7 +8140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6284 +#: freeculture.xml:6281 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -8145,17 +8148,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6288 freeculture.xml:6294 +#: freeculture.xml:6285 freeculture.xml:6291 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6295 +#: freeculture.xml:6292 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6290 +#: freeculture.xml:6287 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " "whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " @@ -8165,7 +8168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6295 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8178,7 +8181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6311 +#: freeculture.xml:6308 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." @@ -8186,7 +8189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6307 +#: freeculture.xml:6304 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8204,7 +8207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6328 +#: freeculture.xml:6325 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8218,19 +8221,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6339 +#: freeculture.xml:6336 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6346 +#: freeculture.xml:6343 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6348 +#: freeculture.xml:6345 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8239,7 +8242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6354 +#: freeculture.xml:6351 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8248,7 +8251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8261,7 +8264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6372 +#: freeculture.xml:6369 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " @@ -8273,7 +8276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6381 +#: freeculture.xml:6378 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8290,7 +8293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6396 +#: freeculture.xml:6393 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8301,7 +8304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6403 +#: freeculture.xml:6400 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8309,38 +8312,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6414 +#: freeculture.xml:6411 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6417 +#: freeculture.xml:6414 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6418 +#: freeculture.xml:6415 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6421 +#: freeculture.xml:6418 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6426 +#: freeculture.xml:6423 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6441 +#: freeculture.xml:6438 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6436 +#: freeculture.xml:6433 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " "United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " @@ -8351,7 +8354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6428 +#: freeculture.xml:6425 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8367,7 +8370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6451 +#: freeculture.xml:6448 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8378,7 +8381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6459 +#: freeculture.xml:6456 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8389,7 +8392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6474 +#: freeculture.xml:6471 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " @@ -8407,7 +8410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6466 +#: freeculture.xml:6463 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8420,7 +8423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6490 +#: freeculture.xml:6487 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8431,7 +8434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6505 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8444,7 +8447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6499 +#: freeculture.xml:6496 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8455,12 +8458,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6520 +#: freeculture.xml:6517 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6516 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8473,7 +8476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6528 +#: freeculture.xml:6525 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8484,7 +8487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6536 +#: freeculture.xml:6533 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8498,7 +8501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6546 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8510,7 +8513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6557 +#: freeculture.xml:6554 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8522,7 +8525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6567 +#: freeculture.xml:6564 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8534,7 +8537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6577 +#: freeculture.xml:6574 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8546,7 +8549,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6594 +#: freeculture.xml:6591 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8555,7 +8558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6586 +#: freeculture.xml:6583 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8567,12 +8570,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6603 +#: freeculture.xml:6600 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6605 +#: freeculture.xml:6602 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8581,7 +8584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6611 +#: freeculture.xml:6608 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8597,7 +8600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6624 +#: freeculture.xml:6621 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8615,7 +8618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6639 +#: freeculture.xml:6636 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8630,7 +8633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6652 +#: freeculture.xml:6649 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8646,7 +8649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6666 +#: freeculture.xml:6663 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8657,13 +8660,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6674 +#: freeculture.xml:6671 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6685 +#: freeculture.xml:6682 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " @@ -8672,7 +8675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6678 +#: freeculture.xml:6675 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8686,7 +8689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6698 +#: freeculture.xml:6695 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8697,7 +8700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6708 +#: freeculture.xml:6705 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8708,7 +8711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6714 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8716,7 +8719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6722 +#: freeculture.xml:6719 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8731,7 +8734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:6733 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8743,7 +8746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6759 +#: freeculture.xml:6756 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. " @@ -8751,7 +8754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6749 +#: freeculture.xml:6746 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8767,7 +8770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6775 +#: freeculture.xml:6772 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -8777,7 +8780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6769 +#: freeculture.xml:6766 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8787,7 +8790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6786 +#: freeculture.xml:6783 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8797,7 +8800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6795 +#: freeculture.xml:6792 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8806,13 +8809,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6803 +#: freeculture.xml:6800 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6810 +#: freeculture.xml:6807 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8824,7 +8827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6805 +#: freeculture.xml:6802 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8835,7 +8838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6822 +#: freeculture.xml:6819 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " "to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " @@ -8850,7 +8853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6838 +#: freeculture.xml:6835 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8859,7 +8862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6833 +#: freeculture.xml:6830 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8871,25 +8874,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6849 +#: freeculture.xml:6846 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6853 +#: freeculture.xml:6850 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6854 +#: freeculture.xml:6851 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6858 +#: freeculture.xml:6855 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " @@ -8904,17 +8907,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#: freeculture.xml:6868 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6872 +#: freeculture.xml:6869 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6875 +#: freeculture.xml:6872 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -8925,26 +8928,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6883 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6888 +#: freeculture.xml:6885 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6889 +#: freeculture.xml:6886 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6892 +#: freeculture.xml:6889 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -8957,30 +8960,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6903 +#: freeculture.xml:6900 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6904 +#: freeculture.xml:6901 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6908 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6909 +#: freeculture.xml:6906 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6913 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -8989,7 +8992,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6921 +#: freeculture.xml:6918 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -8999,7 +9002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6918 +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9016,7 +9019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6942 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9028,7 +9031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6955 +#: freeculture.xml:6952 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9042,7 +9045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6969 +#: freeculture.xml:6966 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9051,7 +9054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6975 +#: freeculture.xml:6972 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9062,7 +9065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6985 +#: freeculture.xml:6982 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9077,7 +9080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7001 +#: freeculture.xml:6998 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -9091,7 +9094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7016 +#: freeculture.xml:7013 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9102,7 +9105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7027 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -9112,7 +9115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7034 +#: freeculture.xml:7031 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9124,7 +9127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7046 +#: freeculture.xml:7043 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9140,7 +9143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7063 +#: freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -9153,7 +9156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:7072 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9165,7 +9168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7084 +#: freeculture.xml:7081 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9182,7 +9185,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7099 +#: freeculture.xml:7096 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9199,7 +9202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7114 +#: freeculture.xml:7111 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9210,12 +9213,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7123 +#: freeculture.xml:7120 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7125 +#: freeculture.xml:7122 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9224,7 +9227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7131 +#: freeculture.xml:7128 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9234,20 +9237,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7138 +#: freeculture.xml:7135 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7147 +#: freeculture.xml:7144 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7140 +#: freeculture.xml:7137 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " @@ -9256,14 +9259,15 @@ msgid "" "their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7156 -msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." +#: freeculture.xml:7153 +msgid "" +"Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7152 +#: freeculture.xml:7149 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9273,7 +9277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7163 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9282,7 +9286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7169 +#: freeculture.xml:7167 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9294,12 +9298,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#: freeculture.xml:7178 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7183 +#: freeculture.xml:7181 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9308,13 +9312,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7190 +#: freeculture.xml:7188 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7194 +#: freeculture.xml:7192 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9326,35 +9330,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7205 +#: freeculture.xml:7203 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7206 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7209 +#: freeculture.xml:7207 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7213 +#: freeculture.xml:7211 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 +#: freeculture.xml:7212 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7218 +#: freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9364,64 +9368,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7234 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's Politics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7238 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7237 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7242 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7247 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#: freeculture.xml:7246 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7251 +#: freeculture.xml:7249 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7256 +#: freeculture.xml:7254 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7260 +#: freeculture.xml:7258 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7268 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9432,7 +9436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7263 +#: freeculture.xml:7261 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9447,7 +9451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7285 +#: freeculture.xml:7283 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9467,7 +9471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7303 +#: freeculture.xml:7301 msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " "sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner " @@ -9475,7 +9479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7308 +#: freeculture.xml:7306 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " "code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " @@ -9486,7 +9490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7316 +#: freeculture.xml:7314 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9496,14 +9500,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7322 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7328 +#: freeculture.xml:7326 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9513,18 +9517,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7336 +#: freeculture.xml:7334 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7338 +#: freeculture.xml:7336 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7342 +#: freeculture.xml:7340 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9532,7 +9536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7349 +#: freeculture.xml:7347 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9543,7 +9547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7357 +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9558,7 +9562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7370 +#: freeculture.xml:7368 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9568,19 +9572,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7378 +#: freeculture.xml:7376 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7382 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7385 +#: freeculture.xml:7383 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9589,7 +9593,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7390 +#: freeculture.xml:7388 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9600,7 +9604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7399 +#: freeculture.xml:7397 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9611,7 +9615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7407 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " "a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or " @@ -9626,7 +9630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7419 +#: freeculture.xml:7417 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9636,7 +9640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7426 +#: freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9647,7 +9651,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7434 +#: freeculture.xml:7432 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9662,7 +9666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7450 +#: freeculture.xml:7448 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9676,12 +9680,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7473 freeculture.xml:9893 +#: freeculture.xml:7471 freeculture.xml:9893 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7463 +#: freeculture.xml:7461 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the " @@ -9696,7 +9700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7461 +#: freeculture.xml:7459 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9706,7 +9710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7481 +#: freeculture.xml:7479 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9718,7 +9722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7491 +#: freeculture.xml:7489 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9728,7 +9732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7498 +#: freeculture.xml:7496 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9737,7 +9741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7504 +#: freeculture.xml:7502 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9748,7 +9752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7512 +#: freeculture.xml:7510 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9758,7 +9762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7520 +#: freeculture.xml:7518 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9766,7 +9770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7527 +#: freeculture.xml:7525 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9774,7 +9778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7533 +#: freeculture.xml:7531 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9783,7 +9787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:7537 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9792,7 +9796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7547 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9800,7 +9804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7552 +#: freeculture.xml:7550 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9812,7 +9816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7561 +#: freeculture.xml:7559 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " @@ -9821,7 +9825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7567 +#: freeculture.xml:7565 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9833,7 +9837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7576 +#: freeculture.xml:7574 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9847,7 +9851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7588 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9858,7 +9862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7596 +#: freeculture.xml:7594 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -9871,7 +9875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7622 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " @@ -9880,7 +9884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7607 +#: freeculture.xml:7605 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -9899,7 +9903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7631 +#: freeculture.xml:7629 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -9907,17 +9911,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7636 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7640 +#: freeculture.xml:7638 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:7641 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -9929,7 +9933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7651 +#: freeculture.xml:7649 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -9938,17 +9942,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7659 +#: freeculture.xml:7657 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:7658 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -9959,7 +9963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7671 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -9970,7 +9974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7679 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "" "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " @@ -9984,7 +9988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7689 +#: freeculture.xml:7687 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -9999,7 +10003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7708 +#: freeculture.xml:7706 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " @@ -10007,7 +10011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7702 +#: freeculture.xml:7700 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " @@ -10017,7 +10021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7714 +#: freeculture.xml:7712 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10027,7 +10031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7721 +#: freeculture.xml:7719 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10040,7 +10044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7731 +#: freeculture.xml:7729 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10051,13 +10055,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7740 +#: freeculture.xml:7738 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7742 +#: freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10075,7 +10079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7760 +#: freeculture.xml:7758 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10085,7 +10089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7767 +#: freeculture.xml:7765 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10098,18 +10102,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:7776 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7779 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7787 +#: freeculture.xml:7785 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10118,7 +10122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7794 +#: freeculture.xml:7792 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "New York Times, 23 December 2002." @@ -10126,19 +10130,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7800 +#: freeculture.xml:7798 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " "May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7803 +#: freeculture.xml:7801 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7783 +#: freeculture.xml:7781 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10153,7 +10157,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7806 +#: freeculture.xml:7804 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10165,7 +10169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7817 +#: freeculture.xml:7815 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10179,12 +10183,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7831 freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7846 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7828 +#: freeculture.xml:7826 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10192,14 +10196,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7846 +#: freeculture.xml:7844 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7835 +#: freeculture.xml:7833 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10214,7 +10218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7853 +#: freeculture.xml:7851 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10223,18 +10227,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#: freeculture.xml:7857 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7860 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#: freeculture.xml:7862 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10242,7 +10246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7869 +#: freeculture.xml:7867 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10251,24 +10255,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7875 +#: freeculture.xml:7873 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7878 +#: freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7880 freeculture.xml:7944 +#: freeculture.xml:7878 freeculture.xml:7942 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7882 +#: freeculture.xml:7880 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " "pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told " @@ -10279,7 +10283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7894 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10290,7 +10294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7889 +#: freeculture.xml:7887 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10300,7 +10304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7906 +#: freeculture.xml:7904 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10312,7 +10316,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7925 +#: freeculture.xml:7923 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10324,7 +10328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7915 +#: freeculture.xml:7913 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10343,7 +10347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7946 +#: freeculture.xml:7944 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " "had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " @@ -10351,17 +10355,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7955 +#: freeculture.xml:7953 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7956 +#: freeculture.xml:7954 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7952 +#: freeculture.xml:7950 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10371,7 +10375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7969 +#: freeculture.xml:7967 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " "Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink " @@ -10379,7 +10383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 +#: freeculture.xml:7958 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10390,7 +10394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7976 +#: freeculture.xml:7974 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10404,13 +10408,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7987 +#: freeculture.xml:7985 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7996 +#: freeculture.xml:7994 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " "Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business " @@ -10424,7 +10428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7989 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10438,7 +10442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8013 +#: freeculture.xml:8011 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10446,14 +10450,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8019 +#: freeculture.xml:8017 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8023 +#: freeculture.xml:8021 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10462,7 +10466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8028 +#: freeculture.xml:8026 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10480,7 +10484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8047 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10488,7 +10492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8053 +#: freeculture.xml:8051 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10503,14 +10507,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8065 +#: freeculture.xml:8063 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8069 +#: freeculture.xml:8067 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10520,7 +10524,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8075 +#: freeculture.xml:8073 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10529,22 +10533,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8114 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8117 +#: freeculture.xml:8115 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8118 +#: freeculture.xml:8116 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8092 +#: freeculture.xml:8090 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10574,7 +10578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8082 +#: freeculture.xml:8080 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10588,7 +10592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8122 +#: freeculture.xml:8120 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10601,12 +10605,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8132 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8136 +#: freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10616,7 +10620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8142 +#: freeculture.xml:8140 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10631,7 +10635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8158 +#: freeculture.xml:8156 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10640,7 +10644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8164 +#: freeculture.xml:8162 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10654,7 +10658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8176 +#: freeculture.xml:8174 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10669,7 +10673,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#: freeculture.xml:8186 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10679,16 +10683,16 @@ msgid "" "than now." msgstr "" -#. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8210 +#: freeculture.xml:8209 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " -"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." +"copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8196 +#: freeculture.xml:8195 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -12725,13 +12729,20 @@ msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:9898 freeculture.xml:10007 +msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> #: freeculture.xml:9896 -msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," +msgid "" +"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9901 +#: freeculture.xml:9902 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12744,7 +12755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9913 +#: freeculture.xml:9914 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12752,7 +12763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12764,7 +12775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9936 +#: freeculture.xml:9937 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -12779,7 +12790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12793,7 +12804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:9955 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12801,7 +12812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9950 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12813,7 +12824,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9975 +#: freeculture.xml:9976 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " @@ -12832,7 +12843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9963 +#: freeculture.xml:9964 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12848,9 +12859,8 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:9995 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12859,11 +12869,12 @@ msgid "" "university might not believe her. It might treat this \"contraband\" as " "presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have already " "learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of wars of " -"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann," +"prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10009 +#: freeculture.xml:10011 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -12884,7 +12895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10029 +#: freeculture.xml:10031 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -12895,12 +12906,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10042 +#: freeculture.xml:10044 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10046 +#: freeculture.xml:10048 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -12909,7 +12920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10052 +#: freeculture.xml:10054 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -12919,7 +12930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10060 +#: freeculture.xml:10062 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -12931,7 +12942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10069 +#: freeculture.xml:10071 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -12941,7 +12952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10077 +#: freeculture.xml:10079 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -12949,7 +12960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10082 +#: freeculture.xml:10084 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -12958,7 +12969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:10090 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -12967,12 +12978,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10097 +#: freeculture.xml:10099 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -12983,7 +12994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10108 +#: freeculture.xml:10110 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -12993,7 +13004,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10115 +#: freeculture.xml:10117 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13005,7 +13016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10126 +#: freeculture.xml:10128 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -13020,7 +13031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10149 +#: freeculture.xml:10151 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13038,7 +13049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10140 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13052,7 +13063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10166 +#: freeculture.xml:10168 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " @@ -13068,7 +13079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10186 +#: freeculture.xml:10188 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13080,7 +13091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10181 +#: freeculture.xml:10183 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13089,7 +13100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10197 +#: freeculture.xml:10199 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13100,7 +13111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10206 +#: freeculture.xml:10208 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13110,7 +13121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:10219 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -13118,7 +13129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10223 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13131,12 +13142,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10242 freeculture.xml:11693 +#: freeculture.xml:10244 freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10233 +#: freeculture.xml:10235 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13149,7 +13160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10245 +#: freeculture.xml:10247 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13162,7 +13173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10256 +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13174,7 +13185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13186,7 +13197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10275 +#: freeculture.xml:10277 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13196,7 +13207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10282 +#: freeculture.xml:10284 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13204,7 +13215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10290 +#: freeculture.xml:10292 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13213,14 +13224,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10296 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10300 +#: freeculture.xml:10302 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13228,7 +13239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10305 +#: freeculture.xml:10307 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13236,7 +13247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10311 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13245,14 +13256,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10317 +#: freeculture.xml:10319 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10321 +#: freeculture.xml:10323 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13260,7 +13271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10327 +#: freeculture.xml:10329 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13269,7 +13280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10333 +#: freeculture.xml:10335 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13281,7 +13292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10344 +#: freeculture.xml:10346 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13290,7 +13301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10357 +#: freeculture.xml:10359 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -13299,7 +13310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10364 +#: freeculture.xml:10366 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13307,7 +13318,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10371 +#: freeculture.xml:10373 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " @@ -13315,7 +13326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10350 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13330,7 +13341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10379 +#: freeculture.xml:10381 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13344,7 +13355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10392 +#: freeculture.xml:10394 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -13356,7 +13367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10405 +#: freeculture.xml:10407 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13366,7 +13377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10415 +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13376,7 +13387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10424 +#: freeculture.xml:10426 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -13392,18 +13403,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10440 +#: freeculture.xml:10442 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10446 +#: freeculture.xml:10448 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10437 +#: freeculture.xml:10439 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13415,7 +13426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10453 +#: freeculture.xml:10455 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13429,7 +13440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10451 +#: freeculture.xml:10453 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13443,7 +13454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10477 +#: freeculture.xml:10479 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " @@ -13458,7 +13469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:10493 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " @@ -13478,7 +13489,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10514 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " "U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " @@ -13486,7 +13497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10509 +#: freeculture.xml:10511 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13498,7 +13509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10524 +#: freeculture.xml:10526 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13510,7 +13521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10538 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13524,7 +13535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10557 +#: freeculture.xml:10559 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13533,7 +13544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10551 +#: freeculture.xml:10553 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13545,7 +13556,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10566 +#: freeculture.xml:10568 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13556,7 +13567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10578 +#: freeculture.xml:10580 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13567,14 +13578,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10586 +#: freeculture.xml:10588 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10590 +#: freeculture.xml:10592 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13582,7 +13593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10597 +#: freeculture.xml:10599 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13592,14 +13603,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10606 +#: freeculture.xml:10608 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10612 +#: freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -13611,7 +13622,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10621 +#: freeculture.xml:10623 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13625,7 +13636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10636 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13639,7 +13650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10648 +#: freeculture.xml:10650 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13647,13 +13658,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10653 +#: freeculture.xml:10655 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10666 +#: freeculture.xml:10668 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -13662,12 +13673,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10672 +#: freeculture.xml:10674 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10655 +#: freeculture.xml:10657 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13682,7 +13693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10675 +#: freeculture.xml:10677 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13692,7 +13703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10681 +#: freeculture.xml:10683 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13704,7 +13715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10698 +#: freeculture.xml:10700 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " @@ -13714,7 +13725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10692 +#: freeculture.xml:10694 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13725,7 +13736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10708 +#: freeculture.xml:10710 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13735,7 +13746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10718 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -13745,7 +13756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10725 +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13760,7 +13771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10736 +#: freeculture.xml:10738 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13770,7 +13781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10746 +#: freeculture.xml:10748 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13779,7 +13790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10754 +#: freeculture.xml:10756 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13789,7 +13800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10763 +#: freeculture.xml:10765 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13800,7 +13811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10773 +#: freeculture.xml:10775 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13814,7 +13825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10786 +#: freeculture.xml:10788 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13822,7 +13833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10793 +#: freeculture.xml:10795 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13835,7 +13846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10805 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13846,7 +13857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10812 +#: freeculture.xml:10814 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -13855,12 +13866,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10818 +#: freeculture.xml:10820 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10821 +#: freeculture.xml:10823 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -13875,7 +13886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10834 +#: freeculture.xml:10836 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -13888,7 +13899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10844 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -13901,7 +13912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10855 +#: freeculture.xml:10857 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -13909,7 +13920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10861 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -13923,7 +13934,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:10886 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -13931,7 +13942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10872 +#: freeculture.xml:10874 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -13945,7 +13956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10891 +#: freeculture.xml:10893 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -13956,7 +13967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10899 +#: freeculture.xml:10901 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -13966,7 +13977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10906 +#: freeculture.xml:10908 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -13979,7 +13990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10917 +#: freeculture.xml:10919 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -13989,7 +14000,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10923 +#: freeculture.xml:10925 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -13999,7 +14010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10932 +#: freeculture.xml:10934 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14009,7 +14020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10939 +#: freeculture.xml:10941 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14017,7 +14028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10945 +#: freeculture.xml:10947 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14030,7 +14041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10955 +#: freeculture.xml:10957 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14038,13 +14049,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10960 freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:10962 freeculture.xml:10976 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10962 +#: freeculture.xml:10964 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14056,17 +14067,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10972 freeculture.xml:11313 freeculture.xml:11328 freeculture.xml:11422 freeculture.xml:11636 freeculture.xml:11667 freeculture.xml:11755 +#: freeculture.xml:10974 freeculture.xml:11315 freeculture.xml:11330 freeculture.xml:11424 freeculture.xml:11638 freeculture.xml:11669 freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10973 +#: freeculture.xml:10975 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:10978 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14079,7 +14090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10986 +#: freeculture.xml:10988 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14100,7 +14111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11007 +#: freeculture.xml:11009 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14111,7 +14122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:11017 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14130,17 +14141,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11046 freeculture.xml:11069 +#: freeculture.xml:11048 freeculture.xml:11071 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11047 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11034 +#: freeculture.xml:11036 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14158,7 +14169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11050 +#: freeculture.xml:11052 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14168,7 +14179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11058 +#: freeculture.xml:11060 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14182,7 +14193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11072 +#: freeculture.xml:11074 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14191,7 +14202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14200,32 +14211,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11084 +#: freeculture.xml:11086 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11085 +#: freeculture.xml:11087 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11086 +#: freeculture.xml:11088 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11087 +#: freeculture.xml:11089 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11088 +#: freeculture.xml:11090 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11090 +#: freeculture.xml:11092 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14239,12 +14250,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11113 freeculture.xml:11126 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11672 +#: freeculture.xml:11115 freeculture.xml:11128 freeculture.xml:11321 freeculture.xml:11674 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11101 +#: freeculture.xml:11103 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14259,7 +14270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11118 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14274,7 +14285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11129 +#: freeculture.xml:11131 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14283,7 +14294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11136 +#: freeculture.xml:11138 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14295,7 +14306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11152 +#: freeculture.xml:11154 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14303,19 +14314,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11160 +#: freeculture.xml:11162 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11167 +#: freeculture.xml:11169 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11145 +#: freeculture.xml:11147 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14331,7 +14342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11172 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14346,7 +14357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11182 +#: freeculture.xml:11184 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14358,7 +14369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11191 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14370,13 +14381,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 freeculture.xml:11224 freeculture.xml:11565 freeculture.xml:11577 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 freeculture.xml:11226 freeculture.xml:11567 freeculture.xml:11579 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11202 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14389,7 +14400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11214 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14402,7 +14413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11226 +#: freeculture.xml:11228 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14412,7 +14423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11234 +#: freeculture.xml:11236 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14423,7 +14434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14436,7 +14447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11252 +#: freeculture.xml:11254 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -14449,7 +14460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11265 +#: freeculture.xml:11267 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14459,7 +14470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11274 +#: freeculture.xml:11276 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14469,7 +14480,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11281 +#: freeculture.xml:11283 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14487,7 +14498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11304 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14498,7 +14509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11315 +#: freeculture.xml:11317 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14508,7 +14519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11322 +#: freeculture.xml:11324 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14519,7 +14530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11330 +#: freeculture.xml:11332 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14537,7 +14548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11347 +#: freeculture.xml:11349 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14553,7 +14564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11362 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14562,14 +14573,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11368 +#: freeculture.xml:11370 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11373 +#: freeculture.xml:11375 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14578,7 +14589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11380 +#: freeculture.xml:11382 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14587,7 +14598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11386 +#: freeculture.xml:11388 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14595,14 +14606,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11394 +#: freeculture.xml:11396 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11400 +#: freeculture.xml:11402 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14612,14 +14623,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11408 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11416 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14629,7 +14640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11424 +#: freeculture.xml:11426 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14639,7 +14650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11433 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " @@ -14648,21 +14659,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11436 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11444 +#: freeculture.xml:11446 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11448 +#: freeculture.xml:11450 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14671,7 +14682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11457 +#: freeculture.xml:11459 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14679,7 +14690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11463 +#: freeculture.xml:11465 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14688,7 +14699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11471 +#: freeculture.xml:11473 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14704,7 +14715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11484 +#: freeculture.xml:11486 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14712,7 +14723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11492 +#: freeculture.xml:11494 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14729,7 +14740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11507 +#: freeculture.xml:11509 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14739,7 +14750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11516 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14747,7 +14758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11519 +#: freeculture.xml:11521 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -14755,7 +14766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11524 +#: freeculture.xml:11526 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -14765,7 +14776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11533 +#: freeculture.xml:11535 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14773,7 +14784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11538 +#: freeculture.xml:11540 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " @@ -14782,7 +14793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11544 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14795,7 +14806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11555 +#: freeculture.xml:11557 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14808,7 +14819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11569 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14823,7 +14834,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11580 +#: freeculture.xml:11582 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14836,7 +14847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11591 +#: freeculture.xml:11593 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -14846,7 +14857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11598 +#: freeculture.xml:11600 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -14854,7 +14865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11603 +#: freeculture.xml:11605 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " @@ -14870,7 +14881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11616 +#: freeculture.xml:11618 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -14885,7 +14896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11631 +#: freeculture.xml:11633 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -14893,7 +14904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11638 +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -14908,7 +14919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11649 +#: freeculture.xml:11651 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -14927,7 +14938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11669 +#: freeculture.xml:11671 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -14935,7 +14946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11675 +#: freeculture.xml:11677 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -14944,7 +14955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -14954,7 +14965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11688 +#: freeculture.xml:11690 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -14966,7 +14977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11696 +#: freeculture.xml:11698 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -14986,7 +14997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11717 +#: freeculture.xml:11719 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -14997,12 +15008,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11726 +#: freeculture.xml:11728 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15012,7 +15023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11734 +#: freeculture.xml:11736 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -15024,12 +15035,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11747 +#: freeculture.xml:11749 msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " @@ -15041,7 +15052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11757 +#: freeculture.xml:11759 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15055,7 +15066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11767 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -15065,7 +15076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11775 +#: freeculture.xml:11777 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15073,7 +15084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11782 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15084,12 +15095,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11788 freeculture.xml:11987 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 freeculture.xml:11989 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11790 +#: freeculture.xml:11792 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15103,7 +15114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11802 +#: freeculture.xml:11804 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15116,18 +15127,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11812 +#: freeculture.xml:11814 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11813 freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:11815 freeculture.xml:11854 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11820 +#: freeculture.xml:11822 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15149,7 +15160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11816 +#: freeculture.xml:11818 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -15163,7 +15174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11846 +#: freeculture.xml:11848 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15173,7 +15184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11854 +#: freeculture.xml:11856 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15185,7 +15196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11864 +#: freeculture.xml:11866 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15196,7 +15207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11872 +#: freeculture.xml:11874 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15207,7 +15218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11880 +#: freeculture.xml:11882 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15219,7 +15230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11892 +#: freeculture.xml:11894 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15230,7 +15241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 +#: freeculture.xml:11903 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15248,7 +15259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11917 +#: freeculture.xml:11919 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15263,7 +15274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11932 +#: freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15275,7 +15286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11942 +#: freeculture.xml:11944 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15286,7 +15297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11951 +#: freeculture.xml:11953 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15296,7 +15307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11958 +#: freeculture.xml:11960 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15306,7 +15317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:11967 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15315,7 +15326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11971 +#: freeculture.xml:11973 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15333,7 +15344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11989 +#: freeculture.xml:11991 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15342,12 +15353,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12002 +#: freeculture.xml:12004 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11995 +#: freeculture.xml:11997 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15359,7 +15370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12005 +#: freeculture.xml:12007 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15371,7 +15382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12013 +#: freeculture.xml:12015 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15393,7 +15404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12034 +#: freeculture.xml:12036 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15404,7 +15415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 +#: freeculture.xml:12044 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15416,7 +15427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12052 +#: freeculture.xml:12054 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15426,7 +15437,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12061 +#: freeculture.xml:12063 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15440,7 +15451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12072 +#: freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15453,12 +15464,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12082 +#: freeculture.xml:12084 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12087 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15470,7 +15481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12095 +#: freeculture.xml:12097 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15481,7 +15492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15492,7 +15503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12114 +#: freeculture.xml:12116 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15502,7 +15513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12121 +#: freeculture.xml:12123 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15514,12 +15525,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:12135 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12135 +#: freeculture.xml:12137 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15529,7 +15540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12142 +#: freeculture.xml:12144 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15540,7 +15551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15551,7 +15562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12150 +#: freeculture.xml:12152 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15564,7 +15575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12168 +#: freeculture.xml:12170 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15575,7 +15586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15588,7 +15599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12187 +#: freeculture.xml:12189 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15598,12 +15609,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12205 freeculture.xml:12636 +#: freeculture.xml:12207 freeculture.xml:12638 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " @@ -15611,7 +15622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15624,7 +15635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12215 +#: freeculture.xml:12217 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15638,7 +15649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12247 +#: freeculture.xml:12249 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15647,7 +15658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12210 +#: freeculture.xml:12212 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15670,7 +15681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12253 +#: freeculture.xml:12255 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15682,7 +15693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12263 +#: freeculture.xml:12265 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15693,7 +15704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12271 +#: freeculture.xml:12273 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15707,7 +15718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:12288 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " @@ -15724,7 +15735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12280 +#: freeculture.xml:12282 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15736,7 +15747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12307 +#: freeculture.xml:12309 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15749,7 +15760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12317 +#: freeculture.xml:12319 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15760,7 +15771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12325 +#: freeculture.xml:12327 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15772,7 +15783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12333 +#: freeculture.xml:12335 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15788,7 +15799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12348 +#: freeculture.xml:12350 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15796,7 +15807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12354 +#: freeculture.xml:12356 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15811,7 +15822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12366 +#: freeculture.xml:12368 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15831,7 +15842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12386 +#: freeculture.xml:12388 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -15849,7 +15860,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12403 +#: freeculture.xml:12405 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15862,12 +15873,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12431 freeculture.xml:13151 +#: freeculture.xml:12433 freeculture.xml:13153 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12400 +#: freeculture.xml:12402 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -15891,7 +15902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12434 +#: freeculture.xml:12436 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -15902,14 +15913,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12442 +#: freeculture.xml:12444 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12441 +#: freeculture.xml:12443 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -15921,7 +15932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12452 +#: freeculture.xml:12454 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -15945,7 +15956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12478 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -15954,7 +15965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12482 +#: freeculture.xml:12484 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -15969,7 +15980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12504 +#: freeculture.xml:12506 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -15988,7 +15999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12493 +#: freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16004,7 +16015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12522 +#: freeculture.xml:12524 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16023,14 +16034,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12548 +#: freeculture.xml:12550 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12540 +#: freeculture.xml:12542 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16043,7 +16054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12554 +#: freeculture.xml:12556 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16053,7 +16064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12562 +#: freeculture.xml:12564 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16065,12 +16076,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12572 +#: freeculture.xml:12574 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12576 +#: freeculture.xml:12578 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16083,7 +16094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12586 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16098,7 +16109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12601 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16114,7 +16125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12612 +#: freeculture.xml:12614 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16127,7 +16138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12624 +#: freeculture.xml:12626 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16141,14 +16152,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12641 +#: freeculture.xml:12643 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12638 +#: freeculture.xml:12640 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16158,7 +16169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12649 +#: freeculture.xml:12651 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16168,7 +16179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12656 +#: freeculture.xml:12658 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16181,7 +16192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12668 +#: freeculture.xml:12670 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16194,7 +16205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12680 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16205,7 +16216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12686 +#: freeculture.xml:12688 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16213,7 +16224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12692 +#: freeculture.xml:12694 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16227,7 +16238,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12703 +#: freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16237,12 +16248,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12722 +#: freeculture.xml:12724 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12714 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16257,7 +16268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12726 +#: freeculture.xml:12728 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16267,7 +16278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12734 +#: freeculture.xml:12736 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16277,7 +16288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16289,7 +16300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12751 +#: freeculture.xml:12753 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16299,7 +16310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12758 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16310,20 +16321,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12766 +#: freeculture.xml:12768 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12769 +#: freeculture.xml:12771 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12774 +#: freeculture.xml:12776 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16341,7 +16352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 +#: freeculture.xml:12794 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16351,7 +16362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12799 +#: freeculture.xml:12801 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16359,7 +16370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12771 +#: freeculture.xml:12773 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16378,18 +16389,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12816 freeculture.xml:13167 +#: freeculture.xml:12818 freeculture.xml:13169 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12817 +#: freeculture.xml:12819 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12822 +#: freeculture.xml:12824 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16398,7 +16409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12831 +#: freeculture.xml:12833 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16406,7 +16417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 +#: freeculture.xml:12821 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16425,20 +16436,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12847 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12853 +#: freeculture.xml:12855 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12857 +#: freeculture.xml:12859 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16446,7 +16457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12862 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16455,7 +16466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12870 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16464,7 +16475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16474,12 +16485,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12884 +#: freeculture.xml:12886 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12886 +#: freeculture.xml:12888 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16488,7 +16499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12892 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16502,7 +16513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16513,7 +16524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12914 +#: freeculture.xml:12916 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16529,7 +16540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12928 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16539,12 +16550,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12939 +#: freeculture.xml:12941 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16556,12 +16567,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:12951 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12953 +#: freeculture.xml:12955 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16578,12 +16589,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12967 +#: freeculture.xml:12969 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12969 +#: freeculture.xml:12971 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16596,7 +16607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12979 +#: freeculture.xml:12981 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16609,7 +16620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12995 +#: freeculture.xml:12997 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " @@ -16622,7 +16633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12989 +#: freeculture.xml:12991 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16635,7 +16646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13013 +#: freeculture.xml:13015 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16646,12 +16657,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13020 +#: freeculture.xml:13022 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13022 +#: freeculture.xml:13024 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16661,7 +16672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13030 +#: freeculture.xml:13032 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16675,7 +16686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13042 +#: freeculture.xml:13044 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16688,7 +16699,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13051 +#: freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16698,7 +16709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13060 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16707,7 +16718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13068 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16720,7 +16731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:13079 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16731,7 +16742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13085 +#: freeculture.xml:13087 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16740,7 +16751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13090 +#: freeculture.xml:13092 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16757,7 +16768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13106 +#: freeculture.xml:13108 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16769,7 +16780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13115 +#: freeculture.xml:13117 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16777,7 +16788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13122 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16792,7 +16803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13132 +#: freeculture.xml:13134 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16802,7 +16813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13140 +#: freeculture.xml:13142 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16817,7 +16828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16828,19 +16839,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13165 +#: freeculture.xml:13167 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13170 +#: freeculture.xml:13172 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13174 +#: freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -16854,7 +16865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13184 +#: freeculture.xml:13186 msgid "" "Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " @@ -16872,7 +16883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13202 +#: freeculture.xml:13204 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -16885,7 +16896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13213 +#: freeculture.xml:13215 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -16898,12 +16909,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13234 +#: freeculture.xml:13236 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13224 +#: freeculture.xml:13226 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -16917,7 +16928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13239 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -16931,7 +16942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13249 +#: freeculture.xml:13251 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -16941,7 +16952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:13258 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -16955,7 +16966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -16964,7 +16975,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13274 +#: freeculture.xml:13276 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -16977,7 +16988,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13300 +#: freeculture.xml:13302 msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " @@ -16986,7 +16997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:13287 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17005,7 +17016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13309 +#: freeculture.xml:13311 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17020,7 +17031,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:13323 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17031,7 +17042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13331 +#: freeculture.xml:13333 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17042,7 +17053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13339 +#: freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17053,12 +17064,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13353 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13355 +#: freeculture.xml:13357 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17068,7 +17079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17077,12 +17088,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13369 +#: freeculture.xml:13371 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13371 +#: freeculture.xml:13373 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17092,14 +17103,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13378 +#: freeculture.xml:13380 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13383 +#: freeculture.xml:13385 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17108,12 +17119,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13389 +#: freeculture.xml:13391 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13392 +#: freeculture.xml:13394 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -17123,7 +17134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13400 +#: freeculture.xml:13402 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17138,7 +17149,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17146,7 +17157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13412 +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17156,7 +17167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13422 +#: freeculture.xml:13424 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17167,12 +17178,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13434 +#: freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17187,7 +17198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13451 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17199,7 +17210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13458 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17212,7 +17223,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13468 +#: freeculture.xml:13470 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17226,12 +17237,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13483 +#: freeculture.xml:13485 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13485 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17243,7 +17254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13495 +#: freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17251,7 +17262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13501 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17265,7 +17276,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13518 +#: freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17274,7 +17285,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13513 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17290,7 +17301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13531 +#: freeculture.xml:13533 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17300,7 +17311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13538 +#: freeculture.xml:13540 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17314,7 +17325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13549 +#: freeculture.xml:13551 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17325,7 +17336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13557 +#: freeculture.xml:13559 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17333,7 +17344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13562 +#: freeculture.xml:13564 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17344,12 +17355,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13574 +#: freeculture.xml:13576 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13578 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17358,14 +17369,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13581 +#: freeculture.xml:13583 msgid "" "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " @@ -17376,7 +17387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#: freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17385,7 +17396,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13605 msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -17398,7 +17409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13611 +#: freeculture.xml:13613 msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " @@ -17412,7 +17423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13631 +#: freeculture.xml:13633 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17420,7 +17431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13624 +#: freeculture.xml:13626 msgid "" "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " @@ -17434,7 +17445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13644 msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -17451,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13657 +#: freeculture.xml:13659 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -17459,7 +17470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13662 +#: freeculture.xml:13664 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17468,12 +17479,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:13674 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:13676 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17484,7 +17495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13682 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17496,14 +17507,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17515,12 +17526,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13710 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13704 +#: freeculture.xml:13706 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17529,7 +17540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:13715 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17539,7 +17550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13720 +#: freeculture.xml:13722 msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -17551,7 +17562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13732 +#: freeculture.xml:13734 msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -17566,7 +17577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13744 +#: freeculture.xml:13746 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17576,12 +17587,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13758 +#: freeculture.xml:13760 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " @@ -17589,7 +17600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13752 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17599,7 +17610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13766 +#: freeculture.xml:13768 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17610,7 +17621,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13773 +#: freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17620,12 +17631,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 +#: freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:13787 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17635,7 +17646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#: freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17646,7 +17657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17656,7 +17667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17666,7 +17677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13816 +#: freeculture.xml:13818 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17674,7 +17685,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:13823 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17683,7 +17694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17692,7 +17703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13833 +#: freeculture.xml:13835 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17700,7 +17711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13841 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17711,7 +17722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13847 +#: freeculture.xml:13849 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17720,7 +17731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13854 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17728,7 +17739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17743,7 +17754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13871 +#: freeculture.xml:13873 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17760,7 +17771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13903 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17768,7 +17779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#: freeculture.xml:13888 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17789,7 +17800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13910 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17805,7 +17816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13926 +#: freeculture.xml:13928 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17818,7 +17829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13939 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -17829,7 +17840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13948 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -17841,7 +17852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -17854,7 +17865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13967 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -17866,7 +17877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -17879,7 +17890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13987 +#: freeculture.xml:13989 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -17890,14 +17901,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:13997 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13999 +#: freeculture.xml:14001 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -17911,7 +17922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14010 +#: freeculture.xml:14012 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -17922,12 +17933,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14054 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14021 +#: freeculture.xml:14023 msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " "October 2000), available at <ulink " @@ -17964,7 +17975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14018 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17979,7 +17990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -17997,7 +18008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14082 +#: freeculture.xml:14084 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18010,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14095 +#: freeculture.xml:14097 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18027,7 +18038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14112 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18042,7 +18053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14122 +#: freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18053,13 +18064,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14136 +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18068,19 +18079,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14143 +#: freeculture.xml:14145 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14151 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:14155 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -18088,14 +18099,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14159 +#: freeculture.xml:14161 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14166 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18104,7 +18115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14170 +#: freeculture.xml:14172 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18121,7 +18132,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14184 +#: freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18131,12 +18142,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14195 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14197 +#: freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18145,7 +18156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14203 +#: freeculture.xml:14205 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18156,14 +18167,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14220 +#: freeculture.xml:14222 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14211 +#: freeculture.xml:14213 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18176,7 +18187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14228 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18184,7 +18195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14236 +#: freeculture.xml:14238 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18203,7 +18214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:14233 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18215,7 +18226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14260 +#: freeculture.xml:14262 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18225,7 +18236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18238,7 +18249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14278 +#: freeculture.xml:14280 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18249,7 +18260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14286 +#: freeculture.xml:14288 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18257,7 +18268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14292 +#: freeculture.xml:14294 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18270,7 +18281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14301 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18280,7 +18291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14310 +#: freeculture.xml:14312 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18288,12 +18299,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18307,12 +18318,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:14338 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14338 +#: freeculture.xml:14340 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18321,7 +18332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14344 +#: freeculture.xml:14346 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18337,7 +18348,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14357 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18350,7 +18361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18371,7 +18382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14388 +#: freeculture.xml:14390 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18382,7 +18393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14397 +#: freeculture.xml:14399 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 684acdd..067381e 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -1563,6 +1563,7 @@ University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas describes a set of "property" rights—copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret—but the nature of those rights is very different. +<indexterm><primary>Vaidhyanathan, Siva</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, diverse, and modern society cannot flourish without intellectual @@ -2736,6 +2737,7 @@ The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<footnote><para> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 87–93, which details Edison's "adventures" with copyright and patent. +<indexterm><primary>Vaidhyanathan, Siva</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> Creators and directors migrated from the East Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape controls that patents @@ -4333,54 +4335,48 @@ heart of the English canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, "Jacob Tonson, Bookseller," American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31. </para></footnote> -Tonson was the -most prominent of a small group of publishers called the Conger<footnote><para> +Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called +the Conger<footnote><para> <!-- f2 --> -Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: - Vanderbilt -University Press, 1968), 151–52. -</para></footnote> -who -controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The -Conger claimed a perpetual right to control the "copy" of books that -they had acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no +Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: +Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52. +</para></footnote> +who controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth +century. The Conger claimed a perpetual right to control the "copy" of +books that they had acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant +that no <!-- PAGE BREAK 97 --> one else could publish copies of a book to which they held the - copyright. -Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to - produce -better or cheaper editions was eliminated. +copyright. Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to +produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated. </para> <para> Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who -knows a little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history -of copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament adopted the -first "copyright" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that -all published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, - renewable -once if the author was alive, and that all works already - published -by 1710 would get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<footnote><para> +knows a little about copyright law. The better-known year in the +history of copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament +adopted the first "copyright" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the +act stated that all published works would get a copyright term of +fourteen years, renewable once if the author was alive, and that all +works already published by 1710 would get a single term of twenty-one +additional years.<footnote><para> <!-- f3 --> -As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a - "copyright -law." See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. -</para></footnote> -Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in 1731. So why -was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774? +As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a +"copyright law." See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40. +<indexterm><primary>Vaidhyanathan, Siva</primary></indexterm> +</para></footnote> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been +free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under +Tonson's control in 1774? </para> <para> -The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a - "copyright" +The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a "copyright" was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. -The last law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had - expired -in 1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as -a way to make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. -But after it expired, there was no positive law that said that the - publishers, -or "Stationers," had an exclusive right to print books. +The last law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had +expired in 1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, +as a way to make it easier for the Crown to control what was +published. But after it expired, there was no positive law that said +that the publishers, or "Stationers," had an exclusive right to print +books. </para> <para> There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no @@ -4600,6 +4596,7 @@ rancher has for cattle."<footnote><para> Lyman Ray Patterson, "Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use," Vanderbilt Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. +<indexterm><primary>Vaidhyanathan, Siva</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> The bookseller didn't care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the author's work gave. @@ -7154,6 +7151,7 @@ Warner Brothers that the Marx Brothers "were brothers long before you were."<footnote><para> <!-- f20 --> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3. +<indexterm><primary>Vaidhyanathan, Siva</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> The Marx Brothers therefore owned the word brothers, and if Warner Brothers insisted on trying to control Casablanca, then @@ -8193,7 +8191,8 @@ changing technology, together they produce an astonishing conclusion: Never in our history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of our culture than now. </para> -<para> Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were +<para> +Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there were only three television networks, for @@ -8209,6 +8208,7 @@ culture that our free society has known.<footnote><para> <!-- f35 --> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his "four surrenders" of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. +<indexterm><primary>Vaidhyanathan, Siva</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> </para> <para> @@ -9895,6 +9895,7 @@ generally. <para> "If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker," von Lohmann explains, +<indexterm><primary>von Lohmann, Fred</primary></indexterm> </para> <blockquote> <para> @@ -10003,6 +10004,7 @@ college students have already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, +<indexterm><primary>von Lohmann, Fred</primary></indexterm> </para> <blockquote> <para>