From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 5 Aug 2012 19:36:24 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update with new indexes and wrap lines. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1848 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/dc2708237811328b9fce799c430208bf7e6d8d04?ds=sidebyside Update with new indexes and wrap lines. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 795c5db..760b183 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-05 19:39+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-05 21:22+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -4446,13 +4446,12 @@ msgid "" "increasingly, technology interfere with a freedom that technology, and " "curiosity, would otherwise ensure." msgstr "" -"Likevel er friheten til å fikle med disse objektene ikke garantert. " -"Faktisk, som vi vil se i løpet av denne boken, er den friheten i " -"stadig større grad omstridt. Mens det ikke er noe tvil om at din far " -"hadde rett til å fikle med bilmotoren, så er det stor tvil om dine " -"barn vil ha retten til å fikle med bilder som hun finner over " -"alt. Loven, og teknologi i stadig større grad, forstyrrer friheten som " -"teknolog, nysgjerrigheten, ellers ville sikre." +"Likevel er friheten til å fikle med disse objektene ikke garantert. Faktisk, " +"som vi vil se i løpet av denne boken, er den friheten i stadig større grad " +"omstridt. Mens det ikke er noe tvil om at din far hadde rett til å fikle " +"med bilmotoren, så er det stor tvil om dine barn vil ha retten til å fikle " +"med bilder som hun finner over alt. Loven, og teknologi i stadig større " +"grad, forstyrrer friheten som teknolog, nysgjerrigheten, ellers ville sikre." #. f22 #. type: Content of: @@ -4477,14 +4476,13 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more fundamental. " "It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because of the law." msgstr "" -"Disse begresningene har blitt fokusen for forskere og akademikere. " -"Professor Ed Felten ved Princeton (som vi vil se mer fra i kapittel " -") har " -"utviklet et kraftfylt argument til fordel for \"retten til å fikle\" " -"slik det gjøres i informatikk og til kunnskap generelt. Men bekymringen til Brown er " -"tidligere, og mer fundamentalt. Det handler om hva slags læring unger " -"kan få, eller ikke kan få, på grunn av loven." +"Disse begresningene har blitt fokusen for forskere og akademikere. Professor " +"Ed Felten ved Princeton (som vi vil se mer fra i kapittel ) har utviklet et kraftfylt " +"argument til fordel for \"retten til å fikle\" slik det gjøres i informatikk " +"og til kunnskap generelt. Men " +"bekymringen til Brown er tidligere, og mer fundamentalt. Det handler om hva " +"slags læring unger kan få, eller ikke kan få, på grunn av loven." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4492,9 +4490,9 @@ msgid "" "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " "want to learn.\"" msgstr "" -"\"Dette er dit utviklingen av utdanning i det tjueførste århundret er på " -"vei\", forklarer Brown. Vi må \"forstå hvordan unger som vokser opp " -"digitalt tenker og ønsker å lære\"." +"\"Dette er dit utviklingen av utdanning i det tjueførste århundret er på vei" +"\", forklarer Brown. Vi må \"forstå hvordan unger som vokser opp digitalt " +"tenker og ønsker å lære\"." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -7154,8 +7152,8 @@ msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. " "of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. mot Sony Corp. " -"of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." +"Universal City Studios, Inc. mot Sony " +"Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." #. type: Content of:
msgid "Kozinski, Alex" @@ -18621,6 +18619,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "Agee, Michael" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" @@ -19458,6 +19460,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "Fried, Charles" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "Morrison, Alan" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -19470,7 +19480,8 @@ msgid "" "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " "Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"" +" " msgstr "" "samme innsats på balanse ble reflektert i det juridiske teamet vi samles for " "å skrive våre truser i tilfelle. jones dag advokater hadde blitt med oss fra " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 9ab1b96..f892c2b 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-05 19:39+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-05 21:22+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -478,12 +478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:418 freeculture.xml:12814 +#: freeculture.xml:418 freeculture.xml:12818 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:439 freeculture.xml:12827 +#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:439 freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -617,12 +617,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:537 freeculture.xml:568 freeculture.xml:587 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:1007 freeculture.xml:1053 freeculture.xml:8830 freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12918 +#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:537 freeculture.xml:568 freeculture.xml:587 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:1007 freeculture.xml:1053 freeculture.xml:8830 freeculture.xml:12214 freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:525 freeculture.xml:538 freeculture.xml:569 freeculture.xml:588 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:1008 freeculture.xml:1054 freeculture.xml:8831 freeculture.xml:12211 freeculture.xml:12919 +#: freeculture.xml:525 freeculture.xml:538 freeculture.xml:569 freeculture.xml:588 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:1008 freeculture.xml:1054 freeculture.xml:8831 freeculture.xml:12215 freeculture.xml:12923 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1177,7 +1177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:954 freeculture.xml:14187 +#: freeculture.xml:954 freeculture.xml:14191 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -3973,7 +3973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:13856 +#: freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4102,7 +4102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3139 freeculture.xml:8656 freeculture.xml:9113 freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:3139 freeculture.xml:8656 freeculture.xml:9113 freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4468,7 +4468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3408 freeculture.xml:12305 freeculture.xml:12738 freeculture.xml:12745 +#: freeculture.xml:3408 freeculture.xml:12309 freeculture.xml:12742 freeculture.xml:12749 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -4504,7 +4504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:3428 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:14391 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -4566,12 +4566,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3474 freeculture.xml:3502 freeculture.xml:11156 freeculture.xml:12619 freeculture.xml:13171 +#: freeculture.xml:3474 freeculture.xml:3502 freeculture.xml:11157 freeculture.xml:12623 freeculture.xml:13175 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:3505 freeculture.xml:11158 freeculture.xml:12620 freeculture.xml:13172 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 freeculture.xml:3505 freeculture.xml:11159 freeculture.xml:12624 freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -8299,7 +8299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6310 freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:6310 freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -12296,7 +12296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9348 freeculture.xml:11157 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" @@ -13543,7 +13543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:11783 +#: freeculture.xml:10334 freeculture.xml:11787 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -14077,13 +14077,18 @@ msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10739 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 freeculture.xml:11170 +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10752 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "Los Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -14093,12 +14098,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10758 +#: freeculture.xml:10759 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10741 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14113,7 +14118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10761 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14123,7 +14128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10767 +#: freeculture.xml:10768 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14135,7 +14140,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10785 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred " @@ -14147,7 +14152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10778 +#: freeculture.xml:10779 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -14158,7 +14163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10795 +#: freeculture.xml:10796 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -14168,7 +14173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10804 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14179,7 +14184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10811 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14194,7 +14199,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10822 +#: freeculture.xml:10823 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14204,7 +14209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10833 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14213,7 +14218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10840 +#: freeculture.xml:10841 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -14223,7 +14228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10849 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14234,7 +14239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10859 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14248,7 +14253,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10872 +#: freeculture.xml:10873 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14256,7 +14261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10879 +#: freeculture.xml:10880 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14269,7 +14274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:10891 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14280,7 +14285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10899 +#: freeculture.xml:10900 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14289,12 +14294,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10905 +#: freeculture.xml:10906 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10908 +#: freeculture.xml:10909 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14309,7 +14314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10921 +#: freeculture.xml:10922 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14322,7 +14327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10931 +#: freeculture.xml:10932 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14336,7 +14341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10942 +#: freeculture.xml:10943 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -14344,7 +14349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10948 +#: freeculture.xml:10949 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14358,7 +14363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10971 +#: freeculture.xml:10972 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at -#: freeculture.xml:10959 +#: freeculture.xml:10960 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14380,7 +14385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10978 +#: freeculture.xml:10979 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14391,7 +14396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10986 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14401,7 +14406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10993 +#: freeculture.xml:10994 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14414,7 +14419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11004 +#: freeculture.xml:11005 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14424,7 +14429,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11010 +#: freeculture.xml:11011 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14434,7 +14439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11019 +#: freeculture.xml:11020 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14444,7 +14449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11026 +#: freeculture.xml:11027 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14452,7 +14457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11032 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14465,7 +14470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11042 +#: freeculture.xml:11043 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14473,13 +14478,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11047 freeculture.xml:11061 +#: freeculture.xml:11048 freeculture.xml:11062 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11049 +#: freeculture.xml:11050 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14491,17 +14496,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11059 freeculture.xml:11404 freeculture.xml:11419 freeculture.xml:11512 freeculture.xml:11726 freeculture.xml:11757 freeculture.xml:11850 +#: freeculture.xml:11060 freeculture.xml:11408 freeculture.xml:11423 freeculture.xml:11516 freeculture.xml:11730 freeculture.xml:11761 freeculture.xml:11854 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11060 +#: freeculture.xml:11061 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11063 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14514,7 +14519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11073 +#: freeculture.xml:11074 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14535,7 +14540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11094 +#: freeculture.xml:11095 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14546,7 +14551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11103 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14565,17 +14570,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11133 freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:11134 freeculture.xml:11160 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11134 +#: freeculture.xml:11135 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11121 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14593,7 +14598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11137 +#: freeculture.xml:11138 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14603,7 +14608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11145 +#: freeculture.xml:11146 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14619,17 +14624,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11166 +#: freeculture.xml:11167 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11167 +#: freeculture.xml:11168 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11162 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14639,7 +14644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11172 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14648,32 +14653,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11176 +#: freeculture.xml:11178 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11177 +#: freeculture.xml:11179 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11178 +#: freeculture.xml:11180 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11179 +#: freeculture.xml:11181 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11180 +#: freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11182 +#: freeculture.xml:11184 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14687,12 +14692,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11205 freeculture.xml:11218 freeculture.xml:11410 freeculture.xml:11762 +#: freeculture.xml:11207 freeculture.xml:11222 freeculture.xml:11414 freeculture.xml:11766 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11208 +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11209 +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11195 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14703,11 +14718,12 @@ msgid "" "individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " "many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " "Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " -"" +" " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11208 +#: freeculture.xml:11212 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14722,7 +14738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11221 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14731,7 +14747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11232 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14743,7 +14759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11244 +#: freeculture.xml:11248 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred " "v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14751,19 +14767,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11252 +#: freeculture.xml:11256 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11259 +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11237 +#: freeculture.xml:11241 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14780,7 +14796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11262 +#: freeculture.xml:11266 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14795,7 +14811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11274 +#: freeculture.xml:11278 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14807,7 +14823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11283 +#: freeculture.xml:11287 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14820,13 +14836,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11292 freeculture.xml:11316 freeculture.xml:11655 freeculture.xml:11667 +#: freeculture.xml:11296 freeculture.xml:11320 freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:11671 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11294 +#: freeculture.xml:11298 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14839,7 +14855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11310 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14852,7 +14868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11318 +#: freeculture.xml:11322 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14862,7 +14878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11326 +#: freeculture.xml:11330 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14873,7 +14889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11334 +#: freeculture.xml:11338 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14886,7 +14902,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11344 +#: freeculture.xml:11348 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14901,7 +14917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11358 +#: freeculture.xml:11362 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14911,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#: freeculture.xml:11369 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14921,7 +14937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11372 +#: freeculture.xml:11376 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14939,7 +14955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11395 +#: freeculture.xml:11399 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14950,7 +14966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11406 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14960,7 +14976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11413 +#: freeculture.xml:11417 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14971,7 +14987,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11421 +#: freeculture.xml:11425 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14989,7 +15005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11438 +#: freeculture.xml:11442 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15005,7 +15021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11453 +#: freeculture.xml:11457 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15014,14 +15030,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11459 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11464 +#: freeculture.xml:11468 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15030,7 +15046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11471 +#: freeculture.xml:11475 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -15039,7 +15055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11477 +#: freeculture.xml:11481 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15047,14 +15063,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11485 +#: freeculture.xml:11489 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11491 +#: freeculture.xml:11495 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15064,14 +15080,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11499 +#: freeculture.xml:11503 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11505 +#: freeculture.xml:11509 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15081,7 +15097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11518 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15091,7 +15107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11521 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez " @@ -15100,21 +15116,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11526 +#: freeculture.xml:11530 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11533 +#: freeculture.xml:11537 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11537 +#: freeculture.xml:11541 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -15123,7 +15139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11546 +#: freeculture.xml:11550 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -15131,7 +15147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11552 +#: freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -15140,7 +15156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11560 +#: freeculture.xml:11564 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -15156,7 +15172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11573 +#: freeculture.xml:11577 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -15164,7 +15180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11581 +#: freeculture.xml:11585 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15181,7 +15197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11600 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -15191,7 +15207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11603 +#: freeculture.xml:11607 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15199,7 +15215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11608 +#: freeculture.xml:11612 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against reasoning. And here was the last " @@ -15207,7 +15223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11614 +#: freeculture.xml:11618 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15218,7 +15234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11623 +#: freeculture.xml:11627 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15226,7 +15242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11632 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too " @@ -15235,7 +15251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11634 +#: freeculture.xml:11638 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15249,7 +15265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11645 +#: freeculture.xml:11649 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15262,7 +15278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11657 +#: freeculture.xml:11661 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15277,7 +15293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11670 +#: freeculture.xml:11674 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15290,7 +15306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11681 +#: freeculture.xml:11685 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was " @@ -15301,7 +15317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11688 +#: freeculture.xml:11692 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -15309,7 +15325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11693 +#: freeculture.xml:11697 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15326,7 +15342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11706 +#: freeculture.xml:11710 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15341,7 +15357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15349,7 +15365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11728 +#: freeculture.xml:11732 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15364,7 +15380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11739 +#: freeculture.xml:11743 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15383,7 +15399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15391,7 +15407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15400,7 +15416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11771 +#: freeculture.xml:11775 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15410,7 +15426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11778 +#: freeculture.xml:11782 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15422,7 +15438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11786 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15442,7 +15458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11807 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15453,12 +15469,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11821 freeculture.xml:11826 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 freeculture.xml:11830 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11816 +#: freeculture.xml:11820 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15469,19 +15485,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11824 +#: freeculture.xml:11828 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:11825 +#: freeculture.xml:11829 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:11833 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15493,12 +15509,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11840 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11846 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15510,7 +15526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:11856 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15524,7 +15540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11866 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15534,7 +15550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:11874 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15542,7 +15558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11875 +#: freeculture.xml:11879 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15553,12 +15569,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11883 freeculture.xml:12083 +#: freeculture.xml:11887 freeculture.xml:12087 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11885 +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15572,7 +15588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11897 +#: freeculture.xml:11901 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15585,18 +15601,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11907 +#: freeculture.xml:11911 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11908 freeculture.xml:11948 +#: freeculture.xml:11912 freeculture.xml:11952 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11916 +#: freeculture.xml:11920 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15618,7 +15634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11911 +#: freeculture.xml:11915 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -15633,7 +15649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11942 +#: freeculture.xml:11946 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15643,7 +15659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11950 +#: freeculture.xml:11954 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15656,7 +15672,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11960 +#: freeculture.xml:11964 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15667,7 +15683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11968 +#: freeculture.xml:11972 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15678,7 +15694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11976 +#: freeculture.xml:11980 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15690,7 +15706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:11992 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15701,7 +15717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:12001 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15719,7 +15735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12013 +#: freeculture.xml:12017 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15734,7 +15750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12028 +#: freeculture.xml:12032 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15746,7 +15762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12038 +#: freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15758,7 +15774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12047 +#: freeculture.xml:12051 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15768,7 +15784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12054 +#: freeculture.xml:12058 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15778,7 +15794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12061 +#: freeculture.xml:12065 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15787,7 +15803,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12067 +#: freeculture.xml:12071 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15805,7 +15821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15814,12 +15830,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12091 +#: freeculture.xml:12095 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15831,7 +15847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12101 +#: freeculture.xml:12105 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15843,7 +15859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12109 +#: freeculture.xml:12113 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15865,7 +15881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12130 +#: freeculture.xml:12134 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15876,7 +15892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12142 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15888,7 +15904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:12152 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15898,7 +15914,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12161 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15912,12 +15928,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12180 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12168 +#: freeculture.xml:12172 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15930,12 +15946,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12179 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12182 +#: freeculture.xml:12186 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15948,7 +15964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12193 +#: freeculture.xml:12197 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15959,7 +15975,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12201 +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15970,7 +15986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12213 +#: freeculture.xml:12217 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15980,7 +15996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12220 +#: freeculture.xml:12224 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15992,12 +16008,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12232 +#: freeculture.xml:12236 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12234 +#: freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -16007,7 +16023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12241 +#: freeculture.xml:12245 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -16018,7 +16034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12256 +#: freeculture.xml:12260 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -16029,7 +16045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12249 +#: freeculture.xml:12253 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16042,7 +16058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12267 +#: freeculture.xml:12271 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -16053,7 +16069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12275 +#: freeculture.xml:12279 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -16066,7 +16082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -16076,12 +16092,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12304 freeculture.xml:12739 +#: freeculture.xml:12308 freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12302 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -16090,7 +16106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:12297 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -16103,7 +16119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12315 +#: freeculture.xml:12319 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16118,7 +16134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12342 +#: freeculture.xml:12346 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16127,7 +16143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12309 +#: freeculture.xml:12313 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -16150,7 +16166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12348 +#: freeculture.xml:12352 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -16162,7 +16178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12358 +#: freeculture.xml:12362 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -16173,7 +16189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12366 +#: freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -16187,7 +16203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12381 +#: freeculture.xml:12385 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -16205,7 +16221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12375 +#: freeculture.xml:12379 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -16217,7 +16233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12402 +#: freeculture.xml:12406 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -16230,7 +16246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12416 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -16241,7 +16257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12420 +#: freeculture.xml:12424 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -16253,7 +16269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12428 +#: freeculture.xml:12432 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -16269,7 +16285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12443 +#: freeculture.xml:12447 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -16277,7 +16293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12449 +#: freeculture.xml:12453 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16292,7 +16308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12461 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16312,7 +16328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12481 +#: freeculture.xml:12485 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16330,7 +16346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12498 +#: freeculture.xml:12502 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16344,22 +16360,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 freeculture.xml:13199 +#: freeculture.xml:12530 freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12527 freeculture.xml:12617 freeculture.xml:13125 +#: freeculture.xml:12531 freeculture.xml:12621 freeculture.xml:13129 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12528 freeculture.xml:13263 +#: freeculture.xml:12532 freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12495 +#: freeculture.xml:12499 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16385,7 +16401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12531 +#: freeculture.xml:12535 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16396,14 +16412,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12539 +#: freeculture.xml:12543 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12542 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16415,7 +16431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12549 +#: freeculture.xml:12553 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16439,7 +16455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12573 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16448,7 +16464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12579 +#: freeculture.xml:12583 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16463,7 +16479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:12605 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16483,12 +16499,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12618 +#: freeculture.xml:12622 msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12590 +#: freeculture.xml:12594 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16506,7 +16522,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12623 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16525,19 +16541,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12649 +#: freeculture.xml:12653 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12653 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12641 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16550,7 +16566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12656 +#: freeculture.xml:12660 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16560,7 +16576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12664 +#: freeculture.xml:12668 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16572,12 +16588,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12674 +#: freeculture.xml:12678 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16590,7 +16606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12688 +#: freeculture.xml:12692 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16605,7 +16621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12701 +#: freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16622,7 +16638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12715 +#: freeculture.xml:12719 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16635,7 +16651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12727 +#: freeculture.xml:12731 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16649,14 +16665,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12744 +#: freeculture.xml:12748 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12745 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16667,7 +16683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:12757 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16677,7 +16693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12760 +#: freeculture.xml:12764 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16690,7 +16706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12772 +#: freeculture.xml:12776 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16703,7 +16719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12782 +#: freeculture.xml:12786 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16714,7 +16730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:12794 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16722,7 +16738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12796 +#: freeculture.xml:12800 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16736,7 +16752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16746,12 +16762,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12826 +#: freeculture.xml:12830 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12816 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16766,7 +16782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12830 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16776,7 +16792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12838 +#: freeculture.xml:12842 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16786,7 +16802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12849 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16798,7 +16814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12855 +#: freeculture.xml:12859 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16808,7 +16824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12862 +#: freeculture.xml:12866 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16819,20 +16835,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12870 +#: freeculture.xml:12874 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12873 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12878 +#: freeculture.xml:12882 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16851,7 +16867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12896 +#: freeculture.xml:12900 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " "17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16861,7 +16877,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#: freeculture.xml:12907 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16869,7 +16885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12875 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16888,18 +16904,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12920 freeculture.xml:13280 +#: freeculture.xml:12924 freeculture.xml:13284 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12921 +#: freeculture.xml:12925 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12926 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16908,7 +16924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12935 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16916,7 +16932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 +#: freeculture.xml:12927 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16935,20 +16951,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:12953 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12957 +#: freeculture.xml:12961 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12961 +#: freeculture.xml:12965 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16956,7 +16972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12966 +#: freeculture.xml:12970 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16965,7 +16981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12972 +#: freeculture.xml:12976 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16974,7 +16990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12979 +#: freeculture.xml:12983 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16984,12 +17000,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12990 +#: freeculture.xml:12994 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16998,7 +17014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12996 +#: freeculture.xml:13000 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -17012,7 +17028,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13006 +#: freeculture.xml:13010 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -17023,7 +17039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13018 +#: freeculture.xml:13022 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -17039,7 +17055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13032 +#: freeculture.xml:13036 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -17049,12 +17065,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13041 +#: freeculture.xml:13045 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13043 +#: freeculture.xml:13047 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -17066,12 +17082,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13053 +#: freeculture.xml:13057 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13057 +#: freeculture.xml:13061 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -17089,17 +17105,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13072 +#: freeculture.xml:13076 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13082 +#: freeculture.xml:13086 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13074 +#: freeculture.xml:13078 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -17112,7 +17128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13085 +#: freeculture.xml:13089 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -17125,7 +17141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13101 +#: freeculture.xml:13105 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -17139,7 +17155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13095 +#: freeculture.xml:13099 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -17152,7 +17168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13119 +#: freeculture.xml:13123 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -17164,12 +17180,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13127 +#: freeculture.xml:13131 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13129 +#: freeculture.xml:13133 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -17179,7 +17195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13137 +#: freeculture.xml:13141 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -17193,7 +17209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13149 +#: freeculture.xml:13153 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -17206,7 +17222,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13158 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -17216,7 +17232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13167 +#: freeculture.xml:13171 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -17226,7 +17242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13179 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -17239,7 +17255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13186 +#: freeculture.xml:13190 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -17250,7 +17266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13194 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -17259,7 +17275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13202 +#: freeculture.xml:13206 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -17276,7 +17292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:13222 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -17288,7 +17304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13227 +#: freeculture.xml:13231 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -17296,7 +17312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13232 +#: freeculture.xml:13236 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17311,7 +17327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:13248 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17321,7 +17337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13252 +#: freeculture.xml:13256 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17336,7 +17352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13266 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17347,19 +17363,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13278 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13283 +#: freeculture.xml:13287 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13287 +#: freeculture.xml:13291 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17373,7 +17389,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 +#: freeculture.xml:13302 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17391,7 +17407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13316 +#: freeculture.xml:13320 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17404,7 +17420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13327 +#: freeculture.xml:13331 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17417,12 +17433,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13348 +#: freeculture.xml:13352 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13338 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17436,7 +17452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13351 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17450,7 +17466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13363 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17460,7 +17476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13370 +#: freeculture.xml:13374 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17474,7 +17490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13382 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -17482,17 +17498,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13397 +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13398 +#: freeculture.xml:13402 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13392 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17507,7 +17523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17516,12 +17532,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13423 +#: freeculture.xml:13427 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13401 +#: freeculture.xml:13405 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17541,7 +17557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13426 +#: freeculture.xml:13430 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17556,7 +17572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13438 +#: freeculture.xml:13442 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17567,7 +17583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13448 +#: freeculture.xml:13452 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17578,7 +17594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13456 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17589,12 +17605,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13470 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17604,7 +17620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13479 +#: freeculture.xml:13483 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17613,12 +17629,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13486 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13488 +#: freeculture.xml:13492 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17628,14 +17644,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13495 +#: freeculture.xml:13499 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13500 +#: freeculture.xml:13504 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17644,12 +17660,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13506 +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13509 +#: freeculture.xml:13513 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -17660,7 +17676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13518 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17675,7 +17691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:13536 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17683,7 +17699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13530 +#: freeculture.xml:13534 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17693,7 +17709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13540 +#: freeculture.xml:13544 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17704,12 +17720,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13552 +#: freeculture.xml:13556 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13554 +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17724,7 +17740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13567 +#: freeculture.xml:13571 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17736,7 +17752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17749,7 +17765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17763,12 +17779,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13601 +#: freeculture.xml:13605 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13603 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17780,7 +17796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 +#: freeculture.xml:13617 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17788,7 +17804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13619 +#: freeculture.xml:13623 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17802,7 +17818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:13640 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17811,7 +17827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13629 +#: freeculture.xml:13633 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17827,7 +17843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13649 +#: freeculture.xml:13653 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17837,7 +17853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13656 +#: freeculture.xml:13660 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17851,7 +17867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13668 +#: freeculture.xml:13672 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17862,7 +17878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13676 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17870,7 +17886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:13685 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17881,12 +17897,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13699 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17895,7 +17911,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13712 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -17903,7 +17919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13700 +#: freeculture.xml:13704 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17916,7 +17932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13715 +#: freeculture.xml:13719 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17925,7 +17941,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13727 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17938,7 +17954,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13732 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17952,7 +17968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17960,12 +17976,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13761 +#: freeculture.xml:13765 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13745 +#: freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17980,7 +17996,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13765 +#: freeculture.xml:13769 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17997,7 +18013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13781 +#: freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -18005,7 +18021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13787 +#: freeculture.xml:13791 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -18014,12 +18030,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13797 +#: freeculture.xml:13801 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13799 +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -18030,7 +18046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -18042,19 +18058,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13824 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13826 +#: freeculture.xml:13830 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13816 +#: freeculture.xml:13820 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -18066,12 +18082,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#: freeculture.xml:13838 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13830 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -18080,7 +18096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -18090,7 +18106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13846 +#: freeculture.xml:13850 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -18102,7 +18118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:13863 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -18117,7 +18133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13876 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -18127,12 +18143,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13888 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13886 +#: freeculture.xml:13890 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -18140,7 +18156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13880 +#: freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -18150,7 +18166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13898 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -18161,7 +18177,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13901 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -18171,12 +18187,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13911 +#: freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -18186,7 +18202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13920 +#: freeculture.xml:13924 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -18197,7 +18213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13929 +#: freeculture.xml:13933 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -18207,7 +18223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13936 +#: freeculture.xml:13940 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -18218,7 +18234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13945 +#: freeculture.xml:13949 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -18226,7 +18242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13950 +#: freeculture.xml:13954 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -18235,7 +18251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -18244,7 +18260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13962 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -18252,7 +18268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13968 +#: freeculture.xml:13972 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -18263,7 +18279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:13980 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -18273,7 +18289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13984 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -18281,7 +18297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13989 +#: freeculture.xml:13993 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -18296,7 +18312,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14001 +#: freeculture.xml:14005 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -18313,7 +18329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14034 +#: freeculture.xml:14038 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18321,7 +18337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18343,7 +18359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14041 +#: freeculture.xml:14045 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -18359,7 +18375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14061 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -18372,7 +18388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14068 +#: freeculture.xml:14072 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18383,7 +18399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14077 +#: freeculture.xml:14081 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18395,7 +18411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18408,7 +18424,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14098 +#: freeculture.xml:14102 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18420,7 +18436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14108 +#: freeculture.xml:14112 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18433,7 +18449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14118 +#: freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18444,14 +18460,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14126 +#: freeculture.xml:14130 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14130 +#: freeculture.xml:14134 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18465,7 +18481,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14141 +#: freeculture.xml:14145 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18476,17 +18492,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14186 +#: freeculture.xml:14190 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14188 freeculture.xml:14214 +#: freeculture.xml:14192 freeculture.xml:14218 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18526,7 +18542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18541,7 +18557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14201 +#: freeculture.xml:14205 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18560,7 +18576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14217 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18573,7 +18589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:14234 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18590,7 +18606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14245 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18605,7 +18621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14257 +#: freeculture.xml:14261 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18616,13 +18632,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14271 +#: freeculture.xml:14275 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18631,19 +18647,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14278 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14284 +#: freeculture.xml:14288 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14288 +#: freeculture.xml:14292 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -18651,14 +18667,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14294 +#: freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14299 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18667,7 +18683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14305 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18684,7 +18700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18694,12 +18710,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:14334 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18708,7 +18724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14338 +#: freeculture.xml:14342 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18719,7 +18735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14355 +#: freeculture.xml:14359 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -18727,7 +18743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14350 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18740,7 +18756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18748,7 +18764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14371 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18768,7 +18784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18780,7 +18796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14399 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18790,7 +18806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14403 +#: freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18803,7 +18819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14413 +#: freeculture.xml:14417 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18814,7 +18830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18822,7 +18838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:14431 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18835,7 +18851,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14440 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18845,7 +18861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14445 +#: freeculture.xml:14449 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18853,12 +18869,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14454 +#: freeculture.xml:14458 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14456 +#: freeculture.xml:14460 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18872,12 +18888,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14471 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14473 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18886,7 +18902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14479 +#: freeculture.xml:14483 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18902,7 +18918,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14492 +#: freeculture.xml:14496 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18915,7 +18931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14503 +#: freeculture.xml:14507 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18936,7 +18952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:14527 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18947,7 +18963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14532 +#: freeculture.xml:14536 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "