From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 5 Nov 2015 20:36:01 +0000 (+0100) Subject: Add da translation transformed from the nb version using apertium, thanks to Kevin... X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/d8d1dbe83eaab889800167a48a957ad31ac63158?ds=inline;hp=--cc Add da translation transformed from the nb version using apertium, thanks to Kevin Brubeck Unhammer --- d8d1dbe83eaab889800167a48a957ad31ac63158 diff --git a/freeculture.da.po b/freeculture.da.po new file mode 100644 index 0000000..611cd78 --- /dev/null +++ b/freeculture.da.po @@ -0,0 +1,31964 @@ +# Free Culture translation to Danish +# Copyright (C) 2015 Petter Reinholdtsen and contributors +# This file is distributed under the same license as the Free Culture +# book. When the original enter the public domain, the intention is +# for this translation to do so too. +# +# The Danish translation was created by transforming the Norwegian BokmÃ¥l (nb) +# translation using apertium. These are the translators of the nb version: +# Petter Reinholdtsen , 2012-2015 +# Anders Hagen Jarmund , 2012 +# Ingrid Yrvin , 2015 +# Johannes Larsen , 2015 +# Kirill Miazine , 2012 +msgid "" +msgstr "" +"Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-18 20:47+0200\n" +"PO-Revision-Date: 2015-10-14 12:00+0000\n" +"Last-Translator: pere \n" +"Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l (http://www.transifex.com/pere/free-culture-" +"lessig/language/nb/)\n" +"Language: da\n" +"MIME-Version: 1.0\n" +"Content-Type: text/plain; charset=UTF-8\n" +"Content-Transfer-Encoding: 8bit\n" +"Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=(n != 1);\n" + +#. type: Content of the copy entity +#, fuzzy +msgid "©" +msgstr "©" + +#. type: Attribute 'lang' of: +#, fuzzy +msgid "en" +msgstr "da" + +#. type: Content of: +#, fuzzy +msgid "Free Culture" +msgstr "Fri kultur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<abbrev>\"freeculture\"</abbrev>" +msgstr "<abbrev>\"frikultur\"</abbrev>" + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control " +"creativity" +msgstr "" +"Hvordan store mediumaktører bruger teknologi og retvæsenet til at begrænse " +"kulturen og kontrollere kreativiteten" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate> <edition>1</edition>" +msgstr "<pubdate>2015-10-17</pubdate> <edition>1 </edition>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><releaseinfo> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Version 2004-02-10" +msgstr "Version 2004-02-10 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><firstname> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lawrence" +msgstr "Lawrence" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><authorgroup><author><surname> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lessig" +msgstr "Lessig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Intellectual property—United States." +msgstr "Immaterielle rettigheder – USA." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mass media—United States." +msgstr "Massemedierne – USA." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Technological innovations—United States." +msgstr "Teknologiske nyvindinger – USA." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><subjectset><subject><subjectterm> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Art—United States." +msgstr "Kunst – USA." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><publisher><address> +#, fuzzy, no-wrap +msgid "<city>Oslo</city>" +msgstr "<city>Oslo</city>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " +"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> " +"<holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>" +msgstr "" +"<publisher> <publishername>Petter Reinholdtsen</publishername> <placeholder " +"type=\"address\" id=\"0\"/> </publisher> <copyright> <year>2004</year> " +"<holder>Lawrence Lessig</holder> </copyright>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " +"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" align=\"center" +"\"/> </imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cc.png\" contentdepth=\"3em\" " +"width=\"100%\" align=\"center\"/> </imageobject> <imageobject> <imagedata " +"fileref=\"images/cc.svg\" contentdepth=\"3em\" width=\"100%\" " +"align=\"center\"/> </imageobject>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para><inlinemediaobject><textobject><phrase> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" +msgstr "Creative Commons, nogle rettigheder forbeholdt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><legalnotice><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "<placeholder type=\"inlinemediaobject\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " +"non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " +"information about the license visit <ulink url=\"http://creativecommons.org/" +"licenses/by-nc/1.0/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Denne bog er licensieret med en Creative Commons-licens. Denne licens " +"tillader ikke -kommerciel utnyttelse af værket, hvis ophavindehaveren er " +"navngitt. For mere information om licensen, besøg <ulink url=\"http://" +"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "About the author" +msgstr "Om forfatteren" + +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lawrence Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig.org</" +"ulink>), professor of law and a Roy L. Furman Professor of Law and " +"Leadership at Harvard Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " +"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url=" +"\"http://creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The " +"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " +"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " +"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " +"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " +"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's <quote>e.biz 25," +"</quote> and named one of Scientific American's <quote>50 visionaries.</" +"quote> A graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, " +"and Yale Law School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. " +"Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals." +msgstr "" +"Lawrence Lessig (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org\">http://www.lessig." +"stjæle</ulink>) er professor i retsvidenskab og John A. Wilson Distinguished " +"Faculty Scholar ved Stanford Law School. Han er stifteren af Stanford Center " +"for Internet and Society og styreleder i Creative Commons (<ulink " +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org\">http://creativecommons.stjæle</ulink>). " +"Forfatteren har givet ud The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) og Code: " +"Ånd other Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), samt er medlem af styrerne " +"i Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, og Public " +"Knowledge. Han har vundet Free Software Foundation's Award for the " +"Advancement of Free Software, to gange været opført i BusinessWeeks <quote>e." +"biz 25,</quote> og omtalt som man af Scientific Americans <quote>50 " +"visjonærer.</quote> Efter uddannelse ved University of Pennsylvania, " +"Cambridge University, og Yale Law School, assisterede Lessig domme Richard " +"Posner ved USAs syvende ankekreds." + +#. testing different ways to tag the cover page +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><mediaobject> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/" +"cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> " +"<imageobject remap=\"s\" role=\"front\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/cover-" +"front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> " +"<imageobject remap=\"xs\" role=\"front-small\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/" +"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> " +"<imageobject remap=\"cs\" role=\"thumbnail\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/" +"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>" +msgstr "" +"<imageobject remap=\"lrg\" role=\"front-large\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/" +"nb/cover-front-72dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> " +"<imageobject remap=\"s\" role=\"front\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/nb/" +"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> " +"<imageobject remap=\"xs\" role=\"front-small\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/" +"nb/cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject> " +"<imageobject remap=\"cs\" role=\"thumbnail\"> <imagedata fileref=\"images/nb/" +"cover-front-10dpi.png\" format=\"PNG\" width=\"444\" /> </imageobject>" + +#. LCCN from +#. http://catalog.loc.gov/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v3=1&DB=local&CMD=010a+2003063276&CNT=10+records+per+page +#. +#. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid class=\"isbn" +"\">978-82-690182-0-2</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"libraryofcongress" +"\">2003063276</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"uri\">http://free-culture.cc/</" +"biblioid>" +msgstr "" +" <placeholder type=\"mediaobject\" id=\"0\"/> <biblioid class=\"isbn\">978-" +"82-690182-3-3</biblioid> <biblioid class=\"libraryofcongress\">2003063276</" +"biblioid> <biblioid class=\"uri\">http://free-culture.cc/</biblioid>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Also by Lawrence Lessig" +msgstr "Andre bøge af Lawrence Lessig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)" +msgstr "The USA is lesterland: The nature of congressional corruption (2014)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Republic, lost: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)" +msgstr "" +"Republic, loset: How money corrupts Congress - and a plan to stop it (2011)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)" +msgstr "Remix: Making art and commerce thrive in the hybrid economy (2008)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)" +msgstr "Code: Version 2.0 (2006)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)" +msgstr "" +"The Future of Ideas: The Fænge of the Commons in a Connected World (2001)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><itemizedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)" +msgstr "Code: Ånd Other Laws of Cyberspace (1999)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Eric Eldred — whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom " +"it continues still." +msgstr "" +"Til Eric Eldred – hvis arbejde først trak mig til denne sag, og for " +"hvem sagen fortsætter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "List of figures" +msgstr "Figuroversigt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Preface" +msgstr "Forord" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Pogue, David" +msgstr "Pogue, David" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Code (Lessig)" +msgstr "Code (Lessig)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"bold\">At the end</emphasis> of his review of my first " +"book, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, David " +"Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless technical and computer-" +"related texts, wrote this:" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"bold\">I slutningen af</emphasis> sin gennemgang af min " +"første bog <citetitle>Code: Ånd Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle>, skrev " +"David Pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter af utallige tekniske og " +"datarelaterte tekster, dette:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New " +"York Times</citetitle>, 30 January 2000." +msgstr "" +"David Pogue, <quote>Don't Just Chat, Do Something,</quote> <citetitle>New " +"York Times</citetitle>, 30 . januar 2000 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " +"affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " +"population is). And if you don't like the Internet's system, you can always " +"flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I modsætning til retslige love, har ikke Internet-programvare evnen til at " +"straffe. Den pÃ¥virker ikke folk som ikke er online (og bare en vældig " +"lille minoritet af værdets befolkning er online). Og hvis du ikke kanlide " +"systemet med Internet, kan du altid skrue af modemet.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " +"<quote>code,</quote> functioned as a kind of law—and his review " +"suggested the happy thought that if life in cyberspace got bad, we could " +"always <quote>drizzle, drazzle, druzzle, drome</quote>-like simply flip a " +"switch and be back home. Turn off the modem, unplug the computer, and any " +"troubles that exist in <emphasis>that</emphasis> space wouldn't " +"<quote>affect</quote> us anymore." +msgstr "" +"Pogue var skeptisk til bogens hovedpointe – at software, eller " +"<quote>kode,</quote> fungerede som en slags lov – og foreslog i sin " +"anmeldelse den glade tanken at hvis tilværelsen i cyberspace blev slet, kan " +"vi altid, ligesom pÃ¥ magisk vis, slÃ¥ over en bryder og være hjemme igen. " +"Skru af modemet, koble fra computeren, og eventuelle problemer som findes i " +"<emphasis>den</emphasis> virkeligheden villes ikke <quote>pÃ¥virke</quote> " +"os mere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 12 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " +"even if he was right then, the point is not right now: <citetitle>Free " +"Culture</citetitle> is about the troubles the Internet causes even after the " +"modem is turned off. It is an argument about how the battles that now rage " +"regarding life on-line have fundamentally affected <quote>people who aren't " +"online.</quote> There is no switch that will insulate us from the Internet's " +"effect." +msgstr "" +"Pogue kan have haft ret i 1999 – jeg er skeptisk, men det mÃ¥ske. Men " +"selv om han havde ret da, er ikke argumentet længere gyldigt. " +"<citetitle>Fri kultur</citetitle> er om problemerne Internet forÃ¥rsager selv " +" efter at modemet er slÃ¥et af. Den er et argument om hvordan slagene som nu " +"udkæmpes om livet online fundamentalt pÃ¥virker <quote>folk som ikke er " +"pÃ¥logget.</quote> Det findes ingen bryder som kan isolere os fra Internets " +"pÃ¥virkning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But unlike <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, the argument here is not much about " +"the Internet itself. It is instead about the consequence of the Internet to " +"a part of our tradition that is much more fundamental, and, as hard as this " +"is for a geek-wanna-be to admit, much more important." +msgstr "" +"Men i modsætning til bogen <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, er tema her ikke sÃ¥ " +"meget Internet i sig selv. I stedet er bogen om konsekvensen af Internet for " +"en del af vores tradition som er meget mere grundlæggende, og uanset hvor " +"hÃ¥rdt dette er for man geek-wanna-bede at indrømme, meget vigtigere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free Societies</citetitle> 57 " +"(Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." +msgstr "" +"Richard M. Stallman, <citetitle>Free Software, Free</citetitle> Societies 57 " +"(Joshua Gay, red. 2002)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " +"that follow, we come from a tradition of <quote>free culture</quote>—" +"not <quote>free</quote> as in <quote>free beer</quote> (to borrow a phrase " +"from the founder of the free software movement<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>), but <quote>free</quote> as in <quote>free speech,</quote> " +"<quote>free markets,</quote> <quote>free trade,</quote> <quote>free " +"enterprise,</quote> <quote>free will,</quote> and <quote>free elections.</" +"quote> A free culture supports and protects creators and innovators. It does " +"this directly by granting intellectual property rights. But it does so " +"indirectly by limiting the reach of those rights, to guarantee that follow-" +"on creators and innovators remain <emphasis>as free as possible</emphasis> " +"from the control of the past. A free culture is not a culture without " +"property, just as a free market is not a market in which everything is free. " +"The opposite of a free culture is a <quote>permission culture</quote>—" +"a culture in which creators get to create only with the permission of the " +"powerful, or of creators from the past." +msgstr "" +"Den traditionen er hvordan vores kultur bliver skabt. Som jeg vil forklare " +"i siderne som følger, kommer vi fra en tradition af <quote>fri kultur</" +"quote> – ikke <quote>fri</quote> som i <quote>fri bar</quote> (for at " +"lÃ¥ne et udtryk fra stifteren af fri programvarebevægelsen<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), men <quote>fri</quote> som i " +"<quote>talefrihed,</quote> <quote>frit marked,</quote> <quote>frihandel,</" +"quote> <quote>fri konkurrence,</quote> <quote>fri vilje</quote> og " +"<quote>frie valg.</quote> En fri kultur støtter og beskytter skabere og " +"oppfinnere. Dette gør den direkte ved at tildele immaterielle rettigheder. " +"Men det gør den indirekte ved at begrænse rækkevidden for disse rettigheder, " +"for at garantere at næste generation skabere og oppfinnere forbliver " +"<emphasis>sÃ¥ fri som muligt</emphasis> fra kontrol fra fortiden. En fri " +"kultur er ikke en kultur uden eierskap, lige sÃ¥ lidt som et frit marked er " +"et marked der hen alt er gratis. Det modsatte af fri kultur er " +"<quote>tilladelsekultur</quote> – en kultur der skabere kun kan skabe " +"med tilladelse fra de mægtige, eller fra skaberne fra fortiden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not <quote>we</" +"quote> on the Left or <quote>you</quote> on the Right, but we who have no " +"stake in the particular industries of culture that defined the twentieth " +"century. Whether you are on the Left or the Right, if you are in this sense " +"disinterested, then the story I tell here will trouble you. For the changes " +"I describe affect values that both sides of our political culture deem " +"fundamental." +msgstr "" +"Hvis vi forstod denne ændring, sÃ¥ tror jeg vi villes stÃ¥ imod den. Ikke " +"<quote>vi</quote> pÃ¥ venstresiden eller <quote>I</quote> pÃ¥ højresiden, men " +"vi som ikke har investeret i den spesifikke kulturindustrien som har " +"defineret det tyvende Ã¥rhundrede. Uanset om du er pÃ¥ venstresiden eller " +"højresiden, eller er uinteressert i det skillet, sÃ¥ bør historie jeg " +"fortæller her forstyrre dig. For ændringerne jeg beskriver pÃ¥virker værdier " +"som begge sider af vores politiske kultur anser som grundlæggende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "power, concentration of" +msgstr "magt, konsentrering af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" +msgstr "codePink-kvinder i fred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Safire, William" +msgstr "Safire, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Stevens, Ted" +msgstr "Stevens, Ted" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " +"the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " +"on media concentration, an extraordinary coalition generated more than " +"700,000 letters to the FCC opposing the change. As William Safire described " +"marching <quote>uncomfortably alongside CodePink Women for Peace and the " +"National Rifle Association, between liberal Olympia Snowe and conservative " +"Ted Stevens,</quote> he formulated perhaps most simply just what was at " +"stake: the concentration of power. And as he asked," +msgstr "" +"Vi sÃ¥ et glimt af dette tverrpolitiske raseriet pÃ¥ forsommeren i 2003 . Da " +"Federal Communications Commission (FCC) vurderede ændringer i skrønerne for " +"medieeierskap som villes slække pÃ¥ begrænsningerne rundt mediekonsentrering, " +"sendte en ekstraordinær koalition mere end 700 000 brev til FCC for at " +"modsætte sig ændringen. Mens William Safire beskrev at marchere " +"<quote>ubehageligt sammen med CodePink Women for Peace og the National Rille " +"Association, mellem liberale Olympia Snowe og konservative Ted Stevens,</" +"quote> formulerede han mÃ¥ske det enkleste udtrykket for hvad som var pÃ¥ " +"spil: konsentrering af magt. SÃ¥ spurgte han:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"William Safire, <quote>The Great Media Gulp,</quote> <citetitle>New York " +"Times</citetitle>, 22 May 2003. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"William Safire, <quote>The Great Medierne Gylp,</quote> <citetitle>New York " +"Times</citetitle>, 22 . maj 2003 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—" +"political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to " +"conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby " +"encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the " +"greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Hørtes dette ikke-konservativt ud? Ikke for mig. Denne konsentreringen af " +"magt – politisk, selskapsmessig, pressemessig, kulturelt – bør " +"være bandlyst af de konservative. Spredningen af magt gennem lokal kontrol, " +"og derigennem opmuntre til individuel deltagelse, er essensen i " +"føderalismen, og det største udtryk for demokrati.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This idea is an element of the argument of <citetitle>Free Culture</" +"citetitle>, though my focus is not just on the concentration of power " +"produced by concentrations in ownership, but more importantly, if because " +"less visibly, on the concentration of power produced by a radical change in " +"the effective scope of the law. The law is changing; that change is altering " +"the way our culture gets made; that change should worry you—whether or " +"not you care about the Internet, and whether you're on Safire's left or on " +"his right." +msgstr "" +"Denne idéen er et element i argumentet til <citetitle>Fri kultur</" +"citetitle>, selv om min fokus ikke bare er pÃ¥ konsentreringen af magt som " +"følger af konsentreringen i eierskap, men mere vigtigt, og fordi det er " +"mindre synligt, pÃ¥ konsentreringen af magt som er resultat af en radikal " +"ændring i det effektive virkeomrÃ¥det til retvæsenet. Retvæsenet er i " +"ændring, og ændringen forandrer hvordan vores kultur bliver skabt. Den " +"ændringen bør bekymre dig – uanset om du generer dig om Internet eller " +"ikke, og uanset om du er til venstre for Safires eller til højre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The inspiration</emphasis> for the title and for " +"much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman " +"and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, " +"especially the essays in <citetitle>Free Software, Free Society</citetitle>, " +"I realize that all of the theoretical insights I develop here are insights " +"Stallman described decades ago. One could thus well argue that this work is " +"<quote>merely</quote> derivative." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Inspirationen</emphasis> til titlen og meget af " +"argumentet i denne bog kommer fra arbejdet til Richard Stallman og Free " +"Software Foundation. Faktisk, da jeg læste Stallmans egen tekster pÃ¥ nyt, " +"specielt essayene i <citetitle>Free Software, Free</citetitle>Society , " +"indser jeg at alle de teoretiske indsigterne jeg udvikler her , er indsigter " +"som Stallman beskrev for Ã¥rti siden. Man kan dermed godt argumentere for " +"at dette virket <quote>kun</quote> er et avledet værk." + +#. PAGE BREAK 14 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " +"is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " +"remind a culture about a tradition that has always been its own. Like " +"Stallman, I defend that tradition on the basis of values. Like Stallman, I " +"believe those are the values of freedom. And like Stallman, I believe those " +"are values of our past that will need to be defended in our future. A free " +"culture has been our past, but it will only be our future if we change the " +"path we are on right now. Like Stallman's arguments for free software, an " +"argument for free culture stumbles on a confusion that is hard to avoid, and " +"even harder to understand. A free culture is not a culture without property; " +"it is not a culture in which artists don't get paid. A culture without " +"property, or in which creators can't get paid, is anarchy, not freedom. " +"Anarchy is not what I advance here." +msgstr "" +"Jeg godtager kritikken, hvis det faktisk er kritik. Arbejdet til en advokat " +"er altid avledede værk, og jeg mener ikke at gøre noget mere i denne bog " +"end at minde en kultur om en tradition som altid har været deres egen. Som " +"Stallman forsvarer jeg denne tradition pÃ¥ grundlag af værdier. Som Stallman " +"tror jeg dette er værdierne til frihed. Og som Stallman, tror jeg dette er " +"værdier fra vores fortid som mÃ¥ forsvares i vores fremtid. En fri kultur " +"har været vores fortid, men vil bare være vores fremtid hvis vi ændrer " +"retningen vi følger akkurat nu. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som Stallmans argumenter for " +"fri software, træffer argumenter for en fri kultur pÃ¥ forvirring som er " +"vanskeligt at undgÃ¥, og endnu vanskeligere at forstÃ¥. En fri kultur er ikke " +" en kultur uden eierskap. Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke fÃ¥r " +"betalt. En kultur uden eierskap, eller en der hen skaberne ikke kan fÃ¥ " +"betalt, er anarki, ikke frihed. Anarki er ikke hvad jeg fremmer her ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " +"anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " +"property. It is filled with rules of property and contract that get enforced " +"by the state. But just as a free market is perverted if its property becomes " +"feudal, so too can a free culture be queered by extremism in the property " +"rights that define it. That is what I fear about our culture today. It is " +"against that extremism that this book is written." +msgstr "" +"I stedet er den frie kulturen som jeg forsvarer i denne bog en balance " +"mellem anarki og kontrol. En fri kultur, i lighed med et frit marked, er " +"befolket med eierskap. Den er befolket med skrøner for eierskap og " +"kontrakter som bliver hÃ¥ndhævet af staten. Men pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som det frie " +"markedet bliver perverteret hvis dets eierskap bliver føydalt, sÃ¥ kan en fri " +"kultur blive ødelagt af ekstremisme i eierskapsrettighetene som definerer " +"den. Det er dette jeg frygter om vores kultur i dag. Det er som modpol til " +"sÃ¥dan ekstremisme at denne bog er skrevet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Introduction" +msgstr "Introduktion" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Wright brothers" +msgstr "Wright-brødrene" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">On December 17</emphasis>, 1903, on a windy North " +"Carolina beach for just shy of one hundred seconds, the Wright brothers " +"demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, self-propelled vehicle could fly. The " +"moment was electric and its importance widely understood. Almost " +"immediately, there was an explosion of interest in this newfound technology " +"of manned flight, and a gaggle of innovators began to build upon it." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Den 17 . december</emphasis> 1903, pÃ¥ en vindfylt " +"strand i Nord-Carolina i næsten hundrede sekunder, demonstrerede Wright-" +"brødrene at et selvdrevet fartøj tungere end luft kunne flyve. Øjeblikket " +"var elektrisk, og dets betydning blev alment forstÃ¥et. Interessen for denne " +"nye teknologi som gjorde bemandet luftfart muligt eksploderede næsten " +"umiddelbart, og en hærskare af oppfinnere begyndte at bygge videre pÃ¥ den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." +msgstr "lufttrafik, landeierskap versus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" +msgstr "landeierskap, lufttrafik og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "property rights" +msgstr "ejendomrettigheder" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "air traffic vs." +msgstr "lufttrafik versus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." +msgstr "" +"St. George Tucker, <citetitle>Blackstone's Commentaries</citetitle> 3 (South " +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " +"that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " +"but all the land below, down to the center of the earth, and all the space " +"above, to <quote>an indefinite extent, upwards.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> For many years, scholars had puzzled about how best " +"to interpret the idea that rights in land ran to the heavens. Did that mean " +"that you owned the stars? Could you prosecute geese for their willful and " +"regular trespass?" +msgstr "" +"Da Wright-brødrene fandt op flymaskinen, hævdede retvæsenet i USA at en " +"grundejer blev antaget at eje ikke bare overfladen pÃ¥ sit omrÃ¥de, men ogsÃ¥ " +"helt landet under bagen, helt ned til centerpunktet i markerne, og alt " +"volumenet over bagen, <quote>i ubestemt grad, op over.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I mange Ã¥r undrede lærde over hvordan en bedst " +"skulle tolke idéen om at ejendomretten gik helt til himlen. Betød dette at " +"du ejede stjernerne? Kunne man dømme gjess for at de regelmæssigt og med " +"vilje tog sig ind pÃ¥ anden mands ejendom?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " +"law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " +"the most important legal thinkers of our past—mattered. If my land " +"reaches to the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I " +"have the right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an " +"exclusive license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide " +"how much these rights are worth?" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ kom flymaskiner, og for første gang havde dette princippet i lovværket i " +"USA – og som er helt grundlæggende for vores tradition, og accepteret " +"af de vigtigste juridiske tænkerne i vores fortid – en betydning. Hvis " +"min ejendom rækker til himlen, hvad sker nÃ¥r United flyver over mit omrÃ¥de? " +"Har jeg ret til at nægte dem at bruge min ejendom? Har jeg mulighed til at " +"indgÃ¥ en eksklusiv aftale med Delta Airlines? Kan vi gennemføre en auktion " +"for at finne ud hvor mange disse rettigheder er værd?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" +msgstr "Causby, Thomas Lee" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Causby, Tinie" +msgstr "Causby, Tinie" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " +"Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " +"military aircraft (the terrified chickens apparently flew into the barn " +"walls and died), the Causbys filed a lawsuit saying that the government was " +"trespassing on their land. The airplanes, of course, never touched the " +"surface of the Causbys' land. But if, as Blackstone, Kent, and Coke had " +"said, their land reached to <quote>an indefinite extent, upwards,</quote> " +"then the government was trespassing on their property, and the Causbys " +"wanted it to stop." +msgstr "" +"I 1945 blev disse spørgsmÃ¥lene en føderal sag. Da bønderne Thomas Lee og " +"Tinie Causby i Nord-Carolina begyndte at miste kyllinger pÃ¥ grund af " +"lavtflygende militære fly/flye (vettskremte kyllinger blev hævdet at flyve i " +"staldvæggene og dø), sagsøgte Causbyene regeringen for at have behøvet sig " +"ind pÃ¥ deres ejendom. Flyene rørte selvfølgelig aldrig overfladen pÃ¥ " +"Causbys ejendom. Men hvis det stemte som Blackstone, Kent, og Coke havde " +"sagt, at deres ejendom strakte sig <quote>i ubestemt grad, op over,</quote> " +"sÃ¥ havde regeringen behøvet sig ind pÃ¥ deres ejendom, og Causbyene ønsket at " +"sætte en stop for dette." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Douglas, William O." +msgstr "Douglas, William O." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." +msgstr "Højesteret, USA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on airspace vs. land rights" +msgstr "om luftrum versus landrettigheder" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " +"the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " +"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional " +"<quote>taking</quote> of property without compensation. The Court " +"acknowledged that <quote>it is ancient doctrine that common law ownership of " +"the land extended to the periphery of the universe.</quote> But Justice " +"Douglas had no patience for ancient doctrine. In a single paragraph, " +"hundreds of years of property law were erased. As he wrote for the Court," +msgstr "" +"Højesteret gik med pÃ¥ at tage op Causbys sag. Kongressen havde vedtaget at " +" luftfartsveiene var tilgængelige for alle, men hvis ens ejendom virkeligt " +"rakte til himlen, da kunne mÃ¥ske Kongressens vedtagelse have været i strid " +"med Grunnlovens forbud mod at <quote>tage</quote> ejendom uden kompensation. " +" Retten erkendte at <quote>det er gammel doktrin efter retpraksis at en " +"ejendom rak til udkanten af universet.</quote> Men domme Douglas havde ikke " +" tÃ¥lmodighet for forhistoriske doktriner. I et enkelt afsnit blev " +"hundredevis af Ã¥r med eiendomslovgivning strøget. Som han skrev pÃ¥ vegne af " +"retten:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " +"there could be a <quote>taking</quote> if the government's use of its land " +"effectively destroyed the value of the Causbys' land. This example was " +"suggested to me by Keith Aoki's wonderful piece, <quote>(Intellectual) " +"Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a Cultural Geography of Authorship,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333. See " +"also Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: " +"Foundation Press, 1984), 1112–13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"USA mod Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261 . Domstolen fandt at det kunne " +"være at <quote>tage</quote> hvis regeringens brug af sit land reelt sæt " +"havde ødelagt værdien af ejendommen til Causby. Dette eksempel blev " +"foreslÃ¥et for mig i Keith Aokis flotte stykke, <quote>(intellectual) " +"Property and Sovereignty: Notes Toward a cultural Geography of Authorship,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Stanford Law Review</citetitle> 48 (1996): 1293, 1333 . Se " +"ogsÃ¥ Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Real Property</citetitle> (Mineola, N.Y.: " +"Foundation Press (1984)), 1112–13 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " +"highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " +"transcontinental flight would subject the operator to countless trespass " +"suits. Common sense revolts at the idea. To recognize such private claims to " +"the airspace would clog these highways, seriously interfere with their " +"control and development in the public interest, and transfer into private " +"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"[Denne] doktrinen har ingen plads i den moderne værdet. Luften er en " +"offentlig motorvej, sÃ¥dan Kongressen har erklæret. Hvis det ikke var " +"tilfælde, villes hver eneste transkontinentale flyrute udsætte operatørerne " +"for utallige søgsmÃ¥l om inntrenging pÃ¥ anden mands ejendom. Idéen er i " +"strid med sund fornuft. Å anerkende sÃ¥danne private krav til luftrummet " +"villes blokere disse motorveje, seriøst forstyrre muligheden til kontrol og " +"udvikling af dem i fællesskabets interesse, og overføre til privat eierskap " +"det som kun fællesskabet har et rimeligt krav til.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>Common sense revolts at the idea.</quote>" +msgstr "<quote>Idéen er i strid med sund fornuft.</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 18 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " +"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. " +"Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the conclusion " +"that Douglas holds in a single line: <quote>Common sense revolts at the idea." +"</quote> But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special genius " +"of a common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the technologies " +"of the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock " +"in one age crumble in another." +msgstr "" +"Det er sÃ¥dan retvæsenet sædvanligvis fungerer. Ikke ofte lige sÃ¥ brat " +"eller utÃ¥lmodigt, men til slutning er dette sÃ¥dan loven fungerer. Det var " +"ikke stilen til Douglas at udbrodere. Andre dommere villes have skrevet " +"mange flere sider føder de nÃ¥ede sin konklusion, men for Douglas holdt det " +"med en enkel linje: <quote>Idéen er i strid med sund fornuft.</quote> Men " +"uanset om det tager flere sider, eller kun nogle fÃ¥ ord, sÃ¥ er det en genial " +"egenskab med et retpraksissystem, sÃ¥dan som vores er, at retvæsenet " +"tilpasser sig til de aktuelle teknologierne. Og mens den tilpasser sig, sÃ¥ " +"ændres den. Idéer som var solide som fjeld i en tidsalder knuses i en anden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " +"other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " +"were no doubt many like them who were upset by the growing traffic in the " +"air (though one hopes not many chickens flew themselves into walls), the " +"Causbys of the world would find it very hard to unite and stop the idea, and " +"the technology, that the Wright brothers had birthed. The Wright brothers " +"spat airplanes into the technological meme pool; the idea then spread like a " +"virus in a chicken coop; farmers like the Causbys found themselves " +"surrounded by <quote>what seemed reasonable</quote> given the technology " +"that the Wrights had produced. They could stand on their farms, dead " +"chickens in hand, and shake their fists at these newfangled technologies all " +"they wanted. They could call their representatives or even file a lawsuit. " +"But in the end, the force of what seems <quote>obvious</quote> to everyone " +"else—the power of <quote>common sense</quote>—would prevail. " +"Their <quote>private interest</quote> would not be allowed to defeat an " +"obvious public gain." +msgstr "" +"Eller, det er hvordan ting sker nÃ¥r det ikke er nogle mægtige pÃ¥ modsat side " +"af ændringen. Causbyene var bare bønder. Og selv om det uden tvivl/tvivle " +"var mange som dem som var led af den øgende trafikken i luften (og man hÃ¥ber " +"ikke for mange kyllinger heldet ind i vægge), villes Causbyene i værdet " +"finde det vældig hÃ¥rdt at samles for at stoppe den idéen og teknologien som " +"Wright-brødrene havde ført til værdet. Wright-brødrene spyttede flymaskiner " +"ind i den teknologiske meme-dammen. Idéen bredte sig derefter som et virus i " +"en kyllingfarm. Causbyene i værdet fandt sig selv omringet af <quote>det " +"synes rimeligt</quote> givet teknologien som Wright-brødrene havde " +"produceret. De kunne stÃ¥ pÃ¥ sine gÃ¥rde, med døde kyllinger i hÃ¥nd, og hytte " +"knytnæven mod disse nye teknologier sÃ¥ meget de ville. De kunne ringe sine " +"repræsentanter, eller til og med sagsøge. Men nÃ¥r alt kom til alt, villes " +"kraften/kræfter i det som virkede <quote>Ã¥benbaret</quote> for alle andre " +"– magt til <quote>sund fornuft</quote> – vinne frem. Deres " +"<quote>personlige interesser</quote> villes ikke fÃ¥ lov til at nedkæmpe en " +"Ã¥penbar fordel for fællesskabet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" +msgstr "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bell, Alexander Graham" +msgstr "Bell, Alexander Graham" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Edison, Thomas" +msgstr "Edison, Thomas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Faraday, Michael" +msgstr "Faraday, Michael" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "radio" +msgstr "radio" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "FM spectrum of" +msgstr "FM-spektrum for" + +#. PAGE BREAK 19 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> is one of " +"America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He came to the great American " +"inventor scene just after the titans Thomas Edison and Alexander Graham " +"Bell. But his work in the area of radio technology was perhaps the most " +"important of any single inventor in the first fifty years of radio. He was " +"better educated than Michael Faraday, who as a bookbinder's apprentice had " +"discovered electric induction in 1831. But he had the same intuition about " +"how the world of radio worked, and on at least three occasions, Armstrong " +"invented profoundly important technologies that advanced our understanding " +"of radio." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Edwin Howard Armstrong</emphasis> er en af USAs " +"glemmte oppfinnergenier. Han dukkede op pÃ¥ oppfinnerscenen efter titaner som " +"Thomas Edison og Alexander Graham Bell. Alle hans bidrag pÃ¥ betænket " +"radioteknologi gør han til mÃ¥ske den vigtigste af alle enkeltoppfinnere i de " +"første halvtreds Ã¥rene af radio. Han var bedre uddannet end Michael " +"Faraday, som var bokbinderlærling da han opdagede elektrisk induksjon i 1831 " +". Men han havde lige sÃ¥ god intuition om hvordan radioværdet virkede, og " +"ved mindst tre anledninger fandt Armstrong op vældig vigtigt teknologier som " +"bragede vores forstÃ¥else af radio et hop videre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " +"his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " +"had been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said " +"that frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about " +"FM radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that " +"frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an " +"astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." +msgstr "" +"Dagen efter juleaften i 1933, blev fire patenter udstedt til Armstrong for " +"hans mest signifikante oppfinnelse – FM-radio. Indtil da havde " +"forbrukerradioer været amplitude-moduleret (AM) radio. Tidens teoretikere " +"havde sagt at frekvens-moduleret (FM) radio ikke kunne fungere. De havde " +"ret nÃ¥r det gælder et smalt bÃ¥nd af spektret. Men Armstrong opdagede at " +"frekvens-moduleret radio i et vidt bÃ¥nd i spektret leverede man forbløffende " +"gjengivelse af lyde, med meget lavere senderstyrke og mindre støj." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " +"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. " +"He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio " +"locked on a broadcast that he had arranged from seventeen miles away. The " +"radio fell totally silent, as if dead, and then with a clarity no one else " +"in that room had ever heard from an electrical device, it produced the sound " +"of an announcer's voice: <quote>This is amateur station W2AG at Yonkers, New " +"York, operating on frequency modulation at two and a half meters.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Den 5 . november 1935 demonstrerede han teknologien pÃ¥ et møde hos Institut " +"for Radioingeniører ved Empire State-bygningen i New York City. Han knugede " +"radiosøgeren over en række AM-stationer, indtil radioen lÃ¥ste sig mod en " +"kringkasting som han havde sat op 27 kilometer fra. Radioen blev helt " +"stille, som om den var død, og sÃ¥, med en klarhed ingen andre i rommen " +"nogensinde havde hørt fra et elektrisk apparat, producerede det lyden af en " +"opplesers stemme: <quote>Dette er amatørstation W2AGT ved Yonkers, New York, " +"som opererer pÃ¥ frekvensmodulering ved to og en halv meter.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" +msgstr "Publikum hørte noget ingen havde troet var muligt:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong</" +"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." +msgstr "" +"Lawrence Lessing, <citetitle>Man of High Fidelity:: Edwin Howard Armstrong</" +"citetitle> (Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " +"like a glass of water being poured. … A paper was crumpled and torn; " +"it sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. … Sousa " +"marches were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " +"performed. … The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " +"heard before from a radio <quote>music box.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Et glas' vand blev befolket op foran mikrofonen i Yonkers, og det hørtes ud " +"som et glas som blev befolket op . … Et papir blev krøllet og revet " +"op , og det hørtes ud som papir og ikke som en knitrende skovbrand. … " +" Sousa-marcher blev spillet af fra plader, og en pianosolo og et " +"guitarnummer blev udført. … Musikken blev præsenteret med en " +"livaktighet som sjældent, om nogensinde før, havde været hørt fra en " +"radio<quote>musik-dÃ¥se.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "RCA" +msgstr "RCA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "media" +msgstr "medierne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ownership concentration in" +msgstr "eierskapskonsentrering i" + +#. PAGE BREAK 20 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " +"radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " +"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio market. " +"By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but " +"the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks." +msgstr "" +"Som vores egen sunde fornuft fortæller os, havde Armstrong opdaget man meget " +"bedre radioteknologi. Men pÃ¥ tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, arbejdet " +"Armstrong for RCA. RCA var den dominerende aktøren i det da dominerende AM-" +"radiomarkedet. I 1935 var det tusind radiostationer over hele USA, men alle " +"stationerne i de store byerne var ejet af en lille hÃ¥ndfuld selskaber." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sarnoff, David" +msgstr "Sarnoff, David" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " +"Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " +"quite excited when Armstrong told him he had a device that removed static " +"from <quote>radio.</quote> But when Armstrong demonstrated his invention, " +"Sarnoff was not pleased." +msgstr "" +"Præsidenten i RCA, David Sarnoff, en ven af Armstrong, var ivrig efter at fÃ¥ " +"Armstrong til at opdage en mÃ¥de at fjerne støjen fra AM-radio. SÃ¥ Sarnoff " +"var ganske helt da Armstrong fortalte ham at han havde en enhed som " +"fjernede støj fra <quote>radio.</quote> Men da Armstrong demonstrerede sin " +"oppfinnelse, var ikke Sarnoff fornøjet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " +"First Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #1</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se <quote>Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,</quote> " +"første elektroniske kirke i USA, hos www.webstationone.com/fecha, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #1</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " +"our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " +"damn new industry to compete with RCA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg troede Armstrong villes finde op et slags filter for at fjerne bygering " +"fra AM-vores radio. Jeg troede ikke han skulle starte en revolution – " +"starte en hel forbandet ny industri i konkurrence med RCA.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "FM radio" +msgstr "FM-radio" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " +"campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " +"Sarnoff was a superior tactician. As one author described," +msgstr "" +"Armstrongs oppfinnelse truet RCAs AM-herredømme, sÃ¥ selskabet lancerede en " +"kampagne for at kvæle FM-radio. Mens FM kan have været en overlegen " +"teknologi, var Sarnoff en overlegen taktiker. En forfatter beskrev det sÃ¥dan:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lessing, Lawrence" +msgstr "Lessing, Lawrence" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lessing, 226." +msgstr "Lessing, 226 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " +"strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " +"threat to corporate position. For FM, if allowed to develop unrestrained, " +"posed … a complete reordering of radio power … and the " +"eventual overthrow of the carefully restricted AM system on which RCA had " +"grown to power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Kræfterne til fordel for FM, i hovedsag ingeniørfaglige, kunne ikke " +"overvinde tyngden til strategien udviklede af afdelingerne for salg, " +"patenter og juice for at undertrykke denne trussel til selskabets position. " +"For FM udgjorde, hvis det fik udvikle sig uden begrænsninger … en " +"komplet ændring i magtforholdene rundt radio … og mÃ¥ske fjerningen " +"af det nøje begrænsede AM-systemet som var grundlaget for fremvæksten af " +"RCAs magt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "FCC" +msgstr "FCC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on FM radio" +msgstr "om FM-radio" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " +"needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " +"began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment " +"generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him " +"the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would " +"castrate FM—principally by moving FM radio to a different band of " +"spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation " +"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. " +"Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would " +"have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing " +"described it," +msgstr "" +"RCA holdt først teknologien indendørs, og insisterede pÃ¥ at det var " +"nødvendigt med yderstere test/tester. Da Armstrong, efter to Ã¥r med testing, " +"blev utÃ¥lmodigt, begyndte RCA at bruge sin magt hos myndighederne til holde " +"tilbage den generelle spredningen af FM-radio. I 1936, beskæftigede RCA den " +"tidligere lederen af FCC, og gav ham opgaven med at sikre at FCC tilordnet " +"radiospektret pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som villes kastrere FM – hovedsageligt ved at " +"flytte FM-radio til et andet band i spektret. I første omgang lykkedes ikke " +"disse forsøg. Men mens Armstrong og nationen var distraheret af anden " +"verdenskrig, begyndte RCAs arbejde at bære frugter. Lige sÃ¥ efter at krigen " +"var over, annoncerede FCC et sæt med afgørelser som villes have en klar " +"effekt: FM-radio villes blive forkrøplet. Lawrence Lessing beskrev det sÃ¥dan:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lessing, 256." +msgstr "Lessing, 256 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " +"series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " +"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Serien med slag mod kroppen som FM-radio modtog ret efter krigen, i en serie " +"med afgørelser manipuleret gennem FCC af de store radiointeresserne, var " +"næsten utrolige i deres kraft og underfundighet.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "AT&T" +msgstr "AT&T" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " +"users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " +"stations was also cut, meaning FM could no longer be used to beam programs " +"from one part of the country to another. (This change was strongly " +"supported by AT&T, because the loss of FM relaying stations would mean " +"radio stations would have to buy wired links from AT&T.) The spread of " +"FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily." +msgstr "" +"For at gøre plads i spektret for RCAs nyeste satsningomrÃ¥de, television, " +"skulle FM-radioens brugere flyttes til et helt nyt band i spektret. " +"Sendestyrken til FM-radioerne blev ogsÃ¥ reduceret, og gjorde at FM ikke " +"længere kunne bruges for at sende programmer fra en del af landet til en " +"anden. (Denne ændring blev stærkt støttet af AT&T, pÃ¥ grund af at " +"fjerningen af FM-videresendingsstasjoner villes betyde at radiostationerne " +"villes blive nødt til at købe kablede linjer fra AT&T.) Spredningen af " +"FM-radio var dermed kvalt, i hvert fald midlertidigt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " +"patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " +"television, RCA declared the patents invalid—baselessly, and almost " +"fifteen years after they were issued. It thus refused to pay him royalties. " +"For six years, Armstrong fought an expensive war of litigation to defend the " +"patents. Finally, just as the patents expired, RCA offered a settlement so " +"low that it would not even cover Armstrong's lawyers' fees. Defeated, " +"broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and " +"then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death." +msgstr "" +"Armstrong stod imod RCAs indsats. Som svar modstod RCA Armstrongs patenter. " +"Efter at have bagt FM-teknologi ind i den nye standarden for TV, erklærede " +"RCS patenterne ugyldige – uden grund, og næsten femten Ã¥r efter at de " +"blev utstedet. De nægtede dermed at betale ham for brugen af patenterne. " +"I seks Ã¥r kæmpede Armstrong en dyr søgsmÃ¥lkrig for at forsvare sine " +"patenter. Til slutning, samtidig som patenterne udløb, tilbød RCA et forlig " +"sÃ¥ lavt at det ikke engang dækkede Armstrongs advokatregning. Beseiret, " +"knust og nu blakket, skrev Armstrong i 1954 en kort besked til sin kone, før " +"han gik ud af et vindue i trettende etage og henhørte i døden." + +#. PAGE BREAK 22 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " +"with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " +"government and government agencies have been subject to capture. They are " +"more likely captured when a powerful interest is threatened by either a " +"legal or technical change. That powerful interest too often exerts its " +"influence within the government to get the government to protect it. The " +"rhetoric of this protection is of course always public spirited; the reality " +"is something different. Ideas that were as solid as rock in one age, but " +"that, left to themselves, would crumble in another, are sustained through " +"this subtle corruption of our political process. RCA had what the Causbys " +"did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." +msgstr "" +"Dette er sÃ¥dan retvæsenet virker nogle gange. Ikke ofte lige sÃ¥ tragisk, " +"og sjælden med heltemodig drama, men nogle gange er det sÃ¥dan det virker. " +"Fra starten har myndigheder og myndighedorganer blevet taget til fange. Det " +"er mere sandsynligt at de bliver fanget nÃ¥r en mægtig interesse er truet af " +"enten en juridisk eller teknologisk ændring. Denne mægtige interesse udøver " +"for ofte sin indflydelse hos myndighederne for at fÃ¥ myndighederne til at " +"beskytte sig. Retorikken for denne beskyttelse er naturligvis altid med " +"fokus pÃ¥ fællesskabets bedste. Realiteten er noget andet. Idéer som kan " +"være solide som fjeld i en tidsalder, men som overladet til sig selv, vil " +"henhøre sammen i en anden, er videreført gennem denne subtile korruptionen " +"af vores politiske proces. RCA havde hvad Causbyene ikke havde: Magten til " +"at undertrykke effekten af en teknologisk ændring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Internet" +msgstr "Internet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "development of" +msgstr "udviklingen af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " +"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " +"Life Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Amanda Lenhart, <quote>The Nøler-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " +"Internet Access and the Digital Divide,</quote> Pew Internet and American " +"Life Project, 15 . april 2003: 6, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">There's no</emphasis> single inventor of the " +"Internet. Nor is there any good date upon which to mark its birth. Yet in a " +"very short time, the Internet has become part of ordinary American life. " +"According to the Pew Internet and American Life Project, 58 percent of " +"Americans had access to the Internet in 2002, up from 49 percent two years " +"before.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That number could well " +"exceed two thirds of the nation by the end of 2004." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Det er ingen</emphasis> enkeltoppfinner af " +"Internet. En heller er det en god dato som kan bruges til at markere nÃ¥r " +"det blev født. Alligevel har Internet i løbet af stort kort tid blevet en " +"del af normale amerikaneres liv. Ifølge the Pew Internet and American Life-" +"projektet, har 58 procent af amerikanerne haft tilgang til Internet i 2002, " +"op fra 49 procent to Ã¥r tidligere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Det tallet kan uden problemer passere to tredjedele af nationen ved udgangen " +"af 2004 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " +"things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " +"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. " +"These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. " +"They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would " +"simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't affect " +"people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them " +"directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this " +"is not a book about the Internet." +msgstr "" +"EfterhÃ¥nden som Internet er blevet en integreret del af det normale liv, har " +"ting blevet ændret. Nogle af disse ændringer er tekniske – Internet " +"har gjort kommunikation raskere, det har reduceret omkostningen med at samle " +"ind data, og sÃ¥ videre. Disse tekniske ændringer er ikke fokus for denne " +"bog. De er vigtige. De er ikke godt forstÃ¥et. Men de er den type ting " +"som ganske enkelt villes bliver borte hvis vi alle bare slog af Internet. " +"De pÃ¥virker ikke folk som ikke bruger Internet, eller i det mindste " +"pÃ¥virker det ikke dem direkte. De er et godt tema for en bog om Internet. " +"Men dette er ikke en bog om Internet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " +"itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " +"has induced an important and unrecognized change in that process. That " +"change will radically transform a tradition that is as old as the Republic " +"itself. Most, if they recognized this change, would reject it. Yet most " +"don't even see the change that the Internet has introduced." +msgstr "" +"I stedet er denne bog om effekten af Internet ud over Internettet i sig " +"selv. En effekt pÃ¥ hvordan kultur bliver skabt. Min pÃ¥stand er at Internet " +"har ført til en vigtig og ukendt ændring i denne proces. Denne ændring vil " +"forandre en tradition som er lige sÃ¥ gammel som republikken selv. De " +"fleste, hvis de lagde mærke til denne ændring, villes afvise den. Men de " +"fleste lægger ikke engang mærke til denne ændring som Internet har " +"introduceret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Barlow, Joel" +msgstr "Barlow, Joel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "culture" +msgstr "kultur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "free culture" +msgstr "fri kultur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "commercial vs. noncommercial" +msgstr "kommerciel versus ikke-kommerciel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Webster, Noah" +msgstr "Webster, Noah" + +#. PAGE BREAK 23 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " +"and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " +"<quote>commercial culture</quote> I mean that part of our culture that is " +"produced and sold or produced to be sold. By <quote>noncommercial culture</" +"quote> I mean all the rest. When old men sat around parks or on street " +"corners telling stories that kids and others consumed, that was " +"noncommercial culture. When Noah Webster published his <quote>Reader,</" +"quote> or Joel Barlow his poetry, that was commercial culture." +msgstr "" +"Vi kan fÃ¥ en følelse af denne ændring ved at skille mellem kommerciel og " +"ikke-kommerciel kultur, ved at knytte retvæsenet reguleringer til hver af " +"dem. Med <quote>kommerciel kultur</quote> mener jeg den delen af vores " +"kultur som er produceret og solgt, eller produceret for at blive solgt. Med " +"<quote>ikke-kommerciel kultur</quote> mener jeg alt det andre. Da gamle mænd " +"sad rundt i parker eller pÃ¥ gadehjørner og fortalte historie som unger og " +"andre lyttede til, sÃ¥ var det ikke-kommerciel kultur. Da Noah Webster " +"publicerede sin <quote>Reader,</quote> eller Joel Barlow sin poesi, sÃ¥ var " +"det kommerciel kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " +"tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " +"your stories were lewd, or if your song disturbed the peace, then the law " +"might intervene. But the law was never directly concerned with the creation " +"or spread of this form of culture, and it left this culture <quote>free.</" +"quote> The ordinary ways in which ordinary individuals shared and " +"transformed their culture—telling stories, reenacting scenes from " +"plays or TV, participating in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes—" +"were left alone by the law." +msgstr "" +"Fra historisk tid, og i omtrent hele vores tradition, har ikke -kommerciel " +"kultur i hovedsag ikke været reguleret. Selvfølgelig, hvis din historie var " +"utuktig, eller hvis dine sange forstyrrede freden, kunne retvæsenet gribe " +"ind. Men retvæsenet var aldrig direkte interesseret i skapingen eller " +"spredningen af denne form for kultur, og lod denne kultur være <quote>fri.</" +"quote> Den almindelige mÃ¥den som almindelige individer delte og formede sin " +"kultur – historiefortælling, formidling af scener fra teater eller TV, " +"delta i fan-slÃ¥r, deling af musik, laging af kassettebÃ¥nd – blev ikke " +"styret af retvæsenet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" +msgstr "søgsmÃ¥l om krenkelse af ophavsret" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "commercial creativity as primary purpose of" +msgstr "kommerciel kreativitet som hovedformÃ¥l for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." +msgstr "Brandeis, Louis D." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " +"primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " +"State copyright law historically protected not just the commercial interest " +"in publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the " +"exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the " +"power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and " +"Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>Harvard " +"Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med ophavsret, men det er helt klart " +"hovedformÃ¥let med ophavsreten sÃ¥dan den er etableret i føderal grundlov. " +"Åndsverklovene i delstaterne beskyttede historisk ikke bare kommercielle " +"interesse nÃ¥r det galdt publikationer, men ogsÃ¥ personværninteresser. Ved " +"at give forfattere eneretten til at publicere først , gav delstaternes " +"Ã¥ndsverklovene forfatterne magt til at kontrollere spredningen af fakta om " +"sig selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy," +"</quote> <citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193, 198–" +"200 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " +"quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " +"them exclusive rights to their creative work, so that they could sell those " +"exclusive rights in a commercial marketplace.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> This is also, of course, an important part of creativity and " +"culture, and it has become an increasingly important part in America. But in " +"no sense was it dominant within our tradition. It was instead just one part, " +"a controlled part, balanced with the free." +msgstr "" +"Fokusset pÃ¥ loven var kommerciel kreativitet. I starten forsigtigt/" +"forsigtig, efterhÃ¥nden betragteligt, beskytter loven incentivet til skaberne " +"ved at tildele dem en eksklusiv ret til deres kreative værker, sÃ¥dan at de " +"kan sælge disse eksklusive rettighederne pÃ¥ en kommerciel markedsplads." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er ogsÃ¥ , naturligvis, en " +"vigtig del af kreativitet og kultur, og det har blevet en vigtigere og " +"vigtigere del i USA. Men det var pÃ¥ ingen mÃ¥de dominerende i vores " +"tradition. Det var i stedet bare en del, en kontrolleret del, balanceret " +"mod det frie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "permission culture vs." +msgstr "tilladelsekultur versus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "permission culture" +msgstr "tilladelsekultur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "free culture vs." +msgstr "fri kultur versus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Litman, Jessica" +msgstr "Litman, Jessica" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: " +"Prometheus bøger, 2001), kap. 13 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been erased." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the stage for " +"this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected it. For the " +"first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which individuals create " +"and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which " +"has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and " +"creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the " +"balance of our history—between uses of our culture that were free and " +"uses of our culture that were only upon permission—has been undone. " +"The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a " +"permission culture." +msgstr "" +"Denne grove inddeling mellem den frie og den kontrollerede har nu blevet " +"fjernet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Internet har sat scenen " +"for denne fjerningen, og presset frem af store mediumaktører har loven nu " +"pÃ¥virket den. For første gang i vores tradition, har de normale mÃ¥derne som " +"individer skaber og deler kultur havnede inden rækkevidde for reguleringene " +"til loven, som har blevet udvidet til at afgÃ¥ ind i sit dækningomrÃ¥de den " +"enorme antallet kultur og kreativitet som den aldrig tidligere har nÃ¥et " +"over. Teknologien som opbevarede den historiske balancen – mellem " +"brugen af den delen af vores kultur som var fri, og brugen af vores kultur " +"som krævede tilladelse – er blevet borte. Konsekvensen er at vi er " +"mindre og mindre en fri kultur, og mere og mere en tilladelsekultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "protection of artists vs. business interests" +msgstr "beskyttelse af kunstnere versus forretningsinteresser" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " +"And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " +"that justifies the changes that I will describe below is not the limited and " +"balanced sort that has defined the law in the past. This is not a " +"protectionism to protect artists. It is instead a protectionism to protect " +"certain forms of business. Corporations threatened by the potential of the " +"Internet to change the way both commercial and noncommercial culture are " +"made and shared have united to induce lawmakers to use the law to protect " +"them. It is the story of RCA and Armstrong; it is the dream of the Causbys." +msgstr "" +"Denne ændring bliver begrundet som nødvendigt for at beskytte kommerciel " +"kreativitet. Og ganske rigtigt, protektionisme er nøjagtig det som " +"motiverer ændringen. Men protektionismen som begrunder ændringerne som jeg " +"skal beskrive længer ned er ikke den begrænsede og balancerede typen som " +"har defineret loven tidligere. Dette er ikke en protektionisme for at " +"beskytte artister. Det er i stedet en protektionisme for at beskytte " +"bestemte forretningsformer. Selskaber som er truet af potentialet hos " +"Internet til at ændre mÃ¥den bÃ¥de kommerciel og ikke-kommerciel kultur bliver " +"skabt og delt, har samlet sig for at fÃ¥ lovgiverne til at bruge loven til at " +"beskytte selskaberne. Dette er historie om RCA og Armstrong, og det er " +"drømmen til Causbyene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " +"participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " +"reaches far beyond local boundaries. That power has changed the marketplace " +"for making and cultivating culture generally, and that change in turn " +"threatens established content industries. The Internet is thus to the " +"industries that built and distributed content in the twentieth century what " +"FM radio was to AM radio, or what the truck was to the railroad industry of " +"the nineteenth century: the beginning of the end, or at least a substantial " +"transformation. Digital technologies, tied to the Internet, could produce a " +"vastly more competitive and vibrant market for building and cultivating " +"culture; that market could include a much wider and more diverse range of " +"creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant " +"range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those " +"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do " +"today—all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect " +"themselves against this competition." +msgstr "" +"For Internet har sluppet løs en ekstraordinær mulighed for mange til at " +"angive i processen med at bygge og kultivere en kultur som rækker lagt " +"udenfor lokale grænselinjer. Den magten har ændret markedspladsen for at " +"dagsværk og kultivere kultur generelt, og den ændringen truer i næste omgang " +"etablerede indholdindustrier. Internet er dermed for industrierne som " +"byggede og distribuerede indhold i det tyvende Ã¥rhundredet hvad FM-radio var " +"for AM-radio, eller hvad traileren var for jernbaneindustrien i det nittende " +"Ã¥rhundredet: begyndelsen pÃ¥ slutningen, eller i hvert fald en markant " +"ændring. Digitale teknologier, knyttede til Internet, kunne producere et " +"meget mere konkurrencedygtigt og levende marked for at bygge og kultivere " +"kultur. Dette marked kunne indeholde et meget videre og mere varieret " +"udvalg af skabere. Disse skabere kunne producere og distribuere et meget " +"mere levende udvalg af kreativitet. Og afhængigt af nogle fÃ¥ vigtige " +"faktorer, sÃ¥ kunne dirre skaberne tjene mere i snit fra dette system end " +"skaberne gør i dag – sÃ¥ længe RCA-ene af i dag ikke bruge loven til " +"at beskytte dem selv mod denne konkurrence." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " +"happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " +"twentieth-century radio or nineteenth-century railroads are using their " +"power to get the law to protect them against this new, more efficient, more " +"vibrant technology for building culture. They are succeeding in their plan " +"to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel, som jeg argumenterer for i siderne som følger, er dette nøjagtigt " +"det som sker i vores kultur i dag. Disse dagens ækvivalenter til tidligt " +"tyvende Ã¥rhundredes radio og nittende Ã¥rhundredes jernbaner bruger deres " +"magt til at fÃ¥ loven til at beskytte dem mod denne nye, mere effektive, mere " +"levende teknologien for at bygge kultur. De lykkes i deres plan om at gøre " +"om Internet føder Internet gør om pÃ¥ dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Valenti, Jack" +msgstr "Valenti, Jack" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on creative property rights" +msgstr "om kreative ejendomrettigheder" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " +"Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> <citetitle>New " +"York Times</citetitle>, 17 January 2002." +msgstr "" +"Amy Harmon, <quote>Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " +"Tools to Gymnasticer the Net into an Illicit Video Club,</quote> " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 17 . januar 2002 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " +"Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " +"about a much simpler brace of questions—whether <quote>piracy</quote> " +"will be permitted, and whether <quote>property</quote> will be protected. " +"The <quote>war</quote> that has been waged against the technologies of the " +"Internet—what Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) president " +"Jack Valenti calls his <quote>own terrorist war</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—has been framed as a battle about the rule of " +"law and respect for property. To know which side to take in this war, most " +"think that we need only decide whether we're for property or against it." +msgstr "" +"Det ser ikke sÃ¥dan ud for mange. Kamphandlingerne over ophavsret og " +"Internet er fjernt for de fleste. For de fÃ¥ som følger dem, virker de i " +"hovedsag at handle om et enklere sæt med spørgsmÃ¥l – hvorvidt " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> vil blive accepteret, og hvorvidt " +"<quote>ejendomretten</quote> vil blive beskyttet. <quote>Krigen</quote> som " +"har blevet erklæret mod teknologierne til Internet – det præsidenten " +"for Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA), Jack Valenti, kalder sin " +"<quote>egen terroristkrig</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"– har blevet ramt ind som en kamp om at følge loven og respektere " +"ejendomretten. For at vide hvilken side vi bør tage i denne krig tænker de " +"fleste at vi kun behøver at bestemme om hvorvidt vi er for ejendomret eller " +"mod den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " +"content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " +"importance of what Mr. Valenti nicely calls <quote>creative property.</" +"quote> I believe that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that the law, " +"properly tuned, should punish <quote>piracy,</quote> whether on or off the " +"Internet." +msgstr "" +"Hvis dette virkeligt var alternativerne, sÃ¥ villes jeg være enig med Jack " +"Valenti og indholdindustrien. Jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ ejendomretten, og specielt " +"pÃ¥ vigtigheden af hvad Herre Valenti sÃ¥ pænt kalder <quote>kreativ " +"ejendomret.</quote> Jeg tror at <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> er galt, og " +"at loven, rigtigt indstillet, bør straffe <quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> " +"bÃ¥de pÃ¥ og udenfor Internet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " +"more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " +"war to rid the world of Internet <quote>pirates</quote> will also rid our " +"culture of values that have been integral to our tradition from the start." +msgstr "" +"Men disse enkle trosoppfatninger maskerer et meget mere grundlæggende " +"spørgsmÃ¥l, og en meget mere dramatisk ændring. Min frygt er at , med mindre " +"vi begynder at lægge mærke til denne ændring, sÃ¥ vil krigen for at befrie " +"værdet fra Internets <quote>pirater</quote> ogsÃ¥ fjerne værdier fra vores " +"kultur som har været integreret i vores tradition helt fra starten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Constitution, U.S." +msgstr "Grunnloven i USA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "First Amendment to" +msgstr "Første tillæg til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright law" +msgstr "Ã¥ndsverklov" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "as protection of creators" +msgstr "som beskyttelse for skabere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "First Amendment" +msgstr "Første grundlovtillæg" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" +msgstr "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Neil W. Netanel, <quote>Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283 . <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " +"Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " +"protected creators and innovators from either state or private control. The " +"First Amendment protected creators against state control. And as Professor " +"Neil Netanel powerfully argues,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"copyright law, properly balanced, protected creators against private " +"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. " +"It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and " +"extend our culture." +msgstr "" +"Disse værdier byggede en tradition som, for i hvert fald de første 180 Ã¥rene " +"af vores republik, garanterede skaberne retten til at bygge frit pÃ¥ sin " +"fortid, og beskyttede skaberne og innovatørerne fra bÃ¥de statslig og privat " +"kontrol. Det første grundlovtillægget beskyttede skaberne fra statslig " +"kontrol. Og som professor Neil Netanel med kraft argumenterer,<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Ã¥ndsverkslov, skikkeligt balanceret, beskyttede " +"skaberne mod privat kontrol. Vores tradition var dermed hverken Sovjet " +"eller traditionen til velgjørere. I stedet skar det ud et bredt " +"manøvreringsrom hvor skabere kunne kultivere og udvide vores kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " +"technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " +"regulation of creativity in America. To build upon or critique the culture " +"around us one must ask, Oliver Twist–like, for permission first. " +"Permission is, of course, often granted—but it is not often granted to " +"the critical or the independent. We have built a kind of cultural nobility; " +"those within the noble class live easily; those outside it don't. But it is " +"nobility of any form that is alien to our tradition." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel har lovens respons til Internet, nÃ¥r det knyttes sammen til " +"ændringer i teknologien i Internet selv, ført til massiv øgning af den " +"effektive reguleringen af kreativitet i USA. For at bygge pÃ¥ eller " +"kritisere kulturen rundt os mÃ¥ man spørge, som Oliver Twist, om tilladelse " +"først. Tilladelse bliver, naturligvis, ofte innvilget – men det " +"bliver ofte ikke innvilget til den kritiske eller den uafhængige. Vi har " +"bygget en slags kulturel adel. De indenfor dette adelskab har et enkelt " +"liv, mens de pÃ¥ utsiden har det ikke. Men det er adelskab i alle former som " +"er fremmed for vores tradition." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The story that follows is about this war. It is not about the " +"<quote>centrality of technology</quote> to ordinary life. I don't believe in " +"gods, digital or otherwise. Nor is it an effort to demonize any individual " +"or group, for neither do I believe in a devil, corporate or otherwise. It is " +"not a morality tale. Nor is it a call to jihad against an industry." +msgstr "" +"Historie som følger er om denne krig. Det er ikke om <quote>betydningen af " +"teknologi</quote> i normalt liv. Jeg tror ikke pÃ¥ guder, hverken digitale " +"eller andre typer. Det er heller ikke et forsøg pÃ¥ at demonisere nogle " +"individer eller gruppe, jeg tror heller ikke pÃ¥ en djævel, selskapsmessig " +"eller pÃ¥ anden mÃ¥de. Dette er ikke en moralsk historie. En heller er det " +"et rÃ¥b om hellig krig mod en industri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " +"by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " +"understanding this battle, it is an effort to map peace. There is no good " +"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to continue. " +"There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is allowed to " +"continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We " +"must resolve it soon." +msgstr "" +"Det er i stedet et forsøg pÃ¥ at forstÃ¥ en hÃ¥bløst ødelæggende krig som er " +"inspireret af teknologierne til Internet, men som rækker langt udenfor dets " +"kode. Og ved at forstÃ¥ denne kamp er dette en indsats for at finne vejen " +"til fred. Det er ingen god grund for at fortsætte dagens batalje rundt " +"Internet-teknologierne. Det vil være til stor skade for vores tradition og " +"kultur hvis den fÃ¥r lov til at fortsætte ukontrollert. Vi mÃ¥ forstÃ¥ kilden " +"til denne krig. Vi mÃ¥ finde en løsning snart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "intellectual property rights" +msgstr "immaterielle rettigheder" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Like the Causbys'</emphasis> battle, this war is, " +"in part, about <quote>property.</quote> The property of this war is not as " +"tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent chicken has yet to lose its life. " +"Yet the ideas surrounding this <quote>property</quote> are as obvious to " +"most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of their farm was to them. " +"We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the extraordinarily powerful " +"claims that the owners of <quote>intellectual property</quote> now assert. " +"Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And hence we, " +"like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with this " +"property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new technologies " +"of the Internet are <quote>trespassing</quote> upon legitimate claims of " +"<quote>property.</quote> It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law " +"should intervene to stop this trespass." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Lig Causbyenes</emphasis> kamp er denne krig, " +"delvis, om <quote>ejendomret.</quote> Ejendommen i denne krig er ikke lige " +"sÃ¥ hÃ¥ndfast som den til Causbyene, og ingen uskyldige kyllinger har sÃ¥ langt " +"mistet livet. Alligevel er idéene rundt denne <quote>ejendom retten</quote> " +"lige sÃ¥ Ã¥benbare for de fleste som Causbyenes krav om ukrenkeligheten til " +"deres bondegÃ¥rd var for dem. De fleste af os tager for givet de usædvanligt " +"mægtige krav som ejerne af <quote>immaterielle rettigheder</quote> nu " +"fremmer. De fleste af os, som Causbyene, behandler disse krav som Ã¥benbare. " +" Og dermed protesterer vi, som Causbyene, nÃ¥r ny teknologi griber ind i " +"denne ejendom retten. Det er sÃ¥ klart for os som det var for dem at de nye " +"teknologierne til Internet <quote>tager sig til rette</quote> mod legitime " +"krav til <quote>ejendomret.</quote> Det er lige sÃ¥ klart for os som det " +"var for dem at loven skulle tage affære for at stoppe denne inntrengingen i " +"anden mands ejendom." + +#. PAGE BREAK 27 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " +"brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " +"not revolt. Unlike in the case of the unlucky Causbys, common sense is on " +"the side of the property owners in this war. Unlike the lucky Wright " +"brothers, the Internet has not inspired a revolution on its side." +msgstr "" +"Og dermed, nÃ¥r nørder og teknologer forsvarer sin tids Armstrong og Wright-" +"brødrenes teknologi, fÃ¥r de lille sympati fra de fleste af os. Sund fornuft " +"gør ikke oprør. I modsætning til sagen til de uheldige Causbyene, er sund " +"fornuft pÃ¥ samme side som ejendomejerne i denne krig. I modsætning til hos " +"de heldige Wright-brødrene, har Internet ikke inspireret en revolution til " +"fordel for sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " +"amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " +"importantly, its power to disable critical thought by policy makers and " +"citizens. There has never been a time in our history when more of our " +"<quote>culture</quote> was as <quote>owned</quote> as it is now. And yet " +"there has never been a time when the concentration of power to control the " +"<emphasis>uses</emphasis> of culture has been as unquestioningly accepted as " +"it is now." +msgstr "" +"Mit hÃ¥b er at skubbe denne sunde fornuft videre. Jeg har blevet stadigt " +"mere overrasket over kraften/kræfter til denne idéen om immaterielle " +"rettigheder og, mere vigtigt, dets evne til at slÃ¥ af kritisk tanke hos " +"lovmakere og indbyggere. Det har aldrig før i vores historie været sÃ¥ " +"meget af vores <quote>kultur</quote> som har været <quote>ejet</quote> end " +"det er nu . Og alligevel har aldrig før konsentreringen af magt til at " +"kontrollere <emphasis>brugen</emphasis> af kulturen været mere accepteret " +"uden spørgsmÃ¥l end det er nu ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " +"the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " +"because we have discovered that our tradition of rejecting such an absolute " +"claim was wrong?" +msgstr "" +"GÃ¥ten er, hvorfor det? Er det fordi vi fÃ¥et en indsigt i sandheden om " +"værdien og betydningen af absolut eierskap over idéer og kultur? Er det " +"fordi vi har opdaget at vores tradition ved at afvise sÃ¥danne absolutte krav " +"tog fejl?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " +"benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" +msgstr "" +"Eller er det pÃ¥ grund af at idéer om absolut eierskap over idéer og kultur " +"giver fordele til RCA-ene i vores tid, og passer med vores ureflekterte " +"intuition?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " +"America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " +"with slavery, and as we are slowly doing with inequality? Or is the radical " +"shift away from our tradition of free culture yet another example of a " +"political system captured by a few powerful special interests?" +msgstr "" +"Er denne radikale ændring væk fra vores tradition om fri kultur en forekomst " +"af USA som korrigerer en fejl fra fortiden, sÃ¥dan vi gjorde det efter en " +"blodig krig mod slaveri, og sÃ¥dan vi stille gør det med forskelle? Eller er " +"denne radikale ændring væk fra vores tradition med fri kultur nok et " +"eksempel pÃ¥ at vores politiske systemer er fanget af nogen fÃ¥ mægtige " +"særinteresser?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " +"actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " +"the face of these extremes because, as with Armstrong versus RCA, the more " +"powerful side has ensured that it has the more powerful view?" +msgstr "" +"Fører sund fornuft til det ekstreme i dette spørgsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ grund af at sund " +"fornuft faktisk tror pÃ¥ dette ekstreme? Eller stÃ¥r sund fornuft i stilhed i " +"mødet med dette ekstreme fordi, som i Armstrong mod RCA, at den mere mægtige " +"siden har sikret sig at det har et meget mere mægtigt standpunkt?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 28 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " +"right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " +"believe it would be right for common sense to revolt against the extreme " +"claims made today on behalf of <quote>intellectual property.</quote> What " +"the law demands today is increasingly as silly as a sheriff arresting an " +"airplane for trespass. But the consequences of this silliness will be much " +"more profound." +msgstr "" +"Jeg forsøger ikke at være mystisk. Mine egen synspunkter er klare. Jeg " +"mener det var rigtigt for sund fornuft at gøre oprør mod ekstremismen til " +"Causbyene. Jeg mener det villes være rigtigt for sund fornuft at gøre oprør " +"mod de ekstreme krav som gøres i dag pÃ¥ vegne af <quote>immaterielle " +"rettigheder.</quote> Det som loven kræver i dag er i større og større grad " +"lige sÃ¥ dumt som om lensmanden skulle arrestere en flymaskin for at behøve " +"ind pÃ¥ anden mands ejendom. Men konsekvenserne af den nye dumheden vil " +"blive meget mere dyptgripende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">The struggle</emphasis> that rages just now " +"centers on two ideas: <quote>piracy</quote> and <quote>property.</quote> My " +"aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two ideas." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">SlagsmÃ¥let</emphasis> som pÃ¥gÃ¥r akkurat nu " +"centrerer sig rundt to idéer: <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> og " +"<quote>ejendom.</quote> Mit mÃ¥l med denne bogs næste to dele er at udforske " +"disse to idéene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " +"into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " +"theorists—however natural that is for the weird sort we academics have " +"become. Instead I begin in each part with a collection of stories that set a " +"context within which these apparently simple ideas can be more fully " +"understood." +msgstr "" +"min Metode er ikke den normale metoden for en akademiker. Jeg ønsker ikke " +"at pløje dig ind i et kompliceret argument, stensat med referencer til " +"obskure franske teoretikere – uanset hvor naturligt det har blevet for " +"den mærkelige sorten vi akademikere har blevet. Jeg vil i stedet begynde " +"hver del med en samling historie som etablerer en sammenhæng der hen disse " +"tilsyneladende enkle idéene kan blive helt forstÃ¥et." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " +"has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " +"big media to respond to this <quote>something new,</quote> is destroying " +"something very old. Rather than understanding the changes the Internet might " +"permit, and rather than taking time to let <quote>common sense</quote> " +"resolve how best to respond, we are allowing those most threatened by the " +"changes to use their power to change the law—and more importantly, to " +"use their power to change something fundamental about who we have always " +"been." +msgstr "" +"De to delene sætter op kernen til pÃ¥standen i denne bog: at mens Internet " +"faktisk har produceret noget fantastisk og nyt, bidrager vores myndigheder, " +"pressede af store mediumaktører for at møde dette <quote>noget nyt,</quote> " +"til at ødelægge noget som er vældig gammelt. I stedet for at forstÃ¥ " +"ændringerne som Internet kan gøre muligt, og i stedet for at tage den tiden " +"som trænges for at lagde <quote>sund fornuft</quote> finne ud hvordan bedst " +"svaret pÃ¥ udfordringen, sÃ¥ lader vi de som er mest truet af ændringerne " +"bruge sin magt til at ændre loven – og vigtigere, at bruge sin magt " +"til at ændre noget fundamentalt om hvordan vi altid har fungeret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " +"us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " +"threatened are among the most powerful players in our depressingly " +"compromised process of making law. This book is the story of one more " +"consequence of this form of corruption—a consequence to which most of " +"us remain oblivious." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror vi tillader dette, ikke fordi det er rigtigt, og heller ikke fordi " +"de fleste af os tror pÃ¥ disse ændringer. Vi tillader det pÃ¥ grund af at de " +"interesserne som er mest truet er blandt de mest mægtige aktørerne i vores " +"deprimerende kompromitterede proces for at udforme hÃ¥ndflade. Denne bog er " +"historie om nok en konsekvens for denne type korruption – en " +"konsekvens de fleste af os forbliver ukendt med." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>Piracy</quote>" +msgstr "<quote>Piratvirksomhed</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "English" +msgstr "engelsk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" +msgstr "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "music publishing" +msgstr "musikkpublisering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "sheet music" +msgstr "noteark" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Since the inception</emphasis> of the law " +"regulating creative property, there has been a war against <quote>piracy.</" +"quote> The precise contours of this concept, <quote>piracy,</quote> are hard " +"to sketch, but the animating injustice is easy to capture. As Lord " +"Mansfield wrote in a case that extended the reach of English copyright law " +"to include sheet music," +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Helt siden</emphasis> retvæsenet begyndte at " +"regulere kreative ejerrettigheder, har det været en krig mod " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed.</quote> Det præcise omridset af dette konceptet, " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> har været vanskeligt at tegne op , men " +"billedet af urettferdighet er enkelt at beskrive. Som Lord Mansfield skrev " +"i en sag som udvidede omfanget af engelsk Ã¥ndsverkslov til at inkludere " +"noteark:" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " +"author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " +"own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"En person kan bruge kopien til at spille den, men han har ingen ret til at " +"røve forfatteren for profiten, ved at fortage flere kopier og distribuere " +"efter eget forgodtbefinnende.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "efficient content distribution on" +msgstr "effektiv indholddistribution pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" +msgstr "peer-to-peer (p2p)-fildeling" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "efficiency of" +msgstr "effektiviteten til" + +#. PAGE BREAK 31 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today we are in the middle of another <quote>war</quote> against " +"<quote>piracy.</quote> The Internet has provoked this war. The Internet " +"makes possible the efficient spread of content. Peer-to-peer (p2p) file " +"sharing is among the most efficient of the efficient technologies the " +"Internet enables. Using distributed intelligence, p2p systems facilitate the " +"easy spread of content in a way unimagined a generation ago." +msgstr "" +"I dag er vi midt inde i en anden <quote>krig</quote> mod " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed.</quote> Internet har fremprovokeret denne krig. " +"Internet gør det muligt at effektivt brede indhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) " +"fildeling er blandt den mest effektive af de effektive teknologier Internet " +"muliggjør. Ved at bruge distribueret intelligens, kan p2p-systemer " +"muliggjøre enkel spredning af indhold pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som ingen forestilte sig " +"for en generation siden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " +"network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " +"uncopyrighted content. Thus has there been a vast amount of sharing of " +"copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright " +"owners fear the sharing will <quote>rob the author of the profit.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke de traditionelle skillerne i " +"ophavsreten. Nettet skiller ikke mellem deling af opphavsrettsbeskyttet og " +"ikke opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold. Dermed har det været deling af en enorm " +"mængde opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold. Denne delingen har i sin tur ansporet " +"til krigen, pÃ¥ grund af at ejere af ophavsreter frygte delingen vil " +"<quote>røve forfatteren for profiten.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " +"increasingly to technology to defend their <quote>property</quote> against " +"this <quote>piracy.</quote> A generation of Americans, the warriors warn, is " +"being raised to believe that <quote>property</quote> should be <quote>free.</" +"quote> Forget tattoos, never mind body piercing—our kids are becoming " +"<emphasis>thieves</emphasis>!" +msgstr "" +"Krigerene har skruet sig til domstolene, til lovgiverne, og i stadigt større " +"grad til teknologi for at forsvare sin <quote>ejendom</quote> mod denne " +"<quote>pirat virksomheden.</quote> En generation amerikanere, advarer " +"krigerene, bliver opdraget til at tro at <quote>ejendom</quote> skal være " +"<quote>gratis.</quote> Glem tatoveringer, ikke tænk pÃ¥ kroppspiercing " +"– vores barn bliver <emphasis>tyve</emphasis>!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's no doubt that <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong, and that pirates " +"should be punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put " +"this notion of <quote>piracy</quote> in some context. For as the concept is " +"increasingly used, at its core is an extraordinary idea that is almost " +"certainly wrong." +msgstr "" +"Det er ingen tvivl om <quote>at piratvirksomhed</quote> er galt, og at " +"pirater bør straffes. Men før vi skrÃ¥ler pÃ¥ bødlerne, bør vi sætte dette " +"<quote>pirat virksomheds</quote>-begrebet i en sammenhæng. For mens " +"begrebet bliver mere og mere brugt, har det i sin kerne en ekstraordinær idé " +"som næsten helt sikkert er fejl." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "The idea goes something like this:" +msgstr "Idéen høres omtrent sÃ¥dan ud:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " +"work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " +"something of value from someone else, I should have their permission. The " +"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. " +"It is a form of piracy." +msgstr "" +"Kreativt arbejde har værdi. NÃ¥r jeg bruger, eller tager, eller bygger pÃ¥ " +"det kreative arbejdet til andre, sÃ¥ tager jeg noget fra dem som har værdi. " +"NÃ¥r jeg tager noget af værdi fra nogle andre, bør jeg fÃ¥ tilladelse fra dem. " +" Å tage noget som har værdi fra andre uden tilladelse er galt. Det er en " +"form for piratvirksomhed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ASCAP" +msgstr "ASCAP" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" +msgstr "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Girl Scouts" +msgstr "Jentespeidere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "creative property" +msgstr "kreativ eiendel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory of" +msgstr "<quote>hvis værdi, sÃ¥ rettigheds</quote>teorien om" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>if value, then right</quote> theory" +msgstr "<quote>hvis værdi, sÃ¥ rettigheds</quote>teorien" + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language " +"in the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</" +"citetitle> 65 (1990): 397." +msgstr "" +"Se Rochelle Dreyfuss, <quote>Expressive Genericity: Trademark as Language in " +"the Pepsi Generation,</quote> <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> " +"65 (1990): 397 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" +msgstr "Zittrain, Jonathan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up," +"</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; " +"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of " +"Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</" +"citetitle>, 24 November 2002. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Lisa Bannon, <quote>The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up," +"</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 . august 1996, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</" +"ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>Højttalersystem Off the Copyright War: In " +"Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,</quote> <citetitle>Boston " +"Globe</citetitle>, 24 . november 2002 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " +"Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " +"theory of creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> —" +"if there is value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the " +"perspective that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the " +"Girl Scouts for failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl " +"Scout campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was " +"<quote>value</quote> (the songs) so there must have been a <quote>right</" +"quote>—even against the Girl Scouts." +msgstr "" +"Dette syn gÃ¥r dybt i de pÃ¥gÃ¥ende debatterne. Det er hvad juiceprofessor " +"Rochelle Dreyfuss ved New York University kritiserer som <quote>hvis værdi, " +"sÃ¥ rettighed</quote>-teorien for kreative ejerrettigheder <placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> – hvis det findes værdi, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ nogle have " +"rettigheden til denne værdi. Det er perspektivet som fik komponisternes " +"rettighedorganisation, ASCAP, til at sagsøge jentespeiderne for at ikke " +"betale for sangene som pigerne sang rundt sine lejrbÃ¥l.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Det fandtes <quote>værdi</quote> (sangene), sÃ¥ " +"det mÃ¥tte have været en <quote>rettighed</quote> – til og med i " +"forhold til jentespeiderne." + +#. PAGE BREAK 32 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " +"should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " +"protecting creative property. But the <quote>if value, then right</quote> " +"theory of creative property has never been America's theory of creative " +"property. It has never taken hold within our law." +msgstr "" +"Denne idéen er helt klaret en mulig forstÃ¥else om hvordan kreative " +"ejerrettigheder bør virke. Det er helt klart et muligt design for et " +"lovsystem som beskytter kreative ejerrettigheder. Men teorien om " +"<quote>hvis værdi, sÃ¥ rettighed</quote> for kreative ejerrettigheder har " +"aldrig været USAs teori for kreative ejerrettigheder. Det har aldrig " +"været vores retpraksis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" +msgstr "pÃ¥ gjenpublisering versus ændring af oprindeligt værk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><seealso> +#, fuzzy +msgid "creativity" +msgstr "kreativitet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "innovation" +msgstr "innovation" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "legal restrictions on" +msgstr "juridiske begrænsninger pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " +"the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " +"value of creativity. The current debate has this turned around. We have " +"become so concerned with protecting the instrument that we are losing sight " +"of the value." +msgstr "" +"I vores tradition har immaterielle rettigheder i stedet været et instrument. " +" Det bidrager til fundamentet for et rigt kreativt samfund, men forbliver " +"underordnede værdien til kreativitet. Dagens debat har skruet dette helt " +"rundt. Vi har blevet sÃ¥ optaget af at beskytte instrumentet at vi mister " +"værdien af syne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " +"care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " +"the one hand and building upon or transforming that work on the other. " +"Copyright law at its birth had only publishing as its concern; copyright law " +"today regulates both." +msgstr "" +"Kilden til denne forvirring er et skille som loven ikke længere generer sig " +"om at markere – skillet mellem at publicere pÃ¥ nyt nogles værker pÃ¥ " +"den ene siden, og bygge pÃ¥ og gøre om værket pÃ¥ den andre. Da ophavsreten " +"kom var det kun publisering som blev berørt. Ophavsreten i dag regulerer " +"begge." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " +"that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " +"vast majority of publishing was commercial. Commercial entities could bear " +"the burden of the law—even the burden of the Byzantine complexity that " +"copyright law has become. It was just one more expense of doing business." +msgstr "" +"Før teknologierne til Internet dukkede op , betød ikke denne begrepsmessige " +"sammenblandingen meget. Teknologierne for at publicere var kostbare, som " +"betød at det meste af publisering var kommerciel. Kommercielle aktører kunne " +"hÃ¥ndtere byrden pÃ¥lagt af loven – til og med byrden med den bysantiske " +"kompleksiteten som Ã¥ndsverksloven har blevet. Det var bare nok en " +"omkostning ved at drive forretning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "creativity impeded by" +msgstr "kreativitet hindrede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Florida, Richard" +msgstr "Florida, Richard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" +msgstr "Rise of the Creative Class, The (Florida)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " +"Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor " +"toward a labor of creativity. His work, however, doesn't directly address " +"the legal conditions under which that creativity is enabled or stifled. I " +"certainly agree with him about the importance and significance of this " +"change, but I also believe the conditions under which it will be enabled are " +"much more tenuous. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic " +"Books, 2002), dokumenterer Richard Florida en ændring i arbejdstaben mod " +"kreativitetarbejde. Hans tekst omhandler derimod ikke direkte de juridiske " +"vilkÃ¥r som kreativiteten bliver muliggjort eller hindret under. Jeg er helt " +"klart enig med ham i vigtigheden og betydningen af denne ændring, men jeg " +"tror ogsÃ¥ at vilkÃ¥rene som disse ændringer bliver aktiveret under er meget " +"vanskeligere. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " +"law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " +"creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not " +"matter much if copyright law regulated only <quote>copying,</quote> when the " +"law regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a " +"lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit—" +"certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it " +"affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in " +"the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, " +"and more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at " +"the time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of " +"commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity " +"with insanely complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely " +"severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the " +"<quote>Rise of the Creative Class.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of " +"regulation of this creative class." +msgstr "" +"Men da Internet dukkede op , forsvandt denne naturlige begrænsning til " +"lovens virkeomrÃ¥de. Loven kontrollerer ikke bare kreativiteten til " +"kommercielle skabere, men effektivt set kreativiteten til alle. Selv om " +"udvidelsen ikke villes betyde stort hvis Ã¥ndsverksloven kun regulerede " +"<quote>kopiering,</quote> sÃ¥ betyder udvidelsen meget nÃ¥r loven regulerer sÃ¥ " +" bredt og obskurt som den gør. Byrden denne lov giver opveje/opvejer nu " +"langt fordelene den gav da den blev vedtaget – helt klart sÃ¥dan den " +"pÃ¥virker ikke -kommerciel kreativitet, og i stadigt større grad sÃ¥dan den " +"pÃ¥virker kommerciel kreativitet. Dermed, sÃ¥dan vi ser klarere i de kommende " +"kapitler, er retsstatens rolle i stadigt mindre grad at støtte kreativitet, " +"og i stadigt større grad at beskytte enkelte industrier mod konkurrence. " +"Akkurat pÃ¥ det tidspunktet da digital teknologi kunne sluppet løs en " +"ekstraordinær mængde med kommerciel og ikke-kommerciel kreativitet, tynger " +"loven denne kreativitet med sinnsykt komplicerede og vage skrøner, og med " +"truslen om uanstendig hÃ¥rde straffe. Vi ser mÃ¥ske , som Richard Florida " +"skriver, <quote>Fremvæksten af den kreative klasse</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Desværre ser vi ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær fremvækst " +"af reguleringer af denne kreative klasse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " +"understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " +"context the current battles about behavior labeled <quote>piracy.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Disse byrder giver ingen mening i vores tradition. Vi bør begynde med at " +"forstÃ¥ den traditionen lidt mere, og ved at placere dagens slag om opførsel " +"med mærkaten <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> i sin rette sammenhæng." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter One: Creators" +msgstr "Kapitel en: Skaberne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "animated cartoons" +msgstr "animationfilm" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cartoon films" +msgstr "tegnefilmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "films" +msgstr "film" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "animated" +msgstr "animerede" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Steamboat Willie" +msgstr "Steamboat Willie" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mickey Mouse" +msgstr "Mikke Mus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">In 1928</emphasis>, a cartoon character was born. " +"An early Mickey Mouse made his debut in May of that year, in a silent flop " +"called <citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>. In November, in New York City's " +"Colony Theater, in the first widely distributed cartoon synchronized with " +"sound, <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle> brought to life the character " +"that would become Mickey Mouse." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">I 1928</emphasis> blev man tegnefilmfigur født. " +"En tidlig Mikke Mus debuterede i maj dette Ã¥r, i en stille flop ved navn " +"<citetitle>Plane Crazy</citetitle>. I november, i Colony-teateret i New " +"York City, blev den første vidt distribuerede tegnefilmen med synkroniseret " +"lyd, <citetitle>Steamboat Willy</citetitle>, vist frem med figuren som " +"skulle blive til Mikke Mus." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Disney, Walt" +msgstr "Disney, Walt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy " +"the technique and mix sound with cartoons. No one knew whether it would work " +"or, if it did work, whether it would win an audience. But when Disney ran a " +"test in the summer of 1928, the results were unambiguous. As Disney " +"describes that first experiment," +msgstr "" +"Film med synkroniseret lyd havde blevet introduceret et Ã¥r tidligere i " +"filmen <citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. Succesen fik Walt Disney til " +"at kopiere teknikken og mikse lyde med tegnefilm. Ingen vidste hvorvidt " +"det villes virke eller ikke, og om det villes fungere, hvorvidt publikum " +"villes have sans for det. Men da Disney gjorde en test sommeren 1928, var " +"resultatet entydigt. Som Disney beskriver dette første eksperiment:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 35 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " +"organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " +"arranged to pipe their sound into the room where our wives and friends were " +"going to see the picture." +msgstr "" +"Et par af mine drenge kunne læse noteark, og en af dem kunne spille " +"mundspil. Vi stoppede dem ind i et rom hvor de ikke kunne se skærmen, og " +"gjorde det sÃ¥dan at lyden de spillede blev sendt videre til et rom hvor " +"vores koner og venner var placeret for at se pÃ¥ billedet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " +"starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " +"tune, the rest of us in the sound department bammed tin pans and blew slide " +"whistles on the beat. The synchronization was pretty close." +msgstr "" +"Drengene brugte et note og lydeffekt-ark. Efter nogle dÃ¥rlige opstarter, " +"kom endelig lyd og handling i gang med et smæld. Mundspilleren spillede " +"melodien, og resten af os i lydavdelingen larmede pÃ¥ tinkasseroller og " +"blæste pÃ¥ slidefløjte til rytmen. Synkroniseringen var næsten helt rigtigt." + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " +"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." +msgstr "" +"Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated " +"Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " +"responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " +"they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action " +"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!" +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Effekten pÃ¥ vores lille publikum var intet mindre end elektrisk. De " +"reagerede næsten instinktivt til denne union af lyde og bevægelse. Jeg " +"troede de vrøvlet med mig. SÃ¥ de puttede mig i publikum og satte i gang pÃ¥ " +"nyt. Det var grufullt, men det var fantastisk. Og det var noget " +"nyt!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Iwerks, Ub" +msgstr "Iwerks, Ub" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " +"Iwerks, put it more strongly: <quote>I have never been so thrilled in my " +"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Disneys daværende partner, og en af animationverden mest ekstraordinære " +"talenter, Ub Iwerks, udtalte det stærkere: <quote>Jeg har aldrig været sÃ¥ " +"begejstret i hele mit liv. Ingenting andet har nogensinde været lige sÃ¥ " +"godt.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " +"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " +"rarely—except in Disney's hands—been anything more than filler " +"for other films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's " +"invention that set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite " +"often, Disney's great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the " +"work of others." +msgstr "" +"Disney havde fortaget noget helt nyt, baseret pÃ¥ noget relativt nyt. " +"Synkroniseret lyde gav liv til en form for kreativitet som sjældent havde " +"– undtagen fra Disneys hÃ¥nd – været noget andet en fyllstoff for " +"andre film. Gennem animasjonfilmens tidligere historie var det Disneys " +"oppfinnelser som satte standarden som andre mÃ¥tte sloges for at opfylde. Og " +"ganske ofte var Disneys store genier, hans gnist af kreativitet, bygget pÃ¥ " +"arbejdet til andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Keaton, Buster" +msgstr "Keaton, Pjusker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Steamboat Bill, Jr." +msgstr "Steamboat Bill, Jr." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " +"another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " +"genius created his last independently produced silent film. That genius was " +"Buster Keaton. The film was <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." +msgstr "" +"Dette er kendt stof. Det du mÃ¥ske ikke ved er at 1928 ogsÃ¥ markerer en " +"anden vigtig overgang. I samme Ã¥r fortaget et komedie-geni (i modsætning " +"til tegnefilm-geni) sin sidste uafhængigt producerede stumfilm. Dette geni " +"var Pjusker Keaton. Filmen var <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " +"he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " +"laughter from his audience. <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. was a " +"classic of this form, famous among film buffs for its incredible stunts. " +"The film was classic Keaton—wildly popular and among the best of its " +"genre." +msgstr "" +"Keaton blev født ind i en vaudeville-familie i 1895 . I stumfilm-æraen " +"havde han behersket brugen af bredpenslet fysisk komedie pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som " +"fængede ukontrollerbar latter fra hans publikummer. <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr</citetitle>. var man klassiker af denne type, berømt blandt film-" +"elskere/elskerer for sine utrolige stunts. Filmen var man klassisk Keaton " +"– fantastisk populær og blandt de bedste i sin genre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "derivative works" +msgstr "avledede værk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "piracy vs." +msgstr "piratvirksomhed versus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "piracy" +msgstr "piratvirksomhed" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "derivative work vs." +msgstr "avledede værk versus" + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " +"Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for " +"five songs in <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: <quote>Steamboat Bill," +"</quote> <quote>The Simpleton</quote> (Delille), <quote>Mischief Makers</" +"quote> (Carbonara), <quote>Joyful Hurry No. 1</quote> (Baron), and " +"<quote>Gawky Rube</quote> (Lakay). A sixth song, <quote>The Turkey in the " +"Straw,</quote> was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to " +"Harry Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er taknemmeligt overfor David Gerstein og hans nøjagtige historie, " +"beskrevet pÃ¥ <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. " +"Ifølge Dave Smith ved the Disney Archives, betalte Disney for at bruge " +"musikken til fem sange i <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>: " +"<quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote> <quote>The Simpleton</quote> (Delille), " +"<quote>Mischief Magers</quote> (Carbonara), <quote>Joyful Hurry No. 1</" +"quote> (Baron), og <quote>Gawky Rube</quote> (Lakay). En sjette sang, " +"<quote>The Turkey in the Straw,</quote> var allerede allemannseie. Brev " +"fra David Smith til Harry Surden, 10 . juli 2003, tilgjenglig i arkivet til " +"forfatteren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon " +"Steamboat Willie. The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat " +"Willie is a direct cartoon parody of Steamboat Bill,<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and both are built upon a common song as a source. " +"It is not just from the invention of synchronized sound in <citetitle>The " +"Jazz Singer</citetitle> that we get <citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>. " +"It is also from Buster Keaton's invention of Steamboat Bill, Jr., itself " +"inspired by the song <quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote> that we get Steamboat " +"Willie, and then from Steamboat Willie, Mickey Mouse." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. kom før Disneys tegnefilm " +"Steamboat Willie. Det er ingen tilfeldighet at titlerne er sÃ¥ lige sÃ¥. " +"Steamboat Willie er en direkte tegneserieparodi af Steamboat Bill," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og begge bygger pÃ¥ en fælles sang " +"som kilde. Det er ikke kun fra nyskabningen med synkroniseret lyd i " +"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi fÃ¥r <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Willie</citetitle>. Det er ogsÃ¥ fra Pjusker Keatons nyskabning Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr., som igen var inspireret af sangen <quote>Steamboat Bill,</quote> " +"at vi fÃ¥r Steamboat Willie. Og fra Steamboat Willie fÃ¥r vi sÃ¥ Mikke Mus." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "by transforming previous works" +msgstr "ved at omforme tidligere værk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Disney, Inc." +msgstr "Disney, Inc." + +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " +"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Han var ogsÃ¥ tilhænger af allmannseiet. Se Chris Sprigman, <quote>The Mouse " +"that Ate the Public Domain,</quote> Findlaw, 5 . marts 2002, fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This <quote>borrowing</quote> was nothing unique, either for Disney or for " +"the industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream " +"films of his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many " +"others. Early cartoons are filled with knockoffs—slight variations on " +"winning themes; retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the " +"brilliance of the differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his " +"animation its spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the " +"production-line cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were " +"built upon a base that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others " +"before him, creating something new out of something just barely old." +msgstr "" +"Denne <quote>lÃ¥ningen</quote> var ikke unik, hverken for Disney eller for " +"industrien. Disney abede altid efter helaftensfilmene rettet mod " +"massemarkedet rundt ham.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det samme " +"gjorde mange andre. Tidlige tegnefilmer er stappfulle af etterapninger " +"– smÃ¥ variationer over suksessfulle temaer, gamle historie fortalt pÃ¥ " +"nyt. Nøglen til succes var brilliansen i forskellene. Med Disney var det " +"lyden som gav gnisten i hans animationfilm. Senere var det kvaliteten pÃ¥ " +"hans arbejde i forhold til de masseproducerede tegnefilmene som han " +"konkurrerede med . Alligevel var disse bidragene bygget pÃ¥ toppen af et " +"lÃ¥nt fundament. Disney byggede pÃ¥ arbejdet til andre som kom før han, og " +"skabte noget nyt ud af noget som bare var lidt gammelt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Grimm fairy tales" +msgstr "Grimm-eventyr" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " +"about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " +"was, you're likely to think that these tales are happy, sweet stories, " +"appropriate for any child at bedtime. In fact, the Grimm fairy tales are, " +"well, for us, grim. It is a rare and perhaps overly ambitious parent who " +"would dare to read these bloody, moralistic stories to his or her child, at " +"bedtime or anytime." +msgstr "" +"Nogle gange var etterligningen begrænset, og nogle gange var den betydeligt. " +"Tænk pÃ¥ eventyrene til brødrene Grimm. Hvis du er lige sÃ¥ ubevisst som jeg " +"var, sÃ¥ tror du sandsynligvis at disse fortællinger er glade, søde historie " +"som passer for ethvert barn ved leggetid. Realiteten er at Grimm-eventyrene " +"er, for os, ganske dystre. Det er nogle sjældne og mÃ¥ske specielt ambitiøse " +"forældre som villes vÃ¥ge at læse disse blodige moralistiske historie til " +"sine barn, ved leggetid eller hvilket som hilst andet tidspunkt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 37 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " +"new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " +"removing the elements of fear and danger altogether, he made funny what was " +"dark and injected a genuine emotion of compassion where before there was " +"fear. And not just with the work of the Brothers Grimm. Indeed, the catalog " +"of Disney work drawing upon the work of others is astonishing when set " +"together: <citetitle>Snow White</citetitle> (1937), <citetitle>Fantasia</" +"citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> (1940), " +"<citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> (1942), " +"<citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), <citetitle>Cinderella</" +"citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</citetitle> (1951), " +"<citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), <citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> " +"(1953), <citetitle>Lady and the Tramp</citetitle> (1955), <citetitle>Mulan</" +"citetitle> (1998), <citetitle>Sleeping Beauty</citetitle> (1959), " +"<citetitle>101 Dalmatians</citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>The Sword in the " +"Stone</citetitle> (1963), and <citetitle>The Jungle Book</citetitle> " +"(1967)—not to mention a recent example that we should perhaps quickly " +"forget, <citetitle>Treasure Planet</citetitle> (2003). In all of these " +"cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity from the culture around " +"him, mixed that creativity with his own extraordinary talent, and then " +"burned that mix into the soul of his culture. Rip, mix, and burn." +msgstr "" +"Disney tog disse historie og fortalte dem pÃ¥ nyt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som førte dem " +"ind i en ny tidsalder. Han gav historie liv, med bÃ¥de karakterer og lys. " +"Uden at fjerne bidderne af frygt og fare helt , surre han morsomt det som " +"var mørkt og satte ind en ægte følelse af medfølelse der hen det før varsom " +"frygt. Og ikke bare med værkerne af brødrene Grimm. Faktisk er katalogen " +"over Disney-arbejde som baserer sig pÃ¥ arbejdet til andre ganske " +"forbløffende nÃ¥r den bliver samlet: <citetitle>Snøhvit</citetitle> (1937), " +"<citetitle>Fantasia</citetitle> (1940), <citetitle>Pinocchio</citetitle> " +"(1940), <citetitle>Dumbo</citetitle> (1941), <citetitle>Bambi</citetitle> " +"(1942), <citetitle>Song of the South</citetitle> (1946), " +"<citetitle>Askepott</citetitle> (1950), <citetitle>Alice in Wonderland</" +"citetitle> (1951), <citetitle>Robin Hood</citetitle> (1952), " +"<citetitle>Peter Pan</citetitle> (1953), <citetitle>Lady og landstrykeren</" +"citetitle> (1955), <citetitle>Mulan</citetitle> (1998), " +"<citetitle>Tornerose</citetitle> (1959), <citetitle>101 Dalmatinere</" +"citetitle> (1961), <citetitle>Sværdet i stenen</citetitle> (1963), og " +"<citetitle>Jungelboken</citetitle> (1967) – for ikke at nævne et nylig " +"eksempel som vi bør mÃ¥ske glemme raskt, <citetitle>Treasure Planede</" +"citetitle> (2003). I alle disse tilfælde, har Disney (eller Disney, Inc.) " +"hentet kreativitet fra kultur rundt sig, blandet med kreativiteten fra sit " +"eget ekstraordinære talenter, og derefter brændt denne blanding ind i sjelen " +"til sin kultur. Hente, blanding og brænde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " +"celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " +"this kind. We don't need to go that far to recognize its importance. We " +"could call this <quote>Disney creativity,</quote> though that would be a bit " +"misleading. It is, more precisely, <quote>Walt Disney creativity</" +"quote>—a form of expression and genius that builds upon the culture " +"around us and makes it something different." +msgstr "" +"Dette er en type kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske pÃ¥, og " +"fejre. Det er nogle som vil sige at det findes ingen kreativitet bortset " +"fra denne type. Vi behøver ikke gÃ¥ sÃ¥ langt for at anerkende dens " +"betydning. Vi kan kalde dette <quote>Disney-kreativitet,</quote> selv om " +"det vil være lidt misvisende. Det er mere præcist <quote>Walt Disney-" +"kreativitet</quote> – en udtrykform og genialitet som bygger pÃ¥ " +"kulturen rundt os, og omformer den til noget andet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright" +msgstr "ophavsret" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "duration of" +msgstr "varighet til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "public domain" +msgstr "allemannseie (public domain)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "defined" +msgstr "defineret" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "traditional term for conversion to" +msgstr "traditionel frist for konvertering til" + +#. f4 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " +"initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the <quote>average</" +"quote> term by determining the weighted average of total registrations for " +"any particular year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights " +"are registered in year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is " +"28 years, then the average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and " +"other relevant data, see the Web site associated with this book, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Indtil 1976 gav Ã¥ndsverkloven en forfatter to mulige verneperioder: en " +"initiell periode, og en fornyingsperiode. Jeg har beregnet " +"<quote>gennemsnitligt</quote> vernetid ved at finde vektet gennemsnit af de " +"totale registreringer for et givet Ã¥r, og andelen fornyinger. Hvis 100 " +"ophavsreter blev registreret i Ã¥r 1, bare 15 af dem blev fornyet, og " +"fornyingsvernetiden er 28 Ã¥r, sÃ¥ er gennemsnitligt vernetid 32,2 Ã¥r. " +"Fornyingsdata og andre relevante data ligger pÃ¥ netsiderne tilknyttet denne " +"bog, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. " +"The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. " +"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years—for that " +"minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the " +"authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an <quote>exclusive " +"right</quote> to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted " +"work in limited ways required the permission of the copyright owner." +msgstr "" +"I 1928 var kulturen som Disney frit kunne trække veksler pÃ¥ relativt fersk. " +"Allemannseie i 1928 var ikke rigtigt gammelt, og var dermed ganske " +"levende. Gennemsnitligt vernetid i ophavsreten var bare rundt tredive Ã¥r " +"– for den lille delen af kreative værker som faktisk var " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det betyder " +"at i tredive Ã¥r, i gennemsnit, havde forfattere eller " +"ophavrettighedindehaver af kreative værker en <quote>eksklusiv ret</quote> " +"til at kontrollere bestemte typer brug af værket. Å bruge disse " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttede værkerne pÃ¥ de begrænsede mÃ¥derne krævede tilladelse " +"fra ophavsretindehaveren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " +"permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " +"hence, no lawyers. The public domain is a <quote>lawyer-free zone.</quote> " +"Thus, most of the content from the nineteenth century was free for Disney to " +"use and build upon in 1928. It was free for anyone— whether connected " +"or not, whether rich or not, whether approved or not—to use and build " +"upon." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r ophavsretens vernetid er over, henhører et værk i det fri og bliver " +"allemannseie. Ingen tilladelse trænges da for at bygge pÃ¥ eller bruge " +"dette virkede. Ingen tilladelse og dermed heller ingen advokater. " +"Allemannseie er en <quote>advokat-fri zone.</quote> Det meste af indhold " +"fra det nittende Ã¥rhundrede var dermed frit tilgængeligt for Disney til at " +"bruge eller bygge pÃ¥ i 1928 . Det var tilgængeligt for enhver – " +"uanset om de havde forbindelser eller ikke, om de var rig eller ikke, om de " +"var accepteret eller ikke – til at bruge og bygge videre pÃ¥." + +#. PAGE BREAK 38 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " +"our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " +"the average copyright term was never more than thirty-two years, meaning " +"that most culture just a generation and a half old was free for anyone to " +"build upon without the permission of anyone else. Today's equivalent would " +"be for creative work from the 1960s and 1970s to now be free for the next " +"Walt Disney to build upon without permission. Yet today, the public domain " +"is presumptive only for content from before the Great Depression." +msgstr "" +"Dette er sÃ¥dan det altid har været – indtil ganske nylig. I " +"størstedelen af vores historie, har allemannseiet været lige sÃ¥ over " +"horisonten. Frem til 1978 var den gennemsnitlige opphavsrettslige " +"vernetiden aldrig mere end trettito Ã¥r, noget som gjorde at det meste af " +"kultur fra en og en halv generation tidligere var tilgængelig for enhver at " +"bygge pÃ¥ uden tilladelse fra nogle. Tilsvarende for i dag villes være at " +"kreative værker fra 1960- og 1970-tallet nu villes være frit tilgængeligt " +"for den næste Walt Disney at bygge pÃ¥ uden tilladelse. Men i dag er " +"allemannseie presumtivt kun for indhold fra før mellomkrigstiden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Of course</emphasis>, Walt Disney had no monopoly " +"on <quote>Walt Disney creativity.</quote> Nor does America. The norm of free " +"culture has, until recently, and except within totalitarian nations, been " +"broadly exploited and quite universal." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role=\"strong\">Walt Disney</emphasis> havde selvfølgelig ikke " +"monopol pÃ¥ <quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet.</quote> Det har heller ikke " +"USA. Normen med fri kultur har, indtil nylig, og undtaget i totalitære " +"nationer, været bredt udnyttet og vældig universell." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "comics, Japanese" +msgstr "tegneserier, japanske" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Japanese comics" +msgstr "Japanske tegneserier" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "manga" +msgstr "manga" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " +"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: <citetitle>manga</" +"citetitle>, or comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 " +"percent of publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue " +"derives from comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every " +"magazine stand, carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's " +"extraordinary system of public transportation." +msgstr "" +"Vurder for eksempel en form for kreativitet som synes underligt for mange " +"amerikanere, men som er overalt i japansk kultur: <citetitle>manga</" +"citetitle>, eller tegneserier. Japanerne er fanatiske nÃ¥r det gælder " +"tegneserier. Over 40 procent af publikationer er tegneserier, og 30 procent " +"af publikationomsætningen stammer fra tegneserier. De er overalt i det " +"japanske samfundet, tilgængeligt fra ethvert tidsskriftsutsalg, og i hÃ¥nd pÃ¥ " +"en stor andel af pendlere pÃ¥ Japans ekstraordinære systemer for offentlig " +"transport." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " +"unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " +"about manga, because few of us have ever read anything close to the stories " +"that these <quote>graphic novels</quote> tell. For the Japanese, manga cover " +"every aspect of social life. For us, comics are <quote>men in tights.</" +"quote> And anyway, it's not as if the New York subways are filled with " +"readers of Joyce or even Hemingway. People of different cultures distract " +"themselves in different ways, the Japanese in this interestingly different " +"way." +msgstr "" +"Amerikanere har en tendens til at se ned pÃ¥ denne form for kultur. Det er et " +"lille attraktivt kendetegn hos os. Vi misforstÃ¥r sandsynligvis meget rundt " +"manga, pÃ¥ grund af at fÃ¥ af os nogensinde har læst noget som ligner pÃ¥ " +"historie som disse <quote>grafiske historie</quote> fortæller. For man " +"japaner dækker manga ethvert aspekt ved det sociale liv. For os er " +"tegneserier <quote>mænd i strømpebukser.</quote> Og uanset er det ikke " +"sÃ¥dan at T-banen i New York er fuld af folk som læser Joyce eller Hemingway " +"for den sags skyld. Folk i forskellige kulturer skiller sig ud pÃ¥ " +"forskellig mÃ¥der, og japanerne gør det pÃ¥ dette interessante mÃ¥de." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " +"on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " +"perspective is quite familiar." +msgstr "" +"Men mit formÃ¥l her er ikke at forstÃ¥ manga. Det er at beskrive en variant " +"af manga som fra en advokats perspektiv er ganske mærkeligt, men som fra en " +"Disneys perspektiv er ganske godt kendt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "doujinshi comics" +msgstr "doujinshi-tegneserier" + +#. PAGE BREAK 39 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are " +"also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the " +"creation of doujinshi. It is not doujinshi if it is <emphasis>just</" +"emphasis> a copy; the artist must make a contribution to the art he copies, " +"by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A doujinshi comic can " +"thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently—with a " +"different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in character but " +"change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes the doujinshi " +"sufficiently <quote>different.</quote> But they must be different if they " +"are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that " +"review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic " +"that is merely a copy." +msgstr "" +"Dette er fænomenet <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi er ogsÃ¥ " +"tegneserier, men de er en slags etterapingstegneserier. En rig etik styrer " +"dem som skaber doujinshi. Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</" +"emphasis> er en kopi. Kunstneren mÃ¥ gøre et bidrag til kunsten han kopierer " +"ved at omforme det enten subtilt eller betydeligt. En doujinshi-tegneserie " +"kan dermed tage en massemarkedtegneserie og udvikle den i en anden retning " +"– med en anden historie linje. Eller tegneserien kan beholde figuren " +"som den er, men ændre lidt pÃ¥ udseendet. Det er ingen bestemt formel for " +"hvad som gør en doujinshi tilstrækkeligt <quote>forskelligt.</quote> Men de " +"mÃ¥ være forskellige hvis de skal anses som ægte doujinshi. Det er faktisk " +"komiteer som gÃ¥r igennem doujinshi for at lagde dem blive med pÃ¥ messer, og " +"afviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. " +"More than 33,000 <quote>circles</quote> of creators from across Japan " +"produce these bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese " +"come together twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, " +"to exchange and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream " +"commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that " +"market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial " +"manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " +"competition and despite the law." +msgstr "" +"Disse etterapingstegneseriene er ikke en lille del af manga-markedet. De " +"er enorme. Mere end 33 000 <quote>cirkler</quote> af skabere over hele " +"Japan som producerer disse bidder af Walt Disney-kreativitet. Mere end 450 " +"000 japanere samles to gange i Ã¥ret, i den største offentlige samlingen i " +"landet, for at bytte og sælge dem. Dette marked er parallelt med det " +"kommercielle manga-massemarkedet. PÃ¥ nogle mÃ¥der konkurrerer de Ã¥benbaret " +"med hinanden, men det er ingen vedvarende indsats fra dem som kontrollerer " +"det kommercielle manga-markedet for at lukke doujinshi-markedet. Det " +"blomstrer, pÃ¥ trods af konkurrencen, og pÃ¥ trods for loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Japanese" +msgstr "japansk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " +"law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " +"copyright law, which in this respect (on paper) mirrors American copyright " +"law, the doujinshi market is an illegal one. Doujinshi are plainly " +"<quote>derivative works.</quote> There is no general practice by doujinshi " +"artists of securing the permission of the manga creators. Instead, the " +"practice is simply to take and modify the creations of others, as Walt " +"Disney did with <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. Under both " +"Japanese and American law, that <quote>taking</quote> without the permission " +"of the original copyright owner is illegal. It is an infringement of the " +"original copyright to make a copy or a derivative work without the original " +"copyright owner's permission." +msgstr "" +"Den mest gÃ¥tefulle egenskaben med doujinshi-markedet, for dem som har " +"juridisk træning i hvert fald, er at det overhovedet tillades at eksistere. " +"Under japansk Ã¥ndsverkslov, som i hvert fald pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥det (pÃ¥ papiret) " +"spejler USAs Ã¥ndsverkslov, er doujinshi-markedet ulovligt. Doujinshi er " +"helt klart <quote>avledede værk.</quote> Det er ingen generel praksis hos " +"doujinshi-kunstnere for at sikre sig tilladelse hos manga-skaberne. I " +"stedet er praksissen ganske enkelt at tage, og ændre det andre har fortaget, " +"sÃ¥dan Walt Disney gjorde med <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. For " +"bÃ¥de japansk og USAs lov, er at <quote>tage</quote> uden tilladelse fra den " +"oprindelige ophavsretindehaver ulovligt. Det er et brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten til " +"det oprindelige værket at fortage en kopi, eller et avledet værker uden " +"tilladelse fra den oprindelige rettighedindehaveren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Winick, Judd" +msgstr "Winick, Judd" + +#. f5 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" +"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." +msgstr "" +"For en udmærket historie, se Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing Comics</" +"citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " +"view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " +"flourish. As American graphic novelist Judd Winick said to me, <quote>The " +"early days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " +"now. … American comics were born out of copying each other. … " +"That's how [the artists] learn to draw — by going into comic books and " +"not tracing them, but looking at them and copying them</quote> and building " +"from them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Alligevel eksisterer og blomstrer faktisk dette illegale markedet i Japan, " +"og efter manges syner er det netop fordi det eksisterer, at japansk manga " +"blomstrer. Som USAs tegneserieskaber Judd Winick fortalte mig, <quote>I " +"amerikanske tegneseriers første dage var det ganske kunnetlide det som " +"foregÃ¥r i Japan i dag. … Amerikanske tegneserier kom til værdet ved " +"at kopiere hinanden. … Det er sÃ¥dan [kunstnerne] lærer at tegne " +"– ved at se i tegneseriebøker, og ikke følge streken, men ved at se " +"pÃ¥ dem, og kopiere dem</quote>, og bygge baseret pÃ¥ dem.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Superman comics" +msgstr "Supermand-tegneserier" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " +"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. " +"Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, <quote>there are these rules and you " +"have to stick to them.</quote> There are things Superman <quote>cannot</" +"quote> do. <quote>As a creator, it's frustrating having to stick to some " +"parameters which are fifty years old.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Amerikanske tegneserier nu er ganske anderledes, forklarer Winick, delvis " +"pÃ¥ grund af de juridiske problemerne med at tilpasse tegneserier sÃ¥dan " +"doujinshi fÃ¥r lov til. Med for eksempel Supermand, fortalte Winick mig, " +"<quote>er det en række skrøner, og du mÃ¥ følge dem.</quote> Det er ting som " +"Supermand <quote>ikke kan</quote> gøre. <quote>For en som fortager " +"tegneserier er det frustrerende at mÃ¥tte begrænse sig til nogen parameter " +"som er halvtreds Ã¥r gamle.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Mehra, Salil" +msgstr "Mehra, Salil" + +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " +"Why All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " +"<citetitle>Rutgers Law Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182. " +"<quote>[T]here might be a collective economic rationality that would lead " +"manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for infringement. " +"One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off collectively if " +"they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not to press their " +"legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Se Salil K. Mehra, <quote>Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain " +"Why Al the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?</quote> " +"<citetitle>Rutgers Law Review</citetitle> 55 (2002): 155, 182 . <quote>det " +"kan være en kollektiv økonomisk rationalitet som fÃ¥r manga- og anime-" +"kunstnere til ikke at sagsøge for ophavsretbrud. En hypotese er at alle " +"manga-kunstnere kan være bedre stilet hvis de sætter sin individuelle " +"egeninteresse til side og bestemmer sig for ikke at forfølge sine juridiske " +"rettigheder. Dette er essensielt en løsning pÃ¥ fangens dilemma.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " +"the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " +"mitigation. Temple University law professor Salil Mehra, for example, " +"hypothesizes that the manga market accepts these technical violations " +"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and productive. " +"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not " +"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Normen i Japan reducerer denne juridiske udfordring. Nogle siger at det " +"netop er den oppsamlede fordelen i det japanske manga-markedet som forklarer " +"denne reduktion. Juiceprofessor Salil Mehra ved Temple University har for " +"eksempel en hypotese om at manga-markedet accepterer disse teoretiske brud " +"fordi de fÃ¥r manga-markedet til at blive rigere og mere produktivt. Alle " +"villes fÃ¥ det ondere hvis doujinshi blev bandlyst, sÃ¥ loven bandlyser ikke " +"doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " +"the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " +"well be that the market as a whole is better off if doujinshi are permitted " +"rather than banned, but that doesn't explain why individual copyright owners " +"don't sue nonetheless. If the law has no general exception for doujinshi, " +"and indeed in some cases individual manga artists have sued doujinshi " +"artists, why is there not a more general pattern of blocking this " +"<quote>free taking</quote> by the doujinshi culture?" +msgstr "" +"Problemet med denne historie, derimod, og som Mehra helt klart erkender, er " +"at mekanismen som producerer denne <quote>hold hÃ¥nd borte</quote>-responsen " +"ikke er forstÃ¥et. Det kan godt være at markedet som helhed gør det bedre " +"hvis doujinshi tillades i stedet for at bandlyse den, men det forklarer " +"alligevel ikke hvorfor individuelle ophavsretindehavere ikke sagsøger. " +"Hvis loven ikke har et generelt undtagelse for doujinshi, og det findes " +"faktisk nogle tilfælde der individuelle manga-kunstnere har sagsøgt " +"doujinshi-kunstnere, hvorfor er det ikke et mere generelt mønster for at " +"blokere denne <quote>frie tage-ingen</quote> hos doujinshi-kulturen?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " +"as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " +"a major Japanese law firm. <quote>We don't have enough lawyers,</quote> he " +"told me one afternoon. There <quote>just aren't enough resources to " +"prosecute cases like this.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg var fire nydelige mÃ¥neder i Japan, og jeg stilede dette spørgsmÃ¥l sÃ¥ " +"ofte som jeg kunne. MÃ¥ske det bedste svaret til slutning kom fra en ven i " +"et større japansk advokatfirma. <quote>Vi har ikke nok advokater,</quote> " +"fortalte han mig en eftermiddag. Det er <quote>bare ikke nok ressourcer " +"til at tiltale tilfælde som dette.</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 41 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " +"function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " +"have effect. For now, focus on the obvious question that is begged: Would " +"Japan be better off with more lawyers? Would manga be richer if doujinshi " +"artists were regularly prosecuted? Would the Japanese gain something " +"important if they could end this practice of uncompensated sharing? Does " +"piracy here hurt the victims of the piracy, or does it help them? Would " +"lawyers fighting this piracy help their clients or hurt them?" +msgstr "" +"Dette er et tema vi kommer tilbage til: at lovens regulering bÃ¥de er en " +"funktion af ordene i bøgerne, og omkostningerne med at fÃ¥ dirre ordene til " +"at have effekt. Akkurat nu er det endel Ã¥benbare spørgsmÃ¥l som presser sig " +"frem: Villes Japan gøre det bedre med flere advokater? Villes manga være " +"rigere hvis doujinshi-kunstnere blev regelmæssigt rettsforfulgt? Villes " +"Japan vinde noget vigtigt hvis de kunne stoppe praksissen med deling uden " +"kompensation? Skader piratvirksomhed ofrene for piratvirksomheden, eller " +"hjælper den dem? Villes advokaters kamp mod denne pirat virksomheden hjælpe " +"deres klienter, eller skade dem?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<emphasis role='strong'>Let's pause</emphasis> for a moment." +msgstr "<emphasis role='strong'>Lad os tage</emphasis> et øjebliks pause." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " +"start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " +"about something you hadn't thought through before." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du er som mig et Ã¥rti tilbage, eller som folk flest nÃ¥r de først " +"begynder at tænke pÃ¥ disse temaer, da bør du omtrent nu være rÃ¥dvill om " +"noget du ikke havde tænkt igennem før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" +msgstr "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The term <citetitle>intellectual " +"property</citetitle> is of relatively recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York " +"University Press, 2001). See also Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of " +"Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26. The term " +"accurately describes a set of <quote>property</quote> rights — " +"copyright, patents, trademark, and trade-secret — but the nature of " +"those rights is very different." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Begrebet <citetitle>intellektuell " +"ejendom</citetitle> er af relativ ny oprindelse. Se See Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 11 (New York: New York " +"University Press, 2001). Se ogsÃ¥ Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>The Future of " +"Ideas</citetitle> (New York: Random House, 2001), 293 n. 26 . Begrebet " +"beskriver præcist et sæt med <quote>ejendoms</quote>-rettigheder – " +"ophavsreter, patenter, varemærker og forretningshemmeligheter – men " +"egenskaberne til disse rettigheder er vældig forskellige." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We live in a world that celebrates <quote>property.</quote> I am one of " +"those celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " +"believe in the value of that weird form of property that lawyers call " +"<quote>intellectual property.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> A large, diverse society cannot survive without property; a large, " +"diverse, and modern society cannot flourish without intellectual property." +msgstr "" +"Vi lever i en værdet som fejrer <quote>ejendom.</quote> Jeg er en af de som " +"fejrer den. Jeg tror pÃ¥ værdien af ejendom generelt, og jeg tror ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ " +"værdien af den sære formen for ejendom som advokater kalder " +"<quote>immateriell ejendom.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Et stort og varieret samfund kan ikke overleve uden ejendom, og et moderne " +"samfund kan ikke blomstre uden immaterielle ejerrettigheder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " +"value out there that <quote>property</quote> doesn't capture. I don't mean " +"<quote>money can't buy you love,</quote> but rather, value that is plainly " +"part of a process of production, including commercial as well as " +"noncommercial production. If Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils " +"to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd have no hesitation in condemning that taking " +"as wrong— even though trivial, even if unnoticed. Yet there was " +"nothing wrong, at least under the law of the day, with Disney's taking from " +"Buster Keaton or from the Brothers Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the " +"taking from Keaton because Disney's use would have been considered " +"<quote>fair.</quote> There was nothing wrong with the taking from the Grimms " +"because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." +msgstr "" +"Men det tager bare nogle sekunders refleksion for at indse at det er masse " +"af værdi der ude som <quote>ejendom</quote> ikke dækker. Jeg mener ikke " +"<quote>kærlighed kan ikke købes med penge</quote>, men i stedet en værdi " +"som ganske enkelt er del af produktionsprocessen, bÃ¥de for kommerciel og " +"ikke-kommerciel produktion. Hvis Disneys animatører havde stjÃ¥let et sæt " +"med blyanter for at tegne Steamboat Willie, vi villes ikke drysset med at " +"dømme det som galet – selv om det er trivielt, og selv om det ikke " +"bliver opdaget. Men det var intet galt, i hvert fald sÃ¥dan loven var da , " +"med at Disney tog fra Pjusker Keaton, eller fra Grimm-brødrene. Det var " +"intet galt med at tage fra Keaton, fordi Disneys brug villes blevet anset " +"som <quote>rimeligt.</quote> Det var intet galt med at tage fra brødrene " +"Grimm fordi deres værk var allemannseie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "derivative works based on" +msgstr "avledede værk baseret pÃ¥" + +#. PAGE BREAK 42 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " +"things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " +"our tradition does not treat those takings as wrong. Some things remain free " +"for the taking within a free culture, and that freedom is good." +msgstr "" +"Dermed, selv om de tingene som Disney tog – eller mere generelt, " +"tingene som bliver taget af enhver som udøver Walt Disney-kreativitet " +"– er værdifulde, sÃ¥ anser ikke vores tradition det som galet at tage " +"disse ting. Nogle ting forbliver frie til at blive taget i en fri kultur, " +"og denne frihed er god." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " +"publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " +"work—or even one copy—without paying, we'd have no hesitation in " +"saying the artist was wrong. In addition to having trespassed, he would have " +"stolen something of value. The law bans that stealing in whatever form, " +"whether large or small." +msgstr "" +"Det er det samme med doujinshi-kulturen. Hvis en doujinshi-kunstner brød " +"sig ind pÃ¥ kontoret til man forlægger, og stak af med tusind kopier af hans " +"sidste værk – eller bare en kopi – uden at betale, sÃ¥ ville vi " +"uden at drysse si at kunstneren har gjort noget galt. I tillæg til at have " +"behøvet sig ind pÃ¥ andres ejendom, villes han have stjÃ¥let noget af værdi. " +"Loven forbyder stjeling i enhver form, uanset hvor stort eller lidt som " +"bliver taget." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " +"the copycat comic artists are <quote>stealing.</quote> This form of Walt " +"Disney creativity is seen as fair and right, even if lawyers in particular " +"find it hard to say why." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel er det en Ã¥penbar modvilje, selv blandt japanske advokater, for at " +"si at etterapende tegneseriekunstnere <quote>stjæler.</quote> Denne form " +"for Walt Disney-kreativitet anses som rimeligt og rigtigt, selv om specielt " +"advokater synes det er vanskeligt at forklare hvorfor ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Shakespeare, William" +msgstr "Shakespeare, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " +"to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " +"or paying for the privilege. (<quote>Excuse me, Professor Einstein, but may " +"I have permission to use your theory of relativity to show that you were " +"wrong about quantum physics?</quote>) Acting companies perform adaptations " +"of the works of Shakespeare without securing permission from anyone. (Does " +"<emphasis>anyone</emphasis> believe Shakespeare would be better spread " +"within our culture if there were a central Shakespeare rights clearinghouse " +"that all productions of Shakespeare must appeal to first?) And Hollywood " +"goes through cycles with a certain kind of movie: five asteroid films in the " +"late 1990s; two volcano disaster films in 1997." +msgstr "" +"Det er det samme med tusind eksempler som dukker op over alt med en gang en " +"begynder at se efter dem. Forskerne bygger pÃ¥ arbejdet til andre forskere " +"uden at spørge eller betale for privilegiet. (<quote>Undskyld mig, professor " +"Einstein, men kan jeg fÃ¥ tilladelse til at bruge din relativitetsteori til " +"at vise at du tog fejl om kvantefysikk?</quote>) Teatertropper viser frem " +"bearbeidelser af værkerne til Shakespeare uden at sikre sig nogle " +"tilladelser. (Er det <emphasis>nogle</emphasis> som tror at Shakespeare " +"villes været mere bredt i vores kultur om det var et centralt " +"rettighedopklaringring kontor for Shakespeare som alle som fortog " +"Shakespeare-produktioner mÃ¥tte spørge først ?) Og Hollywood gÃ¥r igennem " +"cyklusser med en bestemt type film: fem astroidefilmer pÃ¥ slutningen af 1990-" +"tallet, to vulkankatastrofefilm i 1997 ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 43 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " +"creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " +"always and everywhere at least partially done without permission and without " +"compensating the original creator. No society, free or controlled, has ever " +"demanded that every use be paid for or that permission for Walt Disney " +"creativity must always be sought. Instead, every society has left a certain " +"bit of its culture free for the taking—free societies more fully than " +"unfree, perhaps, but all societies to some degree." +msgstr "" +"Skabere her og overalt ellers har altid og til alle tider bygget pÃ¥ " +"kreativiteten som eksisterede før og som omringer dem nu. Denne bygning er " +"altid og overalt i det mindste delvis gjort uden tilladelse og uden at " +"kompensere den oprindelige skaberen. Intet samfund, frit eller " +"kontrolleret, har nogensinde krævet at enhver bruge skulle blive betalt " +"for, eller at tilladelse for Walt Disney-kreativitet altid mÃ¥tte skaffes. I " +"stedet har ethvert samfund ladet en bestemt bid af sin kultur være frit " +"tilgængeligt for alle at tage – frie samfund mÃ¥ske i større grad end " +"ufrie, men en vis grad i alle samfund." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is " +"free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is " +"<quote><emphasis>How</emphasis> free is this culture?</quote> How much, and " +"how broadly, is the culture free for others to take and build upon? Is that " +"freedom limited to party members? To members of the royal family? To the top " +"ten corporations on the New York Stock Exchange? Or is that freedom spread " +"broadly? To artists generally, whether affiliated with the Met or not? To " +"musicians generally, whether white or not? To filmmakers generally, whether " +"affiliated with a studio or not?" +msgstr "" +"Det vanskelige spørgsmÃ¥let er derfor ikke <emphasis>om</emphasis> en kultur " +"er fri. Alle kulturer er frie til en vis grad. Det vanskelige spørgsmÃ¥let " +"er i stedet <quote><emphasis>hvor</emphasis> fri er denne kultur?</quote> " +"Hvor mange og hvor bredt, er kulturen frit tilgængeligt for andre at tage, " +"og bygge pÃ¥? Er den friheden begrænset til partimedlemmer? Til medlemmer " +"af kongefamilien? Til de ti største selskaberne pÃ¥ New York-børsen? Eller " +"at denne frihed er bredt tilgængelig? Til kunstnere generelt, uanset om de " +"er tilknyttet til Nasjonalmuseet eller ikke? Til musikere generelt, uanset " +"om de er hvide eller ikke? Til filmskabere generelt, uanset om de er " +"tilknyttet et studio eller ikke?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " +"upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " +"culture. It is becoming much less so." +msgstr "" +"Frie kulturer er kulturer som efterlader meget Ã¥bent for andre at bygge pÃ¥. " +"Ufrie, eller tilladelse-kulturer efterlader meget mindre. VÃ¥r var en fri " +"kultur. Den er pÃ¥ tur til at blive mindre fri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Two: <quote>Mere Copyists</quote>" +msgstr "Kapitel to: <quote>Kun etterapere</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Daguerre, Louis" +msgstr "Daguerre, Louis" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "camera technology" +msgstr "kamerateknologi" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "photography" +msgstr "fotografering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1839</emphasis>, Louis Daguerre invented the " +"first practical technology for producing what we would call " +"<quote>photographs.</quote> Appropriately enough, they were called " +"<quote>daguerreotypes.</quote> The process was complicated and expensive, " +"and the field was thus limited to professionals and a few zealous and " +"wealthy amateurs. (There was even an American Daguerre Association that " +"helped regulate the industry, as do all such associations, by keeping " +"competition down so as to keep prices up.)" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1839</emphasis> fandt Louis Daguerre op den første " +"praktiske teknologien for at producere det vi villes kalde " +"<quote>fotografier.</quote> Rimeligt nok blev de kaldt " +"<quote>daguerreotyper.</quote> Processen var kompliceret og kostbart, og " +"feltet var dermed begrænset til professionelle og nogle fÃ¥ ivrige og " +"velstÃ¥ende amatører. (Det var til og med en amerikansk Daguerre-forening " +"som hjalp til med at regulere industrien, sÃ¥dan alle sÃ¥danne foreninger gør, " +"ved at holde konkurrencen ned sÃ¥dan at priserne var høje.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Talbot, William" +msgstr "Talbot, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " +"pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make <quote>automatic " +"pictures.</quote> William Talbot soon discovered a process for making " +"<quote>negatives.</quote> But because the negatives were glass, and had to " +"be kept wet, the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the " +"1870s, dry plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of " +"a picture from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it " +"was still not a process within reach of most amateurs." +msgstr "" +"Men til trods for høje priser var efterspørgslen efter daguerreotyper stærk. " +" Dette inspirerede oppfinnere til at finde enklere og billigere mÃ¥der at " +"fortage <quote>automatiske billeder.</quote> William Talbot opdagede snart " +"en proces for at fortagne <quote>negativer.</quote> Men da negativerne var " +"af glas, og mÃ¥tte holdes fugtige, forblev processen kostbar og tung. PÃ¥ " +"1870-tallet blev tørrplater udviklet, noget som gjorde det enklere at skille " +"det at tage et billede fra at fremkalle det. Det var fortsat plader af " +"glas, og dermed var det fortsat ikke en proces som var indenfor rækkevidden " +"til de fleste amatører." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Eastman, George" +msgstr "Eastman, George" + +#. PAGE BREAK 45 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " +"until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " +"amateur photographer, was frustrated by the technology of photographs made " +"with plates. In a flash of insight (so to speak), Eastman saw that if the " +"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single spindle. " +"That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of " +"photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he " +"could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." +msgstr "" +"Den teknologiske ændringen som gjorde masse-fotografering muligt skete ikke " +"før i 1888, og det var takket være en eneste mand. George Eastman, selv en " +"amatørfotograf, var frustreret over den plade-baserede fotografi-" +"teknologien. I et lysglimt af indsigt (for at si det sÃ¥dan), forstod " +"Eastman at hvis filmen kunne gøres bøyelig, sÃ¥ kunne den holdes pÃ¥ en enkel " +"rulle. Denne rulle kunne sÃ¥ sendes til en fremkaller, og sænke " +"omkostningerne til fotografering væsentligt. Ved at reducere " +"omkostningerne, forventet Eastman at han dramatisk kunne udvide antallet " +"fotografer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kodak cameras" +msgstr "Kodak-kamera" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" +msgstr "Kodak Primer, The (Eastman)" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " +"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112." +msgstr "" +"Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: " +"Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " +"it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " +"of its simplicity. <quote>You press the button and we do the rest.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As he described in " +"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:" +msgstr "" +"Eastman udviklede bøyelig, emulsjonsbelagt papirfilm og placerede ruller med " +"dette i smÃ¥, enkle kameraer: Kodaken. Enheden blev markedsført med fokus pÃ¥ " +"dets enkelhet. <quote>Du trykker pÃ¥ knappen og vi fikser resten.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som han skrev i " +"<citetitle>The Kodak Primer</citetitle>:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Coe, Brian" +msgstr "Coe, Brian" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " +"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth " +"of Photography</citetitle> (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " +"person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " +"expert can do. … We furnish anybody, man, woman or child, who has " +"sufficient intelligence to point a box straight and press a button, with an " +"instrument which altogether removes from the practice of photography the " +"necessity for exceptional facilities or, in fact, any special knowledge of " +"the art. It can be employed without preliminary study, without a darkroom " +"and without chemicals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Princippet til Kodak-systemet er skillet mellem arbejdet som enhver kan " +"udføre nÃ¥r de tager fotografier, fra arbejdet som kun en ekspert kan gøre. " +"… Vi forsynede alle, mænd, kvinder og barn med tilstrækkelig " +"intelligens til at pege en dÃ¥se i rigtig retning og trykke pÃ¥ en knap, med " +"et apparat som helt fjernede kravet om specielt udstyr og fra " +"fotograferingpraksissen, og helt fjernede krav om speciel kundskab inden " +"kunstarten. Det kan tages i brug uden forudgÃ¥ende studier, uden et " +"mørkerum og uden kemikaliummer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Jenkins, 177." +msgstr "Jenkins, 177 ." + +#. f4 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." +msgstr "Baseret pÃ¥ et diagram i Jenkins, s. 178 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " +"and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " +"where the film was developed. Over time, of course, the cost of the camera " +"and the ease with which it could be used both improved. Roll film thus " +"became the basis for the explosive growth of popular photography. Eastman's " +"camera first went on sale in 1888; one year later, Kodak was printing more " +"than six thousand negatives a day. From 1888 through 1909, while industrial " +"production was rising by 4.7 percent, photographic equipment and material " +"sales increased by 11 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Eastman Kodak's sales during the same period experienced an average annual " +"increase of over 17 percent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For 25 dollar kunne alle tage billeder. Det var allerede film i kameraet, " +"og nÃ¥r det var brugt blev kameraet returneret til en Eastman-fabrik hvor " +"filmen blev fremkalt. EfterhÃ¥nden, naturligvis, blev bÃ¥de omkostningen til " +"kameraet og hvor enkelt det var at bruge forbedret. Film pÃ¥ rulle blev " +"dermed grundlaget for en eksplosiv vækst i fotografering blandt folket. " +"Eastmans kamera blev lagt ud for salg i 1888, og et Ã¥r senere trykket Kodak " +"mere end seks tusind negativer om dagen. Fra 1888 til 1909, mens " +"produktionen i industrien voksede med 4,7 procent, øgede salget af " +"fotografisk udstyr og materiale med 11 procent.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Salget til Eastman Kodak oplevede i samme " +"periode en Ã¥rlig vækst pÃ¥ over 17 procent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" + +#. f5 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Coe, 58." +msgstr "Coe, 58 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " +"was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " +"they would never otherwise see. Amateur photography gave them the ability to " +"record their own lives in a way they had never been able to do before. As " +"author Brian Coe notes, <quote>For the first time the snapshot album " +"provided the man on the street with a permanent record of his family and its " +"activities. … For the first time in history there exists an authentic " +"visual record of the appearance and activities of the common man made " +"without [literary] interpretation or bias.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Den virkelige betydningen af oppfinnelsen til Eastman var derimod ikke " +"økonomisk. Den var social. Professionel fotografering gav individer et " +"glimt af steder de ellers aldrig vilde se. Amatørfotografering gav dem " +"muligheden til at arkivere sine liv pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som de aldrig havde været i " +"stand til tidligere. Som forfatter Brian Coe skriver: <quote>For første " +"gang tilbød fotoalbummet manden i gaden et permanent arkiv over sin familie " +"og deres aktiviteter. … For første gang i historie fandtes det en " +"autentisk visuell oppføring af udseende og aktivitet til normale mennesker " +"fortog uden [skrivefør] tolkning eller forutinntatthet.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "democracy" +msgstr "demokrati" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in technologies of expression" +msgstr "i teknologier for at udtrykke sig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "expression, technologies of" +msgstr "udtrykke sig, teknologier for at" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "democratic" +msgstr "demokratisk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " +"pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " +"took years of training before they could be deployed by amateurs in any " +"useful or effective way. With the Kodak, expression was possible much sooner " +"and more simply. The barrier to expression was lowered. Snobs would sneer at " +"its <quote>quality</quote>; professionals would discount it as irrelevant. " +"But watch a child study how best to frame a picture and you get a sense of " +"the experience of creativity that the Kodak enabled. Democratic tools gave " +"ordinary people a way to express themselves more easily than any tools could " +"have before." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de var Kodak-kameraet og film udtrykteknologier. Blyanten og " +"malepenselen var selvfølgelig ogsÃ¥ en udtrykteknologi. Men det tog Ã¥revis " +"med træning føder de kunne blive brugt nyttigt og effektivt af amatører. " +"Med Kodaken var udtryk muligt meget raskere og enklere. Barrièren for at " +"udtrykke sig var sænket. Snobber vilde fnyse over <quote>kvaliteten,</" +"quote> professionelle villes afvise den som irrelevant. Men se et barn " +"studere hvordan bedst vælge billedemotiv, og du fÃ¥r følelsen af hvad slags " +"kreativiteterfaring som Kodaken gjorde muligt. Demokratiske værktøjer gav " +"normale folk en mÃ¥de at udtrykke sig selv enklere end noget andet værktøj " +"kunne have gjort før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "permissions" +msgstr "tilladelser" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "photography exempted from" +msgstr "fotografering som ikke behøver" + +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); " +"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, " +"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." +msgstr "" +"For illustrerende sager, se for eksempel , <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> " +"mod <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Gav. 1905); " +"<citetitle>Foster-Milburn Co</citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Chinn</citetitle>, " +"123090 S.W. 364, 366 (Ky. 1909); <citetitle>Corliss</citetitle> mod " +"<citetitle>Walker</citetitle>, 64 F. 280 (Mass. Dist. Ct. 1894)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " +"genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " +"within which Eastman's invention grew. For early in the history of " +"photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have " +"changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether " +"the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he " +"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Hvad krevdes for at denne teknologi skulle blomstre? Eastmans genialitet " +"var Ã¥benbaret en vigtig del. Men det juridiske miljøet som Eastmans " +"oppfinnelse voksede i var ogsÃ¥ vigtigt. For tidligt i historie til " +"fotografering, var det en række retafgørelser som godt kunne have ændret " +"kursen til fotograferingen betydeligt. Domstole blev spurgt om fotografen, " +"amatør eller professionel, mÃ¥tte have tilladelse føder han kunne fange og " +"trykke hvilket som hilst billede han ønskede. Svaret var nej.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "images, ownership of" +msgstr "billeder, eierskap til" + +#. PAGE BREAK 47 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " +"familiar. The photographer was <quote>taking</quote> something from the " +"person or building whose photograph he shot—pirating something of " +"value. Some even thought he was taking the target's soul. Just as Disney was " +"not free to take the pencils that his animators used to draw Mickey, so, " +"too, should these photographers not be free to take images that they thought " +"valuable." +msgstr "" +"Argumenterne til fordel for at kræve tilladelser vil høres overraskende " +"kendt ud. Fotografen <quote>tog</quote> noget fra personen eller bygningen " +"som blev fotograferet – røvet til sig noget af værdi. Nogle troede " +"til og med at han tog motivets sjel. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som Disney ikke stod " +"frit til at tage blyanterne som hans animatører brugte for at tegne Mikke, " +"sÃ¥ skulle heller ikke disse fotografer stÃ¥ frit til at tage billeder som de " +"fandt værdi i." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Warren, Samuel D." +msgstr "Warren, Samuel D." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Samuel D. Warren og Louis D. Brandeis, <quote>The Right to Privacy,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193 . <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " +"there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " +"right to capture at least those images that stand in public view. (Louis " +"Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should " +"be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something " +"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from <citetitle>Steamboat " +"Bill, Jr</citetitle>. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free " +"to capture an image without compensating the source." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ den andre side var et argument som ogsÃ¥ bør være kendt. Jodene, det var " +"mÃ¥ske noget af værdi som blev brugt. Men borgerne burde have ret til at " +"fange i hvert fald de billederne som var taget af offentligt omrÃ¥de. (Louis " +"Brandeis, som senere blev høyesterettsjustitiarus, mente reglen skulle være " +"anderledes for billeder taget af private omrÃ¥der.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) Det kan være at dette betyder at fotografen " +"fÃ¥r noget for ingenting. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som Disney kunne hente inspiration " +"fra <citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr.</citetitle>, eller Grimm-brødrene, sÃ¥ " +"burde fotograferne stÃ¥ frit til at fange et billede uden at kompensere " +"kilden." + +#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William " +"L. Prosser, <quote>Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>California Law Review</" +"citetitle> 48 (1960) 398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Samsung Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 " +"(9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." +msgstr "" +"Se Melville B. Nimmer, <quote>The Right of Publicity,</quote> <citetitle>Law " +"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, " +"<quote>Privacy,</quote> <citetitle>California Law Review</citetitle> 48 " +"(1960) 398–407; <citetitle>White</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Samsung " +"Electronics America, Inc</citetitle>., 971 F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), " +"sert. nægtet, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " +"decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " +"required before an image could be captured and shared with others. Instead, " +"permission was presumed. Freedom was the default. (The law would eventually " +"craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap " +"pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions " +"than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured " +"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>)" +msgstr "" +"Heldigvis for Herre Eastman, og for fotografering generelt, gik disse " +"tidligere afgørelser i favør af piraterne. Generelt blev det ikke " +"nødvendigt at sikre sig tilladelse før et billede kunne tages og deles med " +"andre. I stedet var det antaget at tilladelse var givet. Frihed var " +"udgangspunktet. (Loven gav efter en stund et undtagelse for berømte " +"personer: kommercielle fotografer som tog billeder af berømte personer for " +"kommercielle formÃ¥l har flere begrænsninger end resten af os. Men i det " +"normale tilfældet kan billedet tages uden at klarere rettighederne for at " +"tage det.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Napster" +msgstr "Napster" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " +"gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " +"then the photographer would have had to demonstrate permission. Perhaps " +"Eastman Kodak would have had to demonstrate permission, too, before it " +"developed the film upon which images were captured. After all, if permission " +"were not granted, then Eastman Kodak would be benefiting from the " +"<quote>theft</quote> committed by the photographer. Just as Napster " +"benefited from the copyright infringements committed by Napster users, Kodak " +"would be benefiting from the <quote>image-right</quote> infringement of its " +"photographers. We could imagine the law then requiring that some form of " +"permission be demonstrated before a company developed pictures. We could " +"imagine a system developing to demonstrate that permission." +msgstr "" +"Vi kan kun spekulere om hvordan fotografering villes have udviklet sig om " +"loven havde slÃ¥et ud den andre vej. Hvis den havde været mod fotografen, da " +"villes fotografen mÃ¥ttet dokumentere at tilladelse var pÃ¥ plads. MÃ¥ske " +"Eastman Kodak ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte have dokumenteret at tilladelse var givet, før de " +"udviklede filmen som billederne blev fanget pÃ¥. Trods alt, hvis tilladelse " +"ikke var givet, da villes Eastman Kodak have nyt fordeler fra " +"<quote>tyveriet</quote> begÃ¥et af fotografer. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som Napster nød " +"fordeler fra ophavsretbrud udført af Napster-brugere, sÃ¥ villes Kodak nyt " +"fordeler fra <quote>billede-rettigheds</quote>-brud til deres fotografer. " +"Vi kan forestille os at loven da ville krævet at en form for tilladelse blev " +"vist frem før et selskab fremkalte billederne. Vi kan forestille os at et " +"system bliver udviklet for at lægge frem sÃ¥danne tilladelser." + +#. PAGE BREAK 48 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " +"to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " +"for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography " +"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. " +"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did—" +"since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the " +"permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would " +"not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And " +"certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression " +"would have been realized." +msgstr "" +"Men, selv om vi kan tænke os dette godkendelse systemet, sÃ¥ vil det være " +"vældig vanskeligt at se hvordan fotografering skulle have blomstret sÃ¥dan " +"det gjorde hvis det var bygget ind krav om godkendelse i skrønerne som " +"styrede det. Fotografering villes eksisteret. Det villes have øget sin " +"betydning over tid. Professionelle vilde have fortsat at bruge teknologien " +"sÃ¥dan de gjorde – siden professionelle enklere kunne hÃ¥ndteret " +"byrderne pÃ¥lagt dem af godkendelsesystemet. Men spredningen af " +"fotografering til normale folk villes aldrig have sket. Væksten det skabte " +"kunne aldrig have sket. Og det villes uden tvivl aldrig været realiseret " +"en sÃ¥dan vækst i demokratisk udtrykteknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "digital cameras" +msgstr "digitale kameraer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Just Think!" +msgstr "Just Think!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>If you drive</emphasis> through San Francisco's " +"Presidio, you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with " +"colorful and striking images, and the logo <quote>Just Think!</quote> in " +"place of the name of a school. But there's little that's <quote>just</quote> " +"cerebral in the projects that these busses enable. These buses are filled " +"with technologies that teach kids to tinker with film. Not the film of " +"Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather the <quote>film</quote> of " +"digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids to make films, " +"as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that they find all " +"around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than thirty schools and " +"enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn something about media " +"by doing something with media. By doing, they think. By tinkering, they " +"learn." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Hvis du kører</emphasis> gennem omrÃ¥det Presidio i " +"San Francisco, kan det hænde du ser to gusjegule skolebusser overmalet med " +"fargefulle og iøynefallende billeder, og logoet <quote>Just Think!</quote> i " +"stedet for navnet pÃ¥ en skole. Men det er lidt som er <quote>bare </quote> " +"tænkt i projekterne som disse kammerater muliggjør. Disse busser er " +"befolket med teknologi som lærer unger at rode med film. Ikke filmen til " +"Eastman. Ikke en gang filmen i din videospiller. I stedet er det snak om " +"<quote>filmen</quote> i digitale kameraer. Just Think! er et projekt som " +"gør det muligt for unger at fortage film, som en mÃ¥de at forstÃ¥ og kritisere " +"den filmede kulturen som de finder over alt rundt sig. Hvert Ã¥r besøger " +"disse busser mere end tredive skoler, og giver mellem tre hundrede og fem " +"hundrede børn muligheden til at lære noget om medierne ved at gøre noget med " +"medierne. Ved at gøre, sÃ¥ tænker de. Ved at rode, sÃ¥ lærer de." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "education" +msgstr "uddannelse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in media literacy" +msgstr "i mediumkompetence" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "media literacy" +msgstr "mediumkompetence" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "media literacy and" +msgstr "mediumkompetence og" + +#. f9 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " +"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " +"cadalyst, February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #7</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"H. Edward Goldberg, <quote>Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and " +"Software You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,</quote> " +"cadalyst, februar 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #7</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. " +"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As " +"one analyst puts it, <quote>Five years ago, a good real-time digital video " +"editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional quality for $595." +"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are filled " +"with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten years " +"ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but " +"classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and more of " +"something teachers call <quote>media literacy.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Disse busser er ikke billige, men teknologien de har med sig bliver " +"billigere og billigere. Omkostningen til et digitalt høykvalitets " +"videosystem har henhørt dramatisk. Som man analytiker omtalte det, " +"<quote>for fem Ã¥r siden kostede et godt sanntids redigeringsystem for " +"digital video 25 000 dollar. I dag kan du fÃ¥ professionel kvalitet for 595 " +"dollar.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse busser er " +"befolket med teknologi som villes kostet hundredetusindvis af dollar for " +"bare ti Ã¥r siden. Og det er nu muligt at forestille sig ikke bare sÃ¥danne " +"busser, men klasseværelse rundt om i landet hvor unger kan lære mere og mere " +"af det lærerne kalder <quote>læse- og skriveferdigheter inden medierne.</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Yanofsky, Dave" +msgstr "Yanofsky, Dave" + +#. PAGE BREAK 49 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Media literacy,</quote> as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of " +"Just Think!, puts it, <quote>is the ability … to understand, analyze, " +"and deconstruct media images. Its aim is to make [kids] literate about the " +"way media works, the way it's constructed, the way it's delivered, and the " +"way people access it.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Læse- og skriveferdigheter inden medierne,</quote> som " +"administrerende direktør Dave Yanofsky i Just Think!, siger det, <quote>er " +"evnen til … at forstÃ¥, analysere og dekonstruere mediumbilleder. " +"Dets mÃ¥l er at gøre [unger] i stand til at forstÃ¥ hvordan medierne fungerer, " +"hvordan de er konstrueret, hvordan de bliver leveret, og hvordan folk bruger " +"dem.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This may seem like an odd way to think about <quote>literacy.</quote> For " +"most people, literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway " +"and noticing split infinitives are the things that <quote>literate</quote> " +"people know about." +msgstr "" +"Dette kan virke som en lidt mærkelig mÃ¥de at tænke pÃ¥ <quote>læse- og -" +"skriveferdigheter.</quote> For de fleste handler læse- og skriveferdigheter " +"om at kunne læse og skrive. Folk med <quote>læse- og -skriveferdigheter</" +"quote> kender begreber som Faulkner og Hemingway, og kan kende igen delte " +"infinitiver." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "advertising" +msgstr "markedsføring" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "commercials" +msgstr "reklameindslag" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "television" +msgstr "television" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "advertising on" +msgstr "markedsføring pÃ¥" + +#. f10 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " +"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " +"Family and TV Study,</quote> <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 May " +"1997, B6." +msgstr "" +"Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> " +"(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); <quote>Findings on " +"Family and TV Study,</quote> <citetitle>Denver Post</citetitle>, 25 . maj " +"1997, B6 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " +"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly important to " +"understand the <quote>grammar</quote> of media. For just as there is a " +"grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as " +"kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to " +"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." +msgstr "" +"Muligt det. Men i en værdet hvor barn ser i gennemsnit 390 timer med TV-" +"reklamer i Ã¥ret, eller generelt mellem 20 000 og 45 000 reklameindslag," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> sÃ¥ er det mere og mere vigtigt at " +"forstÃ¥ <quote>grammatikken</quote> i mediumindslag. For pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som " +"det er en grammatik for det skrevne ord, sÃ¥ er det ogsÃ¥ en for medierne. Og " +"akkurat sÃ¥dan som unger lærer at skrive ved at skrive masse grusom prosa, sÃ¥ " +"lærer unger at skrive medierne ved at konstruere en masse (i hvert fald i " +"begyndelsen) grusomme mediumindslag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " +"crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " +"understands how difficult writing is—how difficult it is to sequence " +"the story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be " +"understandable—few of us have any real sense of how difficult media " +"is. Or more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it " +"holds an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or " +"builds suspense." +msgstr "" +"Et voksende felt af akademikere og aktivister ser denne form for læse- og " +"skriveferdighet som afgørende for den næste generation af kultur. For selv " +"om de som har skrevet forstÃ¥r hvor vanskeligt det er at skrive – hvor " +" vanskeligt det er at bestemme rækkefølge i historie, at holde pÃ¥ " +"opmærksomheden hos læseren, at forme sproget sÃ¥dan at det er forstÃ¥eligt " +"– sÃ¥ har fÃ¥ af os en reel følelse af hvor vanskeligt medier er. Eller " +"mere fundamentalt, de færrest af os har en følelse for hvordan medierne " +"fungerer, hvordan det holder pÃ¥ publikum, eller leder læseren gennem " +"historie, hvordan det udløser følelser eller bygger op spændingen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " +"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. " +"The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from reading a " +"book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting upon what " +"one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then " +"reflecting upon what one has created." +msgstr "" +"Det tog filmkunsten en generation føder den kunne gøre disse ting gode. Men " +"selv da, sÃ¥ var kundskaben i filmingen, ikke i at skrive om filmen. " +"Ferdigheten kom fra erfaring med at fortage en film, ikke fra at læse en bog " +"om den. Man lærer at skrive ved at skrive, og derefter reflektere over det " +"man har skrevet. Man lærer at skrive med billeder ved at fortage dem, og " +"derefter reflektere over det man har fortaget." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" +msgstr "Daley, Elizabeth" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Crichton, Michael" +msgstr "Crichton, Michael" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Barish, Stephanie" +msgstr "Barish, Stephanie" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Interview med Elizabeth Daley og Stephanie Barish, 13 . december 2002 . " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" + +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,</quote> E!online, " +"4 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline,</quote> 22 November 2000, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Scott Steinberg, <quote>Crichton Gets Medieval on Pcs,</quote> E!online, " +"4 . november 2000, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #8</ulink>; <quote>Timeline,</quote> 22 . november 2000, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " +"Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " +"California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " +"of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about <quote>the " +"placement of objects, color, … rhythm, pacing, and texture.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an " +"interactive space where a story is <quote>played</quote> as well as " +"experienced, that grammar changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, " +"and so other techniques are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered " +"the narrative of science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer " +"game based on one of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How to " +"lead people through a game without their feeling they have been led was not " +"obvious, even to a wildly successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Denne grammatik har ændret sig efterhÃ¥nden som medierne har ændret sig. Da " +"det kun var film, som Elizabeth Daley, administrerende direktør ved " +"Universitetet i Syd-Califorias Anneberg-center for kommunikation og rektor " +"ved USC skole for biograf og TV, forklarede for mig, var grammatikken om " +"<quote>placeringen af objekter, farver, … rytme, skridt og tekstur.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men efterhÃ¥nden som " +"computere Ã¥bner op et interaktivt rom hvor en historie bliver " +"<quote>fremført</quote> i tillæg til oplevet, ændrer grammatikken sig. Den " +"enkle kontrollen til fortællerstemmen er forsvundet, og dermed er andre " +"teknikker nødvendigt. Forfatter Michael Crichton havde behersket " +"fortællerstemmen til science fiction, men da han forsøgte at fortage et " +"dataspil baseret pÃ¥ et af sine værker, sÃ¥ var det et nyt hÃ¥ndværk han mÃ¥tte " +"lære. Det var ikke Ã¥benbaret hvordan man leder folk gennem et spil uden at " +"de fÃ¥r følelsen af at have blevet ledt, selv for en vældig vellykket " +"forfatter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "computer games" +msgstr "dataspil" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " +"<quote>people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t " +"is perfectly constructed to keep you from seeing it, so you have no idea. If " +"a filmmaker succeeds you do not know how you were led.</quote> If you know " +"you were led through a film, the film has failed." +msgstr "" +"Akkurat denne ferdigheten er hÃ¥ndværket en lærer til de som fortager film. " +"Som Daley skriver, <quote>folk er vældig overrasket over hvordan de bliver " +"ledt gennem en film. Den er perfekt konstrueret for at hindr dig fra at se " +"det, sÃ¥ du aner det ikke. Hvis en som fortager film lykkes, sÃ¥ ved du ikke " +"at du har været ledt.</quote> Hvis du ved at du blev ledt igennem en film, " +"sÃ¥ har filmen fejlet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " +"include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " +"directors. The aim is not to improve the profession of filmmaking at all. " +"Instead, as Daley explained," +msgstr "" +"Alligevel handler indsatsen for at udvide læse- og skriveferdigheter – " +"som gÃ¥r ud over tekst til at ogsÃ¥ tage med elementer som høres og ses " +"– ikke om at skabe bedre filmregissører. MÃ¥let er ikke at forbedre " +"filmprofessionen i det hele taget. I stedet, som Daley forklarer:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " +"access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " +"that box works in. Otherwise only a very few people can write with this " +"language, and all the rest of us are reduced to being read-only." +msgstr "" +"Fra mit perspektiv er sikkert det vigtigste digitale skillet ikke om en har " +"tilgang til en dÃ¥se eller ikke. Det er evnen til at have kontrol over " +"sproget som dÃ¥sen bruger. I modsat fald er det bare nogle fÃ¥ som kan skrive " +"i dette sprog, og alle os andre er reduceret til at ikke kunne skrive." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Read-only.</quote> Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. " +"Couch potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth " +"century." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Skrive-beskyttede.</quote> Passive mottakere af kultur produceret " +"andre steder. Sofakartofler. Forbrukere. Dette er mediumværdet fra det " +"tyvende Ã¥rhundrede." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Interview med Daley og Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f31 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid." +msgstr "ibid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " +"could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " +"the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding the tools that " +"enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any literacy, and this " +"literacy in particular, is to <quote>empower people to choose the " +"appropriate language for what they need to create or express.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students " +"<quote>to communicate in the language of the twenty-first century.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det tjueførste Ã¥rhundredet kan blive anderledes . Dette er et kritisk " +"punkt: Det kan blive bÃ¥de lesing og skriving. Eller i det mindste lesing og " +"bedre forstÃ¥else for hÃ¥ndværket at skrive. Eller det bedste, lesing og " +"forstÃ¥ værktøjerne som giver skriving mulighed til at vejlede eller forlede. " +" MÃ¥let med enhver læse- og skriveferdighet, og denne læse- og " +"skriveferdigheten specielt, er at <quote>give befolket magt til at vælge det " +"sproget som passer for det de behøver at fortage eller udtrykke.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det giver studenter mulighed " +"<quote>til at kommunikere i sproget til det tjueførste Ã¥rhundredet.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " +"others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " +"written language. Daley and Stephanie Barish, director of the Institute for " +"Multimedia Literacy at the Annenberg Center, describe one particularly " +"poignant example of a project they ran in a high school. The high school " +"was a very poor inner-city Los Angeles school. In all the traditional " +"measures of success, this school was a failure. But Daley and Barish ran a " +"program that gave kids an opportunity to use film to express meaning about " +"something the students know something about—gun violence." +msgstr "" +"Som med ethvert andet sprog, læres dette sprog lettere for nogle end for " +"andre. Det kommer ikke nødvendigvis lettere for dem som gør det godt " +"skriftligt. Daley og Stephanie Barish, direktør for Institut for læse- og " +"skriveferdigheter inden Multimedia ved Annenberg-centeret, beskriver et " +"specielt stærkt eksempel fra et projekt de gennemførte i en videregÃ¥ende " +"skole. Den videregÃ¥ende skolen var en rigtigt fattig skole i den indre byen " +"i Los Angeles. Efter alle traditionelle mÃ¥leenheter for succes var denne " +"skole en svipser, men Daley og Barish gennemførte et program som gav ungerne " +"en mulighed til at bruge film til at udtrykke sine meninger om noget som " +"studenterne kendte godt til – vÃ¥ben-relateret vold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " +"problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " +"kids to come, the challenge in this class was keeping them away. The " +"<quote>kids were showing up at 6 A.M. and leaving at 5 at night,</quote> " +"said Barish. They were working harder than in any other class to do what " +"education should be about—learning how to express themselves." +msgstr "" +"Klassen mødtes fredag eftermiddag, og skabte et relativt nyt problem for " +"skolen. Mens udfordringen i de fleste klasser var at fÃ¥ ungerne til at " +"dukke op , var udfordringen for denne klasse at holde dem fra. " +"<quote>Ungerne dukkede op 06:00, og afgik igen 05:00 pÃ¥ natten,</quote> " +"sagde Barish. De arbejdede hÃ¥rdere end i nogle andre fag for at gøre det " +"uddannelse burde handle om – at lære hvordan de skulle udtrykke sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Using whatever <quote>free web stuff they could find,</quote> and relatively " +"simple tools to enable the kids to mix <quote>image, sound, and text,</" +"quote> Barish said this class produced a series of projects that showed " +"something about gun violence that few would otherwise understand. This was " +"an issue close to the lives of these students. The project <quote>gave them " +"a tool and empowered them to be able to both understand it and talk about it," +"</quote> Barish explained. That tool succeeded in creating expression—" +"far more successfully and powerfully than could have been created using only " +"text. <quote>If you had said to these students, <quote>you have to do it in " +"text,</quote> they would've just thrown their hands up and gone and done " +"something else,</quote> Barish described, in part, no doubt, because " +"expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do well. " +"Yet neither is text a form in which <emphasis>these</emphasis> ideas can be " +"expressed well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to " +"this form of expression." +msgstr "" +"Ved at bruge hvad som helst af <quote>frit tilgængeligt web-stof de kunne " +"finde,</quote> og relativt enkle værktøjer som gjorde det muligt for ungerne " +"at blande <quote>billede, lyde og tekst,</quote> sagde Barish at denne " +"klasse producerede en serie af projekter som viste noget om vÃ¥ben-baseret " +"vold som fÃ¥ ellers ville forstÃ¥. Dette var et tema rigtigt næret livene til " +"disse studenter. Projektet <quote>gav dem et værktøj, og bemyndiget dem " +"sÃ¥dan at de bÃ¥de blev i stand til at forstÃ¥ det og snakke om det,</quote> " +"forklarer Barish. Dette værktøj lykkedes med at skabe udtryk – meget " +"mere vellykket og kraftfylt end noget som havde blevet fortaget ved at kun " +"bruge tekst. <quote>Hvis du havde sagt til disse studenter at <quote>du mÃ¥ " +"gøre dette i tekstform</quote>, sÃ¥ havde de bare kastet hÃ¥nd i vejret og " +"gÃ¥et og gjort noget andet,</quote> forklarer Barish. Delvis, helt klart, " +"fordi at udtrykke sig selv i tekstform ikke er noget disse studenter " +"behersker. Heller ikke er tekstform en form som kan udtrykke " +"<emphasis>disse</emphasis> idéene godt. Kraften/Kræfter i dette budskab var " +"avhenging af hvordan det hang sammen med udtrykformen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 52 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>But isn't education about teaching kids to write?</quote> I asked. In " +"part, of course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, " +"Daley explained, is about giving students a way of <quote>constructing " +"meaning.</quote> To say that that means just writing is like saying teaching " +"writing is only about teaching kids how to spell. Text is one part—and " +"increasingly, not the most powerful part—of constructing meaning. As " +"Daley explained in the most moving part of our interview," +msgstr "" +"<quote>Men handler ikke uddannelse om at lære unger at skrive?</quote> " +"spurgte jeg. Jo delvis, naturligvis. Men hvorfor lærer vi unger at skrive? " +"Uddannelse, forklarer Daley, handler om at give studenterne en mÃ¥de at " +"<quote>konstruere mening.</quote> Å sige at det kun betyder skriving, er " +"som at sige at at lære væk skriving kun handler om at lære ungerne at " +"stave. Tekstforming er bare en del – og i større grad ikke den " +"vigtigste delen – for at konstruere mening. Som Daley forklarede i " +"den mest rørende delen af vores interview:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " +"you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " +"know, you've got Johnny who can look at a video, he can play a video game, " +"he can do graffiti all over your walls, he can take your car apart, and he " +"can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your text. So Johnny " +"comes to school and you say, <quote>Johnny, you're illiterate. Nothing you " +"can do matters.</quote> Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can dismiss " +"you or he [can] dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to " +"dismiss you. [But i]nstead, if you say, <quote>Well, with all these things " +"that you can do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you " +"think reflects that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw " +"for me something that reflects that.</quote> Not by giving a kid a video " +"camera and … saying, <quote>Let's go have fun with the video camera " +"and make a little movie.</quote> But instead, really help you take these " +"elements that you understand, that are your language, and construct meaning " +"about the topic.…" +msgstr "" +"Det du ønsker er at give disse studenter er en mÃ¥de at konstruere mening. " +"Hvis alt du giver dem er tekst, sÃ¥ kommer de ikke til at gøre det. Fordi de " +"kan ikke . Du ved, du har Johnny som kan se pÃ¥ en video, han kan spille pÃ¥ " +"et TV-spil, han kan brede grafitti over alle dine vægge, han kan tage fra " +"hinanden din bil, og han kan gøre alle mulige andre ting. Men han kan ikke " +"læse din tekst. SÃ¥ Johnny kommer pÃ¥ skolen, og du siger <quote>Johnny, du " +"er analfabet. Ingenting du gør betyder noget.</quote> Vel, da har Johnny " +"to valg: Han kan afvise dig, eller han kan afvise sig selv. Hvis han har et " +"sundt ego, sÃ¥ vil han afvise dig. Men hvis du i stedet siger, <quote>Vel, " +"med alle disse ting som du kan gøre, lagde os snakke om dette tema. Spil " +"musik til mig som du mener reflekterer over temaet, eller vis mig billeder " +"som du mener reflekterer over temaet, eller tegn noget til mig som " +"reflektere temaet.</quote> Ikke ved at give en unge et videokamera og " +"… sige <quote>Lagde os afgÃ¥ for at have det morsomt med videokameraet " +"og dagsværk en lille film.</quote> Men i stedet, virkeligt hjælpe ungen at " +"tage disse elementer som ungen forstÃ¥r, som er vedkommendes sprog, og " +"konstruer mening om temaet. …" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " +"as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, " +"<quote>I need to explain this and I really need to write something.</quote> " +"And as one of the teachers told Stephanie, they would rewrite a paragraph 5, " +"6, 7, 8 times, till they got it right." +msgstr "" +"Dette giver enorm oplevelse af magt. Og det som sker til slutning, " +"selvfølgelig, som det har sket i alle disse klasser, er at de stopper op " +"nÃ¥r de træffer faktummet <quote>jeg behøver at forklare dette, og da behøver " +"jeg virkeligt at skrive noget.</quote> Og som en af lærerne fortalte " +"Stephanie, de vil skrive om afsnittet 5, 6, 7, 8 gange, helt til det bliver " +"rigtigt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 53 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " +"something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " +"needed to use a language that they didn't speak very well. But they had come " +"to understand that they had a lot of power with this language." +msgstr "" +"Fordi de behøvede det. De havde en grund til at gøre det. De behøvede at " +"sige noget, i modsætning til at kun danse efter din pibe. De behøvede " +"faktisk at bruge det sproget de ikke hÃ¥ndterede rigtigt godt. Men de havde " +"begyndt at forstÃ¥ at de havde meget gennemslagkraft med dette sprog." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" +msgstr "11 . september 2001, terrorangreb den" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "World Trade Center" +msgstr "World Trade Center" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "news coverage" +msgstr "nyheddækning" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>When two planes</emphasis> crashed into the World " +"Trade Center, another into the Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania " +"field, all media around the world shifted to this news. Every moment of just " +"about every day for that week, and for weeks after, television in " +"particular, and media generally, retold the story of the events we had just " +"witnessed. The telling was a retelling, because we had seen the events that " +"were described. The genius of this awful act of terrorism was that the " +"delayed second attack was perfectly timed to assure that the whole world " +"would be watching." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Da to fly</emphasis> styrtet ind i World Trade " +"Center, og et andet ind i Pentagon, og et fjerde ind i et mark i " +"Pennsylvania, skruede alle medier værdet rundt sig mod denne nyhed. Hvert " +"eneste øjeblik i omtrent hver eneste dag den ugen, og ugerne som fulgte, " +"gjenfortalte TV specielt, og medierne generelt, historie om disse hændelser " +"som vi netop havde været vidne til. Genialiteten i denne forfærdelige " +"terrorhandling var at det forsinkede andre-angrebet var perfekt tidsatt for " +"at sikre at hele værdet villes være der hen for at se pÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " +"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. " +"There was a formula to interviews. There was <quote>balance,</quote> and " +"seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly " +"come to expect it, <quote>news as entertainment,</quote> even if the " +"entertainment is tragedy." +msgstr "" +"Disse gjenfortellingene gav en øgende familiær følelse. Det var musik " +"spesiallaget for mellem-indslagene, og avanceret grafik som blinkede tværs " +"over skærmen. Det var en formel for interview. Det var <quote>balance</" +"quote> og seriøsitet. Dette var nyheder koreograferet sÃ¥dan vi i stadigt " +"større grad forventer det, <quote>nyheder som underholdning,</quote> selv om " +"underholdningen er en tragedie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ABC" +msgstr "ABC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CBS" +msgstr "CBS" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cyber Rights (Godwin)" +msgstr "Cyber Rights (Godwin)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Godwin, Mike" +msgstr "Godwin, Mike" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "news events on" +msgstr "nyhedindslag pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But in addition to this produced news about the <quote>tragedy of September " +"11,</quote> those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different " +"production as well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same " +"events. Yet these Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some people " +"constructed photo pages that captured images from around the world and " +"presented them as slide shows with text. Some offered open letters. There " +"were sound recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were attempts " +"to provide context. There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn " +"raising, in the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his book <citetitle>Cyber " +"Rights</citetitle>, around a news event that had captured the attention of " +"the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there was also the Internet." +msgstr "" +"Men i tillæg til disse producerede nyheder om <quote>tragedien 11 . " +"september,</quote> kunne de af os som er knyttet til Internet se en vældig " +"anderledes produktion. Internet er fuldt af fortællinger om de samme " +"hændelser. Men disse Internet-fortællingerne havde en vældig anderledes " +"fremstilling. Nogle folk konstruerede fotosider som fangede billeder fra " +"hele værdet, og præsenterede dem som lysbilledepræsentationer med tekst. " +"Nogle tilbød Ã¥bne breve. Det var lydopptak. Det var vrede og frustration. " +"Det var forsøg pÃ¥ at sætte ting i sammenhæng. Det var, kort og godt, en " +"ekstraordinær verdensomspændende frivillig, sÃ¥dan Mike Godwin bruger " +"begrebet i sin bog <citetitle>Cyber Rights</citetitle>, rundt en " +"nyhedhændelse som havde fanget opmærksomheden til hele værdet. Det var ABC " +"og CBS, men det var ogsÃ¥ Internet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 54 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " +"people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " +"to point to a significance in this form of speech. For like a Kodak, the " +"Internet enables people to capture images. And like in a movie by a student " +"on the <quote>Just Think!</quote> bus, the visual images could be mixed with " +"sound or text." +msgstr "" +"Det er ikke sÃ¥ enkelt som at jeg ønsker at lovprise Internet – selv " +"om jeg mener at folkene som støtter denne form for tale bør lovprises. Jeg " +"ønsker i stedet at pege pÃ¥ vigtigheden af denne form for tale. For pÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥de som en Kodak, gør Internet folk i stand til at fange billeder. " +"Og pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med en film fortog af en af studenterne pÃ¥ <quote>Just " +"Think!</quote>-bussen, kan visuelle billeder blive blandet med lyde og tekst." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " +"these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " +"practically instantaneously. This is something new in our tradition—" +"not just that culture can be captured mechanically, and obviously not just " +"that events are commented upon critically, but that this mix of captured " +"images, sound, and commentary can be widely spread practically " +"instantaneously." +msgstr "" +"Men i modsætning til en hvilken som hilst teknologi for at enkelt fange " +"billeder, tillader Internet at man næsten umiddelbart deler disse kreationer " +"med et ekstraordinært antal menesker. Dette er noget nyt i vores tradition " +"– ikke bare kan kultur fanges ind mekanisk, og Ã¥benbaret heller ikke " +"at hændelser bliver kommenteret kritisk, men at denne blanding af billeder, " +"lyde og kommentar kan bredes vidt omkring næsten umiddelbart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" +msgstr "blogger (Web-logger)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "blogs on" +msgstr "blogger om" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Web-logs (blogs)" +msgstr "Web-logger (blogger)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " +"time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " +"to come into public consciousness: the Web-log, or blog. The blog is a kind " +"of public diary, and within some cultures, such as in Japan, it functions " +"very much like a diary. In those cultures, it records private facts in a " +"public way—it's a kind of electronic <citetitle>Jerry Springer</" +"citetitle>, available anywhere in the world." +msgstr "" +"11 . september var ikke et afvigelse. Det var en start. Omtrent pÃ¥ samme " +"tid begyndte en form for kommunikation, som havde vokset dramatisk, at komme " +"ind i offentlig bevidsthed: web-loggen, eller blog. Bloggen er en slags " +"offentligt dagbok, og i nogle kulturer, sÃ¥dan som i Japan, fungerer den " +"rigtigt lig en dagbok. I disse kulturer registrerer den private fakta pÃ¥ en " +"offentlig mÃ¥de – det er en slags elektronisk <citetitle>Jerry Spring</" +"citetitle>, tilgængeligt overalt i værdet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "political discourse" +msgstr "politisk diskussion" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "public discourse conducted on" +msgstr "offentlig diskussion gennemført pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " +"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private life. " +"But there are many who use the space to engage in public discourse. " +"Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are mistaken in " +"their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they make, offering " +"solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a virtual public " +"meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at the same time and " +"in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The best of the blog " +"entries are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others, " +"criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the most important " +"form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." +msgstr "" +"Men i USA har blogger inntatt en vældig anderledes karakter. Det er nogle " +"som bruger denne plads til at snakke om sit private liv. Men det er mange " +"som bruger denne plads til at angive i offentlig debat. Diskuterer sager af " +"offentlig interesse, kritiserer andre som har forkerte synspunkt, kritiser " +"politikere for afgørelser de tager, tilbyder løsninger pÃ¥ problemer vi alle " +"ser. Blogger skaber en følelse af et virtuelt offentligt møde, men et hvor " +"vi alle ikke mÃ¥ at være til præsentere pÃ¥ samme tid, og hvor samtalerne ikke " +"nødvendigvis er koblet sammen . De bedste af bloggoppføringene er relativt " +"korte. De peger direkte til ord brugt af andre, kritiserer dem eller " +"bidrager til dem. Det kan argumenteres for at de er den vigtigste form for " +"ukoreografert offentlig debat som vi har." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "elections" +msgstr "valg" + +#. PAGE BREAK 55 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " +"does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " +"those of us who love America to accept: Our democracy has atrophied. Of " +"course we have elections, and most of the time the courts allow those " +"elections to count. A relatively small number of people vote in those " +"elections. The cycle of these elections has become totally professionalized " +"and routinized. Most of us think this is democracy." +msgstr "" +"Det er en stærk udtalelse. Alligevel siger den lige sÃ¥ meget om vores " +"demokrati som den siger om blogger. Dette er delen af USA som det er mest " +"vanskeligt at acceptere for os som elsker USA: vores demokrati har svundet " +"hen. Vi gennemfører naturligvis valg, og størstedelen af tiden tillader " +"domstolene at disse valg tæller. Et relativt lille antal mennesker stemmer " +"i disse valg. Cyklussen med disse valg har blevet totalt professionaliseret " +"og rutinepræget. De fleste af os tænker pÃ¥ dette som demokrati." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tocqueville, Alexis de" +msgstr "Tocqueville, Alexis de" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "public discourse in" +msgstr "offentlig diskussion i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "jury system" +msgstr "jurysystem" + +#. f15 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" +"citetitle>, bk. 1, trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. " +"16." +msgstr "" +"Se for eksempel Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in America</" +"citetitle>, bk. 1, overs. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), kap. " +"16 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " +"the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " +"tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the " +"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-" +"century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early " +"<quote>Democracy in America.</quote> It wasn't popular elections that " +"fascinated him—it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary " +"people the right to choose life or death for other citizens. And most " +"fascinating for him was that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome " +"they would impose. They deliberated. Members argued about the <quote>right</" +"quote> result; they tried to persuade each other of the <quote>right</quote> " +"result, and in criminal cases at least, they had to agree upon a unanimous " +"result for the process to come to an end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men demokrati har aldrig kun handlet om at gennemføre valg. Demokrati " +"betyder at befolket styrer, og at styre betyder noget mere end at kunne " +"vælge. I vores tradition betyder det ogsÃ¥ kontrol gennem gennemtænkt " +"meningsbrytning. Dette var idéen som fangede fantasien til Alexis de " +"Tocqueville, den franske nittenhundretalls-advokaten som skrev den vigtigste " +"historie om det tidlige <quote>demokratiet i Amerika.</quote> Det var ikke " +"almen stemmeret som fascinerede ham – det var juryen, en institution " +"som gav normale folk retten til at vælge mellem liv og død over andre " +"borgere. Og det som fascinerede ham mest var at juryen ikke bare stemte " +"over hvilket resultat de villes lægge frem. De diskuterede. Medlemmerne " +"argumenterede om hvad som var <quote>rigtigt</quote> resultat, de forsøgte " +"at overbevise hinanden om <quote>rigtigt</quote> resultat, og i hvert fald i " +"kriminalsaker mÃ¥tte de blive enige om et enstemmigt resultat for at " +"processen skulle afsluttes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129." +msgstr "" +"Bruce Ackerman og James Fishkin, <quote>Deliberation Day,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Journal of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " +"there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " +"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation " +"remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or place " +"for <quote>democratic deliberation</quote> to occur." +msgstr "" +"Og alligevel accentueres denne institution i USA i dag. Og i dets sted er " +"det ingen systematisk indsats for at gøre borge-diskussion muligt. Nogle gør " +"en indsats for at fortage en sÃ¥dan institution.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i nogle landsbyer i New England er det noget " +"som ligner pÃ¥ diskussion igen. Men for de fleste af os det meste af tiden, " +"mangler det tid og sted for at gennemføre <quote>demokratisk diskussion.</" +"quote>" + +#. f17 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " +"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +msgstr "" +"Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton " +"University Press, 2001), 65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " +"the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " +"against talking about politics. It's fine to talk about politics with people " +"you agree with. But it is rude to argue about politics with people you " +"disagree with. Political discourse becomes isolated, and isolated discourse " +"becomes more extreme.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We say what " +"our friends want to hear, and hear very little beyond what our friends say." +msgstr "" +"Mere mærkeligt er at man generelt set ikke engang har accept for at det " +"skal ske. Vi, det mægtigste demokratiet i værdet, har udviklet en stærk " +"norm mod at diskutere politik. Det er fint at diskutere politik med folk du " +"er enigt/enig med, men det er uhøflig at diskutere politik med folk du er " +"uenigt/uenig med. Politisk debat bliver isoleret, og isoleret diskussion " +"bliver mere ekstrem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Vi siger det " +"vores venner vil høre, og hører rigtigt lille udenom hvad vores venner siger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "e-mail" +msgstr "e-post" + +#. PAGE BREAK 56 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " +"problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " +"to read. The most difficult time is synchronous time. Technologies that " +"enable asynchronous communication, such as e-mail, increase the opportunity " +"for communication. Blogs allow for public discourse without the public ever " +"needing to gather in a single public place." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ kommer bloggen. Selve bloggens arkitektur løser en del af dette " +"problemet. Folk publicerer det de ønsker at publicere, og folk læser det de " +"ønsker at læse. Den vanskeligste/vanskeligeste tiden er synkron tid. " +"Teknologier som muliggjør asynkron kommunikation, sÃ¥dan som e-post, øger " +"muligheden for kommunikation. Blogger gør det muligt med offentlig debat " +"uden at folket nogensinde behøver at samle sig pÃ¥ et enkelt offentligt sted." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. " +"There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. Indeed, the " +"space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the left. Some " +"of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but there are " +"many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not political cover " +"political issues when the occasion merits." +msgstr "" +"Men i tillæg til arkitektur, har blogger ogsÃ¥ løst problemet med normer. " +"Det er (endnu) ingen norm i bloggsfæren om at ikke snakke om politik. " +"Sfæren er faktisk befolket med politiske indlæg, bÃ¥de pÃ¥ højre og " +"venstresiden. Nogle af de mest populære stederne er konservative eller " +"frihetsforkjempere (libertarian), men det er mange af alle politiske farver. " +" Til og med blogger som ikke er politiske dækker politiske temaer nÃ¥r " +"anledningen kræver det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dean, Howard" +msgstr "Dean, Howard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " +"Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " +"blogs. Yet even if the number of readers is small, the reading is having an " +"effect." +msgstr "" +"Betydningerne af disse bloggene er lille nu, men ikke ubetydelig. Navnet " +"Howard Dean har i stor grad forsvundet fra 2004-præsidentvalgkampen, bortset " +"fra hos nogle fÃ¥ blogger. Men selv om antallet læsere er lavt, sÃ¥ har det " +"at læse dem en effekt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lott, Trent" +msgstr "Lott, Trent" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Thurmond, Strom" +msgstr "Thurmond, Strom" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "blog pressure on" +msgstr "blog-pres pÃ¥" + +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</" +"quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 January 2003, G5." +msgstr "" +"Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Rod,</" +"quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 16 . januar 2003, G5 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " +"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " +"<quote>misspoke</quote> at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially " +"praising Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that " +"this story would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight " +"hours. It did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The " +"bloggers kept researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of " +"the same <quote>misspeaking</quote> emerged. Finally, the story broke back " +"into the mainstream press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate " +"majority leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"En direkte effekt er pÃ¥ historie som havde en anderledes livscyklus i de " +"store medierne. Trend Lott-affæren er et eksempel. Da Lott <quote>sagde " +"fejl</quote> pÃ¥ en party for senator Storm Thurmond, og essensielt lovpriste " +"segregeringspolitikken til Thurmond, regnede han ganske rigtigt med at " +"historie villes forsvinde fra de store medierne i løbet af førtiÃ¥tte timer. " +"Det skete. Men han regnede ikke med dens livscyklus i bloggsfæren. " +"Bloggerne fortsatte at undersøge historie. EfterhÃ¥nden dukkede flere og " +"flere tilfælde af tilsvarende <quote>fejludtalelser</quote> op. SÃ¥ dukket " +"historie op igen hos de store medierne. Lott blev til slutning tvunget til " +"at trække sig som flertalleder i senatet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "commercial imperatives of" +msgstr "kommercielle imperativer af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " +"exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " +"commercial entities. They must work to keep attention. If they lose " +"readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on." +msgstr "" +"Denne anderledes cyklus er mulig pÃ¥ grund af at et tilsvarende kommercielt " +"pres ikke eksisterer hos blogger sÃ¥dan det gør hos andre kanaler. TV og " +"aviser er kommercielle aktører. De mÃ¥ arbejde for at holde pÃ¥ " +"opmærksomheden. Hvis de mister læsere, sÃ¥ mister de indkomster. Som hajer, " +"mÃ¥ de bevæge sig videre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "peer-generated rankings on" +msgstr "ligemands-genereret rangeringer af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " +"focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " +"interesting story, more and more people link to that story. And as the " +"number of links to a particular story increases, it rises in the ranks of " +"stories. People read what is popular; what is popular has been selected by a " +"very democratic process of peer-generated rankings." +msgstr "" +"Men bloggere har ikke tilsvarende begrænsninger. De kan blive opphengt, de " +"kan fokusere, de kan blive seriøse. Hvis en bestemt blogger skriver en " +"specielt interessant historie, sÃ¥ vil flere og flere folk lænke til den " +"historie. Og efterhÃ¥nden som antallet lænker til en bestemt historie øger, " +"sÃ¥ stiger den i rangeringen for historie. Folk læser det som er populært, " +"og det som er populært har blevet valgt gennem en vældig demokratisk proces " +"af ligemands-genereret rangering. " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "journalism" +msgstr "journalistik" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Winer, Dave" +msgstr "Winer, Dave" + +#. PAGE BREAK 57 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " +"the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " +"a software author for many decades, told me, another difference is the " +"absence of a financial <quote>conflict of interest.</quote> <quote>I think " +"you have to take the conflict of interest</quote> out of journalism, Winer " +"told me. <quote>An amateur journalist simply doesn't have a conflict of " +"interest, or the conflict of interest is so easily disclosed that you know " +"you can sort of get it out of the way.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det er ogsÃ¥ en anden mÃ¥de, hvor blogger har en anden cyklus end de store " +"medierne. Som Dave Winer, en af fædrene til denne bevægelse og en " +"programvareudvikler i mange Ã¥rtier, fortalte mig, er en anden forskel " +"fraværet af finansiel <quote>interessekonflikt.</quote> <quote>Jeg tror du " +"mÃ¥ tage interessekonflikten</quote> ud af journalismen, fortalte Winer mig. " +"<quote>En amatørjournalist har ganske enkelt ikke interessekonflikt, eller " +"interessekonflikten er sÃ¥ enkelt at afsløre at du pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de ved du kan " +"rydde den af vejen.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CNN" +msgstr "CNN" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Iraq war" +msgstr "Irak-krigen" + +#. f19 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." +msgstr "Telefoninterview med David Winer, 16 . april 2003 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " +"(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " +"than an unconcentrated media can—as CNN admitted it did after the Iraq " +"war because it was afraid of the consequences to its own employees." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It also needs to sustain a more " +"coherent account. (In the middle of the Iraq war, I read a post on the " +"Internet from someone who was at that time listening to a satellite uplink " +"with a reporter in Iraq. The New York headquarters was telling the reporter " +"over and over that her account of the war was too bleak: She needed to offer " +"a more optimistic story. When she told New York that wasn't warranted, they " +"told her that <emphasis>they</emphasis> were writing <quote>the story.</" +"quote>)" +msgstr "" +"Disse konflikter bliver mere vigtigt efterhÃ¥nden som medierne bliver mere " +"centralstyrt (mere om dette under). Koncentrerede medier kan skjule mere " +"fra offentligheten end ikke-koncentrerede medier kan – sÃ¥dan CNN " +"indrømmne at de gjorde efter Irak-krigen fordi de var bange for " +"konsekvenserne for sine egen beskæftigede.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> De behøver ogsÃ¥ at opretholde en mere konsistent rapportering. " +"(Midt under Irak-krigen, læste jeg en melding pÃ¥ Internet fra nogle som pÃ¥ " +"det tidspunktet lyttede pÃ¥ satellit-forbindelsen til en reporter i Irak. " +"New York-hovedkvarteret fortalte reporteren gang pÃ¥ gang at hendes rapport " +"om krigen var for trist: Hun mÃ¥tte tilbyde en mere optimistisk historie. " +"NÃ¥r hun fortalte New York at det ikke var grundlag for det, fortalte de " +"hende at det var <emphasis>de</emphasis> som skrev <quote>historie.</quote>)" + +#. f20 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " +"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 " +"February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, " +"but Strong Overall,</quote> Online Journalism Review, 2 February 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"John Schwartz, <quote>Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " +"Information Online,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 februar " +"2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, <quote>Shuttle Disaster Coverage Mixed, but " +"Strong Overall,</quote> Online Journalism Review, 2 . februar 2003, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—<quote>amateur</" +"quote> not in the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic " +"athlete, meaning not paid by anyone to give their reports. It allows for a " +"much broader range of input into a story, as reporting on the Columbia " +"disaster revealed, when hundreds from across the southwest United States " +"turned to the Internet to retell what they had seen.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And it drives readers to read across the range of " +"accounts and <quote>triangulate,</quote> as Winer puts it, the truth. Blogs, " +"Winer says, are <quote>communicating directly with our constituency, and the " +"middle man is out of it</quote>—with all the benefits, and costs, that " +"might entail." +msgstr "" +"Bloggsfæren giver amatører en mÃ¥de at blive med i debatten – " +"<quote>amatør</quote> ikke i betydningen uerfaren, men i betydningen af en " +"olympisk atlet, det vil sige ikke betalt af nogle for at komme med deres " +"rapport. Det tillader man meget bredere række af optag til en historie, " +"sÃ¥dan rapporteringen af Columbia-katastrofen afdækket, nÃ¥r hundredevis fra " +"hele sørvestlige USA vendte sig til Internet for at gjenfortelle hvad de " +"havde set.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og det fÃ¥r læsere til at " +"læse pÃ¥ tværs af en række fortællinger og <quote>triangulere,</quote> som " +"Winer formulerer det, sandheden. Blogger, siger Winer, <quote>kommunikerer " +"direkte med vores vælgermasse, og mellommannen er fjernet</quote> – " +"med alle de fordeler og ulemper det kan føre med sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Olafson, Steve" +msgstr "Olafson, Steve" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> See Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's Pencil " +"Ruin a Web Log?</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September " +"2003, C4. (<quote>Not all news organizations have been as accepting of " +"employees who blog. Kevin Sites, a CNN correspondent in Iraq who started a " +"blog about his reporting of the war on March 9, stopped posting 12 days " +"later at his bosses' request. Last year Steve Olafson, a <citetitle>Houston " +"Chronicle</citetitle> reporter, was fired for keeping a personal Web log, " +"published under a pseudonym, that dealt with some of the issues and people " +"he was covering.</quote>)" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Se Michael Falcone, <quote>Does an Editor's " +"Pencil Ruin a Web Log?</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 . " +"september 2003, C4 . (<quote>Ikke alle nyhedorganisationer har haft lige sÃ¥ " +"stor accept for beskæftigede som blogger. Kevin Sites, en CNN-korrespondent " +"i Irak som startede man blog om sin rapportering af krigen 9 . marts, " +"stoppet at publicere 12 dage senere pÃ¥ forespørgsel fra sine bosser. I fjor " +"fik Steve Olafson, en <citetitle>Houston Chronicle</citetitle>-reporter, " +"sparket for at have hat en personlig web-log, publiceret under pseudonymer, " +"som handlede om nogle af temaerne og folkene som han dækkede.</quote>)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 58 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. " +"<quote>It's going to become an essential skill,</quote> Winer predicts, for " +"public figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear " +"that <quote>journalism</quote> is happy about this—some journalists " +"have been told to curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> But it is clear that we are still in transition. <quote>A lot of " +"what we are doing now is warm-up exercises,</quote> Winer told me. There is " +"a lot that must mature before this space has its mature effect. And as the " +"inclusion of content in this space is the least infringing use of the " +"Internet (meaning infringing on copyright), Winer said, <quote>we will be " +"the last thing that gets shut down.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Winer er optimistisk nÃ¥r det gælder en journalistfremtid inficeret af " +"blogger. <quote>Det kommer til at blive en nødvendig ferdighet,</quote> " +"spÃ¥r Winer, for offentlige aktører og ogsÃ¥ i større grad for private " +"aktører. Det er ikke klart at <quote>journalismen</quote> er solnedgang " +"for dette – nogle journalister har blevet bedt om at løbne ud sin " +"blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men det er klart at vi " +"fortsat er i en overgangfase. <quote>Meget af det vi gør nu er " +"opvarmningøvelser,</quote> fortalte Winer mig. Det er meget som mÃ¥ modne " +"føder dette felt har modnet færdigt. Og efter som inkludering af indhold pÃ¥ " +"dette felt er det feltet med mindst ophavsretbrud pÃ¥ Internet, sagde Winer " +"at <quote>vi vil være den sidste tingen som bliver skudt ned.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because <quote>you " +"don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.</quote> " +"That is true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and " +"more citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will " +"change the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and " +"misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be " +"criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has " +"been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore " +"when he has been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and " +"criticism improves democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million " +"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be " +"something extraordinary to report." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥dan tale pÃ¥virker demokratiet. Winer mener dette sker fordi <quote>du " +"behøver ikke job til nogle som kontrollerer, [til] en portvokter.</quote> " +"Det er sandt. Men det pÃ¥virker demokratiet ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ en anden mÃ¥de. " +"EfterhÃ¥nden som flere og flere borgere udtrykker hvad de mener, og forsvarer " +"det skriftligt, sÃ¥ vil det ændre hvordan folk forstÃ¥r offentlige temaer. " +"Det er enkelt at tage fejl og være pÃ¥ vildspor i dit hoved. Det er " +"vanskeligere nÃ¥r resultatet fra dine tanke kan blive kritiseret af andre. " +"Det er selvfølgelig et sjældent menneske som indrømmer at han blev overtalt " +"til at indse at han tog fejl. Men det er mere sjældent for et menneske at " +"ignorere at nogle har bevist at han tog fejl. Å skrive ned idéer, " +"argumenter og kritik forbedrer demokratiet. I dag er det sikkert et par " +"millioner blogger der det skrives pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de. NÃ¥r det er ti millioner, " +"sÃ¥ vil det være noget ekstraordinært at rapportere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Brown, John Seely" +msgstr "Brown, John Seely" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> is the chief scientist " +"of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " +"<quote>human learning and … the creation of knowledge ecologies for " +"creating … innovation.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>John Seely Brown</emphasis> er bossforsker ved Xerox " +"Corporation. Hans arbejde, ifølge hans eget netsted, er <quote>menneskeligt/" +"menneskelig læring og … at skabe kundskabøkologier for at skabt " +"… innovation.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " +"differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " +"excited about any technology that might improve democracy. But his real " +"excitement comes from how these technologies affect learning." +msgstr "" +"Brown ser dermed pÃ¥ disse teknologier for digital kreativitet lidt " +"anderledes end fra perspektiverne jeg har skitseret op sÃ¥ langt. Jeg er " +"sikker pÃ¥ at han bliver begejstret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre " +"demokratiet. Men det han virkeligt bliver begejstret over er hvordan disse " +"teknologier pÃ¥virker læring." + +#. PAGE BREAK 59 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When <quote>a lot of us grew up,</" +"quote> he explains, that tinkering was done <quote>on motorcycle engines, " +"lawnmower engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.</quote> But digital " +"technologies enable a different kind of tinkering—with abstract ideas " +"though in concrete form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a " +"commercial portrays a politician; using digital technology, they can take " +"the commercial apart and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does " +"what it does. Digital technologies launch a kind of bricolage, or " +"<quote>free collage,</quote> as Brown calls it. Many get to add to or " +"transform the tinkering of many others." +msgstr "" +"Brown tror vi lærer med at rode. Da <quote>mange af os voksede op ,</quote> " +"forklarer han, blev fiklingen gjort <quote>pÃ¥ motorcykelmotorer, " +"græsklippermotorer, køre, radioer og sÃ¥ videre.</quote> Men digitale " +"teknologier muliggjør en anden type fikling – med abstrakte idéer i " +"sin konkrede form. Ungerne i Just Think! tænker ikke bare pÃ¥ hvordan et " +"reklameindslag fremstiller en politiker. Ved at bruge digital teknologi kan " +"de tage reklameindslaget fra hinanden og manipulerer det, rode med det, og " +"se hvordan det bliver gjort. Digitale teknologier sætter i gang et slags " +"hobbyarbejde eller <quote>frifotomontasje,</quote> som Brown kalder det. " +"Mange fÃ¥r mulighed til at lægge til eller ændre pÃ¥ fiklingen til mange " +"andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " +"software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " +"code is shared. Anyone can download the technology that makes a FS/OSS " +"program run. And anyone eager to learn how a particular bit of FS/OSS " +"technology works can tinker with the code." +msgstr "" +"Det bedste eksemplet i større skala sÃ¥ langt pÃ¥ denne type fikling er fri " +"software og Ã¥ben kildekode (FS/OS). FS/OS er software der kildekoden deles " +"ud. Alle kan laste ned teknologien som fÃ¥r et FS/OS-program til at fungere. " +" Og enhver som har lyst til at lære hvordan en bestemt bid af FS/OS-" +"teknologi fungerer kan rode med koden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This opportunity creates a <quote>completely new kind of learning platform,</" +"quote> as Brown describes. <quote>As soon as you start doing that, you " +"… unleash a free collage on the community, so that other people can " +"start looking at your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they " +"can improve it.</quote> Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. <quote>Open " +"source becomes a major apprenticeship platform.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Denne mulighed giver en <quote>helt ny type læringsplattform,</quote> ifølge " +"Brown. <quote>SÃ¥ snart du begynder at gøre dette, sÃ¥ … slipper du " +"løs en frifotomontasje til fællesskabet, sÃ¥dan at andre folk kan begynde at " +"se pÃ¥ din kode, rode med den, teste den, se om de kan forbedre den.</quote> " +"Og hver indsats er en slags læretid. <quote>Åben kildekode bliver en stor " +"lærlingsplattform.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this process, <quote>the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " +"They are code.</quote> Kids are <quote>shifting to the ability to tinker in " +"the abstract, and this tinkering is no longer an isolated activity that " +"you're doing in your garage. You are tinkering with a community platform. " +"… You are tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker " +"the more you improve.</quote> The more you improve, the more you learn." +msgstr "" +"I denne proces, <quote>er de konkrede tingene du roder med abstrakte. De er " +"kildekode.</quote> Unger <quote>ændres til at fÃ¥ evnen til at rode med det " +"abstrakte, og denne fiklingen er ikke længere en isoleret aktivitet som du " +"gør i din garage. Du roder med en fællesskabplatform. … Du roder " +"med andre folks ordener. Og jo mere du roder, jo mere forbedrer du.</quote> " +"Jo mere du forbedrer, jo mere lærer du." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " +"collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " +"<quote>the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " +"intelligence.</quote> Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " +"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. " +"<quote>The Web … says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you " +"are visual, if you are interested in film … [then] there is a lot you " +"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " +"multiple forms of intelligence.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Denne samme ting sker ogsÃ¥ med indhold. Og det sker pÃ¥ samme samarbejdende " +"mÃ¥de nÃ¥r dette indhold er del af verdensveven. Som Brown formulerer det, " +"<quote>verdensveven er det første medium som virkeligt tager hensyn til " +"flere former for intelligens.</quote> Tidligere teknologier, sÃ¥dan som " +"skrivemaskine eller tekstbehandling, hjælper med at fremme tekst. Men " +"nettet fremmer meget mere end tekst. <quote>Nettet … si du er " +"musikalsk, at du er kunstnerisk, du er visuell, at du er interesseret i " +"film … da er det en masse du kan gÃ¥ i gang med pÃ¥ dette medium. Det " +"kan fremme og tage hensyn til alle disse former for intelligens.</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 60 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " +"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. " +"It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of " +"recognition." +msgstr "" +"Brown snakker om hvad Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish og Just Think! lærer " +"væk: at denne fiklingen med kultur lærer væk sÃ¥vel som at den skaber. Den " +"udvikler talenter lidt anderledes, og den bygger en anden type gjenkjenning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " +"we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " +"highly contested. While there's no doubt that your father had the right to " +"tinker with the car engine, there's great doubt that your child will have " +"the right to tinker with the images she finds all around. The law and, " +"increasingly, technology interfere with a freedom that technology, and " +"curiosity, would otherwise ensure." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel er friheden til at rode med disse objekter ikke garanteret. " +"Faktisk, som vi vil se i løbet af denne bog, er den friheden i stadigt " +"større grad omstridt. Mens det ikke er tvivl om at din far havde ret til at " +"rode med bilmotoren, sÃ¥ er det stor tvivl om dit barn vil have retten til at " +"rode med billeder som hun finder over alt. Loven, og teknologi i stadigt " +"større grad, forstyrrer friheden som teknologi og nysgerrigheden ellers " +"villes sikre." + +#. f22 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological " +"Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</" +"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9." +msgstr "" +"Se for eksempel , Edward Felten og Andrew Appel, <quote>Technological Access " +"Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Communications of the Association for Computer Machinery</" +"citetitle> 43 (2000): 9 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " +"Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) has developed a " +"powerful argument in favor of the <quote>right to tinker</quote> as it " +"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " +"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " +"of the law." +msgstr "" +"Disse begrænsninger har blevet fokusen for forskere og akademikere. " +"Professor Ed Felten ved Princeton (som vi vil se mere fra i kapitel <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>) har udviklet et " +"kraftigt argument til fordel for <quote>retten til at rode</quote> sÃ¥dan " +"det gøres i informatik og til kundskab generelt.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men bekymringen til Brown er tidligere , og " +"mere fundamentalt. Det handler om hvad slags læring unger kan fÃ¥, eller " +"ikke kan fÃ¥, pÃ¥ grund af loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,</quote> " +"Brown explains. We need to <quote>understand how kids who grow up digital " +"think and want to learn.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Dette er derhen udviklingen af uddannelse i det tjueførste " +"Ã¥rhundredet er pÃ¥ vej,</quote> forklarer Brown. Vi mÃ¥ <quote>forstÃ¥ hvordan " +"unger som vokser op digitalt tænker og ønsker at lære.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Yet,</quote> as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " +"evince, <quote>we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " +"natural tendencies of today's digital kids. … We're building an " +"architecture that unleashes 60 percent of the brain [and] a legal system " +"that closes down that part of the brain.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Alligevel,</quote> fortsatte Brown, og som balancen i denne bog vil " +"føre bevis for, <quote>bygger vi et juridisk system som fuldstændig " +"undertrykker den naturlige tendensen i dagens digitale unger. … Vi " +"bygger en arkitektur som frigør 60 procent af hjernen [og] et juridisk " +"system som lukker ned den delen af hjernen.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " +"images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " +"spread that creativity everywhere. But we're building the law to close down " +"that technology." +msgstr "" +"Vi bygger en teknologi som tager magien til Kodak, mikser ind bevægelige " +"billeder og lyde, og lægger ind plads for kommentarer, og en mulighed til at " +"brede denne kreativitet over alt. Men vi bygger loven for at lukke ned " +"denne teknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kahle, Brewster" +msgstr "Kahle, Brewster" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>No way to run a culture,</quote> as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>, " +"quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Ikke mÃ¥den at styre en kultur pÃ¥,</quote> sagde Brewster Kahle, som " +"vi modarbejdede i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"collectors\"/>, kommenterede til mig i et sjældent øjeblik af " +"nedstemthet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Three: Catalogs" +msgstr "Kapitel tre: Kataloger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Jordan, Jesse" +msgstr "Jordan, Jesse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "RPI" +msgstr "RPI" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" +msgstr "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "computer network search engine of" +msgstr "datanettverkssøkemotor ved" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "search engines" +msgstr "søkemotorer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "university computer networks, p2p sharing on" +msgstr "universitetdatanetværk, p2p-fildeling pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "search engines used on" +msgstr "søkemotorer brugt pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " +"Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " +"Institute, in Troy, New York. His major at RPI was information technology. " +"Though he is not a programmer, in October Jesse decided to begin to tinker " +"with search engine technology that was available on the RPI network." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Sommeren 2002</emphasis> blev Jesse Jordan fra " +"Oceanside, New York, indrulleret som førsteÃ¥rsstudent ved Rensselaer " +"Polytechnic Institute, i Troy, New York. Hans studieretning ved RPI var " +"informationsteknologi. Selv om han ikke var man programmerer, bestemte " +"Jesse sig i oktober at begynde at rode med en søkemotorteknologi som var " +"tilgængeligt pÃ¥ RPI-netværket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " +"offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " +"information sciences. More than 65 percent of its five thousand " +"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school class. " +"The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine and " +"then build, a generation for the network age." +msgstr "" +"RPI er en af Amerikas fremste teknologiske forskninginstitutioner. De " +"tilbyder grader inden omrÃ¥der som gÃ¥r fra arkitektur og ingeniørfag til " +"informationsvidenskab. Mere end 65 procent af de fem tusind " +"laveregradsstudentene fuldførte blandt de 10 procent bedste i deres klasse " +"pÃ¥ videregÃ¥ende. Skolen er dermed en perfekt blanding af talenter og " +"erfaring for at se for sig og derefter bygge, en generation tilpassede " +"netværkalderen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " +"another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " +"RPI network is available on the Internet. But the network is designed to " +"enable students to get access to the Internet, as well as more intimate " +"access to other members of the RPI community." +msgstr "" +"RPIs datanetværk knytter studenter, forelesere og administration sammen. " +"Det kobler ogsÃ¥ RPI til Internet. Ikke alt som er tilgængeligt pÃ¥ RPI-" +"scoret er tilgængeligt pÃ¥ Internet. Men netværket er udformet for at give " +"alle studenterne mulighed til at bruge Internet, i tillæg til mere direkte " +"tilgang til andre medlemmer i RPI-fællesskabet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Google" +msgstr "Google" + +#. PAGE BREAK 62 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " +"Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " +"search on the network. Specialty search engines can do this even better. The " +"idea of <quote>intranet</quote> search engines, search engines that search " +"within the network of a particular institution, is to provide users of that " +"institution with better access to material from that institution. " +"Businesses do this all the time, enabling employees to have access to " +"material that people outside the business can't get. Universities do it as " +"well." +msgstr "" +"Søkemotorer er en indikator pÃ¥ hvor intimt et datanetværk opleves at være. " +"Google bragede Internet meget nærmere os alle ved en utrolig forbedring af " +"kvaliteten pÃ¥ søgninger i netværket. Specialiserede søkemotorer kan gøre " +"dette endnu bedre. Idéen med <quote>intranett</quote>-søkemotorer, " +"søkemotorer som kun søger internt i netværket til en bestemt institution, er " +"at tilbyde brugerne i denne institution bedre tilgang til materiale fra " +"denne institution. Bedrifter gør dette hele tiden, ved at give beskæftigede " +"mulighed til at fÃ¥ tag i materiale som folk pÃ¥ utsiden af bedriften ikke kan " +"fÃ¥ tag i. Det gøres ogsÃ¥ af universiteter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Microsoft" +msgstr "Microsoft" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "network file system of" +msgstr "nettverksfilsystemet til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " +"example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " +"engines tuned to that network to query the system for information about the " +"publicly (within that network) available content. Jesse's search engine was " +"built to take advantage of this technology. It used Microsoft's network file " +"system to build an index of all the files available within the RPI network." +msgstr "" +"Disse motorer bliver muliggjort af netværkteknologien selv. For eksempel " +"har Microsoft et nettverksfilsystem som gør det rigtigt enkelt for " +"søkemotorer tilpassede det netværket at spørge systemet efter information om " +"det offentligt (inden netværket) tilgængelige indholdet. Søkemotoren til " +"Jesse var bygget for at afgÃ¥ nytte af denne teknologi. Den brugte " +"Microsofts nettverksfilsystem for at bygge en indeks over alle filerne " +"tilgængeligt inde i RPI-netværket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " +"his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " +"single most important improvement over those engines was to fix a bug within " +"the Microsoft file-sharing system that could cause a user's computer to " +"crash. With the engines that existed before, if you tried to access a file " +"through a Windows browser that was on a computer that was off-line, your " +"computer could crash. Jesse modified the system a bit to fix that problem, " +"by adding a button that a user could click to see if the machine holding the " +"file was still on-line." +msgstr "" +"Søkemotoren Jesse dagsværket var ikke den første dagsværket for RPI-" +"netværket. Hans motor var faktisk en enkel ændring af motorer som andre " +"havde bygget. Hans vigtigste enkeltforbedring i forhold til disse motorer " +"var at fikse en forkert i Microsofts fildelingssystem som fik en bruges " +"computer til at krasje. Hvis du med motorerne som havde eksisteret " +"tidligere forsøgte at koble dig ved hjælp af Windows-utforskeren til en fil " +"som var pÃ¥ en computer som ikke var pÃ¥ net, sÃ¥ villes din computer krasje. " +"Jesse ændrede systemet lidt for at fikse det problemet, ved at lægge til en " +"knap som en bruge kunne klikke pÃ¥ for at se om maskinen som havde filen " +"fortsat var pÃ¥ net." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " +"he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " +"was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one million files in his " +"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' computers." +msgstr "" +"Motoren til Jesse kom pÃ¥ net i slutningen af oktober. I løbet af de " +"følgende seks mÃ¥nederne fortsatte han at justere den for at forbedre deres " +"funksjonalitet. I marts fungerede systemet ganske godt. Jesse havde mere " +"end en million filer i sin katalog, inkluderet alle mulige typer indhold som " +"fandtes pÃ¥ brugernes computere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 63 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " +"could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " +"of information pamphlets; movie clips that students might have created; " +"university brochures—basically anything that users of the RPI network " +"made available in a public folder of their computer." +msgstr "" +"Dermed listede søkemotorindeksen han producerede op bÃ¥de billeder, som " +"studenterne kunne lægge ind pÃ¥ sine egen netsider, kopier af notater og " +"forskning, kopier af informationhæfter, filmklipp som studenterne mÃ¥ske " +"havde fortaget, universitetbrochurer – kort sagt alt som brugerne af " +"RPI-netværket havde gjort tilgængeligt i en offentlig mappe pÃ¥ sine " +"computere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "tinkering as means of" +msgstr "fikling som metode for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " +"that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " +"course, that three quarters were not, and—so that this point is " +"absolutely clear—Jesse did nothing to induce people to put music files " +"in their public folders. He did nothing to target the search engine to these " +"files. He was a kid tinkering with a Google-like technology at a university " +"where he was studying information science, and hence, tinkering was the aim. " +"Unlike Google, or Microsoft, for that matter, he made no money from this " +"tinkering; he was not connected to any business that would make any money " +"from this experiment. He was a kid tinkering with technology in an " +"environment where tinkering with technology was precisely what he was " +"supposed to do." +msgstr "" +"Men indeksen listede ogsÃ¥ op musikkfiler. Faktisk var en fjerdedel af " +"filerne omtalt i Jesses søkemotor musikkfiler. Men det betyder, " +"naturligvis, at tre fjerdedele/fjerdedeler ikke var det, og – sÃ¥dan at " +"dette pointe er helt klart – Jesse gjorde ingenting for at fÃ¥ folk til " +"at placere musikkfiler i deres offentlige mapper. Han gjorde ingenting for " +"at sigte søkemotoren mod disse filer. Han var en ungdom som rodede med " +"Google-lignende teknologi ved et universitet der han studerede " +"informationsvidenskab, og dermed var fiklingen mÃ¥let. I modsætning til " +"Google, eller Microsoft for den sags skyld, tjente han ingen penge pÃ¥ denne " +"fiklingen. Han var ikke knyttet til nogen bedrift som skulle tjene penge " +"fra dette eksperiment. Han var en ungdom som rodede med teknologi i en " +"omgivelse hvor fikling med teknologi var nøjagtigt hvad han skulle gøre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in recording industry" +msgstr "i pladeindustri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "against student file sharing" +msgstr "mod student-fildeling" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "recording industry" +msgstr "pladeindustrien" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" +msgstr "søgsmÃ¥l om ophavsretbrud fra" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" +msgstr "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" +msgstr "stevning i sag om om krenkelse af ophavsret taget ud af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " +"dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " +"RIAA, would be filing a lawsuit against him and three other students whom he " +"didn't even know, two of them at other universities. A few hours later, " +"Jesse was served with papers from the suit. As he read these papers and " +"watched the news reports about them, he was increasingly astonished." +msgstr "" +"Den 3 . april 2003 blev Jesse kontaktet af lederen for studentkontoret ved " +"RPI. Lederen fortalte Jesse at Foreningen for musikindustri i USA, RIAA, " +"villes levere ind et søgsmÃ¥l mod ham og tre andre studenter som han ikke en " +"gang kendte, to af dem pÃ¥ andre universiteter. Nogle fÃ¥ timer senere blev " +"Jesse prædiket søgsmÃ¥let og fik overleveret dokumenterne. Mens han læste " +"disse dokumenter og sÃ¥ pÃ¥ nyhedrapporterne om den, blev han stadig mere " +"forbauset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " +"anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " +"search engine that I ran or … what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't " +"modified it in any way that promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just " +"modified the search engine in a way that would make it easier to use</" +"quote>—again, a <emphasis>search engine</emphasis>, which Jesse had " +"not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which Jesse had not " +"himself built, to enable members of the RPI community to get access to " +"content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the vast " +"majority of which had nothing to do with music." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Det var absurd,</quote> fortalte han mig. <quote>Jeg mener at jeg " +"ikke gjorde noget galt. … Jeg mener det ikke er noget galt med " +"søkemotoren som jeg kørte eller … hvad jeg havde gjort med den. Jeg " +"mener, jeg havde ikke ændret den pÃ¥ nogen mÃ¥de som fremmede eller " +"forbedrede arbejdede til pirater. Jeg ændrede kun søkemotoren sÃ¥dan at den " +"blev enklere at bruge</quote> – igen , en <emphasis>søkemotor</" +"emphasis>, som Jesse ikke havde bygget selv, som brugte fildelingssystemet " +"til Windows, som Jesse ikke havde bygget selv, for at gøre det muligt for " +"medlemmer af RPI-fællesskabet at fÃ¥ tilgang til indhold, som Jesse ikke " +"havde fortaget eller gjort tilgængeligt, og der det store flertal af dette " +"ikke havde noget med musik at gøre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "exaggerated claims of" +msgstr "overdrevne pÃ¥stande om" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "statutory damages of" +msgstr "lovbestemmte skader for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "individual defendants intimidated by" +msgstr "de enkelte sagsøgte afskrækket af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "statutory damages" +msgstr "lovbestemmte skader" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "intimidation tactics of" +msgstr "skræmseltaktikker til" + +#. PAGE BREAK 64 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " +"had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " +"demanded that he pay them the damages for his wrong. For cases of " +"<quote>willful infringement,</quote> the Copyright Act specifies something " +"lawyers call <quote>statutory damages.</quote> These damages permit a " +"copyright owner to claim $150,000 per infringement. As the RIAA alleged more " +"than one hundred specific copyright infringements, they therefore demanded " +"that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000." +msgstr "" +"Men RIAA kaldte Jesse en pirat. De hævdede at han opererede et netværk, og " +"dermed <quote>bevidst</quote> havde brudt Ã¥ndsverkslovene. De krævede at " +"han betalte dem skadeerstatning for det han havde gjort galt. I sagsøger " +"med <quote>bevidste krenkelser,</quote> specificerer Ã¥ndsverksloven noget " +"som advokater kalder <quote>lovbestemmte skader.</quote> Disse skader " +"tillader en ophavrettighedejer at kræve 150 000 dollar per krenkelse. Efter " +"som RIAA pÃ¥stod det var mere end et hundrede spesifikke " +"opphavsrettskrenkelser, krævede de dermed at Jesse betalte dem mindst " +"15 000 000 dollar." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Michigan Technical University" +msgstr "Michigan Technical University" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Princeton University" +msgstr "Princeton University" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " +"Group LCC</citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, available at 2003 WL 55179443." +msgstr "" +"Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " +"Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Medierne " +"Group LCC</citetitle> 6 (2003): 5, tilgængeligt fra 2003 WL 55179443 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " +"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. " +"Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was different in " +"detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for " +"<quote>damages</quote> that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you " +"added up the claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United " +"States to award the plaintiffs close to $100 <emphasis>billion</" +"emphasis>—six times the <emphasis>total</emphasis> profit of the film " +"industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Lignende søgsmÃ¥l blev gjort mod tre andre studenter: en anden student ved " +"RPI, en ved Michigan Technical University og en ved Princeton. Deres " +"situationer var lig den til Jesse. Selv om hver sag havde forskellige " +"detaljer, var hovedpointen nøjagtigt det samme: store krav om " +"<quote>erstatning</quote> som RIAA pÃ¥stod de havde ret pÃ¥. Hvis du " +"summerede op disse krav, bad disse fire søgsmÃ¥lene domstolene i USA at " +"tildele saksøkerne næsten 100 <emphasis>milliarder</emphasis> dollar – " +"seks gange det <emphasis>totale</emphasis> overskudtet/overskuddet til " +"filmindustrien i 2001 .<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " +"uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " +"know how much money Jesse had. Jesse had saved $12,000 from summer jobs and " +"other employment. They demanded $12,000 to dismiss the case." +msgstr "" +"Jesse kontaktede sine forældre. De støttede ham, men var lidt afskrækket. " +"En farbror var advokat. Han startede forhandlinger med RIAA. De krævede at " +"fÃ¥ vide hvor mange penge Jesse havde. Jesse havde sparet op 12 000 dollar " +"fra sommerjob og andet arbejde. De krævede 12 000 dollar for at trække " +"sagen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" +msgstr "Oppenheimer, Matt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " +"wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " +"impossible for him to work in many fields of technology for the rest of his " +"life. He refused. They made him understand that this process of being sued " +"was not going to be pleasant. (As Jesse's father recounted to me, the chief " +"lawyer on the case, Matt Oppenheimer, told Jesse, <quote>You don't want to " +"pay another visit to a dentist like me.</quote>) And throughout, the RIAA " +"insisted it would not settle the case until it took every penny Jesse had " +"saved." +msgstr "" +"RIAA villes at Jesse skulle indrømme at han havde gjort noget galt. Han " +"nægtede. De villes have ham til at godtage en forføyning som i praksis " +"villes gøre det umuligt for ham at arbejde i mange omrÃ¥der inden teknologi " +"for resten af hans liv. Han nægtede. De fik ham til at forstÃ¥ at denne " +"proces med at blive sagsøgt ikke kom til at blive hyggeligt. (Som faren " +"til Jesse refererede til mig, fortalte bossadvokaten pÃ¥ sagen, Matt " +"Oppenheimer, <quote>Du ønsker ikke et tandlægebesøg hos mig flere gange</" +"quote>), og gennem det hele insisterede RIAA at de ikke villes indgÃ¥ forlig " +"før de havde taget hver eneste øre som Jesse havde sparet op ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "legal system, attorney costs in" +msgstr "juridisk system, advokatomkostninger i" + +#. PAGE BREAK 65 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " +"Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " +"legal system. Jesse could fight the RIAA. He might even win. But the cost of " +"fighting a lawsuit like this, Jesse was told, would be at least $250,000. If " +"he won, he would not recover that money. If he won, he would have a piece of " +"paper saying he had won, and a piece of paper saying he and his family were " +"bankrupt." +msgstr "" +"Familien til Jessie blev oprøret over disse pÃ¥stande. De ønskede at kæmpe. " +"Men farbroren til Jessie gjorde en indsats for at lære familien om hvordan " +"det amerikanske juridiske systemet fungerede. Jesse kunne sloges mod RIAA. " +"Han kunne til og med vinne. Men omkostningen med at sloges mod et søgsmÃ¥l " +"som dette, blev Jesse fortalt, villes være mindst 250 000 dollar. Hvis han " +"vandt vilde han ikke fÃ¥ tilbage nogle af de pengeene. Hvis han vandt, sÃ¥ " +"villes han have en bidder papir som sagde at han vandt, og en bidder papir " +"som sagde at han og hans familie var konkurs." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " +"$12,000 and a settlement." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ Jesse havde et mafia-lignende valg: 250 000 dollar og en chance til at " +"vinde, eller 12 000 dollar og et forlig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "artists" +msgstr "artister" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "recording industry payments to" +msgstr "musikindustrien betaling til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "artist remuneration in" +msgstr "artisthonorar i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "lobbying power of" +msgstr "lobbymagten til" + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " +"(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " +"the Arts, <citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)." +msgstr "" +"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) (27–2042 " +"– Musikere og Sangere). Se ogsÃ¥ National Endowment for the Arts, " +"<citetitle>More Than One in a Blue Moon</citetitle> (2000)." + +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and Punishment,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24." +msgstr "" +"Douglas Lichtman kommer med et relateret pointe i <quote>KaZaA and " +"Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 . " +"september 2003, A24 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " +"put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " +"morality in a lawsuit like this? What is the virtue in scapegoatism? The " +"RIAA is an extraordinarily powerful lobby. The president of the RIAA is " +"reported to make more than $1 million a year. Artists, on the other hand, " +"are not well paid. The average recording artist makes $45,900.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> There are plenty of ways for the RIAA to affect " +"and direct policy. So where is the morality in taking money from a student " +"for running a search engine?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Musikindustrien insisterer pÃ¥ at dette er et spørgsmÃ¥l om lov og moral. Lad " +"os lægge loven til side for et øjeblik og tænke pÃ¥ moralen. Hvor er moralen " +"i et søgsmÃ¥l som dette? Hvad er dyden i at skabe offerlam? RIAA er en " +"specielt mægtig lobby. Præsidenten i RIAA tjener ifølge rapporter mere end " +"1 million dollar i Ã¥ret. Artister, pÃ¥ den andre side, fÃ¥r ikke godt " +"betalt. Den gennemsnitlige indspilningartist tjener 45 900 dollar." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det er utallige virkemidler som " +"RIAA kan benytte for at pÃ¥virke og styre politikken. SÃ¥ hvad er det " +"moralske i at tage penge fra en student for at drive en " +"søkemotor?<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " +"case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " +"tinkered a computer into a $15 million lawsuit became an activist:" +msgstr "" +"23 . juni overførte Jesse alle sine oppsparte midler til advokaten som " +"arbejdede for RIAA. Sagen mod ham blev trukket. Og sÃ¥dan blev unggutten " +"som havde rodet med en computer og blevet sagsøgt for 15 millioner dollar, " +"en aktivist:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " +"activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " +"foresee anything like this, but I think it's just completely absurd what the " +"RIAA has done." +msgstr "" +"Jeg var definitivt ikke en aktivist [tidligere]. Jeg mente egentligt aldrig " +"at være en aktivist. … [men] jeg har blevet skubbet ind i dette. " +"Jeg udsigte over hovedet ikke noget sÃ¥dan som dette, men jeg tror det er " +"bare helt absurd det RIAA har gjort." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " +"father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " +"I. … He's not a tree hugger. … I think it's bizarre that they " +"would pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the " +"wrong message. And he wants to correct the record.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Forældrene til Jesse afslører man vis stolthet over deres modvillige " +"aktivist. Som hans far fortalte mig, Jesse <quote>anser sig selv for at " +"være konservativ, og det samme gør jeg. … Han er ingen treklemmer. " +"… Jeg synes det er sært at de villes fortage larm med ham. Men han " +"ønsker at lade folk vide at de sender forkerte budskab. Og han ønsker at " +"korrigere rullebladet.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Four: <quote>Pirates</quote>" +msgstr "Kapitel fire: <quote>Pirater</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in development of content industry" +msgstr "i udviklingen af indholdindustri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " +"creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " +"value, then right</quote> is true—then the history of the content " +"industry is a history of piracy. Every important sector of <quote>big media</" +"quote> today—film, records, radio, and cable TV—was born of a " +"kind of piracy so defined. The consistent story is how last generation's " +"pirates join this generation's country club—until now." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Hvis <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> betyder</" +"emphasis> at bruge den kreative ejendommen til andre uden deres tilladelse " +"– hvis <quote>hvis værdi, sÃ¥ rettighed</quote> er tilfælde – da " +"er historie til indholdindustrien en historie om piratvirksomhed. Hver " +"eneste vigtige sektor af <quote>store medier</quote> i dag – film, " +"plader, radio og kabel-TV – kom fra en slags piratvirksomhed efter den " +"definitionen. Den konsekvente fortællingen er at forrige generation pirater " +"bliver del af denne generations borgerskap – indtil nu." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Film" +msgstr "Film" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hollywood film industry" +msgstr "Hollywoods filmindustri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "film industry" +msgstr "filmindustri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "patents" +msgstr "patenter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on film technology" +msgstr "om filmteknologi" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " +"for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 87–93, which details " +"Edison's <quote>adventures</quote> with copyright and patent." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Jeg er taknemmelig til Peter " +"DiMauro for at have peget mig i retning af denne ekstraordinære historie. " +"Se ogsÃ¥ Sivede Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</" +"citetitle>, 87–93, som fortæller detaljer om Edisons <quote>eventyr</" +"quote> med ophavsret og patent." + +#. PAGE BREAK 67 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " +"Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape " +"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. " +"These controls were exercised through a monopoly <quote>trust,</quote> the " +"Motion Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative " +"property—patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this " +"creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it " +"demanded." +msgstr "" +"Filmindustrien i Hollywood var bygget op af flygtende pirater.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Skabere og regissører flyttede fra østkysten " +"til California tidlig i det tyvende Ã¥rhundredet delvis for at slippe fra " +"kontrollerne som patenter gav den som fandt op at fortage film, Thomas " +"Edison. Disse kontroller blev udøvet gennem et monopol<quote>kartel,</" +"quote> The Motion Pictures Patents Company, og var baseret pÃ¥ Thomas Edisons " +"kreative ejerrettigheder – patenter. Edison stiftede MPPC for at " +"udøvede rettighederne som disse kreative ejerrettigheder gav ham, og MPPC " +"var seriøs med de krav om kontrol som de fremmede:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," +msgstr "Som en kommentator fortæller en del af historie," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " +"license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " +"independents protested the trust and carried on business without submitting " +"to the Edison monopoly. In the summer of 1909 the independent movement was " +"in full-swing, with producers and theater owners using illegal equipment and " +"imported film stock to create their own underground market." +msgstr "" +"En tidsfrist blev sat til januar 1909 for alle selskaber at komme i " +"overensstemmelse med licensen. Da februar kom, protesterede de ulisensierte " +"fredløse, som refererede til sig selv som uafhængige, mod kartellet, og " +"fortsatte sin forretningsvirksomhet uden at bøje sig for Edisons monopol. " +"Sommeren 1909 var bevægelsen med uafhængige i fuld sving, med producenter og " +"biografejere som brugte ulovligt udstyr og importerede filmlager for at " +"oprette sit eget undergrundmarked." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fox, William" +msgstr "Fox, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "General Film Company" +msgstr "General Film Company" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Picker, Randal C." +msgstr "Picker, Randal C." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "broadcast flag" +msgstr "kringkastingsflagg" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " +"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " +"expanded texts posted at <quote>The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion " +"Picture Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws,</quote> available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a " +"discussion of the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits " +"imposed by Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, <quote>From Edison " +"to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the " +"Propertization of Copyright</quote> (September 2002), University of Chicago " +"Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. " +"159. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " +"Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) og " +"udvidede tekster lagt ud pÃ¥ <quote>The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion " +"Picture Patents Company vs. the Independent Outlaws,</quote> tilgængeligt " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For en " +"diskussion om det økonomiske motivet bag begge disse begrænsninger, og " +"begrænsningerne pÃ¥lagt af Victor pÃ¥ fonografer, se Randal C. Picker, " +"<quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal " +"and the Propertization of Copyright</quote> (september 2002), University of " +"Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working " +"Paper No. 159 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " +"nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " +"forming a strong-arm subsidiary known as the General Film Company to block " +"the entry of non-licensed independents. With coercive tactics that have " +"become legendary, General Film confiscated unlicensed equipment, " +"discontinued product supply to theaters which showed unlicensed films, and " +"effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film " +"exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " +"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Med et land som sÃ¥ en kolossal øgning i antal billige biografer, sÃ¥kaldte " +"nickelodeons, reagerede patentselskabet pÃ¥ uafhængige-bevægelsen med at " +"stifte General Film Company, et hardhendt datterselskab oprettet for at " +"blokere ankomsten af de ulisensierte uafhængige. Med tvangtaktikker som har " +"blevet legendariske, konfiskerede General Film ulisensiert udstyr, stoppede " +"varelevering til biografer som viste ulisensiert film, og effektivt " +"monopoliserede distribution ved at købe op alle USAs filmcentraler, med " +"undtagelse af den ene som var ejet af den uafhængige William Fox som modstod " +"kartellet selv efter at hans licens var trukket tilbage.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f3 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " +"Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #12</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " +"Majority</citetitle>, arkiveret pÃ¥ <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #12</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " +"like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " +"resisted. <quote>Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and " +"<quote>accidents</quote> resulting in loss of negatives, equipment, " +"buildings and sometimes life and limb frequently occurred.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the independents to " +"flee the East Coast. California was remote enough from Edison's reach that " +"filmmakers there could pirate his inventions without fear of the law. And " +"the leaders of Hollywood filmmaking, Fox most prominently, did just that." +msgstr "" +"Napsterne i de dage, de <quote>uafhængige,</quote> var selskaber som Fox. " +"Og ikke mindre end i dag blev disse uafhængige intenst modarbejdet. " +"<quote>Optagelse blev afbrudt af stjÃ¥let maskineri, og <quote>uheld</quote> " +"som førte til tabte negativer, udstyr, bygninger og nogle gange liv og " +"lemmer skete ofte.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette " +"fik de uafhængige til at flygte til østkysten. California var fjernt nok " +"fra Edisons indflydelse til at filmskaberne der kunne røve hans nyvindinger " +"uden at frygte loven. Og lederne blandt Hollywoods filmskabere, Fox mest " +"fremtrædende, gjorde akkurat dette." + +#. PAGE BREAK 68 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " +"law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " +"truly <quote>limited</quote> monopoly (just seventeen years at that time), " +"by the time enough federal marshals appeared, the patents had expired. A new " +"industry had been born, in part from the piracy of Edison's creative " +"property." +msgstr "" +"California voksede naturligvis raskt, og effektiv hÃ¥ndhevelse af føderale " +"hÃ¥ndflade bredte sig til slutning vestover. Men fordi patenter tildeler " +"patentindehaveren et i sandhed <quote>begrænset</quote> monopol (kun sytten " +"Ã¥r pÃ¥ den tiden), sÃ¥ var patenterne utgÃ¥tt før nok føderale lovmenn dukket " +"op . En ny industri var født, delvis fra piratvirksomhed mod Edisons " +"kreative rettigheder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Recorded Music" +msgstr "Optaget musik" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on music recordings" +msgstr "om musikindspilninger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " +"requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." +msgstr "" +"Musikindustrien blev født af en anden type piratvirksomhed, dog for at " +"forstÃ¥ hvordan kræver det at man sætter sig ind i detaljer om hvordan loven " +"regulerer musik." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" +msgstr "Fourneaux, Henri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Russel, Phil" +msgstr "Russel, Phil" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " +"reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " +"law gave composers the exclusive right to control copies of their music and " +"the exclusive right to control public performances of their music. In other " +"words, in 1900, if I wanted a copy of Phil Russel's 1899 hit <quote>Happy " +"Mose,</quote> the law said I would have to pay for the right to get a copy " +"of the musical score, and I would also have to pay for the right to perform " +"it publicly." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ den tiden da Edison og Henri Fourneaux fandt op maskiner for at " +"reproducere musik (Edison fonografen, Fourneaux det automatiske pianoet), " +"gav loven komponister eksklusive rettigheder til at kontrollere kopier af " +"sin musik, og eksklusive rettigheder til at kontrollere fremføringer af sin " +"musik. Med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønskede et kopi af Phil Russels " +"populære lød <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> sagde loven at jeg mÃ¥tte betale for " +"rettigheden til at fÃ¥ en kopi af notearkene, og jeg mÃ¥tte ogsÃ¥ betale for " +"at have ret til at fremføre det offentligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Beatles" +msgstr "Beatles" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " +"phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " +"enough that I would have to buy any copy of the musical score that I " +"performed in making this recording. And it was clear enough that I would " +"have to pay for any public performance of the work I was recording. But it " +"wasn't totally clear that I would have to pay for a <quote>public " +"performance</quote> if I recorded the song in my own house (even today, you " +"don't owe the Beatles anything if you sing their songs in the shower), or if " +"I recorded the song from memory (copies in your brain are not—" +"yet— regulated by copyright law). So if I simply sang the song into a " +"recording device in the privacy of my own home, it wasn't clear that I owed " +"the composer anything. And more importantly, it wasn't clear whether I owed " +"the composer anything if I then made copies of those recordings. Because of " +"this gap in the law, then, I could effectively pirate someone else's song " +"without paying its composer anything." +msgstr "" +"Men hvad hvis jeg ønskede at spille ind <quote>Happy Mose</quote> ved hjælp " +"af Edisons fonograf eller Fourneaux automatiske pianoer? Her snublede " +"loven. Det var klart nok at jeg mÃ¥tte købe en kopi af noterne som jeg " +"fremførte nÃ¥r jeg gjorde indspilningen. Og det var klart nok at jeg mÃ¥tte " +"betale for enhver offentligt fremførelse af værket jeg spillede ind. Men " +"det var ikke helt klart om jeg mÃ¥tte betale for man <quote>offentligt " +"fremføring</quote> hvis jeg spillede ind sangen i mit eget hus (selv i dag " +"skylder du ingenting til Beatles hvis du synger en af jeres sange i " +"brusebadet), eller hvis jeg spillede ind sangen fra hukommelsen (kopier i " +"din hjerne er ikke – endnu – reguleret af Ã¥ndsverksloven). SÃ¥ " +"hvis jeg ganske enkelt sang sangen ind i et indspilningapparat i mit eget " +"hjem, sÃ¥ var det ikke klart at jeg skyldte komponisten noget. Og endnu " +"vigtigere, det var ikke klart om jeg skyldte komponisten noget hvis jeg sÃ¥ " +"fortog kopier af disse indspilninger. PÃ¥ grund af dette hulet i loven, sÃ¥ " +"kunne jeg i effekt røve nogle andres sang uden at betale dets komponist " +"noget." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" +msgstr "Kittredge, Alfred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " +"pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Komponisterne (og utgiverne) var ikke rigtigt glade for denne anledning til " +"at røve. Som Senator Alfred Kittredge fra Syd-Dakota formulerede " +"det:<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " +"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " +"sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " +"chairman), reprinted in <citetitle>Legislative History of the Copyright Act</" +"citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N." +"J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Endre og slÃ¥ sammen lovforslag om at respektere ophavsreten: Høring om S. " +"6330 og H.R. 19853 foran (fælles)-komiteerne om patenter, 59 . kongr. 59, 1 " +". siddeplads. (1906) (udtalelse til senator Alfred B. Kittredge fra Syd-" +"Dakota, formand), gengivet i <citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 " +"Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. Fulton Brylawski og Abe Goldman, red. (South " +"Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " +"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. " +"Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and " +"deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher " +"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Forestill I denne urettferdigheten. En komponist skriver en sang eller en " +"opera. En utgiver køber rettighederne til denne for en høj sum, og " +"registrerer ophavsreten til den. SÃ¥ kommer de fonografiske selskaberne og " +"selskaberne som skærer musikruller, og med vidende og vilje stjæler arbejdet " +"som kommer fra hjernen til komponisten og utgiveren uden at genere sig om " +"[deres] rettigheder.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sousa, John Philip" +msgstr "Sousa, John Philip" + +#. f5 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " +"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." +msgstr "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (udtalelse fra " +"Nathan Burkan, advokat for the Music Publishers Association)." + +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " +"Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." +msgstr "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (udtalelse fra " +"Nathan Burkan, advokat for the Music Publishers Association)." + +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " +"John Philip Sousa, composer)." +msgstr "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (udtalelse fra " +"John Philip Sousa, komponist)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " +"were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " +"American composers,</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and the " +"<quote>music publishing industry</quote> was thereby <quote>at the complete " +"mercy of this one pirate.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " +"As John Philip Sousa put it, in as direct a way as possible, <quote>When " +"they make money out of my pieces, I want a share of it.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Innovatørerne som udviklede teknologien for at spille ind andres arbejde, " +"<quote>snyltede pÃ¥ indsatsen, arbejdede, talentet og geniet til amerikanske " +"komponister,</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og " +"<quote>musikforlagbranchen</quote> var dermed <quote>fuldstændig underlagt " +"denne pirat.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Som John " +"Philip Sousa formulerede det, sÃ¥ direkte som det kan siges, <quote>nÃ¥r de " +"tjener penge pÃ¥ mine stykker, sÃ¥ vil jeg have en andel.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "American Graphophone Company" +msgstr "American Graphophone Company" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "player pianos" +msgstr "automatiske pianoer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Congress, U.S." +msgstr "Kongressen i USA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on copyright laws" +msgstr "om Ã¥ndsverklover" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on recording industry" +msgstr "om indspilningindustri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "statutory licenses in" +msgstr "lovbestemmte licenser i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "statutory license system in" +msgstr "lovbestemmte licenssystemer i" + +#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " +"(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " +"Company of New York)." +msgstr "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " +"(udtalelse fra Albert Walker, repræsentant for the Auto-Music Perforating " +"Company of New York)." + +#. f9 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " +"memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " +"Graphophone Company Association)." +msgstr "" +"To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (forberedt " +"indlæg fra Philip Mauro, bosspatentrÃ¥dgiver for the American Graphophone " +"Company Association)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " +"arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " +"argued that <quote>it is perfectly demonstrable that the introduction of " +"automatic music players has not deprived any composer of anything he had " +"before their introduction.</quote> Rather, the machines increased the sales " +"of sheet music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In any case, the " +"innovators argued, the job of Congress was <quote>to consider first the " +"interest of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.</" +"quote> <quote>All talk about <quote>theft,</quote></quote> the general " +"counsel of the American Graphophone Company wrote, <quote>is the merest " +"claptrap, for there exists no property in ideas musical, literary or " +"artistic, except as defined by statute.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse argumenter høres omtrent ud som argumenterne fra vores dage. Det " +"samme gør argumenterne fra den andre side. Oppfinnerne som udviklede det " +"automatiske pianoet argumenterede med at <quote>det er fuldt muligt at vise " +"at introduktionen af automatiske musikspillere ikke har frataget nogen " +"komponist noget han havde før det blev introduceret.</quote> I stedet øgede " +"maskinerne salget af noteark.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Uanset, argumenterede oppfinnerne, jobbet til kongressen var <quote>at først " +"vurdere interessen til [folket], som de repræsenterede, og som de skal tjene." +"</quote> <quote>Alt snak om <quote>tyveri</quote>,</quote> skrev " +"bossjuristen til American Graphophone Company, <quote>er kun nonsens, for " +"det findes ingen ejendom i musikalske idéer, skriftligt eller kunstnerisk, " +"undtaget det som er defineret i loven.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cover songs" +msgstr "coverlÃ¥ter" + +#. PAGE BREAK 70 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer <emphasis>and</" +"emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that " +"composers would be paid for the <quote>mechanical reproductions</quote> of " +"their music. But rather than simply granting the composer complete control " +"over the right to make mechanical reproductions, Congress gave recording " +"artists a right to record the music, at a price set by Congress, once the " +"composer allowed it to be recorded once. This is the part of copyright law " +"that makes cover songs possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of " +"his song, others are free to record the same song, so long as they pay the " +"original composer a fee set by the law." +msgstr "" +"Loven løste snart denne kamp i favør af <emphasis>bÃ¥de</emphasis> " +"komponisten og indspilningartisten. Kongressen ændrede loven sÃ¥dan at " +"komponisten fik betalt for den <quote>mekaniske reproduktionen</quote> af " +"deres musik. Men i stedet for at ganske enkelt give komponisten fuld " +"kontrol over rettigheden til at fortage mekaniske reproduktioner, gav " +"Kongressen indspilningartister retten til at spille ind musik, til en pris " +"sad af Kongressen, sÃ¥ snart komponisten har tilladt at den blev spillet ind " +"en gang. Det er denne del af Ã¥ndsverksloven som gør cover-lyder muligt. SÃ¥ " +"snart en komponist tillader en indspilning af sin sang, har andre mulighed " +"til at spille ind samme sang, sÃ¥ længe de betaler den originale komponisten " +"et gebyr fastsat af loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "compulsory license" +msgstr "tvanglicens" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "statutory licenses" +msgstr "lovbestemmte licenser" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " +"I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " +"license is a license whose key terms are set by law. After Congress's " +"amendment of the Copyright Act in 1909, record companies were free to " +"distribute copies of recordings so long as they paid the composer (or " +"copyright holder) the fee set by the statute." +msgstr "" +"Amerikansk lov kalder dette sædvanligvis en <quote>tvanglicens,</quote> men " +"jeg vil referere til dette som en <quote>lovbestemmt licens.</quote> En " +"lovbestemmt licens er en licens hvis nøglevilkÃ¥r er bestemt i lovværket. " +"Efter kongressens ændring af Ã¥ndsverkloven i 1909, stod pladeselskaberne " +"frit til at distribuere kopier af indspilninger sÃ¥ længe som de betalte " +"komponisten (eller ophavsretindehaveren) gebyret specificeret i lovværket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Grisham, John" +msgstr "Grisham, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " +"novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " +"publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants " +"for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, " +"and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's " +"work except with permission of Grisham." +msgstr "" +"Dette er et undtagelse i Ã¥ndsverkloven. NÃ¥r John Grisham skriver en roman, " +"sÃ¥ kan man utgiver kun udgive denne roman hvis Grisham giver utgiveren " +"tilladelse til det. Grisham stÃ¥r frit til at kræve hvilken som hilst " +"betaling for den tilladelsen. Prisen for at publicere Grisham er dermed " +"bestemt af Grisham, og Ã¥ndsverkloven siger at du ikke har tilladelse til at " +"bruge Grishams værk med mindre du har tilladelse fra Grisham." + +#. f10 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. " +"11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 " +"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " +"<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. " +"Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman " +"Reprints, 1976)." +msgstr "" +"Ændring i Ã¥ndsverkloven: Høring om S. 2499, S.2900, H.R. 243, og H.R. 11794 " +"foran (fælles)-komiteen om patenter, 60 . kongr., 1 . siddeplads., 217 " +"(1908) (udtalelse fra senator Reed Smooth, formand), gengivet i " +"<citetitle>Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act</citetitle>, E. " +"Fulton Brylawski og Abe Goldman, red. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman " +"Reprints, 1976)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " +"effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " +"through a kind of piracy—by giving recording artists a weaker right " +"than it otherwise gives creative authors. The Beatles have less control over " +"their creative work than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less " +"control are the recording industry and the public. The recording industry " +"gets something of value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public " +"gets access to a much wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress " +"was quite explicit about its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was " +"the monopoly power of rights holders, and that that power would stifle " +"follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men loven som styrer indspilninger giver indspilningartisten mindre. Og " +"dermed er effekten at loven <emphasis>subsidierer</emphasis> musikindustrien " +"med et slags piratvirksomhed – ved at give indspilningartister en " +"svagere rettighed end de giver kreative forfattere. The Beatles har mindre " +"kontrol over deres kreative værker end Grisham har. Og de som nyder godt " +"af at de har mindre kontrol, er musikindustrien og folket. Musikindustrien " +"fÃ¥r noget af værdi for mindre end de ellers mÃ¥tte betalt, og befolket fÃ¥r " +"tilgang til en større mængde musikalsk kreativitet. Kongressen var faktisk " +"vældig eksplisitt i sine grunde for at dele ud denne rettighed. Den " +"frygtede monopolmagten til rettighedindehaverne, og at denne magt skulle " +"kvæle pÃ¥følgende kreativitet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " +"historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " +"records. As a 1967 report from the House Committee on the Judiciary relates," +msgstr "" +"Mens musikindustrien har været ganske stille om dette i det sidste, har de " +"historisk været højlydte tilhængere af den lovbestemte licensen for " +"indspilninger. Som det stod i en rapport fra 1967 udgivet af House " +"Committee on the Judiciary:" + +#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " +"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March 1967). " +"I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report." +msgstr "" +"Ændring af Ã¥ndsverkloven: Rapport som følger H.R. 2512, House Committee on " +"the Judiciary, 90 . Kongr., 1 . siddeplads., House Document no. 83, (8 . " +"marts 1967). Jeg er taknemmelig til Glenn Brown for at have gjort mig " +"opmærksom pÃ¥ denne rapport." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " +"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-" +"dollar business of great economic importance in the United States and " +"throughout the world; records today are the principal means of disseminating " +"music, and this creates special problems, since performers need unhampered " +"access to musical material on nondiscriminatory terms. Historically, the " +"record producers pointed out, there were no recording rights before 1909 and " +"the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory license as a deliberate anti-" +"monopoly condition on the grant of these rights. They argue that the result " +"has been an outpouring of recorded music, with the public being given lower " +"prices, improved quality, and a greater choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Pladeproducenterne argumenterede energisk for at tvanglicenssystemet mÃ¥tte " +"bevares. De tog udgangspunkt i at musikindustrien er et forretningsomrÃ¥de " +"pÃ¥ en halv milliard dollar som er rigtigt vigtigt for økonomien i USA og " +"resten af værdet. Plader er i dag den vigtigste mÃ¥den at brede musik, og " +"dette fører til specielle problemer, siden udøvere behøver uhindret tilgang " +"til musikalsk materiale pÃ¥ ikke-diskriminerende vilkÃ¥r. Pladeproducenterne " +"pegede pÃ¥ at historisk var det ingen indspilningrettigheder føder 1909, og " +"1909-ændringen i lovværket vedtog tvanglicensen som en gennemtænkt mekanisme " +"for at undgÃ¥ monopol da de tildelte disse rettigheder. De argumenterer med " +"at resultatet har været at det har strømmet pÃ¥ med optaget musik, at folket " +"har fÃ¥et lavere priser, bedre kvalitet og flere valg.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " +"work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." +msgstr "" +"Ved at begrænse rettighederne musikere havde, ved at delvis røve deres " +"kreative værker, fik indspilningproducenterne, og folket, fordele." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Radio" +msgstr "Radio" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "radio broadcast and" +msgstr "radiokringkasting og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." +msgstr "Radio kom ogsÃ¥ fra piratvirksomhed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hand, Learned" +msgstr "Hand, Learned" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " +"the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " +"Broadcast</quote> and other messages purporting to restrict the ability to " +"play a record on a radio station. Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument " +"that a warning attached to a record might restrict the rights of the radio " +"station. See <citetitle>RCA Manufacturing Co</citetitle>. v. " +"<citetitle>Whiteman</citetitle>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also " +"Randal C. Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of " +"Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright,</quote> " +"<citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 281. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sektion 106 og 110 . I " +"begyndelsen skrev nogle pladeselskaber <quote>Ikke licensieret for " +"radiokringkasting</quote> og andre meldinger som gav indtryk af at begrænse " +"muligheden til at spille en plade pÃ¥ en radiostation. Domme Learned Hand " +"afviste argumentet om at en advarsel klisteret pÃ¥ en plade kunne begrænse " +"rettighederne til radiostationen. Se <citetitle>RCA Manufacturing Co</" +"citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Whiteman</citetitle>, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. " +"1940). Se ogsÃ¥ Randal C. Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast " +"Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright," +"</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): " +"281 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " +"<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or " +"copyright holder) an exclusive right to public performances of his work. " +"The radio station thus owes the composer money for that performance." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r en radiostation spiller en plade pÃ¥ luften, sÃ¥ udgør dette en " +"<quote>offentlig fremføring</quote> af komponistens værk.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Som jeg beskrev over, giver loven komponisten " +"(eller ophavsretindehaveren) en eksklusiv ret til offentlige fremføringer af " +"hans værker. Radiostationen skylder dermed komponisten penge for denne " +"fremføringen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "music recordings played on" +msgstr "musikindspilninger spillet pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lovett, Lyle" +msgstr "Lovett, Lyle" + +#. PAGE BREAK 72 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " +"of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " +"performing a copy of the <emphasis>recording artist's</emphasis> work. It's " +"one thing to have <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> sung on the radio by the " +"local children's choir; it's quite another to have it sung by the Rolling " +"Stones or Lyle Lovett. The recording artist is adding to the value of the " +"composition performed on the radio station. And if the law were perfectly " +"consistent, the radio station would have to pay the recording artist for his " +"work, just as it pays the composer of the music for his work. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r en radiostation spiller en plade, sÃ¥ fremfører det ikke bare et " +"eksemplar af <emphasis>komponistens</emphasis> værk. Radiostationen " +"fremfører ogsÃ¥ et eksemplar af <emphasis>indspilningartisten</emphasis> " +"værk. Det er en ting at fÃ¥ <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> sunget pÃ¥ radio af " +"det lokale barnekoret. Det er noget ganske andet at fÃ¥ det sunget af " +"Rolling Stones eller Lyle Lovett. Indspilningartisten lægger til værdi pÃ¥ " +"kompositionen fremført af radiostationen. Og hvis loven var fuldstændigt " +"konsistent, sÃ¥ burde radiostationen ogsÃ¥ været nødt til at betale " +"indspilningartisten for sit værk, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som den betaler komponisten " +"af musikken for sit værk. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " +"station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " +"only pay the composer. The radio station thus gets a bit of something for " +"nothing. It gets to perform the recording artist's work for free, even if it " +"must pay the composer something for the privilege of playing the song." +msgstr "" +"Men det gør den ikke. Ifølge loven som styrer radiofremføringer, behøver " +"ikke radiostationen at betale noget til indspilningartisten. Radiostationen " +"behøver kun at betale komponisten. Radiostationen fÃ¥r dermed noget uden " +"at betale. Den fÃ¥r fremføre indspilningartisten værk gratis, selv om den mÃ¥ " +"betale komponisten noget for privilegiet det er at spille sangen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Madonna" +msgstr "Madonna" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " +"it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " +"performances of that music. So if Madonna wants to sing your song in public, " +"she has to get your permission." +msgstr "" +"Denne forskel kan blive stor. Forestill dig at du komponerer et stykke " +"musik. Se for dig at det er dit første stykke. Du ejer de eksklusive " +"rettighederne til at godkende offentligt fremføring af den musikken. SÃ¥ " +"hvis Madonna ønsker at synge din sang offentligt, mÃ¥ hun fÃ¥ din tilladelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " +"decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " +"our law, every time a radio station plays your song, you get some money. But " +"Madonna gets nothing, save the indirect effect on the sale of her CDs. The " +"public performance of her recording is not a <quote>protected</quote> right. " +"The radio station thus gets to <emphasis>pirate</emphasis> the value of " +"Madonna's work without paying her anything." +msgstr "" +"Tænk dig videre at hun synger din sang, og at hun kanlide den rigtigt godt. " +"Hun bestemmer sig derefter for at spille ind din sang, og den bliver en " +"populær hitsang. Med vores lov vil du fÃ¥ lidt penge hver gang en " +"radiostation spiller din sang. Men Madonna fÃ¥r ingenting, bortset fra de " +"indirekte effekterne fra salg af hendes CD-er. Den offentlige fremføringen " +"af hendes indspilning er ikke en <quote>beskyttet</quote> rettighed. " +"Radiostationen fÃ¥r dermed <emphasis>røve</emphasis> værdien af Madonna " +"arbejde uden at betale hende nogle ting." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. " +"On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the performance rights " +"they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily gives the creator " +"the right to make this choice. By making the choice for him or her, the law " +"gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing." +msgstr "" +"Uden tvivl kan man argumentere for at indspilningartisterne totalt set " +"tjener pÃ¥ dette. I snit er reklamen de fÃ¥r værd mere end " +"fremføringsrettighetene de siger fra sig. MÃ¥ske. Men selv om det er sÃ¥dan " +", sÃ¥ giver loven sædvanligvis skaberen retten til at gøre dette valg. Ved " +"at gøre valget for ham eller hende, gear loven radiostationen ret til at " +"tage noget uden at betale." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cable TV" +msgstr "Kabel-TV" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cable television" +msgstr "kabel-TV" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." +msgstr "Kabel-TV kom ogsÃ¥ fra en form for piratvirksomhed." + +#. PAGE BREAK 73 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " +"television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " +"they echoed to their customers. Even when the cable companies started " +"selling access to television broadcasts, they refused to pay for what they " +"sold. Cable companies were thus Napsterizing broadcasters' content, but more " +"egregiously than anything Napster ever did— Napster never charged for " +"the content it enabled others to give away." +msgstr "" +"Da kabel-TV-grundlæggere først begyndte at koble op lokalmiljø med kabel-TV " +"i 1948, nægtede de fleste at betale kringkasterne for indholdet som de " +"sendte videre til sine kunder. Selv da kabelselskaberne begyndte at sælge " +"tilgang til TV-kringkastinger, nægtet de at betale for det de solgte. " +"Kabelselskaberne Napsteriserte dermed kringkasternes indhold, men grovere " +"end det Napster nogensinde gjorde – Napster tog aldrig betalt for " +"indholdet som det blev muligt for andre at give væk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Anello, Douglas" +msgstr "Anello, Douglas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Burdick, Quentin" +msgstr "Burdick, Quentin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." +msgstr "Hyde, Rosel H." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " +"Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " +"on the Judiciary, 89th Cong., 2nd sess., 78 (1966) (statement of Rosel H. " +"Hyde, chairman of the Federal Communications Commission). <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ændring i Ã¥ndsverkloven – Kabel-TV: Høring om S. 1006 foran " +"underkomiteen om patenter, varemærker og ophavsret af Senate Committee on " +"the Judiciary, 89 . Kongr., 2 . siddeplads., 78 (1966) (udtalelse fra Rosel " +"H. Hyde, styreleder i den føderale kommunikationkommissionen.<placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f14 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " +"general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." +msgstr "" +"Ændring i Ã¥ndsverkloven – Kabel-TV, 116 (udtalelse fra Douglas A. " +"Anello, bossjuristen i Nasjonalforeningen for kringkastere)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " +"Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " +"and potentially destructive competition.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> There may have been a <quote>public interest</quote> in " +"spreading the reach of cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to " +"the National Association of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick " +"during testimony, <quote>Does public interest dictate that you use somebody " +"else's property?</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another " +"broadcaster put it," +msgstr "" +"Kringkastere og ophavsretindehavere var raske til at angribe dette tyveri. " +"Rosel Hyde, styreleder i FCC, sÃ¥ praksissen som en slags <quote>uretfærdig " +"og potentielt ødelæggende konkurrence.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Det kan have været en <quote>offentlig interesse</quote> i at øge " +"spredningen til kabel-TV, men som Douglas Anello, bossjurist hos " +"Nasjonalforeningen for kringkastere spurgte senator Quentin Burdick om under " +"sit vidneudsagn, <quote>Dikterer offentlig interesse at du kan bruge nogle " +"andres ejendom?</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Som en " +"anden udsender formulerede det:" + +#. f15 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " +"general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." +msgstr "" +"Ændring i Ã¥ndsverkloven – Kabel-TV, 126 (udtalelse fra Ernest W. " +"Jennes, bossjurist ved Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.). " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " +"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Den usædvanlige tingen med kabel-TV-selskaberne er at det er de eneste " +"selskaberne jeg ved om hvor produktet som bliver solgt ikke er betalt for." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" +msgstr "Igen, kravene til ophavsretindehaverne virkede rimelige nok:" + +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " +"president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " +"Artists Television, Inc.)." +msgstr "" +"Ændring i Ã¥ndsverkloven – Kabel-TV, 169 (fælles udtalelse fra Arthur " +"B. Krim, præsident i United Artists Corp. og John Sind, præsident i United " +"Artists Television Inc.)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " +"property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " +"think there is any lesser word to describe it. I think there are harsher " +"words which would fit it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Helt vi beder om er en rigtigt enkel ting, at folk som tager vores ejendom " +"gratis betaler for den. Vi forsøger at stoppe piratvirksomhed, og jeg kan " +"ikke tænke pÃ¥ et svagere ord for at beskrive det. Jeg tror det er stærkere " +"ord som villes passe.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Heston, Charlton" +msgstr "Heston, Charlton" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " +"president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Copyright Law Revision – CATV, 209 (udtalelse fra Charlton Heston, " +"præsident i Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " +"Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of compensation.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse var <quote>gratispassagerer,</quote> sagde præsidenten Charlton Heston " +"i Screen Actor's Guild, som <quote>tog lønnen fra skuespillerne.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " +"General Edwin Zimmerman put it," +msgstr "" +"Men igen, det er en anden side i debatten. Som assisterende justitsminister " +"Edwin Zimmerman sagde det:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" +msgstr "Zimmerman, Edwin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " +"acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Copyright Law Revision – CATV, 216 (udtalelse fra Edwin M. Zimmerman, " +"fungerende assisterende justitsminister). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " +"protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " +"already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " +"extend that monopoly. … The question here is how much compensation " +"they should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Vores pointe her er ikke problemet med om hvorvidt du overhovedet har " +"ophavsretbeskyttelse. Problemet her er hvorvidt ophavsretindehavere som " +"allerede bliver kompenseret, som allerede har et monopol, skal fÃ¥ lov til at " +"udvide dette monopol. … SpørgsmÃ¥let er hvor mange kompensation de " +"bør have, og hvor langt de kan strække sin ret pÃ¥ kompensation.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " +"held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." +msgstr "" +"Opphavsrettinnehaverne tog kabelselskaberne for retten. Højesteret fandt to " +"gange at kabelselskaber ikke skyldte ophavsretindehaverne nogle ting." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " +"whether cable companies had to pay for the content they <quote>pirated.</" +"quote> In the end, Congress resolved this question in the same way that it " +"resolved the question about record players and player pianos. Yes, cable " +"companies would have to pay for the content that they broadcast; but the " +"price they would have to pay was not set by the copyright owner. The price " +"was set by law, so that the broadcasters couldn't exercise veto power over " +"the emerging technologies of cable. Cable companies thus built their empire " +"in part upon a <quote>piracy</quote> of the value created by broadcasters' " +"content." +msgstr "" +"Det tog Kongressen næsten tredive Ã¥r føder den fik løst spørgsmÃ¥let om " +"hvorvidt kabel-TV-selskaberne mÃ¥tte betale for indholdet de <quote>røvet.</" +"quote> Til slutning løste Kongressen dette spørgsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som den " +"havde løst spørgsmÃ¥let om pladespillere og automatiske pianoer. Ja, kabel-" +"TV-selskaberne mÃ¥tte betale for indholdet som de udsendede/udsendte, men " +"prisen de mÃ¥tte betale blev ikke sat af ophavsretindehaveren. Prisen blev " +"fastsat ved lov, sÃ¥dan at kringkasterne ikke kunne udøve vetomagt over den " +"nye kabel-TV-teknologien. Kabel-TV-selskaberne byggede dermed sit imperium " +"delvis ved at <quote>røve</quote> værdien skabt af kringkasternes indhold." + +#. f19 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " +"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " +"Information</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #13</ulink>. <quote>The threat of piracy—the use of " +"someone else's creative work without permission or compensation—has " +"grown with the Internet.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Se for eksempel National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " +"Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet – The Myth of " +"Free</citetitle>Information , tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. <quote>Truslen fra piratvirksomhed " +"– brugen af nogle andres kreative værker uden tilladelse eller " +"kompensation – har vokset med Internet.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " +"theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " +"creative property without permission from that creator—as it is " +"increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"— then <emphasis>every</emphasis> industry affected by copyright today " +"is the product and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, " +"radio, cable TV. … The list is long and could well be expanded. Every " +"generation welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation—until " +"now." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Disse separate historie</emphasis> synger en fælles " +"melodi. Hvis <quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> betyder at bruge værdien fra " +"nogle andres kreative ejendom uden tilladelse fra dets skaber – sÃ¥dan " +"det stadig oftere beskrives i dag <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"– da er <emphasis>enhver</emphasis> industri pÃ¥virket af ophavsret i " +"dag et produkt af dem som har nyt godt af forskellige former for " +"piratvirksomhed. Film, plader, radio, kabel-TV. … Listen er lang, " +"og kunne været længere. Hver generation ønsker piraterne fra den forrige " +"velkommen. Hver generation – indtil nu." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Five: <quote>Piracy</quote>" +msgstr "Kapitel fem: <quote>Piratvirksomhed</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted material. " +"Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant is " +"commercial piracy, the unauthorized taking of other people's content within " +"a commercial context. Despite the many justifications that are offered in " +"its defense, this taking is wrong. No one should condone it, and the law " +"should stop it." +msgstr "" +"Det røves opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Massevis. Og denne pirat " +"virksomheden antager mange former. Den mest betydningsfulde er kommerciel " +"piratvirksomhed, det at tage andres indhold uden tilladelse i en kommerciel " +"setting. PÃ¥ trods af de mange forklaringer om hvorfor dette er fint som " +"fremføres i dets forsvar, sÃ¥ er dette galt. Ingen bør gÃ¥ god for det, og " +"loven bør stoppe det." + +#. PAGE BREAK 76 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of <quote>taking</" +"quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, " +"seems wrong to many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this " +"taking <quote>piracy,</quote> however, we should understand its nature a bit " +"more. For the harm of this taking is significantly more ambiguous than " +"outright copying, and the law should account for that ambiguity, as it has " +"so often done in the past." +msgstr "" +"Men pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med piratkopiering, sÃ¥ findes det anden mÃ¥de <quote>at " +"tage</quote> pÃ¥ som er mere direkte relateret til Internet. Denne mÃ¥de at " +"tage virker galt for mange, og det er galt meget af tiden. Men før vi " +"kalder det at tage pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de for <quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> bør vi " +"dog forstÃ¥ dets natur lidt mere. For skaden som denne form for at tage " +"pÃ¥fører er betydeligt mere tvetydig end direkte kopiering, og lovværket bør " +"tage hensyn til denne tvetydigheten, sÃ¥dan det ofte har gjort tidligere . " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Piracy I" +msgstr "Piratvirksomhed I" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" +msgstr "Asien, kommerciel piratvirksomhed i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CDs" +msgstr "CD-er" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "foreign piracy of" +msgstr "udenlandsk piratvirksomhed mod" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " +"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " +"July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#14</ulink>. See also Ben Hunt, <quote>Companies Warned on Music Piracy Risk," +"</quote> <citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 February 2003, 11." +msgstr "" +"Se IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " +"<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " +"juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #14</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Ben Hunt, <quote>Companies Warned on Music " +"Piracy Risiko,</quote> <citetitle>Financial Times</citetitle>, 14 . februar " +"2003, 11 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " +"businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " +"copy it, and sell it—all without the permission of a copyright owner. " +"The recording industry estimates that it loses about $4.6 billion every year " +"to physical piracy<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (that works out " +"to one in three CDs sold worldwide). The MPAA estimates that it loses $3 " +"billion annually worldwide to piracy." +msgstr "" +"Over hele værdet, men specielt i Asien og Øst-Europa, er det selskaber som " +"ikke gør andet end at tage andre folks opphavsrettsbeskyttede indhold, " +"kopierer det og sælger det – alt uden tilladelse fra ophavsretejeren. " +"Musikindustrien estimerer at de taber rundt 4,6 milliarder dollar hvert Ã¥r " +"pÃ¥ fysisk piratvirksomhed <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> (det " +"bliver ca. en af tre CD-er solgt pÃ¥ verdenbasis). MPAA estimerer at de " +"taber 3 milliarder dollar pÃ¥ verdenbasis pÃ¥ piratvirksomhed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " +"in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " +"book, should draw into doubt this simple point: This piracy is wrong." +msgstr "" +"Dette er enkelt og fint piratvirksomhed. Ingenting i argumentet i denne " +"bog, og heller ikke i argumentet til de fleste folkene som omtaler temaet i " +"denne bog, bør trække i tvivl dette enkle pointe: SÃ¥dan piratvirksomhed er " +"galt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. " +"We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred years " +"of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We were " +"born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem hypocritical " +"for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations treat as wrong " +"what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, treated as right." +msgstr "" +"Hvilket ikke er at sige at unnskyldninger og begrundelser ikke kan fortages " +"alligevel . Vi kan, for eksempel, minde os selv pÃ¥ at for de første hundrede " +"Ã¥rene der USA var republik, respekterede ikke USA udenlandske " +"ophavrettigheder. Vi blev pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de skabt som en piratnation. Det kan " +"dermed synes hyklersk for os at insistere sÃ¥ stærkt pÃ¥ at andre " +"udviklingsland skal behandle som galet det vi, for de første hundrede Ã¥rene " +"vi eksisterede, behandlede som rigtigt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " +"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American works. " +"Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the " +"permission of foreign authors were not violating any rule. The copy shops " +"in Asia, by contrast, are violating Asian law. Asian law does protect " +"foreign copyrights, and the actions of the copy shops violate that law. So " +"the wrong of piracy that they engage in is not just a moral wrong, but a " +"legal wrong, and not just an internationally legal wrong, but a locally " +"legal wrong as well." +msgstr "" +"Denne unnskyldningen er ikke specielt vektig. Teknisk set forbød ikke " +"vores lovværk at tage udenlandske værker. Det begrænsede sig eksplisitt til " +"amerikanske værker. Dermed brød de amerikanske forleggerne, som publicerede " +"udenlandske værker uden tilladelse fra de udenlandske forfattere, ikke nogle " +"skrøner. Kopieringsselskapene i Asien bryder derimod loven i Asien. " +"Lovene i Asien beskytter udenlandsk ophavsret, og aktiviteten til kopierings-" +"selskaberne bryder den loven. SÃ¥ det at piratvirksomheden er galt er ikke " +"bare moralsk galt, men juridisk galt. Og ikke bare galt efter international " +"lovgiving, men ogsÃ¥ juridisk galt efter lokal lovgiving." + +#. PAGE BREAK 77 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. " +"No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to protect " +"copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, but we " +"will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." +msgstr "" +"Jodene, disse skrøner har i praksis blevet pÃ¥tvunget disse lande. Intet land " +"kan være del af verdenøkonomien, og vælge at ikke beskytte ophavsret " +"internationalt. Vi blev mÃ¥ske skabt som en piratnation, men vi tillader " +"ingen anden nation at have en tilsvarende barndom." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "agricultural patents" +msgstr "landbrugpatenter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Drahos, Peter" +msgstr "Drahos, Peter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " +"<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " +"Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual " +"Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates member nations to create " +"administrative and enforcement mechanisms for intellectual property rights, " +"a costly proposition for developing countries. Additionally, patent rights " +"may lead to higher prices for staple industries such as agriculture. Critics " +"of TRIPS question the disparity between burdens imposed upon developing " +"countries and benefits conferred to industrialized nations. TRIPS does " +"permit governments to use patents for public, noncommercial uses without " +"first obtaining the patent holder's permission. Developing nations may be " +"able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign patents at lower prices. " +"This is a promising strategy for developing nations within the TRIPS " +"framework. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who " +"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"10–13, 209 . Aftalen om handelsrelaterte aspekterne af immaterielle " +"rettigheder (TRIPS) forpligter medlemnationerne til at fÃ¥ pÃ¥ plads " +"administrative og hÃ¥ndhevingsmekanismer for immaterielle rettigheder, " +"hvilket er et kostoverskæg forslag for udviklingsland. I tillæg kan " +"patentrettigheder føre til højere priser for grundlæggende industrier som " +"landbrug. Kritikerne af TRIPS stiller spørgsmÃ¥l om afvigelsen mellem " +"belastningen den lægger pÃ¥ utviklingland og fordelene den giver til " +"industrialiserede land. TRIPS tillader myndigheder at bruge patenter til " +"ikke-kommercielle formÃ¥l som kommer folket til gode uden at først fÃ¥ " +"tilladelse fra patentindehaveren. Udviklingsland kan være i stand til at " +"bruge dette til at fÃ¥ fordelene fra udenlandske patenter til lavere priser. " +"Dette er en lovende strategi for udviklingsland indenfor TRIPS-rammeværket. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " +"laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " +"nations live gives them some opportunities to escape the burden of " +"intellectual property law.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In my " +"view, more developing nations should take advantage of that opportunity, but " +"when they don't, then their laws should be respected. And under the laws of " +"these nations, this piracy is wrong." +msgstr "" +"Men alligevel, hvis et land skal behandles som selvstændigt, da er landets " +"hÃ¥ndflade landets love, uafhængigt af deres kilde. De internationale lovene " +"som disse lande lever efter gear dem nogle muligheder til at slippe fra " +"byrden til immaterielle rettighetslover.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Efter mit syner burde flere udviklingsland udnytte den " +"muligheden, men nÃ¥r de ikke gør det, bør deres hÃ¥ndflade alligevel " +"respekteres. Og i følge lovene i disse lande, er piratvirksomhed galt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" +msgstr "Liebowitz, Stan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " +"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " +"Amacom, 2002), 144–90. <quote>In some instances … the impact of " +"piracy on the copyright holder's ability to appropriate the value of the " +"work will be negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the " +"individual engaging in pirating would not have purchased an original even if " +"pirating were not an option.</quote> Ibid., 149. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For en analyse af den økonomiske effekten af kopieringsteknologi, se Stan " +"Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " +"Amacom, 2002), 144–190 . <quote>I nogle tilfælde … vil effekten " +"af piratvirksomhed pÃ¥ ophavsretindehaveren mulighed til at nyde godt af " +"værdien af værket være neglisjerbart. Et Ã¥benbaret tilfælde er der hen " +"individet som tager nyder godt af piratvirksomheden ikke villes have købt " +"originalen selv om piratvirksomhed ikke var en mulighed.</quote> Ibid., 149 " +". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " +"case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " +"American CDs at 50 cents a copy are not people who would have bought those " +"American CDs at $15 a copy. So no one really has any less money than they " +"otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Alternativt, sÃ¥ kan vi forsøge at undskylde denne pirat virksomheden ved at " +"lægge mærke til at det uanset ikke skader industrien. Kineserne, som fÃ¥r " +"tilgang til amerikanske CD-er for 50 cent pr. udgave, er ikke folk som " +"villes købt disse CD-ene for 15 dollar per udgave. SÃ¥ ingen har egentligt " +"noget mindre penge end de ellers villes haft.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " +"of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " +"have taken), and it does mitigate to some degree the harm caused by such " +"taking. Extremists in this debate love to say, <quote>You wouldn't go into " +"Barnes & Noble and take a book off of the shelf without paying; why " +"should it be any different with on-line music?</quote> The difference is, of " +"course, that when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less " +"book to sell. By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, " +"there is not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the " +"intangible are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible." +msgstr "" +"Dette er ofte rigtigt (selv om jeg har venner som har købt flere tusind " +"piratkopierte DVD-er, og som helt klart har nok penge til at betale for " +"indholdet de har taget), og det begrænser til en vis grad skaden forÃ¥rsaget " +"af at tage pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de. Ekstremister i denne debat elsker at sige, " +"<quote>Du villes ikke gÃ¥ ind pÃ¥ Barnes & Noble og tage en bog fra " +"hylden der hen uden at betale. Hvorfor skulle det være noget anderledes med " +"musik pÃ¥ nettet?</quote> Forskellen er, naturligvis, at nÃ¥r du tager en bog " +"fra Barnes & Noble sÃ¥ er det en mindre bog som kan sælges. Dette er " +"forskelligt fra nÃ¥r du tager en MP3 fra et datanetværk, der det ikke bliver " +"en mindre CD som kan sælges. Fysikken til røving af det uhÃ¥ndgripelige er " +"forskellig fra fysikken til røving af det hÃ¥ndgripelige." + +#. PAGE BREAK 78 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " +"right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property right. " +"Like all property rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide " +"the terms under which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want " +"to sell, she doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory " +"licenses that apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the " +"copyright owner. Those licenses give people the right to <quote>take</quote> " +"copyrighted content whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But " +"where the law does not give people the right to take content, it is wrong to " +"take that content even if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property " +"system, and that system is properly balanced to the technology of a time, " +"then it is wrong to take property without the permission of a property " +"owner. That is exactly what <quote>property</quote> means." +msgstr "" +"Dette er alligevel et rigtigt dÃ¥rligt argument. For selv om ophavsreten er " +"en ejendomret af en rigtigt speciel type, sÃ¥ <emphasis>er</emphasis> det en " +"ejendomret. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med alle ejendomretter giver ophavsreten " +"ejeren retten til at bestemme vilkÃ¥rene for nÃ¥r indholdet bliver delt. Hvis " +"ophavsretejeren ikke ønsker at sælge, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ hun ikke det. Det findes " +"undtagelse: vigtige lovbestemte licenser som gælder for " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold uafhængigt af ønsket til ophavsretejeren. " +"Disse licenser giver folk retten til at <quote>tage</quote> " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold uafhængigt af om ophavsretejeren ønsker at " +"sælge eller ikke. Men der loven ikke giver folk retten til at tage indhold, " +"sÃ¥ er det galt at tage det indholdet selv om det ikke gør nogle skadede at " +"gøre dette gale. Hvis vi har et ejendomsystem, og det systemet er " +"skikkeligt balanceret op mod teknologien pÃ¥ et givet tidspunkt, sÃ¥ er det " +"galt at tage ejendom uden tilladelse fra ejendomejeren. Det er nøjagtigt " +"hvad <quote>ejendom</quote> betyder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in Asia" +msgstr "i Asien" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "open-source software" +msgstr "Ã¥ben kildekode-software" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" +msgstr "fri software/Ã¥ben kildekode-software (FS/OS)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" +msgstr "GNU/Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Linux operating system" +msgstr "Linux-operativsystemet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "competitive strategies of" +msgstr "konkurransemessige strategier for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Windows" +msgstr "Windows" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "international software piracy of" +msgstr "international piratkopiering af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Windows operating system of" +msgstr "Windows-operativsystemet til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " +"piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese <quote>steal</" +"quote> Windows, that makes the Chinese dependent on Microsoft. Microsoft " +"loses the value of the software that was taken. But it gains users who are " +"used to life in the Microsoft world. Over time, as the nation grows more " +"wealthy, more and more people will buy software rather than steal it. And " +"hence over time, because that buying will benefit Microsoft, Microsoft " +"benefits from the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the " +"Chinese used the free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users " +"would not eventually be buying Microsoft. Without piracy, then, Microsoft " +"would lose." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning kan vi forsøge at undskylde denne pirat virksomheden med " +"argumentet om at piratvirksomheden faktisk hjælper ophavsretejeren. NÃ¥r " +"kineserne <quote>stjæler</quote> Windows, sÃ¥ gør det kineserne afhængigt af " +"Microsoft. Microsoft mister værdien til programvaren som blev taget, men " +"det vinder brugere som er vandt til livet i Microsoft-verden. Over tid, " +"efterhÃ¥nden som nationen bliver mere velstÃ¥ende, vil flere og flere folk " +"købe software i stedet for at stjæle den. Og dermed over tid, pÃ¥ grund af " +"at disse køber kommer Microsoft til gode, vil Microsoft tjene pÃ¥ " +"piratvirksomheden. Hvis kineserne i stedet for at piratkopiere Windows, " +"brugte det frit tilgængelige operativsystemet GNU/Linux, sÃ¥ villes dirre " +"kinesiske brugerne ikke til slutning købe Microsoft. Uden piratvirksomheden " +"villes dermed Microsoft tabe." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "law" +msgstr "lov" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "databases of case reports in" +msgstr "databaser med saksrapporter om" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. " +"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for " +"example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The " +"companies marketing both hope the students will become so used to their " +"service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become " +"lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." +msgstr "" +"Det er ogsÃ¥ noget sandt i dette argument. Å gøre folk afhængigt er en god " +"strategi. Mange selskaber praktiserer det. Nogle gør det godt pÃ¥ grund af " +"det. Juices-studenter, for eksempel, fÃ¥r gratis tilgang til de to største " +"juridiske databaserne. Begge selskaberne markedsfører dette i hÃ¥b om at " +"studenterne vil blive sÃ¥ vandt til deres tjenester at de vil ønske at bruge " +"deres tjeneste, og ikke konkurrentens nÃ¥r de bliver advokater (og mÃ¥ betale " +"høj abonnementafgift)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Netscape" +msgstr "Netscape" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Internet Explorer" +msgstr "Internet Exporer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " +"a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " +"more likely that he will buy the next three. Instead, we ordinarily allow " +"businesses to decide for themselves when it is best to give their product " +"away. If Microsoft fears the competition of GNU/Linux, then Microsoft can " +"give its product away, as it did, for example, with Internet Explorer to " +"fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right " +"to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " +"properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " +"access, then violating the law is still wrong." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel er ikke dette argument specielt overbevisende. Vi giver ikke " +"alkoholikeren et forsvar nÃ¥r han stjæler sin første øl, kun pÃ¥ grund af at " +"det vil gøre det mere sandsynligt at han vil betale for de tre næste. I " +"stedet lader vi sædvanligvis bedrifter bestemme selv nÃ¥r det er bedst for " +"dem at give væk sine produkter. Hvis Microsoft frygter konkurrencen fra GNU/" +"Linux, sÃ¥ kan Microsoft give væk sit produkt, sÃ¥dan de for eksempel gjorde " +"med Internet Explorer for at bekæmpe Netscape. En ejendomret betyder at " +"lade ejendomejeren have retten til at sige hvem som fÃ¥r tilgang til hvad " +"– i hvert fald sædvanligvis. Og hvis loven balancerer skikkeligt " +"rettighederne til ophavrettighedejeren med rettighederne for tilgang, sÃ¥ er " +"det at bryde loven fortsat galt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 79 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " +"certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " +"justifying commercial piracy simply don't cut it. This kind of piracy is " +"rampant and just plain wrong. It doesn't transform the content it steals; it " +"doesn't transform the market it competes in. It merely gives someone access " +"to something that the law says he should not have. Nothing has changed to " +"draw that law into doubt. This form of piracy is flat out wrong." +msgstr "" +"Dermed, selv om jeg forstÃ¥r dragningen mod disse begrundelser for " +"piratvirksomhed, og helt klart ser motivationen, sÃ¥ er konklusionen efter " +"mit syner til slutning, at disse forsøg pÃ¥ at begrunde kommerciel " +"piratvirksomhed ganske enkelt ikke holder. Denne type piratvirksomhed er " +"krampaktig, og ganske enkelt galt. Den ændrer ikke indholdet den stjæler, " +"den ændrer ikke markedet den konkurrerer i. Den giver kun nogle tilgang " +"til noget som loven siger at han ikke skulle haft. Ingenting har ændret sig " +"som skaber tvivl om denne lov. Denne form for piratvirksomhed er slet og " +"ret galt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " +"suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " +"is. Or at least, not all <quote>piracy</quote> is wrong if that term is " +"understood in the way it is increasingly used today. Many kinds of " +"<quote>piracy</quote> are useful and productive, to produce either new " +"content or new ways of doing business. Neither our tradition nor any " +"tradition has ever banned all <quote>piracy</quote> in that sense of the " +"term." +msgstr "" +"Men som eksemplerne fra de fire kapitlerne som introducerede denne del " +"foreslÃ¥r, selv om noget piratvirksomhed helt klart er galt, er ikke al " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> galt. Eller i det mindste er ikke al " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> galt hvis udtrykket skal forstÃ¥s sÃ¥dan det i " +"stadigt større grad bliver brugt i dag . Mange typer " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> er nyttigt og produktivt, enten for at " +"producere nyt indhold, eller nye mÃ¥der at drive forretninger pÃ¥. Hverken " +"vores tradition eller nogle anden tradition har nogensinde bandlyst al " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote> i den betydningen af udtrykket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " +"concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " +"understand the harm in peer-to-peer sharing a bit more before we condemn it " +"to the gallows with the charge of piracy." +msgstr "" +"Dette betyder ikke at det ikke er rejst nogen spørgsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ grund af den " +"nyeste piratvirksomhetsbekymringen, peer-to-peer-fildeling. Men det betyder " +"at vi behøver at forstÃ¥ skaden i peer-to-peer-deling lidt mere før vi dømmer " +"den til galgen med anklager om piratvirksomhed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " +"controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " +"simply exploits a new way to distribute content; but (3) unlike cable TV, no " +"one is selling the content that is shared on p2p services." +msgstr "" +"For (1) pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som det oprindelige Hollywood, rømmer p2p-fildeling " +"fra en alt for kontrollerende industri, og (2) pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som den " +"oprindelige indspilningindustrien, udnytter den ganske enkelt nye mÃ¥der at " +"brede indhold pÃ¥, men (3) til forskel fra kabel-TV er det ingen som sælger " +"indholdet som bliver delt med p2p-tjenester." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " +"us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." +msgstr "" +"Disse forskelle skiller p2p-deling fra virkelig piratvirksomhed. Forskellen " +"bør fÃ¥ os til at finde en mÃ¥de at beskytte kunstnerne mens vi gør det muligt " +"for denne delingen at overleve." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Piracy II" +msgstr "Piratvirksomhed II" + +#. f4 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 Eng. Rep. " +"1274 (1777)." + +#. PAGE BREAK 80 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " +"that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This means we must determine whether and how much " +"p2p sharing harms before we know how strongly the law should seek to either " +"prevent it or find an alternative to assure the author of his profit." +msgstr "" +"Nøglen til <quote>piratvirksomheden</quote>, som loven tager sigte pÃ¥ at " +"skvise, er den brugen som <quote>røver forfatteren for profiten.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette betyder vi mÃ¥ afgøre " +"hvorvidt og hvor mange p2p-deling skader før vi ved hvor stærkt loven bør " +"søge at enten hindre det, eller finde et alternativ for at sikre sin " +"forfatter profit." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fanning, Shawn" +msgstr "Fanning, Shawn" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." +msgstr "Christensen, Clayton M." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " +"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " +"That Changed the Way We Do Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, " +"2000). Professor Christensen examines why companies that give rise to and " +"dominate a product area are frequently unable to come up with the most " +"creative, paradigm-shifting uses for their own products. This job usually " +"falls to outside innovators, who reassemble existing technology in inventive " +"ways. For a discussion of Christensen's ideas, see Lawrence Lessig, " +"<citetitle>Future</citetitle>, 89–92, 139. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Se Clayton M. Christensen, " +"<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bæstceller " +"That Changed the Way We Do Business</citetitle> (New York: HarperBusiness, " +"2000). Professor Christensen undersøger hvorfor selskaber som giver ophav " +"til og dominerer et produktomrÃ¥de ofte ikke er i stand til at komme op med " +"de mest kreative, paradigmeskiftende mÃ¥derne at bruge deres egen produkter " +"pÃ¥. Denne job ender som oftest op hos oppfinnere udefra, som sætter sammen " +"eksisterende teknologi pÃ¥ nyskabende mÃ¥der. For en diskussion om " +"Christensens idéer, se Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Future</citetitle>, " +"89–92, 139 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. " +"But the inventors of the Napster technology had not made any major " +"technological innovations. Like every great advance in innovation on the " +"Internet (and, arguably, off the Internet as well<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"4\"/>), Shawn Fanning and crew had simply put together components " +"that had been developed independently." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> Peer-to-peer-deling blev gjort berømt af " +"Napster. Men oppfinnerne af Napster-teknologien havde ikke gjort nogle " +"store teknologiske nyskabninger. Som ethvert stort steg i nyskabningen pÃ¥ " +"Internet (og, kan det argumenteres for, udenfor Internet<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"4\"/>) havde Shawn Fanning og hans beskæftigede " +"ganske enkelt sat sammen deler som havde blevet udviklet uafhængigt af " +"hinanden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kazaa" +msgstr "Kazaa" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "number of registrations on" +msgstr "antal registreringer pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "replacement of" +msgstr "erstatning for" + +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,</" +"quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, " +"A1; <quote>Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,</quote> <citetitle>New Scientist</" +"citetitle>, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, <quote>Napster Names CEO, " +"Secures New Financing,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" +"citetitle>, 23 May 2003, C1; <quote>Napster's Wake-Up Call,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, " +"<quote>Hollywood at War with the Internet</quote> (London) <citetitle>Times</" +"citetitle>, 26 July 2002, 18." +msgstr "" +"Se Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,</" +"quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 . september 2002, " +"A1; <quote>Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,</quote> <citetitle>New Scientist</" +"citetitle>, 6 . juli 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, <quote>Napster Names CEO, " +"Secures New Financing,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</" +"citetitle>, 23 . maj 2003, C1; <quote>Napster's Wake-Up Call,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 24 . juni 2000, 23; John Naughton, " +"<quote>Hollywood at War with the Internet</quote> (London) <citetitle>Times</" +"citetitle>, 26 . juli 2002, 18 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The result was " +"spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster amassed over 10 " +"million users within nine months. After eighteen months, there were close to " +"80 million registered users of the system.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"3\"/> Courts quickly shut Napster down, but other services emerged to take " +"its place. (Kazaa is currently the most popular p2p service. It boasts over " +"100 million members.) These services' systems are different architecturally, " +"though not very different in function: Each enables users to make content " +"available to any number of other users. With a p2p system, you can share " +"your favorite songs with your best friend— or your 20,000 best friends." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Resultatet var en " +"eksplosion. Efter lansering i juli 1999, samlet Napster over 10 millioner " +"brugere i løbet af ni mÃ¥neder. Efter atten mÃ¥neder var det næsten 80 " +"millioner registrerede brugere af systemet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Rettsaker skød Napster raskt ned, men andre tjenester dukket op " +"for at overtage pladsen. (Kazaa er for tiden den mest populære p2p-" +"tjenesten. Den skryder af over 100 millioner medlemmer.) Disse tjenester " +"har en anderledes arkitektur selv om de ikke er rigtigt forskellige i " +"funktion: Hver af dem gør det muligt for brugerne at gøre indhold " +"tilgængeligt til et ubegrænset antal andre brugere. Med et p2p-system kan " +"du dele dine favoritsange med dine bedste venner – eller dine 20 000 " +"bedste vænner." + +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " +"Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " +"Americans aged twelve and older have downloaded music off of the Internet " +"and 30 percent have listened to digital music files stored on their " +"computers." +msgstr "" +"Se Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " +"Distribution</citetitle> (september 2002), som rapporterer at 28 procent af " +"amerikanere ældre end tolv Ã¥r havde lastet musik ned fra Internet og 30 " +"procent havde lyttet til digitale musikkfiler lagret pÃ¥ sine computere." + +#. f8 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." +msgstr "" +"Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 . juni 2003, A1 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " +"tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " +"estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music—28 percent of " +"Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey " +"by the NPD group quoted in <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> " +"estimated that 43 million citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange " +"content in May 2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast " +"majority of these are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive " +"quantity of content is being <quote>taken</quote> on these networks. The " +"ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing networks have inspired millions to " +"enjoy music in a way that they hadn't before." +msgstr "" +"Ifølge en række estimater har en stor andel af amerikanere testet " +"fildelingsteknologi. En studie fra Ipsos-Insight i september 2002 " +"estimerede at 60 millioner amerikanere har lastet ned musik – 28 " +"procent af amerikanerne over 12 Ã¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"En spørreundersøkelse fra NPD-gruppen citeret i <citetitle>The New York " +"Times</citetitle> estimerede at 43 millioner indbyggere brugte " +"fildelingsnettverk for at udveksle indhold i maj 2003 .<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> De aller fleste af dem er ikke unger. Uanset " +"hvad de egentlige tallene er, en massiv mængde indhold bliver <quote>taget</" +"quote> pÃ¥ disse netværk. Enkelheten og den lave omkostningen til " +"fildelingsnettverkene har inspireret millioner til at nyde musik pÃ¥ mÃ¥der de " +"ikke før havde gjort." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. " +"And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " +"calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one " +"might think. So consider—a bit more carefully than the polarized " +"voices around this debate usually do—the kinds of sharing that file " +"sharing enables, and the kinds of harm it entails." +msgstr "" +"Noget af denne nytelsen involverer brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten. Noget af den gør " +"det ikke. Og selv for den delen som teknisk set er brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten, er " +"det at beregne den faktiske skaden som er pÃ¥ført ophavsretejerne mere " +"kompliceret end en skulle tro. Vurder – lidt mere omhyggelige end de " +"polariserede stemmerne i denne debat sædvanligvis gør – de forskellige " +"typer deling som fildeling muliggjør, og hvad slags skader de indebærer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "four types of" +msgstr "fire typer af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "range of content on" +msgstr "variation i indhold pÃ¥" + +#. PAGE BREAK 81 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " +"kinds into four types." +msgstr "" +"Fildelerne deler forskellige typer indhold. Vi kan dele disse forskellige " +"typer ind i fire typer." + +#. A. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " +"content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " +"these users simply take it. We might quibble about whether everyone who " +"takes it would actually have bought it if sharing didn't make it available " +"for free. Most probably wouldn't have, but clearly there are some who " +"would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " +"of purchasing." +msgstr "" +"Det er nogle som bruger delingsnettverk som erstatning for at købe indhold. " +"Dermed vil disse i stedet for at købe nÃ¥r en ny Madonna-CD bliver givet ud, " +"ganske enkelt tage den. Vi kan diskutere om alle som tager den villes have " +"købt den hvis deling ikke gjorde den gratis tilgængelig. De fleste villes " +"sandsynligvis ikke det, men det er Ã¥benbaret nogle som villes det. Den " +"sidste gruppen er mÃ¥let for kategori A: Brugere som laster ned i stedet for " +"at købe." + +#. B. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " +"it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " +"of. The other friend then buys CDs by that artist. This is a kind of " +"targeted advertising, quite likely to succeed. If the friend recommending " +"the album gains nothing from a bad recommendation, then one could expect " +"that the recommendations will actually be quite good. The net effect of this " +"sharing could increase the quantity of music purchased." +msgstr "" +"Det er nogle som bruger delingsnettverk til at teste musik føder de køber " +"den. For eksempel kan nogle sende en MP3 til en af sine venner med en " +"artist han aldrig har hørt om. Denne ven køber sÃ¥ CD-er af denne artist. " +"Dette er en slags mÃ¥lrettet reklame som har stor succesrate. Hvis en ven " +"som anbefaler albummet ikke har nogle fordele af at give en dÃ¥rlig " +"anbefaling, sÃ¥ kan man forvente at anbefalingene faktisk vil være ganske " +"gode. Totaleffekten af denne delingen kan øge antallet musik som bliver " +"købt." + +#. C. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " +"that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " +"transaction costs off the Net are too high. This use of sharing networks is " +"among the most rewarding for many. Songs that were part of your childhood " +"but have long vanished from the marketplace magically appear again on the " +"network. (One friend told me that when she discovered Napster, she spent a " +"solid weekend <quote>recalling</quote> old songs. She was astonished at the " +"range and mix of content that was available.) For content not sold, this is " +"still technically a violation of copyright, though because the copyright " +"owner is not selling the content anymore, the economic harm is zero—" +"the same harm that occurs when I sell my collection of 1960s 45-rpm records " +"to a local collector." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som bruger delingsnettverk for at fÃ¥ tilgang til " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold som ikke længere er til salgs, eller som de " +"ikke villes have købt pÃ¥ grund af at transaktionomkostningerne pÃ¥ nettet er " +"for høje. Denne brug af delingsnettverk er blandt den mange finner mest " +"givende. Sange som var del af din barndom, men som har forsvundet fra " +"markedet, dukker magisk op igen pÃ¥ nettet. (En ven fortalte mig at da hun " +"opdagede Napster, tilbrakte hun en hel hellig med <quote>at mimre</quote> " +"over gamle sange. Hun var overrasket over omfanget og variationen i indhold " +"som var tilgængeligt. For indhold som ikke bliver solgt, sÃ¥ er dette " +"fortsat teknisk set brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten, selv om det pÃ¥ grund af at " +"ophavsretejeren ikke længere sælger indholdet, sÃ¥ er den økonomiske skaden " +"nul – den samme skade som inntreffer nÃ¥r jeg sælger min samling med 45-" +"rpm grammofonplader fra 1960-tallet til en lokal samler." + +#. PAGE BREAK 82 +#. D. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " +"that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning er det mange som bruger delingsnettverk for at fÃ¥ tilgang til " +"indhold som ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller der hen ophavsretejeren " +"ønsker at give det væk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" +msgstr "Hvordan balancerer disse forskellige delingstypene?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " +"148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " +"148–49 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " +"the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " +"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. " +"Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to " +"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise " +"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to " +"answer—and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric " +"around the issue suggests." +msgstr "" +"Lad os starte med nogle enkle, men vigtige pointer. Fra lovens perspektiv " +"er det kun type-D-deling som helt klart er lovligt . Fra et økonomisk " +"perspektiv er det kun type-A-deling som helt klart forÃ¥rsager skade." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type-B-deling er ulovlig men giver " +"klare fordele. Type-C-deling er ulovlig, men godt for samfundet (siden mere " +"eksponering til musik er god), og ufarlig for artisterne (siden virket " +"ellers ikke er tilgængeligt). SÃ¥ det er vanskeligt at afgøre hvordan " +"deling kommer ud totalt set – og helt klart meget vanskeligere end den " +"gældende retorikken rundt temaet giver indtryk af." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " +"type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " +"complained about piano rolls, recording artists complained about radio, and " +"broadcasters complained about cable TV, the music industry complains that " +"type A sharing is a kind of <quote>theft</quote> that is <quote>devastating</" +"quote> the industry." +msgstr "" +"Hvorvidt deling er skadeligt/skadelig totalt set, er rigtigt afhængigt af " +"hvor skadelig type-A-deling er. SÃ¥dan Edison klagede over Hollywood, " +"komponister klagede over pianoruller, pladeartister klagede over radio, og " +"kringkastere klagede over kabel-TV, klager musikindustrien over at type-A-" +"deling er et slags <quote>tyveri</quote> som vil <quote>ødelægge</quote> " +"industrien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cassette recording" +msgstr "kassettebÃ¥ndoptagelse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "VCRs" +msgstr "Videospillere/opptakere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "DAT (digital audio tape)" +msgstr "DAT (digital audio tape)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution " +"and the Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This " +"report describes the music industry's effort to stigmatize the budding " +"practice of cassette taping in the 1970s, including an advertising campaign " +"featuring a cassette-shape skull and the caption <quote>Home taping is " +"killing music.</quote> At the time digital audio tape became a threat, the " +"Office of Technical Assessment conducted a survey of consumer behavior. In " +"1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten had taped music to a cassette " +"format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, " +"<citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law</" +"citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, " +"October 1989), 145–56." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Se Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution " +"and the Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3 . " +"Denne rapport beskriver musikindustrien indsats for at stigmatisere den " +"voksende praksis med at tage op pÃ¥ kassettebÃ¥nd pÃ¥ 1970-tallet, inkluderet " +"en reklamekampagne med en kasse-formet hodeskalle og udtrykt <quote>Home " +"taping is killing music.</quote> PÃ¥ det tidspunktet som digitale " +"lydkassetter blev en trussel, udførte the Office of Technical Assessment en " +"spørreundersøkelse om forbrukeroppførsel. I 1988 havde 40 procent af " +"forbrukerne ældre end ti taget op musik pÃ¥ et kassettebÃ¥ndformat. U.S. " +"Congress, Office of Technology Assessment, <citetitle>Copyright and Home " +"Copying: Technology Challenges the Law</citetitle>, OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, " +"D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, oktober 1989), 145–56 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " +"to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " +"technology for any drop in sales. The history of cassette recording is a " +"good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young put it, " +"<quote>Rather than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels " +"fought it.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels " +"claimed that every album taped was an album unsold, and when record sales " +"fell by 11.4 percent in 1981, the industry claimed that its point was " +"proved. Technology was the problem, and banning or regulating technology was " +"the answer." +msgstr "" +"Mens disse tal jo indikerer at deling er skadeligt/skadelig, sÃ¥ er det " +"vanskeligere at finde ud hvor skadeligt/skadelig den er. Det har længe " +"været praksis for pladebranchen at skylde pÃ¥ teknologi for al nedgang i " +"salg. Historie til kassettebÃ¥ndoptagelse er et godt eksempel. Som det blev " +"formuleret i en studie af Cap Gemini Ernst & Young: <quote>I stedet for " +"at udforske denne nye populære teknologien, sloges selskaberne imod den.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Selskaberne pÃ¥stod at hvert " +"album som blev taget op pÃ¥ kassettebÃ¥nd, var et album som ikke blev solgt, " +"og da pladesalget henhørte med 11,4 procent i 1981, pÃ¥stod industrien at " +"dets pointe var bevist. Teknologien var problemet, og forbud eller " +"regulering af teknologien var svaret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "MTV" +msgstr "MTV" + +#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." +msgstr "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " +"regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. " +"<quote>In the end,</quote> Cap Gemini concludes, <quote>the <quote>crisis</" +"quote> … was not the fault of the tapers—who did not [stop " +"after MTV came into being]—but had to a large extent resulted from " +"stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ikke længe herpÃ¥, og før kongressen fik muligheden til at introducere " +"reguleringer, blev MTV lanceret, og industrien fik et rekordopsving. " +"<quote>Til slutning,</quote> konkluderede Cap Gemini, <quote>var ikke " +"<quote>krisen</quote> … forÃ¥rsaget af de som tog op pÃ¥ kassettebÃ¥nd " +"– som ikke [tog slutning efter at MTV dukkede op] – men havde i " +"stor grad været resultatet af en stagnation i musiknyskabningen hos de store " +"selskaberne.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " +"today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " +"in particular, and society in general—or at least the society that " +"inherits the tradition that gave us the film industry, the record industry, " +"the radio industry, cable TV, and the VCR—the question is not simply " +"whether type A sharing is harmful. The question is also <emphasis>how</" +"emphasis> harmful type A sharing is, and how beneficial the other types of " +"sharing are." +msgstr "" +"Men det at industrien har taget fejl før, betyder ikke at de tager fejl i " +"dag. For at evaluere den virkelige truslen som p2p-deling repræsenterer for " +"industrien specielt, og samfundet generelt – eller i hvert fald det " +"samfundet som arvede traditionen som gav os filmindustrien, pladeindustrien, " +"radioindustrien, kabel-TV og videospilleren – sÃ¥ er ikke spørgsmÃ¥let " +"kun om type-A-deling er skadelig. SpørgsmÃ¥let er ogsÃ¥ <emphasis>hvor</" +"emphasis> skadelig type-A-deling er, og hvor nyttige de andre typer deling " +"er." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " +"standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " +"<quote>net harm</quote> to the industry as a whole is the amount by which " +"type A sharing exceeds type B. If the record companies sold more records " +"through sampling than they lost through substitution, then sharing networks " +"would actually benefit music companies on balance. They would therefore have " +"little <emphasis>static</emphasis> reason to resist them." +msgstr "" +"Vi gÃ¥r i gang med at svare pÃ¥ dette spørgsmÃ¥l ved at fokusere pÃ¥ netto " +"skade, set fra industrien som helhed, som delingsnettverkene forÃ¥rsager. " +"<quote>Netto skade</quote> for industrien som helhed er værdien af type-A-" +"deling som overgÃ¥r type B. Hvis pladeselskaberne solgte flere plader som " +"resultat af at folk testet musikken end de taber gennem at man lader være at " +"købe, sÃ¥ har delingsnettverkene totalt set faktisk været til fordel for " +"musikselskaberne. De villes dermed have lille grund til at " +"<emphasis>ændre</emphasis> holdninger, og til at modarbejde dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "sales levels of" +msgstr "salgniveau for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " +"sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " +"it might be close." +msgstr "" +"Kan det være rigtigt? Kan industrien som helhed øge i omfang pÃ¥ grund af " +"fildeling? Selv om det kan høres mærkeligt ud, sÃ¥ viser faktisk salgtal for " +"CD-er at det ikke er langt fra sandheden." + +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " +"Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See " +"Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>Some Facts About Music " +"Piracy</citetitle>, 25 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: <quote>In the past four years, unit " +"shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion " +"units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the United States (based on units " +"shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are down 14 percent, from $14.6 " +"billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on U.S. dollar value of " +"shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from a $39 billion " +"industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based on U.S. " +"dollar value of shipments).</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Se Foreningen for musikindustri i USA, <citetitle>2002 Yearend Statistics</" +"citetitle>, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #15</ulink>. En senere rapport indikerer endnu større tab. Se " +"Foreningen for musikindustri i USA, <citetitle>Some Facts About Music " +"Piracy</citetitle>, 25 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: <quote>I de sidste fire Ã¥rene har " +"antal udsendinge af enheder optaget musik henhørt med 26 procent fra 1,16 " +"milliarder enheder til 860 millioner enheder i 2002 i USA (baseret pÃ¥ antal " +"udsendet/udsendt). I salg er omsætning reduceret med 14 procent, fra 14,6 " +"milliarder dollar til 12,6 milliarder dollar sidste Ã¥r (baseret pÃ¥ US dollar-" +"værdi for udsendingene). Musikindustrien pÃ¥ verdenbasis har gÃ¥et ned fra at " +"være en 39 milliarder dollars industri i 2000 til at blive en 32 milliarder " +"dollars industri i 2002 (baseret pÃ¥ US dollarværdi for udsendinge.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Black, Jane" +msgstr "Black, Jane" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " +"13 February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " +"13 . februar 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #17</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " +"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few years. The " +"RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many other " +"causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, reports a " +"more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since 1999. That no " +"doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising prices could " +"account for at least some of the loss. <quote>From 1999 to 2001, the average " +"price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could " +"also account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of " +"<citetitle>BusinessWeek</citetitle> notes, <quote>The soundtrack to the film " +"<citetitle>High Fidelity</citetitle> has a list price of $18.98. You could " +"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I 2002 rapporterede RIAA at CD-salg havde henhørt med 8,9 procent, fra 882 " +"millioner til 803 millioner enheder, og indtægterne havde henhørt 6,7 " +"procent.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette bekræfter en trend " +"fra de sidste Ã¥rene. RIAA skylder pÃ¥ piratvirksomhed over Internet for " +"denne trend, selv om det er mange andre Ã¥rsager som kan forklare denne " +"reduktion. SoundScan rapporterede for eksempel om en reduktion pÃ¥ over 20 " +"procent siden 1999 nÃ¥r det gælder antal CD-er som er givet ud. Dette er uden " +"tvivl Ã¥rsagen til noget af nedgangen i salget. Stigende priser kan ogsÃ¥ " +"have bidraget til noget af tabet. <quote>Fra 1999 til 201 steg den " +"gennemsnitlige prisen for en CD med 7,2 procent, fra 13,04 dollar til 14,19 " +"dollar.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Konkurrence fra " +"andre typer medierne kan ogsÃ¥ forklare noget af nedgangen. Som Jane Black " +"i <citetitle>BusinessWeek</citetitle> kommenterer, <quote>Lydsporet for " +"filmen <citetitle>High Fidelity</citetitle> har en listepris pÃ¥ 19,98 " +"dollar. Du kan fÃ¥ hele filmen [pÃ¥ DVD] for 19,99 dollar.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 84 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " +"because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " +"RIAA estimates that 803 million CDs were sold, the RIAA estimates that 2.1 " +"billion CDs were downloaded for free. Thus, although 2.6 times the total " +"number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, sales revenue fell by just 6.7 " +"percent." +msgstr "" +"Men lagde os antage at RIAA har ret , at al nedgangen i CD-salg er " +"forÃ¥rsaget af deling pÃ¥ Internet. Her er hvor det skurrer: I samme periode " +"som RIAA estimerer at 803 milloner CD-er blev solgt, estimerer RIAA at 2,1 " +"milliarder CD-er blev lastet ned gratis. Dermed, selv om 2,6 gange det " +"totale antallet CD-er blev lastet ned gratis, sÃ¥ henhørt salgindtægterne med " +"kun 6,7 procent." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " +"these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " +"industry constantly asks, <quote>What's the difference between downloading a " +"song and stealing a CD?</quote>—but their own numbers reveal the " +"difference. If I steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking " +"is a lost sale. But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is " +"absolutely clear that the same is not true of downloads. If every download " +"were a lost sale—if every use of Kazaa <quote>rob[bed] the author of " +"[his] profit</quote>—then the industry would have suffered a 100 " +"percent drop in sales last year, not a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the " +"number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, and yet sales revenue dropped " +"by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge difference between " +"<quote>downloading a song and stealing a CD.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det er for mange forskellige ting som sker samtidig til at forklare disse " +"tal med sikkerhed, men en konklusion er uunngÃ¥elig: Musikindustrien spørger " +"stadig , <quote>Hvad er forskellen mellem at laste ned en sang, og at stjæle " +"en CD?</quote> – men deres egen tal afslører forskellen. Hvis jeg " +"stjæler en CD, sÃ¥ er det en mindre CD at sælge. Hvert eneste som bliver " +"taget er et tabt salg. Men baseret pÃ¥ tallene som RIAA gør tilgængeligt, sÃ¥ " +"er det helt klart at det samme ikke er sandt for nedlastinger. Hvis hver " +"nedlasting var et tabt salg – hvis hver brug af Kazaa <quote>røvede " +"forfatteren for profiten</quote> – da skulle industrien været pÃ¥ført " +"100 procent reduktion i salg i fjor, ikke en 7 procents nedgang. Hvis 2,6 " +"gange antallet solgte CD-er blev lastet ned gratis, og salgindtægterne kun " +"blev reduceret med 6,7 procent, sÃ¥ er det en stor forskel mellem at " +"<quote>laste ned en sang og at stjæle en CD.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " +"real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " +"industry. What value does it produce in addition to these costs?" +msgstr "" +"Dette er skaderne – pÃ¥stÃ¥ede og mÃ¥ske overdrevende, men lagde os " +"antage at de er reelle. Hvad er fordelene? Fildeling pÃ¥fører mÃ¥ske " +"omkostninger for pladeindustrien. Hvad slags værdi giver det i tillæg til " +"disse omkostninger?" + +#. f15 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " +"longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " +"Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on " +"the Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of " +"the Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Et estimat fortæller at 75 procent af musikken givet ud af de store " +"pladeselskaberne ikke længere trykkes op . Se Online Entertainment and " +"Copyright Law – Coming Soon to a Digital Device Near You: Høring foran " +"the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 107 . kongr., 1 . sesj. (3 . april " +"2001) (forberedt indlæg af the Future of Music Coalition), tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " +"technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " +"This is not a small category of content. There are millions of tracks that " +"are no longer commercially available.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> And while it's conceivable that some of this content is not available " +"because the artist producing the content doesn't want it to be made " +"available, the vast majority of it is unavailable solely because the " +"publisher or the distributor has decided it no longer makes economic sense " +"<emphasis>to the company</emphasis> to make it available." +msgstr "" +"En fordel er type-C-deling – at gøre indhold tilgængeligt som teknisk " +"set fortsat er opphavsrettsbeskyttet men som ikke længere er kommercielt " +"tilgængeligt. Dette er ikke en lille kategori med indhold. Det er " +"millioner af spor som ikke længere er kommercielt tilgængeligt.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og mens det kan tænkes at noget af dette " +"indholdet ikke er tilgængeligt fordi artisten som fortog indholdet ikke " +"ønsker at det bliver gjort tilgængeligt, sÃ¥ er det meste af dette " +"utilgjengelig kun fordi forlaget eller distributøren har bestemt at det ikke " +"længere giver økonomisk mening <emphasis>for selskabet</emphasis> at gøre " +"det tilgængeligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "books" +msgstr "bøge" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "resales of" +msgstr "bruktsalg af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "used record sales" +msgstr "bruktplatesalg" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " +"estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " +"were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, an increase of 20 percent " +"since 1993. See Book Hunter Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The " +"Expansion of the Used Book Market</citetitle> (2002), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Used records " +"accounted for $260 million in sales in 2002. See National Association of " +"Recording Merchandisers, <quote>2002 Annual Survey Results,</quote> " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Mens det ikke findes nogle gode " +"estimater over antallet bruktplatebutikker, sÃ¥ var det i 2002 7 7198 " +"bruktbokhandler i USA, en øgning pÃ¥ 20 procent siden 1993 . Se Book Hunter " +"Press, <citetitle>The Quiet Revolution: The Expansion of the Usæd Book " +"Market</citetitle> (2002), tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #19</ulink>. Brugte plader udgjorde 260 millioner dollar i " +"salg i 2002 . Se National Association of Recording Merchandisers, " +"<quote>2002 Annual Survey Results,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #20</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " +"response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " +"of used book and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the " +"content they buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell " +"this content, <emphasis>even if the content is still under copyright</" +"emphasis>, the copyright owner doesn't get a dime. Used book and record " +"stores are commercial entities; their owners make money from the content " +"they sell; but as with cable companies before statutory licensing, they " +"don't have to pay the copyright owner for the content they sell." +msgstr "" +"I den virkelige værdet – længe føder Internet – havde markedet " +"et enkelt svar pÃ¥ dette problem: bruktbok- og bruktplatebutikker. Det er " +"tusindvis af butikker for brugte bøger og plader i Amerika i dag." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse butikker køber indhold fra " +"ejerne, og sælger sÃ¥ videre indholdet de købte. Og ifølge amerikansk " +"Ã¥ndsverklov, nÃ¥r de køber og sælger dette indhold, <emphasis>selv om " +"indholdet fortsat er værnet af Ã¥ndsverkloven</emphasis>, sÃ¥ fÃ¥r ikke " +"ophavsretejeren et ører. Bruktbok- og bruktplatebutikkene er kommercielle " +"aktører. Deres ejere tjener penge pÃ¥ indholdet de sælger, men pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de " +"som med kabel-TV-selskaberne føder lovbestemt lisensiering, mÃ¥ de ikke " +"betale opphavsrettseierene for indholdet de sælger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "out of print" +msgstr "udsolgt fra forlaget" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" +msgstr "Bernstein, Leonard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "books on" +msgstr "bøge pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " +"stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " +"available isn't making money from making the content available. It is also " +"different, of course, because in real space, when I sell a record, I don't " +"have it anymore, while in cyberspace, when someone shares my 1949 recording " +"of Bernstein's <quote>Two Love Songs,</quote> I still have it. That " +"difference would matter economically if the owner of the copyright were " +"selling the record in competition to my sharing. But we're talking about the " +"class of content that is not currently commercially available. The Internet " +"is making it available, through cooperative sharing, without competing with " +"the market." +msgstr "" +"Type-C-deling har dermed rigtigt meget til fælles med bruktbok- og " +"bruktplatebutikker. Det er naturligvis ogsÃ¥ rigtigt forskelligt, fordi " +"personen som gør indhold tilgængeligt, ikke tjener penge pÃ¥ at gøre " +"indholdet tilgængeligt. Det er naturligvis ogsÃ¥ forskelligt fra den " +"fysiske værdet ved at nÃ¥r jeg sælger en plade, sÃ¥ har jeg den ikke længere, " +"mens pÃ¥ nettet nÃ¥r jeg deler min 1949-plade af Bernsteins <quote>Two Love " +"Songs</quote> med nogle, sÃ¥ har jeg den fortsat. Denne forskel betyder noget " +"økonomisk hvis ejeren af ophavsreten sælger pladen i konkurrence med min " +"deling. Men vi snakker om den klassen af indhold som nu ikke er kommercielt " +"tilgængeligt. Internet gør det tilgængeligt, gennem samarbejdende deling, " +"uden at konkurrere med markedet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " +"copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " +"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book stores. " +"Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be stopped, do " +"you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as well?" +msgstr "" +"Det kan godt være, nÃ¥r alle faktorer vurderes, at det villes været bedre om " +"ophavsretejeren fik noget fra denne handel. Men det at det kunne været " +"bedre, fører ikke til at det villes været en god idé at forbyde " +"bruktbokhandlere. Eller sagt pÃ¥ en anden mÃ¥de, hvis du tror type-C-deling " +"burde været stoppet, mener du ogsÃ¥ at biblioteker og bruktbokhandler ogsÃ¥ " +"burde været lukket?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "free on-line releases of" +msgstr "gratis online-udgivelser af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Doctorow, Cory" +msgstr "Doctorow, Cory" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" +msgstr "Down and Out in the Magic Kingdom (Doctorow)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 86 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " +"sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " +"have shared or for which there is no continuing copyright. This sharing " +"clearly benefits authors and society. Science fiction author Cory Doctorow, " +"for example, released his first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, both free on-line and in bookstores on the same day. " +"His (and his publisher's) thinking was that the on-line distribution would " +"be a great advertisement for the <quote>real</quote> book. People would read " +"part on-line, and then decide whether they liked the book or not. If they " +"liked it, they would be more likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D " +"content. If sharing networks enable his work to be spread, then both he and " +"society are better off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" +msgstr "" +"Til slutning, og mÃ¥ske mest vigtigt, gør fildelingsnettverk type-D-deling " +"muligt – delingen af indhold som ophavsretejerne ønsker at fÃ¥ delt, " +"eller der det ikke er værd efter Ã¥ndsverkloven. Denne delingen er klaret " +"til fordel for forfattere og samfundet. Science fiction-forfatteren Cory " +"Doctorow, for eksempel, udgav sin første roman, <citetitle>Down and Out in " +"the Magic Kingdom</citetitle>, bÃ¥de frit tilgængeligt pÃ¥ nettet og i " +"boghandler pÃ¥ samme dag. Han (og hans forlag) mente at distribution pÃ¥ " +"nettet villes være flotte markedsføring for den <quote>ægte</quote> bogen. " +"Folk villes læse dele pÃ¥ nettet, og sÃ¥ bestemme sig for om de kunnelide " +"bogen eller ikke. Hvis de kunnelide den, sÃ¥ var det mere sandsynligt at de " +"købte den. Doctorows indhold er type-D-indhold. Hvis delingsnettverkene gør " +"det muligt at brede hans værk, sÃ¥ kommer bÃ¥de han og samfundet bedre ud. " +"(Faktisk sÃ¥ kommer de meget bedre ud: det er en god bog!)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " +"no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " +"sharing destroy the opportunity for type D sharing, then we lose something " +"important in order to protect type A content." +msgstr "" +"Det samme gælder for allemannseide (public domain) værk: Denne delingen " +"gavner samfundet uden nogen juridisk skade mod forfattere i det hele taget. " +"Hvis indsatsen for at løse problemet med type-A-deling ødelægger muligheden " +"for type-D-deling, sÃ¥ mister vi noget vigtigt for at beskytte type-A-indhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " +"says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " +"<quote>How much has society gained from p2p sharing? What are the " +"efficiencies? What is the content that otherwise would be unavailable?</" +"quote>" +msgstr "" +"Pointen med alt dette er: Selv om pladeindustrien forstÃ¥eligt nok siger, " +"<quote>Dette er hvor mange vi har tabt,</quote> sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi ogsÃ¥ spørge os " +"<quote>hvor mange har samfundet fÃ¥et igen fra p2p-deling? Hvad gør os mere " +"effektive? Hvad er indholdet som ellers villes være utilgjengelig?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " +"of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " +"good. And like the piracy I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, much of this piracy is motivated by a " +"new way of spreading content caused by changes in the technology of " +"distribution. Thus, consistent with the tradition that gave us Hollywood, " +"radio, the recording industry, and cable TV, the question we should be " +"asking about file sharing is how best to preserve its benefits while " +"minimizing (to the extent possible) the wrongful harm it causes artists. The " +"question is one of balance. The law should seek that balance, and that " +"balance will be found only with time." +msgstr "" +"For til forskel fra piratvirksomheden jeg beskrev i første del af dette " +"kapitlet, er meget af <quote>piratvirksomheden</quote> som fildeling gør " +"muligt klart lovlig og god. Og i lighed med piratvirksomheden jeg beskrev i " +"kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"pirates\"/>, sÃ¥ er " +"meget af denne pirat virksomheden motiveret af de nye mÃ¥derne at brede " +"indhold pÃ¥ som er forÃ¥rsaget af ændringer i distributionteknologien. " +"Dermed, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med traditionen som gav os Hollywood, radio, " +"pladeindustrien og kabel-TV, er spørgsmÃ¥let vi bør stille os om fildeling, " +"hvordan vi bedst kan bevare dets fordele mens vi minimerer (sÃ¥ langt som " +"muligt) de uønskede skaderne de pÃ¥fører kunstnere. SpørgsmÃ¥let er et om " +"balance. Retvæsenet bør strebe efter den balancen, og den balancen bliver " +"fundet kun efter en tid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " +"target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Men er ikke krigen bare en krig mod ulovligt deling? Er ikke " +"angrepsmÃ¥let bare det du kalder type-A-deling?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "zero tolerance in" +msgstr "nultolerance i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "infringing material blocked by" +msgstr "materiale som bryder ophavsreten blokeret af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "infringement protections in" +msgstr "beskyttelser mod brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten i" + +#. f17 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " +"(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</ulink>. For an " +"account of the litigation and its toll on Napster, see Joseph Menn, " +"<citetitle>All the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's Napster</" +"citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82." +msgstr "" +"Se referat fra forhandlingerne, I Re: Napster Copyright Litigation side 34-" +"35 (N.D. Cal., 11 . juli 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #21</" +"ulink>. For man oppsummering af søgsmÃ¥let og dets effekt pÃ¥ Napster, se " +"Joseph Mænd, <citetitle>Al the Rave: The Rise and Fall of Shawn Fanning's " +"Napster</citetitle> (New York: Crown Business, 2003), 269–82 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " +"the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " +"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case itself. " +"When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to " +"block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the " +"district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. " +"Napster had to push the infringements <quote>down to zero.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Man skulle tro det. Og vi bør hÃ¥be pÃ¥ det. Men sÃ¥ langt er det ikke " +"tilfælde. Effekten som krigen som pÃ¥stÃ¥s at kun være mod type-A-deling har " +"blevet kendt langt udover den klassen med deling. Det er Ã¥benbaret fra " +"Napster-sagen selv. Da Napster fortalte regiondomstolen at den havde " +"udviklet teknologi som villes blokere for 99,4 procent af identificeret " +"opphavsrettsbrytende materiale, fortalte regiondomstolen advokaterne til " +"Napster at 99,4 procent var ikke godt nok. Napster mÃ¥tte fÃ¥ " +"ophavsretbruddene <quote>ned til nul.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " +"technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " +"that a p2p system is used 100 percent of the time in compliance with the " +"law, any more than there is a way to assure that 100 percent of VCRs or 100 " +"percent of Xerox machines or 100 percent of handguns are used in compliance " +"with the law. Zero tolerance means zero p2p. The court's ruling means that " +"we as a society must lose the benefits of p2p, even for the totally legal " +"and beneficial uses they serve, simply to assure that there are zero " +"copyright infringements caused by p2p." +msgstr "" +"Hvis 99,4 procent ikke er godt nok, sÃ¥ er dette en krig mod " +"fildelingsteknologier, og ikke en krig mod ophavsretbrud. Det er ikke " +"muligt at sikre at et p2p-system bruges 100 procent af tiden i henhold til " +"lovværket, lige sÃ¥ lidt som det er muligt at sikre at 100 procent af " +"videospillere, eller 100 procent af kopimaskiner, eller 100 procent af " +"hÃ¥ndvÃ¥ben bliver brugt i henhold til lovværket. Ingen tolerance betyder " +"ingen p2p. Rettens afgørelser betyder at vi som samfund mÃ¥ miste fordelene " +"med p2p, selv for de fuldstændig lovlige og fordelaktige brugsomrÃ¥derne som " +"de tjener, kun for at sikre at det ikke eksisterer brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten " +"forÃ¥rsagede af p2p." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " +"industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " +"of balance. As new technologies changed the way content was distributed, the " +"law adjusted, after some time, to the new technology. In this adjustment, " +"the law sought to ensure the legitimate rights of creators while protecting " +"innovation. Sometimes this has meant more rights for creators. Sometimes " +"less." +msgstr "" +"Nultolerance har ikke været vores historie. Det har ikke givet os " +"indholdindustrien som vi kender i dag . Historie til amerikansk lovgiving " +"har været en proces om balance. EfterhÃ¥nden som nye teknologier ændrede " +"mÃ¥den indhold blev bredt, sÃ¥ har loven justeret sig, efter lidt tid, til at " +"modarbejde den nye teknologien. I denne justeringen har loven forsøgt at " +"sikre legitime rettigheder til skaberne mens den beskytter nyskabning. " +"Nogle gange har det givet mere rettigheder til skaberne, og nogle gange " +"mindre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "composers, copyright protections of" +msgstr "komponister, ophavsretbeskyttelser for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright protections in" +msgstr "ophavsretbeskyttelser i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" +msgstr "komponistens rettigheder versus producenternes rettigheder i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " +"the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " +"against the interests of the recording industry. It granted rights to " +"composers, but also to the recording artists: Composers were to be paid, but " +"at a price set by Congress. But when radio started broadcasting the " +"recordings made by these recording artists, and they complained to Congress " +"that their <quote>creative property</quote> was not being respected (since " +"the radio station did not have to pay them for the creativity it broadcast), " +"Congress rejected their claim. An indirect benefit was enough." +msgstr "" +"Dermed, sÃ¥dan vi har set, nÃ¥r <quote>mekanisk reproduktion</quote> truede " +"interesserne til komponister, balancerede kongressen rettighederne til " +"komponisterne mod interesserne til pladeindustrien. Den gav rettigheder til " +"komponisterne, men ogsÃ¥ til pladeartisterne: Komponisterne skulle fÃ¥ betalt, " +"men til en pris sat af Kongressen. Men da radio begyndte kringkasting af " +"pladerne fortog af disse pladeartister, og de klagede til Kongressen om at " +"deres <quote>kreative ejendom</quote> ikke blev respekteret (siden en " +"radiostation ikke mÃ¥tte betale dem for kreativiteten den udsendet/udsendt), " +"da afviste Kongressen kravet. En indirekte fordel var nok ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " +"claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " +"Congress responded by giving broadcasters a right to compensation, but at a " +"level set by the law. It likewise gave cable companies the right to the " +"content, so long as they paid the statutory price." +msgstr "" +"Kabel-TV fulgte samme mønster som plader. Da retten afviste kravet om at " +"kabel-TV-kringkasterne mÃ¥tte betale for indholdet de videresendte, sÃ¥ sorte " +"Kongressen med at give kringkasterne ret til betaling, men pÃ¥ et niveau " +"fastsat af loven. De gav pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de kabel-TV-selskaberne ret til " +"indholdet, sÃ¥ længe de betalte den lovbestemte prisen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "two central goals of" +msgstr "to centrale mÃ¥l for" + +#. PAGE BREAK 88 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " +"served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " +"copyright legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have " +"the freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured " +"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. " +"One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright " +"holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders " +"associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new " +"technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' " +"content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus " +"Congress chose a path that would assure <emphasis>compensation</emphasis> " +"without giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." +msgstr "" +"Dette kompromis, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som kompromiset som pÃ¥virkede plader og " +"automatiske pianoer, opnÃ¥ede to mÃ¥l – faktisk de to centrale mÃ¥lene i " +"enhver opphavsrettslovgiving. For det første, sikret loven at nye " +"oppfinnere villes have friheden til at udvikle nye mÃ¥der at levere indhold " +"pÃ¥. For det andre, sikret loven at ophavsretindehaverne villes fÃ¥ betalt " +"for indholdet som blev distribueret. En frygt var at hvis Kongressen " +"ganske enkelt krævede at kabel-TV-selskaberne mÃ¥tte betale " +"ophavsretindehaverne uanset hvad de krævede for sit indhold, sÃ¥ villes " +"ophavsretindehaverne tilknyttet kringkastere bruge sin magt til at hæmme " +"denne nye kabel-TV-teknologien. Men hvis kongressen havde tilladt kabel-TV " +"at bruge kringkasternes indhold uden at betale, sÃ¥ villes den givet " +"uretfærdigt subsidiering til kabel-TV. Dermed valgte Kongressen en pasning " +"som villes sikre <emphasis>kompensation</emphasis> uden at give fortiden " +"(kringkasterne) kontrol over fremtiden (kabel-TV)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Betamax" +msgstr "Betamax" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sony" +msgstr "Sony" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Betamax technology developed by" +msgstr "Betamax-teknologi udviklede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " +"distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " +"video tape recorder (VTR, or as we refer to them today, VCRs) that Sony had " +"produced, the Betamax. Disney's and Universal's claim against Sony was " +"relatively simple: Sony produced a device, Disney and Universal claimed, " +"that enabled consumers to engage in copyright infringement. Because the " +"device that Sony built had a <quote>record</quote> button, the device could " +"be used to record copyrighted movies and shows. Sony was therefore " +"benefiting from the copyright infringement of its customers. It should " +"therefore, Disney and Universal claimed, be partially liable for that " +"infringement." +msgstr "" +"Samme Ã¥r som Kongressen valgte denne balance, gik to store producenter og " +"distributører af filmindhold til sag mod en anden teknologi, Det var " +"Betamax, video-spilleren og -opptakeren som Sony havde produceret. Disneys " +"og Universals pÃ¥stand mod Sony var relativt enkelt: Sony producerede en " +"enhed, pÃ¥stod Disney og Universal, som gjorde det muligt for forbrukere at " +"gennemføre ophavsretbrud. PÃ¥ grund af at enheden Sony havde fortaget havde " +"en <quote>optagelseknap,</quote> kunne enheden blive brugt til at tage op " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttede film og programmer. Sony havde derfor fordel af " +"ophavsretbruddene til sine kunder, og skulle derfor , pÃ¥stod Disney og " +"Universal, være delvis ansvarligt/ansvarlig for disse brud." + +#. PAGE BREAK 89 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " +"design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " +"could have built the machine to block or inhibit any direct copying from a " +"television broadcast. Or possibly, it could have built the machine to copy " +"only if there were a special <quote>copy me</quote> signal on the line. It " +"was clear that there were many television shows that did not grant anyone " +"permission to copy. Indeed, if anyone had asked, no doubt the majority of " +"shows would not have authorized copying. And in the face of this obvious " +"preference, Sony could have designed its system to minimize the opportunity " +"for copyright infringement. It did not, and for that, Disney and Universal " +"wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose." +msgstr "" +"Det er noget i pÃ¥standene til Disney og Universal. Sony valgte at udforme " +"sin maskine sÃ¥dan at det var rigtigt enkelt at tage op Tv-programmer. De " +"kunne have bygget maskinen sÃ¥dan at den blokerede, eller hindrede enhver " +"direkte kopiering fra en TV-kringkasting. Eller sÃ¥ kunne de mÃ¥ske have " +"bygget maskinen sÃ¥dan at det kun var muligt at kopiere hvis det var et " +"specielt <quote>kopier mig</quote>-signal pÃ¥ linjen. Det var klart at det " +"var mange Tv-programmer som ikke gav nogle tilladelse til at kopiere. " +"Faktisk villes en, hvis man spurgte, uden tvivl fet besked fra flertallet af " +"programmer at de ikke tillod kopiering. Og i mødet med dette Ã¥benbare " +"ønsket, kunne Sony have udformet sit system for at minimere muligheden for " +"ophavsretbrud. Det gjorde de ikke, og pÃ¥ grund af dette vilde Disney og " +"Universal holde dem ansvarligt/ansvarlig for arkitekturen de valgte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on VCR technology" +msgstr "pÃ¥ videospiller-teknologi" + +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " +"Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " +"459 (1982) (testimony of Jack Valenti, president, Motion Picture Association " +"of America, Inc.)." +msgstr "" +"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): høring om S. 1758 foran " +"the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97 . kongr., 1 . and 2 . siddeplads., " +"459 (1982) (vidnesbyrd fra Jack Valenti, præsident, Motion Picture " +"Association of America, Inc.)." + +#. f19 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." +msgstr "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475 ." + +#. f20 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " +"of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Sony " +"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." + +#. f21 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " +"Valenti)." +msgstr "" +"Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (vidnesbyrd fra " +"Jack Valenti)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " +"called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " +"30, 40 million of these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of " +"<quote>tapeworms,</quote> eating away at the very heart and essence of the " +"most precious asset the copyright owner has, his copyright.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>One does not have to " +"be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative judgment,</quote> he told " +"Congress, <quote>to understand the devastation on the after-theater " +"marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will " +"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It " +"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would " +"later show, 45 percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " +"more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> — a use the Court would " +"later hold was not <quote>fair.</quote> By <quote>allowing VCR owners to " +"copy freely by the means of an exemption from copyright infringement without " +"creating a mechanism to compensate copyright owners,</quote> Valenti " +"testified, Congress would <quote>take from the owners the very essence of " +"their property: the exclusive right to control who may use their work, that " +"is, who may copy it and thereby profit from its reproduction.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" +"MPAA-præsidenten Jack Valenti blev studioernes mest synlige forkjemper. " +"Valenti kaldte videospillerne for <quote>bÃ¥ndormer</quote> (engelsk: " +"tapeworm). Han advarede om <quote>at nÃ¥r det er 20, 30, 40 millioner af " +"disse video spillerne i landet, vil vi blive invaderet af millioner af " +"<quote>bÃ¥ndormer</quote> som spiser i vej i hjertet og essensen til den mest " +"værdifulde eiendelen som ophavsretejeren har, hans ophavsret.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <quote>Man mÃ¥ ikke være " +"oplært i sofistikert markedsføring eller kreativ vurdering,</quote> fortalte " +"han Kongressen, <quote>for at forstÃ¥ ødeleggelsen af efter-biograf-markedet " +"forÃ¥rsagede af de hundredevis af millioner optagelser som vil seriøst " +"pÃ¥virke fremtiden til det kreative miljøet i dette land. Det er ganske " +"enkelt et spørgsmÃ¥l om grundlæggende økonomi og enkel sund fornuft.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Og ganske rigtigt, viser " +"senere spørreundersøkelser, 45 procent af videospillerejerne havde " +"filmbiblioteker som indeholdte ti film eller mere.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> – en brug som retten senere villes afgøre " +"ikke var <quote>rimeligt.</quote> Ved at <quote>tillade videospillerejerne " +"at kopiere frit ved hjælp af et undtagelse fra brud pÃ¥ opphavsrettsloven " +"uden at fortage en mekanisme for at kompensere ophavsretejerne,</quote> " +"forklarede Valenti, sÃ¥ villes Kongressen <quote>tage fra ejerne selve " +"essensen i sin ejendom: den eksklusive retten til at kontrollere hvem som " +"kan bruge deres værker, det vil sige, hvem som kan kopiere dem, og dermed " +"nyde godt at deres reproduktion.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" + +#. f22 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony Corp. " +"of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Sony " +"Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kozinski, Alex" +msgstr "Kozinski, Alex" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " +"the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " +"its jurisdiction—leading Judge Alex Kozinski, who sits on that court, " +"refers to it as the <quote>Hollywood Circuit</quote>—held that Sony " +"would be liable for the copyright infringement made possible by its " +"machines. Under the Ninth Circuit's rule, this totally familiar " +"technology—which Jack Valenti had called <quote>the Boston Strangler " +"of the American film industry</quote> (worse yet, it was a " +"<emphasis>Japanese</emphasis> Boston Strangler of the American film " +"industry)—was an illegal technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det tog otte Ã¥r føder denne sag blev afgjort af Højesteret. I mellemtiden " +"havde den niende ankekreds, som har Hollywood i sin jurisdiktion – det " +"den ledende dommeren Alex Kozinski, som er medlem i den domstolen, omtaler " +"som <quote>Hollywood-kredsen</quote> – fundet at Sony mÃ¥tte holdes " +"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for de ophavsretbruddene som blev gjort muligt med " +"deres maskiner. Ifølge reglen til niende ankekreds var denne kendte " +"teknologi – som Jack Valenti havde omtalt som <quote>Boston-kveleren " +"for amerikansk filmindustri</quote> (ondere end dette, det var en " +"<emphasis>japansk</emphasis> Boston-kvæler for amerikansk filmindustri) " +"– en ulovlig teknologi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 90 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " +"its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " +"whether courts should intervene in such disputes. As the Court wrote," +msgstr "" +"Men Højesteret gjorde om afgørelsen til niende ankekreds. Og i sin " +"afgørelse formulerede domstolen klart sin forstÃ¥else af nÃ¥r og om domstole " +"burde intervenere i sÃ¥danne konflikter. Som retten skrev," + +#. f23 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " +"Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " +"copyrighted materials. Congress has the constitutional authority and the " +"institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of " +"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"BÃ¥de forsvarlig politik og vores historie, støtter vores konsistente " +"henvisning til Kongressen nÃ¥r store teknologiske nyvindinger ændrer markedet " +"for opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Kongressen har den konstitusjonelle " +"autoriteten og institutionevnen til at tage fuldt hensyn til de forskellige " +"sammensetningene af konkurrerende interesser som uunngÃ¥elig bliver " +"involveret af sÃ¥dan ny teknologi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " +"the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " +"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this " +"<quote>taking</quote> notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a " +"pattern is clear:" +msgstr "" +"Kongressen blev bedt om at svare pÃ¥ afgørelsen fra Højesteret. Men pÃ¥ samme " +"mÃ¥de som med appellen fra pladeartisterne om radiokringkastinger, ignorerede " +"Kongressen denne forespørgsel. Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikansk " +"film fik nok , pÃ¥ trods af at det her blev <quote>taget.</quote> Hvis vi " +"samler disse sag, træder et mønster frem:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CASE" +msgstr "Tilfælde" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" +msgstr "Hvems værdi blev <quote>røvet</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" +msgstr "Responsen til domstolene" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" +msgstr "Responsen til Kongressen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Recordings" +msgstr "Indspilninger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Composers" +msgstr "Komponister" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "No protection" +msgstr "Ingen beskyttelse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Statutory license" +msgstr "Lovbestemmt licens" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Recording artists" +msgstr "Pladeartister" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "N/A" +msgstr "N/A" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Nothing" +msgstr "Ingenting" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Broadcasters" +msgstr "Kringkastere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "VCR" +msgstr "Video-spiller / -opptaker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Film creators" +msgstr "Filmskabere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> These are the most important " +"instances in our history, but there are other cases as well. The technology " +"of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was regulated by Congress to " +"minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress imposed did burden DAT " +"producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the technology of DAT. See " +"Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the <citetitle>United States " +"Code</citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U.S." +"C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the opportunity " +"for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, <citetitle>Future</" +"citetitle>, 71. See also Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,</" +"quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): " +"293–96. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dette er de vigtigste " +"forekomsterne i vores historie, men det er ogsÃ¥ andre tilfælde. For " +"eksempel var teknologien til digitale lydkasetter (DAT) reguleret af " +"Kongressen for at minimere risikoen for piratkopiering. Medicinen som " +"Kongressen valgte, pÃ¥førte man belastning for DAT-producenter, ved at lægge " +"en skat pÃ¥ kassettebÃ¥ndsalg og ved at kontrollere DAT-teknologien. Se Audio " +"Home Recording Act fra 1992 (overskrift 17 i <citetitle>United States Code</" +"citetitle>), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U.S.C. " +"§1001 . Igen eliminerede heller ikke denne regulereringen muligheden for " +"gratispassagerer sÃ¥dan jeg har beskrevet. Se Lessig <citetitle>Future</" +"citetitle>, 71 . Se ogsÃ¥ Picker, <quote>From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,</" +"quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): " +"293–96 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " +"content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " +"case, throughout our history, that change meant that someone got a " +"<quote>free ride</quote> on someone else's work." +msgstr "" +"I hvert tilfælde gennem vores historie har ny teknologi ændret hvordan " +"indhold blev distribueret.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I hvert " +"tilfælde, gennem hele vores historie, har den ændringen ført til at nogle " +"blev <quote>gratispassager</quote> pÃ¥ nogle andres værk." + +#. PAGE BREAK 91 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " +"Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " +"cases did the courts or Congress insist that the law should assure that the " +"copyright holder get all the value that his copyright created. In every " +"case, the copyright owners complained of <quote>piracy.</quote> In every " +"case, Congress acted to recognize some of the legitimacy in the behavior of " +"the <quote>pirates.</quote> In each case, Congress allowed some new " +"technology to benefit from content made before. It balanced the interests at " +"stake." +msgstr "" +"I <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> af disse tilfælde eliminerede domstolene og " +"Kongressen alle gratispassagerer. I <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> af disse " +"tilfælde insisterede domstolene og Kongressen pÃ¥ at loven skulle sikre at " +"ophavsretindehaveren skulle fÃ¥ al værdi som hans ophavsret havde skabt. I " +"hvert tilfælde klagede ophavsretejeren over <quote>piratvirksomhed.</quote> " +"I hvert tilfælde valgte Kongressen at tage hensyn til noget af legitimiteten " +"i opførslen hos <quote>piraterne.</quote> I hvert tilfælde tillod " +"Kongressen noget ny teknologi at have fordel af indhold fortaget tidligere . " +" Den balancerede interesserne som stod pÃ¥ spil." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " +"the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " +"Disney a pirate? Would doujinshi be better if creators had to ask " +"permission? Should tools that enable others to capture and spread images as " +"a way to cultivate or criticize our culture be better regulated? Is it " +"really right that building a search engine should expose you to $15 million " +"in damages? Would it have been better if Edison had controlled film? Should " +"every cover band have to hire a lawyer to get permission to record a song?" +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r du tænker over disse eksempler, og de andre eksempler som udgør de " +"første fire kapitlerne i denne del, sÃ¥ giver denne balance mening. Var Walt " +"Disney en pirat? Villes doujinshi være bedre hvis skaberne mÃ¥tte bede om " +"tilladelse? Bør værktøj som giver andre mulighed til at fange og brede " +"billeder sÃ¥dan at de kan kultivere og kritisere vores kultur blive bedre " +"reguleret? Er det virkeligt rigtigt at at bygge en søkemotor skal udsætte " +"dig for krav pÃ¥ 15 millioner dollar i erstatning? Villes det have været " +"bedre om Edison havde kontrolleret al film? Burde ethvert coverband mÃ¥tte " +"hyre ind en advokat for at fÃ¥ tilladelse til at spille ind en sang?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on balance of interests in copyright law" +msgstr "om interesseavveininger i opphavsrettslovgivning" + +#. f25 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Universal City " +"Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " +"answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " +"<quote>has never accorded the copyright owner complete control over all " +"possible uses of his work.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Instead, the particular uses that the law regulates have been defined by " +"balancing the good that comes from granting an exclusive right against the " +"burdens such an exclusive right creates. And this balancing has historically " +"been done <emphasis>after</emphasis> a technology has matured, or settled " +"into the mix of technologies that facilitate the distribution of content." +msgstr "" +"Vi kunne sort ja pÃ¥ hvert af disse spørgsmÃ¥l, men vores tradition har svaret " +"nej. I vores tradition, sÃ¥dan Højesteret udtalte, har ophavsreten " +"<quote>aldrig givet ophavsretejeren fuldstændig kontrol over al muligt brug " +"af hans værker.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I stedet " +"har de spesifikke brugsomrÃ¥der som loven regulerer været defineret ved at " +"balancere de goder som kommer fra at dele ud en eksklusiv rettighed mod " +"ulempene en sÃ¥dan eksklusiv rettighed skaber. Og denne balance ringen har " +"historisk været gjort <emphasis>efter</emphasis> at teknologien har modnet, " +"eller landet pÃ¥ en blanding af teknologier som bidrager til distributionen " +"af indhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " +"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires vs. " +"wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not become a " +"tool for <quote>stealing</quote> from artists. But neither should the law " +"become a tool to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more " +"accurately, distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last " +"chapter of this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow " +"the market to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute " +"content. This will require changes in the law, at least in the interim. " +"These changes should be designed to balance the protection of the law " +"against the strong public interest that innovation continue." +msgstr "" +"Vi burde gøre det samme i dag. Teknologien pÃ¥ Internet ændrer sig raskt. " +"MÃ¥den folk kobler sig til Internet (trÃ¥dbasert eller trÃ¥dløst) ændrer sig " +"rigtigt raskt. Uden tvivl bør ikke netværket blive et værktøj for " +"<quote>stjeling</quote> fra kunstnere. Men loven bør heller ikke blive et " +"værktøj for at tvinge igennem en bestemt mÃ¥de som kunstnere (eller mere " +"korrekt, distributører) fÃ¥r betalt. Som jeg beskriver i lidt detalje i det " +"sidste kapitlet i denne bog, bør vi sikre indkomster til kunstnere mens vi " +"tillader markedet at fÃ¥ pÃ¥ plads den mest effektive mÃ¥den at fremme og " +"distribuere indhold. Dette vil kræve ændringer i loven, i hvert fald i en " +"mellomperiode. Disse ændringer bør udformes sÃ¥dan at de balancerer lovgitt " +"beskyttelse mod den stærke interessen folket har for at nyskabning " +"fortsætter." + +#. f26 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " +"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " +"September 2003, C3." +msgstr "" +"John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " +"Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 . " +"september 2003, C3 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " +"of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " +"efficient in moving content across a widely diverse network. Left to " +"develop, they could make the network vastly more efficient. Yet these " +"<quote>potential public benefits,</quote> as John Schwartz writes in " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, <quote>could be delayed in the " +"P2P fight.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette er specielt rigtigt nÃ¥r en ny teknologi muliggjør en vældig overlegen " +"mÃ¥de at distribuere pÃ¥, og det har p2p gjort. P2p-teknologier kan være " +"ideelt effektivt for at flydte indhold pÃ¥ tværs af et stort og varieret " +"netværk. Udviklede videre sÃ¥ kan de gøre netværkene meget mere effektive. " +"Alligevel kan disse <quote>potentielle fordelene for folket,</quote> som " +"John Schwartz skriver i <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, " +"<quote>blive forsinket af p2p-kampen.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " +"<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different argument. " +"<quote>All this hand waving about balance and incentives,</quote> they say, " +"<quote>misses a fundamental point. Our content,</quote> the warriors insist, " +"<quote>is our <emphasis>property</emphasis>. Why should we wait for Congress " +"to <quote>rebalance</quote> our property rights? Do you have to wait before " +"calling the police when your car has been stolen? And why should Congress " +"deliberate at all about the merits of this theft? Do we ask whether the car " +"thief had a good use for the car before we arrest him?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Men nÃ¥r nogle</emphasis> begynder at snakke om " +"<quote>balance,</quote> kommer ophavsretkrigerene med et andet argument. " +"<quote>Al denne varme luft om balance og incentiver,</quote> siger de, " +"<quote>gÃ¥r glipp af det fundamentale pointen. Vores indhold,</quote> " +"insisterer krigerene, <quote>er vores <emphasis>ejendom</emphasis>. Hvorfor " +"burde vi vente pÃ¥ at Kongressen skal finde en ny balance for vores " +"ejendomretter? MÃ¥ vi vente før vi kontakter politiet nÃ¥r vores bil har " +"blevet stjÃ¥let? Og hvorfor burde Kongressen i det hele taget debattere " +"nytten af dette tyveriet? Spørger vi dem om biltyven havde god brug for " +"bilen før vi arresterer ham?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors insist. " +"<quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is protected.</" +"quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Det er <emphasis>vores ejendom</emphasis>,</quote> insisterer " +"krigerene, <quote>og den bør være beskyttet pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som al anden " +"ejendom er beskyttet.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>Property</quote>" +msgstr "<quote>Ejendom</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 94 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " +"copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " +"protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the copyright owner gets to hold out " +"for any price he wants. Markets reckon the supply and demand that partially " +"determine the price she can get." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Ophavsretkrigerene</emphasis> har ret : Ophavsreten " +"er en type ejendom. Den kan ejes og sælges, og lovværket beskytter den mod " +"at blive stjÃ¥let. Sædvanligvis, kan ophavsretejeren bede om hvilken som " +"hilst pris som han ønsker. Markeder bestemmer tilbud og efterspørgsel som i " +"hvert tilfælde bestemmer prisen hun kan fÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " +"right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " +"property. Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression " +"is very odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you " +"put in your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I " +"take it, you don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good " +"<emphasis>idea</emphasis> you had to put a picnic table in the " +"backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting " +"it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" +msgstr "" +"I normalt sprog er imidlertid det at kalde ophavsret for en " +"<quote>ejendoms</quote>ret lidt misvisende, for ejendommen i ophavsreten er " +"en mærkelig type ejendom. Selve idéen om ejerrettigheder til en idé eller " +"et udtryk er nemlig rigtigt mærkeligt. Jeg forstÃ¥r hvad jeg tager nÃ¥r jeg " +"tager et havebord som du placerede bag dit hus. Jeg tager en ting, " +"havebordet, og efter at jeg har taget det, har ikke du det. Men hvad tager " +"jeg nÃ¥r jeg tager den gode <emphasis>idéen</emphasis> som du havde om at " +"placere havebordet i bakhagen – ved at for eksempel afgÃ¥ til butikken " +"Sears, købe et bord, og placere det i min egen bakhage? Hvad er tingen jeg " +"tager da ?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" +msgstr "Jefferson, Thomas" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " +"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. " +"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34." +msgstr "" +"Brev fra Thomas Jefferson til Isaac McPherson (13 . august 1813) i " +"<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew A. " +"Lipscomb and Albert Ellery Bergh, eds., 1903), 330, 333–34 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " +"though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " +"ordinary case—indeed, in practically every case except for a narrow " +"range of exceptions—ideas released to the world are free. I don't take " +"anything from you when I copy the way you dress—though I might seem " +"weird if I did it every day, and especially weird if you are a woman. " +"Instead, as Thomas Jefferson said (and as is especially true when I copy the " +"way someone else dresses), <quote>He who receives an idea from me, receives " +"instruction himself without lessening mine; as he who lights his taper at " +"mine, receives light without darkening me.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Pointen er ikke bare om hvorvidt havebord og idéer er ting, selv om det er " +"en vigtig forskel. Pointen er i stedet at i det normale tilfælde – " +"faktisk i praktisk talt ethvert tilfælde undtagen en begrænset række med " +"undtagelse – er idéer som er sluppet ud i værdet frie. Jeg tager " +"ingenting fra dig nÃ¥r jeg kopierer mÃ¥den du klæder dig selv – om det " +"villes se sært ud hvis jeg gjorde det hver dag, og specielt sært hvis du er " +"en kvinde. I stedet, som Thomas Jefferson sagde (og det er specielt sandt " +"nÃ¥r jeg kopierer hvordan nogle andre klæder sig), <quote>Den som modtager en " +"idé fra mig, fÃ¥r selv information uden at tage noget fra mig, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de " +"som den som fænger sit lys fra min svage fure lys uden at forlade mig i " +"mørket.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "intangibility of" +msgstr "uhÃ¥ndgripeligheten til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " +"law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " +"here. Here the law says you can't take my idea or expression without my " +"permission: The law turns the intangible into property." +msgstr "" +"Undtagelserne til fri brug er idéer og udtryk indenfor dækningomrÃ¥det til " +"loven om patent og ophavsret, og nogle fÃ¥ andre betænker som jeg ikke vil " +"diskutere her . Her siger lovværket at du ikke kan tage min idé eller " +"udtryk uden min tilladelse: Lovværket gør det immaterielle til ejendom. " + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " +"intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " +"against the world to do or not do certain things that may or may not attach " +"to a physical object. The right itself is intangible, even if the object to " +"which it is (metaphorically) attached is tangible. See Adam Mossoff, " +"<quote>What Is Property? Putting the Pieces Back Together,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Arizona Law Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥dan de juridiske realisterne lærte væk amerikansk lov, var alle " +"ejendomretter immaterielle. En ejendomret er ganske enkelt den retten som " +"et individ har mod værdet til at gøre eller ikke gøre visse/vise ting som er " +"eller ikke er knyttet til et fysisk objekt. Retten i sig selv er " +"immateriell, selv om objektet som det er (metafysisk) knyttet til er " +"materielt. Se Adam Mossoff, <quote>What Is Property? Putting the Pieces " +"Back Together,</quote> <citetitle>Arizona Law Review</citetitle> 45 (2003): " +"373, 429 n. 241 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " +"words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " +"intangible into property emerged, we need to place this <quote>property</" +"quote> in its proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men hvordan lovværket gør det, og i hvilken udstrækning, og i hvilken form " +"– detaljerne, med andre ord – betyder noget. For at fÃ¥ en god " +"forstÃ¥else om hvordan denne praksis om at gøre det immaterielle om til " +"ejendom voksede frem, behøver vi at placere sÃ¥dan <quote>ejendom</quote> i " +"sin rette sammenhæng.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " +"part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " +"is property</quote> in context. Where did the idea come from? What are its " +"limits? How does it function in practice? After these stories, the " +"significance of this true statement—<quote>copyright material is " +"property</quote>— will be a bit more clear, and its implications will " +"be revealed as quite different from the implications that the copyright " +"warriors would have us draw." +msgstr "" +"Min strategi for at gøre dette er den samme som min strategi i den " +"foregÃ¥ende del. Jeg præsenterer fire historie som bidrager til at placere " +"<quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale er ejendom</quote> i sammenhæng. " +"Hvor kom idéen fra? Hvad er deres begrænsninger? Hvordan fungerer dette i " +"praksis? Efter disse historie vil betydningen til dette sande udsagn " +"– <quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale er ejendom</quote> – " +"blive lidt mere klart, og dets implikationer vil blive afsløret som ganske " +"forskelligt fra implikationerne som ophavsretkrigerene vil at vi skal forstÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Six: Founders" +msgstr "Kapitel seks: Grundlæggerne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "English copyright law developed for" +msgstr "Engelsk Ã¥ndsverklov udviklede for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" +msgstr "England, Ã¥ndsverklov udviklede i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "United Kingdom" +msgstr "Storbritannia" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "history of copyright law in" +msgstr "historie af opphavsrettslovgivning i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" +msgstr "Branagh, Kenneth" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Henry V" +msgstr "Henry V" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Romeo and Juliet (Shakespeare)" +msgstr "Romeo og Julie (Shakespeare)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " +"<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " +"published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " +"written. He would continue to write plays through 1613, and the plays that " +"he wrote have continued to define Anglo-American culture ever since. So " +"deeply have the works of a sixteenth-century writer seeped into our culture " +"that we often don't even recognize their source. I once overheard someone " +"commenting on Kenneth Branagh's adaptation of Henry V: <quote>I liked it, " +"but Shakespeare is so full of clichés.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> skrev " +"<citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> i 1595 . Skuespillet blev først " +"udgivet i 1597 . Det var det ellevte store skuespillet Shakespeare havde " +"skrevet. Han fortsatte at skrive skuespil helt til 1613, og stykkerne han " +"skræv har fortsat at definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. SÃ¥ dybt har " +"værkerne af en 1500-tals forfatter synket ind i vores kultur at vi ofte ikke " +"engang kender kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang nogle som kommentere Kenneth " +"Branaghs udgave af Henry V: <quote>Jeg kunnelide det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ " +"fuld af klicheer.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Conger" +msgstr "Conger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tonson, Jacob" +msgstr "Tonson, Jacob" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Jonson, Ben" +msgstr "Jonson, Ben" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dryden, John" +msgstr "Dryden, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " +"prominent eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and " +"for his handsome <quote>definitive editions</quote> of classic works. In " +"addition to <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle>, he published an " +"astonishing array of works that still remain at the heart of the English " +"canon, including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, " +"and John Dryden. See Keith Walker, <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> " +"<citetitle>American Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson er sædvanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-" +"tallets litterære storheter, specielt John Dryden, og for hans kække " +"<quote>færdige versioner</quote> af klassiske værker. I tillæg til " +"<citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle>, udgav han en utrolig række liste af " +"værker som endnu er hjertet af den engelske kanon, inkluderet de samlede " +"værker af Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og John Dryden. Se Keith " +"Walker: <quote>Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,</quote> <citetitle>American " +"Scholar</citetitle> 61:3 (1992): 424–31 ." + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." +msgstr "" +"Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</" +"citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52 ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 97 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " +"written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " +"many to be the exclusive right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a " +"small group of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> who controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. " +"The Conger claimed a perpetual right to control the <quote>copy</quote> of " +"books that they had acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that " +"no one else could publish copies of a book to which they held the " +"copyright. Prices of the classics were thus kept high; competition to " +"produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." +msgstr "" +"I 1774, næsten 180 Ã¥r efter at <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> blev " +"skrevet, mente mange at <quote>ophavsreten</quote> kun tilhørte en eneste " +"utgiver i London, Jacob Tonson. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Tonson var den mest fremstÃ¥ende af en lille gruppe utgivere kaldt <quote>The " +"Conger</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>, som kontrollerede " +"boksalget i England gennem hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hævdede at de havde " +"en evigvarende eneret over <quote>kopier</quote> af bøger de havde fÃ¥et af " +"forfatterne. Denne evigvarende retten indebar at ingen andre kunne publicere " +"eksemplarer af disse bøge. SÃ¥dan blev prisen pÃ¥ klassiske bøger holdt oppe; " +"alle konkurrenter som fortog bedre eller billigere udgaver, blev fjernet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "British Parliament" +msgstr "Britiske parlamentet, det" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "renewability of" +msgstr "fornyelsesevnen til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Statute of Anne (1710)" +msgstr "Statute of Anne (1710)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " +"argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " +"Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 40." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Som Sivede Vaidhyanathan sÃ¥ pænt " +"argumenterer, er det feilaktige at kalde dette en <quote>Ã¥ndsverklov.</" +"quote> Se Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, " +"40 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " +"little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " +"copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament adopted the first " +"<quote>copyright</quote> act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated " +"that all published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, " +"renewable once if the author was alive, and that all works already published " +"by 1710 would get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</" +"citetitle> should have been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about " +"it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?" +msgstr "" +"Men altsÃ¥, det er noget spændende med Ã¥ret 1774 for alle som ved lidt om " +"opphavsrettslovgivning. Det mest kendte Ã¥ret for ophavsret er 1710, da det " +"britiske parlamentet vedtog den første loven. Denne lov er kendt som " +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote>, og sagde at alle publicerede værker skulle " +"være beskyttet i fjorten Ã¥r, en periode som kunne fornyes en gang dersom " +"forfatteren endnu levede, og at alle værker publiceret i eller før 1710 " +"skulle have en ekstraperiode pÃ¥ 22 tilleggsÃ¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥ grund af denne lov, sÃ¥ skulle <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</" +"citetitle> have henhørt i det fri i 1731 . Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsat " +"have kontrol over værket i 1774?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "common vs. positive" +msgstr "sædvane versus positiv" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "positive law" +msgstr "positiv ret" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" +msgstr "Licensing Act (1662)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a <quote>copyright</" +"quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the " +"Statute of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The " +"last law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in " +"1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make " +"it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it " +"expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or " +"<quote>Stationers,</quote> had an exclusive right to print books." +msgstr "" +"Årsagen var ganske enkelt at englænderne endnu ikke havde bestemt hvad " +"ophavsret indebar – faktisk havde ingen i værdet det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " +"englænderne vedtog <quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> var det ingen anden " +"lovgivning om ophavsret. Den sidste loven som regulerede utgivere var " +"lisensieringsloven af 1662, utløpt i 1695 . At loven gav utgiverne monopol " +"over publiseringen, noget som gjorde det enklere for kronen at kontrollere " +"hvad blev publiceret. Men efter at det har utløpt, var det ingen positiv " +"lov som sagde at utgiverne havde en eksklusiv ret til at trykke bøger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "common law" +msgstr "retpraksis" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " +"there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " +"of legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are to govern " +"how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures " +"<quote>positive law.</quote> We call the words from judges <quote>common law." +"</quote> The common law sets the background against which legislatures " +"legislate; the legislature, ordinarily, can trump that background only if it " +"passes a law to displace it. And so the real question after the licensing " +"statutes had expired was whether the common law protected a copyright, " +"independent of any positive law." +msgstr "" +"At det ikke fandtes nogle <emphasis>positiv</emphasis> lov, betød ikke at " +"det ikke fandtes nogle lov. Den angloamerikanske juridiske tradition ser " +"bÃ¥de til love skabt af det lovgivende statorgan, og til hÃ¥ndflade " +"(prejudikater) skabt af domstolene for at bestemme hvordan folket skal " +"opføre sig. Vi kalder politikernes hÃ¥ndflade for positiv lov, og vi kalder " +"lovene fra dommerne retpraksis. Retpraksis angiver baggrunden for de " +"lovgivendes lovgivning; vedtagne love vil sædvanligvis overstyre baggrunden " +"kun hvis det vedtages en lov for at erstatte den. SÃ¥ det egentlige " +"spørgsmÃ¥let efter at lisensieringslovene havde utløpt, var om retpraksis " +"beskyttede en ophavsret uafhængigt af eventuel positiv lov." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Scottish publishers" +msgstr "Skotske utgivere" + +#. PAGE BREAK 98 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This question was important to the publishers, or <quote>booksellers,</" +"quote> as they were called, because there was growing competition from " +"foreign publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly " +"publishing and exporting books to England. That competition reduced the " +"profits of the Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law " +"to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately " +"resulted in the Statute of Anne." +msgstr "" +"Dette spørgsmÃ¥l var vigtigt for utgiverne eller <quote>bokselgere,</quote> " +"som de blev kaldt, fordi det var øgende konkurrence fra udenlandske " +"utgivere, særligt fra Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten af bøger til " +"England havde øget rigtigt. Denne konkurrence reducerede fortjenesten til " +"<quote>The Conger,</quote> som derfor krævede at Parlamentet igen skulle " +"vedtage en lov for at give dem eksklusiv kontrol over publisering. Dette " +"krav resulterede i <quote>Statute of Anne.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "as narrow monopoly right" +msgstr "som smal monopolret" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " +"book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " +"however, and to the horror of the booksellers, the law gave the bookseller " +"that right for a limited term. At the end of that term, the copyright " +"<quote>expired,</quote> and the work would then be free and could be " +"published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> gav forfatteren eller <quote>ejeren</quote> " +"af en bog en eksklusiv ret til at publicere denne bog. Men det var, til " +"bokhandlernes forferdelse en vigtig begrænsning, nemlig hvor længe denne ret " +"skulle vare. Efter dette gik trykkeretten væk, og virkede henhørt i det fri " +"og kunne trykkes af hvem som helst. Det var i hvert fald det lovgiverne " +"havde tænkt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " +"limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " +"limit they set, but why would they limit the right <emphasis>at all?</" +"emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Men nu det mest interessante med dette: Hvorfor ville Parlamentet begrænse " +"trykkeretten? SpørgsmÃ¥let er ikke hvorfor de bestemte sig for denne " +"periode, men hvorfor ville de begrænse retten <emphasis>i det hele taget?</" +"emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " +"strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " +"That play was written by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it into " +"the world. He didn't take anybody's property when he created this play " +"(that's a controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating this " +"play, he didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So why is it " +"that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and take " +"Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What reason is " +"there to allow someone else to <quote>steal</quote> Shakespeare's work?" +msgstr "" +"Bokhandlerne, og forfatterne som de repræsenterede, havde et rigtigt stærkt " +"krav. Tag <citetitle>Romeo og Julie</citetitle> som et eksempel: Skuespillet " +"blev skrevet af Shakespeare. Det var hans kreativitet som bragede det til " +"værdet. Han skældte ikke nogles ret da han skrev dette værket (det er en " +"kontroversiel pÃ¥stand, men det er ikke relevant), og med sin egen ret " +"skabte han værket. Han gjorde det ikke noget vanskeligere for andre at " +"fortage skuespil. SÃ¥ hvorfor skulle loven tillade at nogle anden kunne komme " +"og tage Shakespeares værk uden hans, eller hans arvingers, tilladelse? " +"Hvilke begrundelser findes for at tillade at nogle <quote>stjæler</quote> " +"Shakespeares værk?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " +"the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " +"Statute of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about " +"<quote>booksellers.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Svaret er todelt. Først mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noget specielt med opfattelsen af " +"ophavsret som fandtes pÃ¥ tidspunktet da <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> blev " +"vedtaget. Derefter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noget specielt med bokhandlerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "usage restrictions attached to" +msgstr "brugbegrænsninger knyttede til" + +#. PAGE BREAK 99 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " +"apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " +"1710, it wasn't so much a concept as it was a very particular right. The " +"copyright was born as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others " +"from reprinting a book. In 1710, the <quote>copy-right</quote> was a right " +"to use a particular machine to replicate a particular work. It did not go " +"beyond that very narrow right. It did not control any more generally how a " +"work could be <emphasis>used</emphasis>. Today the right includes a large " +"collection of restrictions on the freedom of others: It grants the author " +"the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to distribute, the " +"exclusive right to perform, and so on." +msgstr "" +"Først om ophavsreten/kopiretten. I de sidste tre hundrede Ã¥r har vi kommet " +"til at bruge begrebet <quote>kopiret</quote> i stadigt videre forstand. Men " +"i 1710 var det ikke sÃ¥ meget et koncept som det var en bestemt ret. " +"Ophavsreten blev født som et stort spesifikt sæt med begrænsninger: den " +"forbød andre at reproducere en bog. I 1710 var <quote>kopiret</quote> man " +"ret til at bruge en bestemt maskine til at replikere et bestemt arbejde. Den " +"gik ikke udover dette vældig smale formÃ¥let. Den kontrollerede ikke mere " +"generelt hvordan et værk kunne <emphasis>bruges</emphasis>. I dag inkluderer " +"retten en stor samling af restriktioner pÃ¥ andres frihed: den giver " +"forfatteren eksklusiv ret til at kopiere, eksklusiv ret til at distribuere, " +"eksklusiv ret til at fremføre, og sÃ¥ videre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " +"perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " +"was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the permission of " +"the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, " +"about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, " +"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The " +"<quote>copy-right</quote> was only an exclusive right to print—no " +"less, of course, but also no more." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ selv om f.eks. ophavsreten til Shakespeares værk var evigvarende, betød " +"det ifølge den oprindelige betydningen af begrebet at ingen kunne trykke " +"Shakespeares værk uden tilladelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den villes ikke " +" have kontrolleret noget mere, for eksempel om hvordan værket kunne " +"fremføres, om værket kunne oversættes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville haft " +"lov til at fortage film. <quote>Kopiretten</quote> var bare en eksklusiv " +"ret til at trykke – ikke noget mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke " +"mere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" +msgstr "Henry VIII, Konge af England" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "monopoly, copyright as" +msgstr "monopol, ophavsret som" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" +msgstr "Statute of Monopoliti (1656)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " +"had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " +"especially <quote>exclusive rights</quote> granted by the Crown. The English " +"had fought a civil war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out " +"monopolies—especially monopolies for works that already existed. King " +"Henry VIII granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to " +"print playing cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this " +"power of the Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, limiting " +"monopolies to patents for new inventions. And by 1710, Parliament was eager " +"to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing." +msgstr "" +"Selv denne begrænsede ret blev modarbejdet med skepsis af briterne. De havde " +"haft en lang og grim erfaring med <quote>eksklusive rettigheder,</quote> " +"specielt <quote>eneret</quote> givet af kongen. Englænderne havde udkæmpet " +"en borgerkrig delvis mod kongens praksis med at dele ud monopoler – " +"specielt monopoler for værker som allerede eksisterede. Kong Henrik VIII " +"havde givet patent pÃ¥ at trykke Bibelen/Biblen og monopol til Darcy for at " +"dagsværk spillkort. Det engelske parlamenter begyndte at kæmpe tilbage mod " +"denne magt hos kongen. I 1656 blev <quote>Statute of Monopoliti</quote> " +"vedtaget for at begrænse monopolerne pÃ¥ patenter for nye oppfinnelser. Og i " +"1710 var parlamentet ivrigt efter at hÃ¥ndtere det voksende monopolet pÃ¥ " +"publisering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " +"naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " +"claim that <quote>it's my property, and I should have it forever,</quote> " +"try sounding convincing when uttering, <quote>It's my monopoly, and I should " +"have it forever.</quote>) The state would protect the exclusive right, but " +"only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from " +"specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them." +msgstr "" +"Dermed blev <quote>kopiretten,</quote> nÃ¥r den ses pÃ¥ som en " +"monopolrettighed, en rettighed som bør være begrænset. (Uanset hvor " +"overbevisende pÃ¥standen om <quote>at det er min ejendom, og jeg skal have " +"den for altid,</quote> prøv hvor overbevisende det er nÃ¥r man siger " +"<quote>det er mit monopol, og jeg skal have det for altid.</quote>) Staten " +"villes beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ længe det gavnet samfundet. Briterne " +"sÃ¥ skaderne særinteressene kunne skabe; de vedtog en lov for at stoppe dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Milton, John" +msgstr "Milton, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "booksellers, English" +msgstr "bokselgere, Engelske" + +#. f4 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " +"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." +msgstr "" +"Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " +"Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. " +"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " +"sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in " +"seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as " +"monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the Crown's repression, selling " +"the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The " +"attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as " +"<quote>old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling</quote>; " +"they were <quote>men who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to " +"which learning is indetted.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dernæst, om bokhandlerne. Det var ikke bare at kopiretten var et monopol. " +"Det var ogsÃ¥ et monopol som bokhandlerne havde. Man boghandler høres fin og " +"ufarlig ud for os, men sÃ¥dan var det ikke i syttenhundretallets England. " +"Medlemmerne i <quote>The Conger</quote> blev af flere og flere set pÃ¥ som " +"monopolister af ondeste sort – et værktøj for kongens undertrykkelse, " +"de solgte Englands frihed mod at være garanteret en monopolindtægt. Men " +"monopolistene blev kvast kritiseret: Milton beskrev dem som <quote>gamle " +"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten</quote>; de var " +"<quote>mænd som derfor ikke havde et ærligt arbejde hvor uddannelse er " +"nødvendig.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Enlightenment" +msgstr "opplysningstiden" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "knowledge, freedom of" +msgstr "kundskab, frihed for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " +"knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " +"teaching the importance of education and knowledge spread generally. The " +"idea that knowledge should be free was a hallmark of the time, and these " +"powerful commercial interests were interfering with that idea." +msgstr "" +"Mange troede at den magten bokhandlerne udøvede over spredning af kundskab, " +"var til skade for selve spredningen, men pÃ¥ dette tidspunkt viste " +"Opplysningstiden vigtigheden af uddannelse og kundskab for alle. Idéen om " +"at kundskab burde være gratis var et kendetegn i tiden, og disse kraftige " +"kommercielle interesser forstyrret denne idéen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " +"booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " +"valuable books. Parliament therefore limited the term of copyrights, and " +"thereby guaranteed that valuable books would become open to any publisher to " +"publish after a limited time. Thus the setting of the term for existing " +"works to just twenty-one years was a compromise to fight the power of the " +"booksellers. The limitation on terms was an indirect way to assure " +"competition among publishers, and thus the construction and spread of " +"culture." +msgstr "" +"For at balancere denne magt, bestemte Parlamentet at øge konkurrencen blandt " +"bokhandlerne, og den enkleste mÃ¥den at gøre dette pÃ¥ var at distribuere " +"rigdommen som kom fra værdifulde bøger. Parlamentet begrænsede derfor " +"vernetiden i ophavsreten, og garanterede dermed at værdifulde bøger villes " +"være tilgængelige for nyutgivelse for enhver utgiver efter en begrænset " +"tidsperiode. Dermed var det at vernetiden for eksisterende værk bare blev " +"pÃ¥ tjueen Ã¥r, et kompromis for at bekæmpe magten til bokhandlerne. " +"Begrænsningen i vernetiden var en indirekte mÃ¥de at sikre konkurrence mellem " +"utgivere, og dermed oppbyggingen og spredning af kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in perpetuity" +msgstr "for evigt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " +"anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " +"competitor, they didn't like them. At first booksellers simply ignored the " +"Statute of Anne, continuing to insist on the perpetual right to control " +"publication. But in 1735 and 1737, they tried to persuade Parliament to " +"extend their terms. Twenty-one years was not enough, they said; they needed " +"more time." +msgstr "" +"Da 1731 (1710 + 21) kom, blev bokhandlerne ængstelige. De sÃ¥ konsekvenserne " +"af mere konkurrence, og som enhver konkurrent, kunnelide de det ikke. Først " +"ignorerede bokhandlere ganske enkelt <quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> og " +"fortsatte at kræve en evigvarende ret til at kontrollere publiseringen. Men " +"i 1735 og 1737 prøvede de at tvinge Parlamentet til at udvide perioderne. " +"Tjueen Ã¥r var ikke nok, sagde de; de behøvede mere tid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " +"echo today," +msgstr "" +"Parlamentet afslog kravene, Som det stod i en pamflet, i en formulering som " +"er gyldigt ogsÃ¥ i dag:" + +#. f5 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " +"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " +"Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by " +"Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors or Purchasers of such " +"Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici " +"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et al., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." +msgstr "" +"A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " +"House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " +"Reign of Queen Anne, entitled, An Act for the Encouragement of Learning, by " +"Vesting the Copies of Printed Books in the Authors el Purchasers of such " +"Copies, during the Times therein mentioned (London, 1735), in Brief Amici " +"Curiae of Tyler T. Ochoa et avl., 8, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " +"for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " +"should this Bill pass, it will in Effect be establishing a perpetual " +"Monopoly, a Thing deservedly odious in the Eye of the Law; it will be a " +"great Cramp to Trade, a Discouragement to Learning, no Benefit to the " +"Authors, but a general Tax on the Publick; and all this only to increase the " +"private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg ser ingen grund til at give en udvidet periode nu som ikke villes kunne " +"give udvidelser om igen og om igen, sÃ¥ foret de gamle utgÃ¥r; sÃ¥ dersom dette " +"lovforslag bliver vedtaget, vil effekten være: at et evigt monopol bliver " +"skabt, et stort nederlag for handlen, et angreb mod kundskaben, ingen fordel " +"for forfatterne, men en stor afgift for folket; og alt dette kun for at øge " +"bokhandlernes personlige rigdom.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " +"of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " +"authors certain protections through positive law, but those protections were " +"not intended as replacements for the common law. Instead, they were " +"intended simply to supplement the common law. Under common law, it was " +"already wrong to take another person's creative <quote>property</quote> and " +"use it without his permission. The Statute of Anne, the booksellers argued, " +"didn't change that. Therefore, just because the protections of the Statute " +"of Anne expired, that didn't mean the protections of the common law expired: " +"Under the common law they had the right to ban the publication of a book, " +"even if its Statute of Anne copyright had expired. This, they argued, was " +"the only way to protect authors." +msgstr "" +"Efter at have mislykkedes i Parlamentet, gik utgiverne til domstolene i en " +"serie med sager. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: <quote>Statute of " +"Anne</quote> gav forfatterne en vis beskyttelse gennem positiv lov, men " +"denne beskyttelse var ikke ment som en erstatning for fælles lov. I stedet " +"var de ment at supplere fælles lov. Ifølge retpraksis var det galt at tage " +"en anden persons kreative ejendom og bruge den uden hans tilladelse. " +"<quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> hævdede bokhandlere, ændrede ikke dette " +"faktum. Derfor betød ikke det at beskyttelsen givet af <quote>Statute of " +"Anne</quote> udløb, at beskyttelsen fra retpraksis udløb: Ifølge retpraksis " +"havde de ret til at forbyde publiseringen af en bog, selv om <quote>Statute " +"of Anne</quote> sagde at de var henhørt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den " +"eneste mÃ¥den at beskytte forfatterne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Patterson, Raymond" +msgstr "Patterson, Raymond" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use," +"</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " +"wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, Ã¥nd Fair Use," +"</quote> <citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28 . For en " +"fantastisk overbevisende fortælling, se Vaidhyanathan, 37–48 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " +"leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " +"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, <quote>The publishers " +"… had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." +"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care " +"squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit " +"that the author's work gave." +msgstr "" +"Dette var et snedig argument, og havde støtte fra flere af datidens ledende " +"jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en utrolig frekkhet. Indtil da, som juiceprofessor " +"Raymond Pattetson formulerede det, <quote>var utgiverne … lige sÃ¥ " +"bekymret for forfatterne som man vogter for sine lam.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Bokselgerne generede sig ikke det spor om " +"forfatternes rettigheder. Deres bekymring var den monopolprofiten " +"forfatterens værk gav." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Donaldson, Alexander" +msgstr "Donaldson, Alexander" + +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " +"Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." +msgstr "" +"For en fascinerende fremstilling, se David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship " +"and Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " +"this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men bokhandlernes argument blev ikke godtaget uden kamp. Helten fra denne " +"kamp var den skotske bokselgeren Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Boswell, James" +msgstr "Boswell, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Erskine, Andrew" +msgstr "Erskine, Andrew" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rose, Mark" +msgstr "Rose, Mark" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " +"University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " +"University Press, 1993), 92 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f9 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid., 93." +msgstr "Ibid., 93 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " +"Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " +"<quote>of standard works whose copyright term had expired,</quote> at least " +"under the Statute of Anne.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Donaldson's publishing house prospered and became <quote>something of a " +"center for literary Scotsmen.</quote> <quote>[A]mong them,</quote> Professor " +"Mark Rose writes, was <quote>the young James Boswell who, together with his " +"friend Andrew Erskine, published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems " +"with Donaldson.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons <quote>The Conger.</quote> Han startede " +"sin karriere i Edinburgh i 1750 . Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier af " +"standardværk henhørt i det fri, i hvert fald fri ifølge <quote>Statute of " +"Anne.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldsons forlag " +"voksede og blev <quote>et centrum for litterære skud.</quote> <quote>Blandt " +"dem,</quote> skriver professor Mark Rose, var <quote>den unge James Boswell " +"som, sammen med sin ven Andrew Erskine, publicerede en hel antologi af " +"skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " +"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " +"Borwell)." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " +"<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (der hen " +"Borwell bliver citeret)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " +"he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " +"editions <quote>of the most popular English books, in defiance of the " +"supposed common law right of Literary Property.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 " +"percent, and he rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the " +"Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection." +msgstr "" +"Da Londons bokselgere prøvede at fÃ¥ lukket Donaldsons butik i Skottland, sÃ¥ " +"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige udgaver af <quote>de " +"mest populære, engelske bøger, i kamp mod retpraksissen ret til litterær " +"ejendom.</quote> <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> hans Bøge var " +"mellem 30 procent og 50 procent billigere end <quote>The Conger</quote>s, og " +"han baserede sin ret til at konkurrere pÃ¥ at bøgerne, takkede være " +"<quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> var henhørt i det fri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Millar v. Taylor" +msgstr "Millar mod taylor" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " +"like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " +"<quote>pirates,</quote> the most important early victory being " +"<citetitle>Millar</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Taylor</citetitle>." +msgstr "" +"Londons bokselgere begyndte straks at slÃ¥ ned mod <quote>pirater</quote> " +"som Donaldson. Flere tiltag var vellykket, den vigtigste var den tidligt " +"sejren i kampen mellem <citetitle>Millar</citetitle> og <citetitle>Taylor</" +"citetitle>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Thomson, James" +msgstr "Thomson, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" +msgstr "Seasons, The (Thomson)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Taylor, Robert" +msgstr "Taylor, Robert" + +#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " +"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152." +msgstr "" +"Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " +"Review</citetitle> 29 (1983): 1152 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " +"Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " +"requirements of the Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full " +"protection of the statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor " +"began printing a competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common " +"law right, the Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Millar var man boghandler som i 1729 havde købt op rettighederne til James " +"Thomsons digt <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar havde da fuld beskyttelse " +"gennem <quote>Statute of Anne,</quote> men efter at denne beskyttelse var " +"utløpt, begyndte Robert Taylor at trykke en konkurrerende udgave. Millar gik " +"til sag, og hævdede han havde man evigt ret gennem retpraksis, uanset hvad " +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> sagde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " +"history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " +"the Statute of Anne gave booksellers, it did not, he held, extinguish any " +"common law right. The question was whether the common law would protect the " +"author against subsequent <quote>pirates.</quote> Mansfield's answer was " +"yes: The common law would bar Taylor from reprinting Thomson's poem without " +"Millar's permission. That common law rule thus effectively gave the " +"booksellers a perpetual right to control the publication of any book " +"assigned to them." +msgstr "" +"Til moderne juristers forbløffelse, var en af, ikke bare datidens, men en af " +"de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enigt/enig med " +"bokhandlerne. Uanset hvilken beskyttelse <quote>Statute of Anne</quote> gav " +"bokhandlerne, sÃ¥ sagde han at den ikke fortrængte noget fra retpraksis. " +"SpørgsmÃ¥let var hvorvidt retpraksis beskyttet forfatterne mod " +"<quote>pirater.</quote> Mansfield svar var jaer: Retpraksis nægtede Taylor " +"at reproducere Thomsons digt uden Millars tilladelse. SÃ¥dan gav retpraksis " +"bokselgerne en evig publiseringsrett til bøger solgt til dem." + +#. PAGE BREAK 103 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " +"were just a matter of logical deduction from first principles—" +"Mansfield's conclusion might make some sense. But what it ignored was the " +"larger issue that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit " +"the monopoly power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term " +"for existing works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short " +"enough to assure that culture would pass into competition within a " +"reasonable period of time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, " +"Britain would mature from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to " +"the free culture that we inherited." +msgstr "" +"Ser man pÃ¥ det som et spørgsmÃ¥l inden abstrakt juice – dersom man " +"ræsonnerer som om retfærdighed bare var logisk deduksjon fra de første bud " +"– kunne Mansfields konklusion givet mening. Men den oversÃ¥ det " +"Parlamentet havde kæmpet for i 1710: Hvordan man pÃ¥ bedst muligt vis kunne " +"indskrænke utgivernes monopolmagt. Parlamentets strategi havde været at købe " +"fred gennem at tilbyde en beskyttelseperiode ogsÃ¥ for eksisterende værker, " +"men perioden mÃ¥tte være sÃ¥ kort at kulturen blev udsat for konkurrence " +"inden rimelig tid. Storbritannia skulle vokse fra den kontrollerede kulturen " +"under kongen, ind i en fri og Ã¥ben kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " +"however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." +msgstr "" +"Kampen for at forsvare <quote>Statute of Anne</quote>s begrænsninger " +"sluttede uanset ikke der hen, for nu kommer Donaldson." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Beckett, Thomas" +msgstr "Beckett, Thomas" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "House of Lords" +msgstr "Overhuset, det britiske" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "House of Lords vs." +msgstr "Overhuset, det britiske versus" + +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid., 1156." +msgstr "Ibid., 1156 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " +"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " +"unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the " +"decision in <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>, got an injunction against " +"Donaldson. Donaldson appealed the case to the House of Lords, which " +"functioned much like our own Supreme Court. In February of 1774, that body " +"had the chance to interpret the meaning of Parliament's limits from sixty " +"years before." +msgstr "" +"Millar døde kort tid efter sin sejer. Dødsboet hans solgte rettighederne " +"over Thomsons digt til et syndikat af utgivere, der i blandt Thomas Beckett." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Da gav Donaldson ud en uautorisert " +"udgave af Thomsons værk. Efter afgørelsen i <citetitle>Millar</citetitle>-" +"sagen, fik Beckett en forføyning mod Donaldson. Donaldson tog sagen ind for " +"Overhuset, som da fungerede som en slags Højesteret. I februar 1774 havde " +"dette organet muligheden til at tolke Parlamentets mening med udløbdatoen " +"fra tres Ã¥r tidligere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Donaldson v. Beckett" +msgstr "Donaldson mod Beckett" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " +"throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever rights may have " +"existed under the common law, the Statute of Anne terminated those rights. " +"After passage of the Statute of Anne, the only legal protection for an " +"exclusive right to control publication came from that statute. Thus, they " +"argued, after the term specified in the Statute of Anne expired, works that " +"had been protected by the statute were no longer protected." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som de færrest rettsaker gør, fik rettsaken <citetitle>Donaldson</" +"citetitle> mod <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> enorm opmærksomhed over hele " +"Storbritannia. Donaldsons advokater mente at uafhængigt af hvilke " +"rettigheder som eksisterede i henhold til retpraksis, sÃ¥ var disse " +"fortrængt af <quote>Statute of Anne.</quote> Efter at <quote>Statute of " +"Anne</quote> var blevet vedtaget, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse for " +"trykkerett komme derfra. Og derfor, argumenterede de, villes værk som havde " +"været beskyttet, ikke længere være beskyttet nÃ¥r vernetiden specificeret i " +"<quote>Statute of Anne</quote> udløb." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " +"the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " +"special legal distinction who functioned much like the Justices in our " +"Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the House of Lords generally " +"voted." +msgstr "" +"Overhuset var en mærkelig institution. Juridiske spørgsmÃ¥l blev præsenteret " +"for huset, og blev først stemt over af <quote>juicelorder,</quote> " +"medlemmer af en speciel retslig gruppe som fungerede næsten sÃ¥dan som " +"justitiariusene i vores Højesteret. Derefter, efter at <quote>juicelorderne</" +"quote> havde stemt, stemte resten af Overhuset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "English legal establishment of" +msgstr "den engelske juridiske etableringen af" + +#. PAGE BREAK 104 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " +"as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " +"House of Lords voted as whole. By a two-to-one majority (22 to 11) they " +"voted to reject the idea of perpetual copyrights. Whatever one's " +"understanding of the common law, now a copyright was fixed for a limited " +"time, after which the work protected by copyright passed into the public " +"domain." +msgstr "" +"Rapporterne om juicelorderne stemmer er uenige. PÃ¥ enkelte punkter ser det " +"ud som om evigvarende beskyttelse fik flertal. Men det er ingen tvivl om " +"hvordan resten af Overhuset stemte. Med en majoritet pÃ¥ to mod en (22 mod " +"11) stemte de ned forslaget om en evig beskyttelse. Uanset hvordan man havde " +"tolket retpraksis, var nu ophavsreten begrænset til en periode, og efter " +"denne villes virket henhøre i det fri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bacon, Francis" +msgstr "Bacon, Francis" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bunyan, John" +msgstr "Bunyan, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Johnson, Samuel" +msgstr "Johnson, Samuel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a " +"public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong argument that " +"common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public domain was " +"born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control over " +"creative works expired, and the greatest works in English history—" +"including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan—" +"were free of legal restraint." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Å henhøre i det fri.</quote> Før retssagen <citetitle>Donaldson</" +"citetitle> mod <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> var det ingen klar opfattelse " +"om hvad at henhøre i det fri indebar. Før 1774 var det jo en almen " +"opfattelse om at kopiretten var evigvarende. Men efter 1774 blev " +"allemannseiet født. For første gang i angloamerikansk historie var den " +"lovlige beskyttelsen af et værk utgÃ¥tt, og de største værk i engelsk " +"historie – inkluderet Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson og Bunyan " +"– var frie." + +#. f13 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rose, 97." +msgstr "Rose, 97 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " +"an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " +"of the <quote>pirate publishers</quote> did their work, people celebrated " +"the decision in the streets. As the <citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</" +"citetitle> reported, <quote>No private cause has so much engrossed the " +"attention of the public, and none has been tried before the House of Lords " +"in the decision of which so many individuals were interested.</quote> " +"<quote>Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary property: " +"bonfires and illuminations.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Vi kan knapt forestille os det, men denne afgørelse fra Overhuset fyrede op " +" under en vældig populær og politisk reaktion. I Skottland, hvor de fleste " +"piratutgiverne havde holdt til, blev afgørelsen fejret i gaderne. Som " +"<citetitle>Edinburgh Advertiser</citetitle> skrev <quote>Ingen privatsak har " +"nogensinde fÃ¥et sÃ¥dan opmærksomhed fra folket, og ingen sag som har blevet " +"prøvet i Overhuset har interesseret sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.</quote> " +"<quote>Stor glæde i Edinburgh efter sejren over litterær ejendom: " +"bÃ¥lbrenning og pynting med lys.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " +"strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</" +"citetitle> reported:" +msgstr "" +"I London, i hvert fald blandt utgiverne, var reaktionen lige sÃ¥ stærk, men i " +"modsat retning. <citetitle>Morning Chronicle</citetitle> skræv:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " +"honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " +"is now reduced to nothing. The Booksellers of London and Westminster, many " +"of whom sold estates and houses to purchase Copy-right, are in a manner " +"ruined, and those who after many years industry thought they had acquired a " +"competency to provide for their families now find themselves without a " +"shilling to devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Gennem denne afgørelse … er værdier til næsten 200 000 pund, som er " +"blevet ærligt købt gennem alment salg, og som i gÃ¥r var ejendom, nu " +"reduceret til ingenting. Bokselgerne i London og Westminster, mange af dem " +"har solgt huse og ejendom for at købe kopirettigheder, er med et ruinerede, " +"og mange som gennem mange Ã¥r har oparbejdet kompetence for at brødføde " +"familien, sidder nu uden en shilling til sine.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 105 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " +"exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " +"of Lords meant that the booksellers could no longer control how culture in " +"England would grow and develop. Culture in England was thereafter " +"<emphasis>free</emphasis>. Not in the sense that copyrights would not be " +"respected, for of course, for a limited time after a work was published, the " +"bookseller had an exclusive right to control the publication of that book. " +"And not in the sense that books could be stolen, for even after a copyright " +"expired, you still had to buy the book from someone. But <emphasis>free</" +"emphasis> in the sense that the culture and its growth would no longer be " +"controlled by a small group of publishers. As every free market does, this " +"free market of free culture would grow as the consumers and producers chose. " +"English culture would develop as the many English readers chose to let it " +"develop— chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in the memes " +"they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a <emphasis>competitive context</" +"emphasis>, not a context in which the choices about what culture is " +"available to people and how they get access to it are made by the few " +"despite the wishes of the many." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Ruineret</quote> er en overdrivelse. Men det er ingen overdrivelse at " +"sige at ændringen var stor. Vedtagelsen fra Overhuset betød at bokhandlerne " +"ikke længere kunne kontrollere hvordan kulturen i England villes vokse og " +"udvikle sig. Kulturen i England var efter dette <emphasis>fri</emphasis>. " +"Ikke i den betydning at kopiretten blev ignoreret, for utgiverne havde i en " +"begrænset periode eneret over trykkingen. Og heller ikke i den betydningen " +"at bøge kunne stjæles, for selv efter at bogen var henhørt i det fri, sÃ¥ " +"mÃ¥tte den købes. Men <emphasis>fri</emphasis> i betydningen at kulturen og " +"dens vækst ikke længere var kontrolleret af en lille gruppe utgivere. Som " +"alle frie markeder, villes dette marked vokse og udvikle sig efter tilbud og " +"efterspørgsel. Den engelske kulturen blev nu formet sÃ¥dan flertallet af " +"Englands læsere villes at det skulle formes – gennem valget af hvad de " +"købte og skrev, gennem valget af memer (idéer) de gentog og beundrede. Valg " +"i <emphasis>en konkurrerende sammenhæng</emphasis>, ikke der hen hvor " +"valgene var om hvilken kultur som skulle være tilgængeligt for folket, og " +"hvor deres tilgang til den blev styret af nogle fÃ¥, pÃ¥ trods af flertallets " +"ønsker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " +"resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " +"Parliament is more pliant, free culture would be less protected." +msgstr "" +"Til sidst, dette var en værdet hvor Parlamentet var antimonopolistisk, og " +"holdt stand mod utgivernes krav. I en værdet hvor Parlamentet er let at " +"pÃ¥virke, vil den frie kultur være mindre beskyttet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Seven: Recorders" +msgstr "Kapitel syv: Innspillerne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "fair use and" +msgstr "rimeligt brug og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "documentary film" +msgstr "dokumentarfilm" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Else, Jon" +msgstr "Else, Jon" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "fair use" +msgstr "rimeligt brug" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in documentary film" +msgstr "i dokumentarfilm" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "fair use of copyrighted material in" +msgstr "rimeligt brug af opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " +"for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " +"is also a teacher, and as a teacher myself, I envy the loyalty and " +"admiration that his students feel for him. (I met, by accident, two of his " +"students at a dinner party. He was their god.)" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> er en filmskaber. Han er mest " +"kendt for sine dokumentarer, og har pÃ¥ ypperligt vis klaret at brede sin " +"kunst. Han er ogsÃ¥ en lærer, som mig selv, og jeg misunder ham den " +"loyaliteten og beundringen hans studenter har for ham. (Ved et tilfælde " +"modarbejdede jeg to af hans studenter i et middagsselskab, og han var deres " +"Gud.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " +"a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." +msgstr "" +"Else arbejdede med en dokumentarfilm hvor jeg ogsÃ¥ var involveret. I en " +"pause fortalte han mig om hvordan det kunne være at skabe film i dagens " +"Amerika." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Wagner, Richard" +msgstr "Wagner, Richard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "San Francisco Opera" +msgstr "San Francisco Opera" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " +"focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " +"particularly funny and colorful element of an opera. During a show, they " +"hang out below the stage in the grips' lounge and in the lighting loft. They " +"make a perfect contrast to the art on the stage." +msgstr "" +"I 1990 arbejdede Else med en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Fokusset var " +"pÃ¥ scenearbejdere ved San Francisco Opera. Scenearbejderne er et specielt " +"morsomt og farverigt indslag i en opera. I løbet af forestillingen opholder " +"de sig blandt publikum og pÃ¥ lysloftet. De er en perfekt kontrast til " +"kunsten pÃ¥ scenen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Simpsons, The" +msgstr "Simpsons, The" + +#. PAGE BREAK 107 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " +"checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " +"television set, while the stagehands played checkers and the opera company " +"played Wagner, was <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. As Else judged it, " +"this touch of cartoon helped capture the flavor of what was special about " +"the scene." +msgstr "" +"Under en forestilling filmede Else nogle scenearbejdere som spillede Dam. I " +"et hjørne af rommen stod det et fjernsynsapparat. PÃ¥ fjernsynet, mens " +"forestillingen pÃ¥gikk, mens scenearbejderne spillede Dam og operakompagniet " +"spillede Wagner, gik <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. SÃ¥dan Else sÃ¥ det, " +"sÃ¥ hjalp dette tegnefilminnslaget at fÃ¥ med sig det specielle med scenen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "multiple copyrights associated with" +msgstr "flere ophavrettigheder knyttede til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " +"attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle>. For of course, those few seconds are copyrighted; and " +"of course, to use copyrighted material you need the permission of the " +"copyright owner, unless <quote>fair use</quote> or some other privilege " +"applies." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥, nogle Ã¥r senere, da han endeligt havde fÃ¥et ordnet den sidste " +"finansieringen, villes Else skaffe rettigheder til at bruge disse fÃ¥ " +"sekunder med <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>. For disse fÃ¥ sekunder var " +"selvsagt beskyttet af ophavsreten, og for at bruge beskyttet materiale mÃ¥ " +"man have tilladelse fra ejeren, dersom det ikke er <quote>rimeligt brug</" +"quote>, eller det foreligger specielle aftaler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Gracie Films" +msgstr "Gracie Films" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Groening, Matt" +msgstr "Groening, Matt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " +"to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-" +"halfsecond image on a tiny television set in the corner of the room. How " +"could it hurt? Groening was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else " +"to contact Gracie Films, the company that produces the program." +msgstr "" +"Else kontaktede <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-skaber Matt Groenings kontor " +"for at fÃ¥ tilladelse. Og Groening gav ham det. Det var trods alt kun snak om " +"fire og et halvt sekund pÃ¥ et lille fjernsyn, bagerst i et hjørne af rommen. " +"Hvordan kunne det skade? Groening var solnedgang for at fÃ¥ have det med i " +"filmen, men han bad Else om at kontakte Gracie Films, firmaet som producerer " +"programmet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fox (film company)" +msgstr "Fox (filmselskab)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " +"careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " +"called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot " +"of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was " +"just confirming the permission with Fox." +msgstr "" +"Gracie Films sagde ogsÃ¥ at det var fint, men de, sÃ¥dan som Groening, ønsket " +"at være forsigtige, og bad Else om at kontakte Fox, koncernen som ejede " +"Gracie. Else kontaktede Fox og forklarede situationen; at det var snak om et " +"klip i hjørnet i baggrunden i et rom i filmen. Matt Groening havde allerede " +"givet sin tilladelse, sagde Else. Han villes bare fÃ¥ det afklaret med Fox." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " +"… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " +"that someone [at Fox] believes he doesn't own his own creation.</quote> And " +"second, Fox <quote>wanted ten thousand dollars as a licensing fee for us to " +"use this four-point-five seconds of … entirely unsolicited " +"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> which was in the corner of the shot.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Derefter, fortalte Else: <quote>skete to ting. Først opdagede vi … " +"at Matt Groening ikke ejede sit eget værk – i hvert fald at nogle [hos " +"Fox] troede at han ikke ejede sit eget værk.</quote> Som det andre krævede " +"Fox <quote>ti tusind dollar i licensafgift for disse fire og et halvdel " +"sekunderne med … fuldstændigt tilfældigt <citetitle>Simpson</" +"citetitle> som var i et hjørne i et optagelse.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" +msgstr "Herrera, Rebecca" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " +"thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " +"to her, <quote>There must be some mistake here. … We're asking for " +"your educational rate on this.</quote> That was the educational rate, " +"Herrera told Else. A day or so later, Else called again to confirm what he " +"had been told." +msgstr "" +"Else var sikker pÃ¥ at det var en fejl. Han fik tag i nogle som han troede " +"var souschef for lisensiering, Rebecca Herrera. Han forklarede for hende at " +"<quote>det mÃ¥ være en fejl her … Vi beder dig om en uddannelseafsæt " +"pÃ¥ dette.</quote> Og du havde fÃ¥et uddannelseafsæt, fortalte Herrera. Kort " +"tid efter ringede Else igen for at fÃ¥ dette bekræftede." + +#. PAGE BREAK 108 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told me. " +"<quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would cost " +"$10,000 to use the clip of <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> in the corner " +"of a shot in a documentary film about Wagner's Ring Cycle. And then, " +"astonishingly, Herrera told Else, <quote>And if you quote me, I'll turn you " +"over to our attorneys.</quote> As an assistant to Herrera told Else later " +"on, <quote>They don't give a shit. They just want the money.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Jeg mÃ¥tte være sikker pÃ¥ at jeg havde rigtige oplysninger foran mig,</" +"quote> sagde han. <quote>Ja, du har rigtige oplysninger,</quote> sagde hun. " +"Det villes koste 10 000 dollar at bruge dette lille klippet af " +"<citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle>, placeret bagerst i et hjørne i en scene " +"i en dokumentar om Wagners Ring Cycle. Som om det ikke var nok , forbløffet " +"Herrera Else med at sige <quote>Og om du citerer mig, vil du høre fra vores " +"advokater.</quote> En af Herreras assistenter fortalte Else at <quote>De " +"generer sig ikke i det hele taget. Helt de vil have er pengeene.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Day After Trinity, The" +msgstr "Day After Trinity, The" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " +"the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " +"reality was beyond the documentary filmmaker's budget. At the very last " +"minute before the film was to be released, Else digitally replaced the shot " +"with a clip from another film that he had worked on, <citetitle>The Day " +"After Trinity</citetitle>, from ten years before." +msgstr "" +"Men Else havde ikke penge til at købe licens for klippede. SÃ¥ at gjenskape " +"denne del af virkeligheden lÃ¥ langt udenfor hans budgetter. SÃ¥ lige sÃ¥ før " +"dokumentaren skulle slippes, redigerede Else ind et andet klip pÃ¥ " +"fjernsynet, et klip fra en af hans andre film <citetitle>The Day After " +"Trinity</citetitle> fra ti Ã¥r tidligere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " +"copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " +"property. To use that copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the " +"permission of the copyright owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of " +"the <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> copyright were one of the uses " +"restricted by the law, then he would need to get the permission of the " +"copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. And in a free " +"market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the price for any " +"use that the law says the owner gets to control." +msgstr "" +"Det er ingen tvivl om at nogle, enten det er er Matt Groening eller Fox, " +"ejer rettighederne til <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Rettighederne er " +"deres ejendom. For at bruge beskyttet materiale kræves det ofte at man fÃ¥r " +"tilladelse fra ejeren eller ejerne. Dersom Else ønskede at bruge " +"<citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle> til noget hvor loven giver virket " +"beskyttelse, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ han indhente tilladelse fra ejeren føder han kan bruge " +"det. I et frit marked er det ejeren som bestemmer hvor mange han/hun vil " +"tage for hvilken som hilst brug (der hen loven kræver tilladelse fra ejer)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " +"selection of favorite episodes, rent a movie theater, and charge for tickets " +"to come see <quote>My Favorite <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>,</quote> then " +"you need to get permission from the copyright owner. And the copyright owner " +"(rightly, in my view) can charge whatever she wants—$10 or $1,000,000. " +"That's her right, as set by the law." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Offentligt fremvisning</quote> af <citetitle>The Simpson</citetitle> " +"er for eksempel en form for brug der loven giver ejeren kontrol. Dersom du " +"vælger ud dine favoritepisoder, leder man kinosal og sælger billetter til " +"<quote>Mine <citetitle>Simpson</citetitle>-favoritter,</quote> sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du have " +"tilladelse fra rettighedindehaveren (ejeren). Ejeren kan (med rette, sÃ¥dan " +"jeg ser det) kræve sÃ¥ meget han vil; 10 dollar eller 1 000 000 dollar. Det " +"er hans ret ifølge loven." + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " +"lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " +"Richard A. Posner with William F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory " +"Reform in the Wake of <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle></quote> (draft on file " +"with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August 2003." +msgstr "" +"Ønsker du at læse en flot redegjørelse om hvordan dette er <quote>rimelig " +"brug,</quote> og hvordan advokaterne ikke anerkender det, sÃ¥ læs Richard A. " +"Posner og William F. Patry, <quote>Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake " +"of <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> </quote> (udkast arkiveret hos " +"forfatteren), University of Chicago Law School, 5 . august 2003 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " +"is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " +"use of just 4.5 seconds of an indirect shot of a <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle> episode is clearly a fair use of <citetitle>The Simpsons</" +"citetitle>—and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r jurister hører denne historie om Jon Else og Fox, sÃ¥ er deres første " +"tanke <quote>rimelig brug.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Else brug af 4,5 sekunder med et indirekte klip af en <citetitle>Simpsons</" +"citetitle>-episode er et klart eksempel pÃ¥ rimelig brug af <citetitle>The " +"Simpsons</citetitle> – og rimelig brug kræver ingen tilladelse fra " +"nogle." + +#. PAGE BREAK 109 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " +"his reply:" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ jeg spurte Else om hvorfor han ikke bare stolte pÃ¥ <quote>rimeligt brug.</" +"quote> Han svarede:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "legal intimidation tactics against" +msgstr "juridisk skræmseltaktik mod" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " +"gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " +"is crushingly relevant in practice to those of us actually trying to make " +"and broadcast documentaries. I never had any doubt that it was " +"<quote>clearly fair use</quote> in an absolute legal sense. But I couldn't " +"rely on the concept in any concrete way. Here's why:" +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>-svipseren lærte mig om hvor stor afstand det " +"var mellem det jurister ikke finder relevant pÃ¥ en abstrakt mÃ¥de, og hvad " +"som er knusende relevant pÃ¥ en konkret mÃ¥de for os som prøver at fortage og " +"udsende dokumentarer. Jeg tvivlede aldrig pÃ¥ at dette helt klart var " +"<quote>Ã¥benbaret rimeligt brug,</quote> men jeg kunne ikke stole pÃ¥ " +"konceptet pÃ¥ nogen konkret mÃ¥de. Og dette er grunden:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Errors and Omissions insurance" +msgstr "Forsikring mod fejl og utelatelser" + +#. 1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " +"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " +"sheet</quote> listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the " +"film. They take a dim view of <quote>fair use,</quote> and a claim of " +"<quote>fair use</quote> can grind the application process to a halt." +msgstr "" +"Før vores film kan udsendes, kræver TV-netværket at vi køber man " +"<quote>Forsikring mod fejl og utelatelser.</quote> Den kræver en detaljeret " +"<quote>visuell køreplan</quote> med alle kilder og lisensieringsstatus pÃ¥ " +"alle scener i filmen. De har et smalt syn pÃ¥ <quote>rimeligt brug,</quote> " +"og at pÃ¥stÃ¥ at noget er netop dette kan forsinke, og i ondeste fald stoppe, " +"processen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lucas, George" +msgstr "Lucas, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" +msgstr "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" + +#. 2. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " +"knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " +"stopping unlicensed <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> usage, just as George " +"Lucas had a very high profile litigating <citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle> " +"usage. So I decided to play by the book, thinking that we would be granted " +"free or cheap license to four seconds of <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle>. As " +"a documentary producer working to exhaustion on a shoestring, the last thing " +"I wanted was to risk legal trouble, even nuisance legal trouble, and even to " +"defend a principle." +msgstr "" +"Jeg skulle nok aldrig have bedt om Matt Groenings tilladelse. Men jeg " +"vidste (i hvert fald fra rygter) at Fox tidligere havde jagtet pÃ¥ og stoppet " +"ulisensiert brug af <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som " +"George Lucas var rigtigt ivrigt pÃ¥ at forfølge brugen af <citetitle>Star " +"Wars</citetitle>. SÃ¥ jeg bestemte mig for at følge bogen, og troede at vi " +"skulle fÃ¥ til en gratis, i al fald rimeligt, aftale for fire sekunders brug " +"af <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. Som man næsten udmattede " +"dokumentarskaper med dÃ¥rligt rÃ¥d, var det sidste jeg ønsket en juridisk " +"strid, selv for at forsvare et princip." + +#. 3. +#. PAGE BREAK 110 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " +"… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " +"would <quote>depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,</quote> " +"regardless of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down " +"to who had the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." +msgstr "" +"Jeg snakkede faktisk med en af dine kollegaer pÃ¥ Stanford Law School " +"… som bekræftede at dette var rimelig brug. Han bekræftede ogsÃ¥ at " +"Fox villes <quote>sagsøge og rettsforfølge dig til det næsten ikke er liv " +"igen i dig,</quote> uafhængigt af riktigheten i mine krav. Han gjorde det " +"klart at alt villes koge ned til hvem som havde flest jurister og dybeste " +"lomme, jeg eller dem." + +#. 4. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " +"are up against a release deadline and out of money." +msgstr "" +"SpørgsmÃ¥let om rimeligt brug dukker som regel op helt mod slutningen af " +"projektet, nÃ¥r vi nærmer os sidste frist, og er tomme for penge." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " +"supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " +"practice, fair use functions very differently. The fuzzy lines of the law, " +"tied to the extraordinary liability if lines are crossed, means that the " +"effective fair use for many types of creators is slight. The law has the " +"right aim; practice has defeated the aim." +msgstr "" +"I teorien betyder rimeligt brug at du ikke behøver tilladelse. Teorien " +"støtter derfor den frie kultur, og arbejder mod tilladelsekulturen, men i " +"praksis fungerer <quote>rimeligt brug</quote> helt anderledes. De uklare " +"linjerne i lovværket, samt de frygtelige konsekvenserne dersom man tager " +"fejl, gør at mange kunstnere ikke stoler pÃ¥ rimeligt brug. Loven har en " +"vældig god hensigt, men i praksis er den ikke fulgt op ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-" +"century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits " +"against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that " +"interferes with any use, transformative or not." +msgstr "" +"Dette eksempel viser hvor langt denne lov har kommet fra sine " +"syttenhundretallsrøtter. Loven som skulle beskytte utgiverne mod uretfærdig " +"piratkonkurrence, havde udviklet sig til et sværd som slog ned pÃ¥ enhver " +"bruge, omformende eller ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Eight: Transformers" +msgstr "Kapitel otte: Omformerne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Allen, Paul" +msgstr "Allen, Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Alben, Alex" +msgstr "Alben, Alex" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " +"at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " +"cofounder Paul Allen to develop digital entertainment. Long before the " +"Internet became popular, Starwave began investing in new technology for " +"delivering entertainment in anticipation of the power of networks." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1993</emphasis> arbejdede Alex Alben som jurist " +"hos Starwave Inc. Starwave var et innovativt firma grundlagt af Paul Allen, " +"som ogsÃ¥ havde været med som grundlægger af Microsoft. Starwaves mÃ¥l var at " +"udvikle digital underholdning. Længe føder Internet blev superpopulært, " +"forskede Starwave pÃ¥ ny teknologi for at levere/levre underholdning uden " +"netværk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "retrospective compilations on" +msgstr "retrospektive samlinger om" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" +msgstr "CD-ROM-er, filmklipp brugt i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " +"emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " +"do things with film that otherwise would be very difficult. In 1993, he " +"launched an initiative to develop a product to build retrospectives on the " +"work of particular actors. The first actor chosen was Clint Eastwood. The " +"idea was to showcase all of the work of Eastwood, with clips from his films " +"and interviews with figures important to his career." +msgstr "" +"Alben var rigtigt interesseret i ny teknologi. Han var fascineret af det " +"voksende markedet for CD-RUMMELIG-teknologi – ikke for at distribuere " +"film, men for at gøre ting med filmen som før vilde været vældig " +"vanskeligt. I 1993 lancerede han idéen om at udvikle et produkt for at visse/" +"vise tilbageblik pÃ¥ værkerne til bestemte skuespillere. Den første " +"skuespilleren som blev valgt, var Clint Eastwood. Idéen var at vise alle " +"Eastwoods værk, sammen med klip fra hans film og interviewer med personer " +"som havde været vigtige i hans karriere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " +"director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " +"about his career. Because Starwave produced those interviews, it was free to " +"include them on the CD." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ den tiden havde Eastwood fortaget over halvtreds film, bÃ¥de som " +"skuespiller og som regissør. Alben begyndte med en serie interviewer med " +"Eastwood, hvor tema var hans karriere. Siden Starwave producerede disse " +"interview, kunne de frit have dem med pÃ¥ CD-en." + +#. PAGE BREAK 112 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " +"wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " +"scripts, and other material relating to the films Eastwood made. Most of his " +"career was spent at Warner Brothers, and so it was relatively easy to get " +"permission for that content." +msgstr "" +"Men det alene havde ikke blevet noget interessant produkt, sÃ¥ Starwave " +"ønskede at lægge ved stolt indhold fra nogle af Eastwoods film, nogle " +"plakater, manuskript og andre ting som kunne knyttes til hans film. " +"Størstedelen af Eastwoods karriere havde foregÃ¥et hos Warner Brothers, og " +"det var relativt enkelt at fÃ¥ tilladelse for det materialet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " +"goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " +"films,</quote> Alben told me. It was here that the problem arose. <quote>No " +"one had ever really done this before,</quote> Alben explained. <quote>No one " +"had ever tried to do this in the context of an artistic look at an actor's " +"career.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Derefter ønskede Alben og hans team at bruge nogle faktiske klip fra " +"aktuelle film. <quote>Vores mÃ¥l var at have et klip fra alle Eastwoods film</" +"quote>, fortalte Alben mig. Det var her problemerne startet. <quote>Ingen " +"havde nogensinde gjort dette før,</quote> forklarede Alben. <quote>Ingen " +"havde prøvet at præsentere et sÃ¥dant kunstnerisk overblik over en " +"skuespillers karriere.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " +"<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Alben tog idéen videre til Michael Slade, leder for Starwave. Slade spurgte " +"<quote>Vel , hvor mange vil det kræve?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "publicity rights on images of" +msgstr "offentliggjøringsrettigheter for billeder af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " +"publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " +"of his image. But these rights, too, burden <quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> " +"creativity, as this chapter evinces. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Teknisk set var rettighederne som Alben mÃ¥tte klarere i hovedsag de om " +"publicitet – rettigheden en artist har til at kontrollere den " +"kommercielle utnyttelsen af sit billede. Men disse rettigheder belaster " +"ogsÃ¥ <quote>rip, miks, brænd</quote>-kreativiteten sÃ¥dan dette kapitel " +"demonstrerer. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " +"everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " +"we want to use in these film clips.</quote> Slade said, <quote>Great! Go for " +"it.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Alben svarede, <quote>Tja, vi mÃ¥ indhente tilladelse fra alle som optræder i " +"disse film, for musikken og for alt andet som er i disse filmklippene.</" +"quote> Slade svarede <quote>Flot! Gør det.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " +"those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " +"to royalties for the reuse of that film. But CD- ROMs had not been specified " +"in the contracts for the actors, so there was no clear way to know just what " +"Starwave was to do." +msgstr "" +"Problemet var at hverken Alben eller Slade forstod hvad det indebar at " +"indhente disse tilladelser. Alle skuespillerne i hver af filmene kunne have " +"krav pÃ¥ kompensation for brug af sit optagelse. Men CD-ROM havde ikke været " +"specificeret i skuespillernes kontrakter, sÃ¥ ingen vidste helt hvad " +"Starwave skulle gøre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " +"resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " +"recounted just what they did:" +msgstr "" +"Jeg spurgte Alben om hvordan han løste problemet. Med en tydelig stolthet " +"som overskyggede hvor bisarr historie var, sÃ¥ fortalte han hvad de gjorde:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " +"artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " +"going to use the <quote>Make my day</quote> clip from <citetitle>Dirty " +"Harry</citetitle>. But you then need to get the guy on the ground who's " +"wiggling under the gun and you need to get his permission. And then you " +"have to decide what you are going to pay him." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ vi afgik og fandt frem filmene, og gjorde nogle kunstneriske beslutninger " +"om hvilke klip som skulle være med . Selvsagt skulle vi bruge <quote>Ordne " +"my day</quote>-scenen fra Dirty Harry. Men da mÃ¥tte vi opsøge den personen " +"som ligger pÃ¥ bagen under geværet, og fÃ¥ hans tilladelse. Og sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte vi " +"bestemme hvad han skulle fÃ¥ betalt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 113 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " +"the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " +"a minute, but to reuse that performance in the CD-ROM the rate at the time " +"was about $600. So we had to identify the people—some of them were " +"hard to identify because in Eastwood movies you can't tell who's the guy " +"crashing through the glass—is it the actor or is it the stuntman? And " +"then we just, we put together a team, my assistant and some others, and we " +"just started calling people." +msgstr "" +"Vi bestemte at det villes være retfærdigt hvis vi tilbød dem en " +"dagsspillersats for retten til at bruge klippede. Vi snakker trods alt om et " +"klip pÃ¥ under et minut, men afsættet for at bruge klippede pÃ¥ CD-ROM lÃ¥ pÃ¥ " +"den tiden pÃ¥ 600 dollar. SÃ¥ vi mÃ¥tte identificere personerne – nogle " +"var vanskeligt at identificere, siden det ofte er vanskeligt at vide hvem " +"som er skuespilleren og hvem som er stuntmannen i Eastwoods film. Og " +"derefter samlede vi os en gruppe og begyndte at ringe rundt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sutherland, Donald" +msgstr "Sutherland, Donald" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " +"up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " +"dumbfounded at their good fortune. Alben would ask, <quote>Hey, can I pay " +"you $600 or maybe if you were in two films, you know, $1,200?</quote> And " +"they would say, <quote>Are you for real? Hey, I'd love to get $1,200.</" +"quote> And some of course were a bit difficult (estranged ex-wives, in " +"particular). But eventually, Alben and his team had cleared the rights to " +"this retrospective CD-ROM on Clint Eastwood's career." +msgstr "" +"Nogle skuespillere var glade for at kunne hjælpe – Donald Sutherland " +"fulgte for eksempel op sagen personligt for at sørge for at alt var fint. " +"Andre generede sig mest om pengeene. Alben kunne spørge <quote>Hei, kan jeg " +"betale dig 600 dollar, eller hvis du var i to film, 1200 dollar?</quote> Og " +"de kunne svare <quote>Er det sandt? Jeg vil vældig gerne have 1200 dollar.</" +"quote> Nogle kunne være stolt vanskelige af sig (særligt krævende eks-" +"koner). Men til slutning klarede Alben og hans team at gøre rede for alle " +"rettighederne til CD-en om Clint Eastwoods karriere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " +"weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det var gÃ¥et et <emphasis>Ã¥r</emphasis> <quote>og selv da var vi ikke sikre " +"pÃ¥ om alt var helt klart.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " +"only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " +"the purpose of releasing a retrospective." +msgstr "" +"Alben er stolt af sit værk. Projektet var det første af sit slag, og første " +"gang han havde hørt om et team som havde taget pÃ¥ sig sÃ¥ meget arbejde for " +"at give ud en samling af tidligere arbejder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " +"and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " +"music, there's the screenplay, there's the director, there's the actors.</" +"quote> But we just broke it down. We just put it into its constituent parts " +"and said, <quote>Okay, there's this many actors, this many directors, " +"… this many musicians,</quote> and we just went at it very " +"systematically and cleared the rights." +msgstr "" +"Alle havde troet det skulle blive for vanskeligt. De havde kastet hÃ¥nd i " +"vejret og sagt <quote>Skrig, en film. Det er sÃ¥ mange rettigheder; det er " +"musik, det er scenekunsten, det er skuespillere, det er regissører.</quote> " +"Men vi gjorde det! Vi tog delene fra hinanden og sagde <quote>okei, det er " +"sÃ¥ mange skuespillere, sÃ¥ mange regissører ... sÃ¥ mange musikere,</quote> " +"sÃ¥ gik vi systematisk igennem det, og fik tag i rettighederne." + +#. PAGE BREAK 114 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " +"and it sold very well." +msgstr "" +"Og produktet blev uden tvivl særdeles godt. Eastwood elskede det, og det " +"solgte rigtigt godt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Drucker, Peter" +msgstr "Drucker, Peter" + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " +"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</" +"citetitle>, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#22</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " +"<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services Acquisition</" +"citetitle>, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #22</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " +"year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " +"efficiently, but as Peter Drucker has famously quipped, <quote>There is " +"nothing so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all." +"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked " +"Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" +msgstr "" +"Jeg spurgte Alben om hvor mærkeligt det syntes at det skulle tage et helt Ã¥r " +"bare at fÃ¥ orden pÃ¥ rettigheder. Alben havde gjort det hele vældig " +"effektivt, men som Peter Drucker sÃ¥ berømt har sagt, <quote>Det er ikke " +"noget som er sÃ¥ ubrukelig at gøre effektivt end det som egentligt ikke burde " +"gøres i det hele taget .</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Var det noget fornuft i at det var sÃ¥dan et nyt værk skulle skabes, spurgte " +"jeg Alben." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " +"resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " +"would ever be made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of " +"what anybody really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, " +"that you would have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" +msgstr "" +"For, som han indrøm, <quote>rigtigt fÃ¥ … har tid og ressourcer, og " +"viljen til at gøre dette,</quote> og dermed bliver rigtigt fÃ¥ sÃ¥danne værk " +"nogle vrede fortaget. Gear det mening, spurgte jeg ham, ud fra synsvinklen " +"til hvad enhver i realiteten troede de oprindeligt gav tilladelse til, at du " +"mÃ¥tte gÃ¥ i gang med at klarere rettigheder for denne type optagelse?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " +"gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " +"is used in a new product that is a retrospective of somebody's career, I " +"don't think that that person … should be compensated for that." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror ikke det. NÃ¥r en skuespiller fremfører en scene i en film, fÃ¥r han " +"eller hun rigtigt godt betalt … Og derfor, nÃ¥r 30 sekunder af denne " +"scene bliver brugt i et nyt produkt som er et tilbageblik pÃ¥ nogen karriere, " +"sÃ¥ tror jeg ikke at den personen … burde fÃ¥ kompensation for det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " +"compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " +"statutory license that someone could pay and be free to make derivative use " +"of clips like this? Did it really make sense that a follow-on creator would " +"have to track down every artist, actor, director, musician, and get explicit " +"permission from each? Wouldn't a lot more be created if the legal part of " +"the creative process could be made to be more clean?" +msgstr "" +"Eller er det mÃ¥ske <emphasis>sÃ¥dan</emphasis> en kunstner burde fÃ¥ " +"kompensation? Gear det nogle mening, spurgte jeg, om det var en form for " +"lovbestemmt licens som nogle kan betale og frit videreudvikle, og omdigte " +"klip som disse? Gav det virkelig mening at en videreudviklende skaber " +"skulle mÃ¥tte spore op hver eneste artist, skuespiller, regissør, musiker og " +"fÃ¥ eksplisitt tilladelse fra hver af dem. Villes ikke meget mere blive " +"fortaget hvis den juridiske delen af den kreative processen kunne gøres " +"enklere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 115 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism—" +"where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged " +"former spouses—you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't " +"be so daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career " +"and meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. " +"You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in " +"a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a " +"known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of " +"product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a hundred minutes of " +"film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then you build your budget " +"around it, and you can get investments and everything else that you need to " +"produce it. But if you say, <quote>Oh, I want a hundred minutes of something " +"and I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a certain number of " +"people are going to hold me up for money,</quote> then it becomes difficult " +"to put one of these things together." +msgstr "" +"Ultimatum. Jeg tror at hvis det fandtes en form for lisensieringsmekanisme " +"– hvor du ikke risikerede at blive offer for forglemmelser eller " +"problematiske ekskoner – villes man mÃ¥ske have set mange flere af " +"denne type værk, slet og ret fordi det ikke villes set sÃ¥ skrekkinngytende " +"ud at sætte sammen et tilbageblik pÃ¥ nogen karriere, og at bruge mange " +"medierne-illustrationer fra vedkommendes karriere. Du villes kunne fortage " +"en budgetpost pÃ¥ dette, sætte op en omkostning pÃ¥ X dollar til talentet som " +"fremførte, og det villes være en kendt omkostning. Det er mÃ¥ske " +"kerneproblemet med at producere sÃ¥danne produkter. Hvis man vidste at man " +"havde 100 minutter med film, kunne man sige at dette vil koste mig sÃ¥ og sÃ¥ " +"mange dollar, og fortage et budget rundt det. Derefter kan du skaffe " +"investorer og alt andet som trænges for at producere det. Men dersom man kun " +"kan sige <quote>Hm, jeg ønsker 100 minutter med noget, og jeg aner ikke " +"hvor mange det vil koste mig, og et bestemt antal personer vil kræve penge,</" +"quote> vil det være ganske vanskeligt at fÃ¥ til sÃ¥danne ting." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " +"richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " +"the average Web designer would not have. So if it took him a year, how long " +"would it take someone else? And how much creativity is never made just " +"because the costs of clearing the rights are so high?" +msgstr "" +"Alben arbejdede for et stort selskab. Hans selskab var støttet af nogle af " +"de rigeste investorerne i værdet. Derfor havde han myndighed og ressourcer " +"som en gennemsnitlig webdesigner ikke kan drømme om. SÃ¥ hvis det tog ham et " +"Ã¥r, hvor lang tid villes det tage nogle andre? Hvor mange kreativitet fÃ¥r " +"aldrig form pÃ¥ grund af omkostningerne rundt at kortlægge og skaffe " +"rettigheder? " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " +"for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " +"these rights, and the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost " +"to negotiate them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and " +"imagine the pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from " +"Los Angeles to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made " +"sense; but as circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, " +"a well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights " +"and ask, <quote>Does this still make sense?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Disse omkostninger er byrderne fra en form for regulering. Vi kan prøve at " +"tage pÃ¥ os hatten til en republikaner, og blive sure et øjeblik. Staten " +"styrer disse rettigheders omfang, og omfanget bestemmer hvor mange det vil " +"koste at skælde disse rettigheder. (Husker I idéen om at en ejendom strakte " +"sig til universets grænse? Og se for jer piloten som mÃ¥ betale for at krydse " +"ejendommene han skælder ved at flyve fra Los Angeles til San Francisco.) " +"Disse rettigheder gav sikkert mening en gang, men nu som forholdene har " +"ændret sig, er meningen borte. I hvert fald sÃ¥ burde man veltrenet, " +"reguleringsfiendtlig republikaner se pÃ¥ rettighederne og spørge <quote>Gear " +"det mening nu?</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 116 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " +"few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " +"The judges were gathered to discuss the emerging topic of cyber-law. I was " +"asked to be on the panel. Harvey Saferstein, a well-respected lawyer from an " +"L.A. firm, introduced the panel with a video that he and a friend, Robert " +"Fairbank, had produced." +msgstr "" +"Jeg har set glimret af gjenkjennelse pÃ¥ dette punkt, men bare nogle fÃ¥ " +"gange. Første gang var pÃ¥ en konference for føderale dommere i California. " +"Dommerne var samlet for at diskutere det øgende temaet cyber-lov. Jeg blev " +"spurgt om at sidde i panelet. Harvey Saferstein, en respekteret advokat fra " +"et firma i Los Angeles, introducerede for panelet en film han og hans ven " +"Robert Fairbank havde fortaget." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " +"century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " +"episode. The execution was perfect, down to the sixty-minute stopwatch. The " +"judges loved every minute of it." +msgstr "" +"Videoen var en glimrende sammenstilling af film fra hver periode i det " +"tyvende Ã¥rhundredet, ramt ind rundt idéen om en episode i TV-serien " +"<citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>. Utførelsen var perfekt, ned til tres " +"minutter stoppeklokke. Dommerne elskede hvert minut af den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Nimmer, David" +msgstr "Nimmer, David" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " +"perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " +"an astonished look on his face, as he peered across the room of over 250 " +"well-entertained judges. Taking an ominous tone, he began his talk with a " +"question: <quote>Do you know how many federal laws were just violated in " +"this room?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Da lysene kom pÃ¥, kikkede jeg over til min medpaneldeltaker, David Nimmer, " +"mÃ¥ske den ledende opphavsrettsakademiker og -udøver i nationen. Han havde et " +"forbauset udtryk i sit ansigt, mens han kiggede ud over rommen med over 250 " +"godt adspredte dommere. Med en illevarslende tone, begyndte han sin tale med " +"et spørgsmÃ¥l: <quote>Ved I hvor mange føderale hÃ¥ndflade som netop blev " +"brudt i dette rom?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Boies, David" +msgstr "Boies, David" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Court of Appeals" +msgstr "Ankedomstol" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ninth Circuit" +msgstr "Niende kreds" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals" +msgstr "Niende ankekreds" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> For of " +"course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film hadn't done " +"what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to these clips; " +"technically, what they had done violated the law. Of course, it wasn't as " +"if they or anyone were going to be prosecuted for this violation (the " +"presence of 250 judges and a gaggle of federal marshals notwithstanding). " +"But Nimmer was making an important point: A year before anyone would have " +"heard of the word Napster, and two years before another member of our panel, " +"David Boies, would defend Napster before the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, " +"Nimmer was trying to get the judges to see that the law would not be " +"friendly to the capacities that this technology would enable. Technology " +"means you can now do amazing things easily; but you couldn't easily do them " +"legally." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> Og " +"selvsagt havde ikke disse to briljante talenterne gjort hvad Alben havde " +"gjort. De havde ikke ordnet alle rettighederne til klippene de brugte. Rent " +"teknisk havde de brudt loven. Men ingen kom til at straffeforfølge disse to " +"(selv om de viste den for 250 dommere og en gruppe føderale lovmenn). Men " +"Nimmer havde et vigtigt pointe: Et Ã¥r føder nogle havde hørt ordet Napster, " +"og to Ã¥r før et andet medlem af panelet, David Boies, villes forsvare " +"Napster for den niende ankekreds, prøvede Nimmer at fÃ¥ dommerne til at " +"forstÃ¥ at loven ikke var særligt Ã¥ben for de nye kapaciteterne den nye " +"teknologien villes muliggjøre. Teknologi betyder at du nu kan gøre " +"fantastiske ting enkelt, men du kan ikke enkelt gøre dem lovligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by technology. " +"Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut " +"and paste architecture of the Internet created—in a second you can " +"find just about any image you want; in another second, you can have it " +"planted in your presentation." +msgstr "" +"Vi lever i <quote>en klip og klistr</quote>-kultur som er muliggjort af " +"dagens teknologi. Alle som fortager præsentationer ved hvilken særskilt " +"frihed Internets <quote>klip og klistr</quote>-arkitektur giver – pÃ¥ " +"et sekund kan du finde akkurat det billedet du vil have, og du kan fÃ¥ det " +"ind i din præsentation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Camp Chaos" +msgstr "Camper Chaos" + +#. PAGE BREAK 117 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " +"archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " +"imagined; filmmakers are able to build movies out of clips on computers " +"around the world. An extraordinary site in Sweden takes images of " +"politicians and blends them with music to create biting political " +"commentary. A site called Camp Chaos has produced some of the most biting " +"criticism of the record industry that there is through the mixing of Flash! " +"and music." +msgstr "" +"Men præsentationer er bare en lille start. Ved hjælp af Internet og dets " +"arkiver, er musikere i stand til at sy sammen nye lydmikser som ingen havde " +"kunnet forestille sig; filmskabere er i stand til at fortage film ud fra " +"klip pÃ¥ computere rundt om i værdet. Et specielt netsted i Sverige tager " +"billeder af politikere og blander dem med musik for at skabt bidende " +"politiske kommentarer. En netside kaldt Camp Chaos har skabt noget af den " +"skarpeste kritikken som findes mod musikindustrien, gennem at mikse Flash! " +"og musik." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " +"to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " +"high. Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never " +"made. And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance " +"rules, it doesn't get released." +msgstr "" +"Alt dette er rent teknisk ulovligt. Selv om skaberen ønskede at holde sig " +"pÃ¥ ret side af loven, villes omkostningerne med at følge loven været " +"umenneskelige. Derfor vil de som ønsker at følge loven blive hindret i at " +"bruge sin kreativitet, og meget bliver aldrig skabt. Og det som er skabt, " +"vil ikke blive publiceret fordi det ikke er i trÃ¥d med " +"opklaringringskrønerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " +"that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " +"see fit. We could even make this change without necessarily requiring that " +"the <quote>free</quote> use be free as in <quote>free beer.</quote> Instead, " +"the system could simply make it easy for follow-on creators to compensate " +"artists without requiring an army of lawyers to come along: a rule, for " +"example, that says <quote>the royalty owed the copyright owner of an " +"unregistered work for the derivative reuse of his work will be a flat 1 " +"percent of net revenues, to be held in escrow for the copyright owner.</" +"quote> Under this rule, the copyright owner could benefit from some royalty, " +"but he would not have the benefit of a full property right (meaning the " +"right to name his own price) unless he registers the work." +msgstr "" +"For nogle insinuerer disse historie en løsning: Lad os ændre blandingen af " +"rettigheder sÃ¥dan at folk stÃ¥r frit til at bygge pÃ¥ vores kultur, stÃ¥r frit " +"til at lægge til eller blanding sÃ¥dan de synes pas. Vi kunne introducere " +"dette uden at det blev frit som i <quote>fri bar.</quote> I stedet kunne " +"systemet gøre det lettere for nye kunstnere at kompensere den originale " +"artisten uden at det kræver en hær af jurister. Hvad med skrøner som f.eks. " +"<quote>kompensation til en ophavsretindehaver for uregistrerede værker vil " +"for avledede værker for 1 procent af netto overskud (som sættes pÃ¥ spærret " +"konto til fordel for rettighedejer)</quote>? Med en sÃ¥dan regel villes " +"ophavsretholderen fÃ¥ en indtægt, men han vil ikke have en fuld ejendomret " +"over ophavsreten (som betyder retten til at bestemme prisen selv) uden at " +"have registreret værket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " +"objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " +"made, under this plan, would produce new income for artists. What reason " +"would anyone have to oppose it?" +msgstr "" +"Hvem vil nægte at blive med pÃ¥ dette? Og hvilke grunde findes for at nægte " +"dette? Vi snakker om et værk som ikke bliver fortaget akkurat nu, men om " +"det blev fortaget under denne plan, vil det skabe indkomster for artisterne. " +"Hvilke bagtanker kan nogle have for at modarbejde det?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 118 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " +"announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " +"<citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin Powers. According to " +"the announcement, Myers and Dream-Works would work together to form a " +"<quote>unique filmmaking pact.</quote> Under the agreement, DreamWorks " +"<quote>will acquire the rights to existing motion picture hits and classics, " +"write new storylines and—with the use of stateof-the-art digital " +"technology—insert Myers and other actors into the film, thereby " +"creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I februar 2003</emphasis> kunne DreamWorks studios " +"kundgøre at de havde fÃ¥et en aftale med komikeren Mike Myers (manden bag " +"Saturday Night Live og Austin Powers). I følge kunngjøringen skulle " +"DreamWorks og Myers arbejde for at skabe en <quote>unik filmskaberaftale.</" +"quote> Under denne aftale villes DreamWorks <quote>fÃ¥ ret til at benytte " +"eksisterende filmklipp, skrive nye manuskripter og – med hjælp af " +"moderne digitalteknologi – sætte ind Myers og andre skuespillere i " +"filmene, og sÃ¥dan skabe et helt nyt stykke underholdning.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " +"explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " +"on existing films and allow audiences to see old movies in a new light. Rap " +"artists have been doing this for years with music and now we are able to " +"take that same concept and apply it to film.</quote> Steven Spielberg is " +"quoted as saying, <quote>If anyone can create a way to bring old films to " +"new audiences, it is Mike.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Dette blev kaldt <quote>filmsampling,</quote> og som Myers forklarede, var " +"<quote>filmsampling en fantastisk mÃ¥de at fÃ¥ ny vridning pÃ¥ eksisterende " +"film, og lader publikum se gamle film i et nyt lys. Ræb-artister har gjort " +"sÃ¥dant i en Ã¥rrække, og nu kan vi tage det samme koncept og bruge det pÃ¥ " +"film.</quote> Steven Spielberg er citeret med følgende udsagn <quote>Hvis " +"nogle kan klare at bringe gamle film til et nyt publikum, sÃ¥ er det Mike.</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " +"don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " +"announcement. As the vast majority of our film heritage remains under " +"copyright, the real meaning of the DreamWorks announcement is just this: It " +"is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom " +"to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts " +"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and " +"famous—and presumably rich." +msgstr "" +"Spielberg har ret . Filmsampling med Myers villes været brilliant, men hvis " +"du ikke følger godt med, sÃ¥ vil du overse det forbløffende med denne " +"kunngjøringen. Siden den aller største delen af forÃ¥r filmarv fortsætter at " +"være reguleret af loven, sÃ¥ er det virkelige indholdet i DreamWorks " +"kunngjøring følgende: Det er Mike Myers, og kun Mike Myers, som har lov til " +"at gøre sÃ¥dant. Al generel frihed til at fortsætte at bygge pÃ¥ værdets " +"filmkultur, en frihed som i andre sammenhænge er en selvfølge, er et " +"privilegium forbeholdt de morsomme og berømte – og antageligt rige." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " +"continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair use.</" +"quote> Much of <quote>sampling</quote> should be considered <quote>fair use." +"</quote> But few would rely upon so weak a doctrine to create. That leads to " +"the second reason that the privilege is reserved for the few: The costs of " +"negotiating the legal rights for the creative reuse of content are " +"astronomically high. These costs mirror the costs with fair use: You either " +"pay a lawyer to defend your fair use rights or pay a lawyer to track down " +"permissions so you don't have to rely upon fair use rights. Either way, the " +"creative process is a process of paying lawyers—again a privilege, or " +"perhaps a curse, reserved for the few." +msgstr "" +"Dette privilegium er begrænset af to slags grunder: Første grund er man " +"fortsettelse af forrige kapitel, vagheten i <quote>rimeligt brug.</quote> " +"Meget af denne <quote>samplingen</quote> vil nok betragtes som " +"<quote>rimeligt brug,</quote> men ingen vÃ¥ger at stole pÃ¥ et sÃ¥ vagt " +"princip. Det leder os til næste grund for at privilegiet er forbeholdt fÃ¥: " +"Omkostningerne ved at skælde ophavsreten ved kreativt genbrug er " +"astronomiske. Disse omkostninger spejler omkostningen for <quote>rimeligt " +"brug</quote>: Enten betaler du en jurist til at forsvare dine " +"<quote>rimeligt brug</quote>-rettigheder, eller sÃ¥ betaler du en jurist for " +"at opspore og ordne med rettighederne du behøver, sÃ¥dan at du slipper at " +"stole pÃ¥ rimeligt brug. I begge tilfælde er den kreative processen blevet en " +"proces med at betale jurister – igen, et privilegium forbeholdt de fÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Nine: Collectors" +msgstr "Kapitel ni: Samlere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "archives, digital" +msgstr "arkiver, digitale" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "bots" +msgstr "boter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of <quote>bots</" +"quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> or " +"automatically search the Internet and copy content—began running " +"across the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information " +"onto a small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's " +"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started " +"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took " +"copies of the Internet and stored them." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I april 1996</emphasis> havde millioner af " +"<quote>bod-er</quote> – computerprogramkode udformet for at " +"<quote>kravle</quote>, eller automatisk søge pÃ¥ Internet og kopiere indhold " +"– gÃ¥et i gang pÃ¥ nettet. Side for side kopierede disse bod-ene " +"Internet-baseret information til et lille set maskiner placeret i en kælder " +"i San Franciscos Presidio. Da bod-ene var færdig med hele Internet, startet " +"de pÃ¥ nyt. Igen og igen, en gang hver anden mÃ¥neder, tog disse snuttene med " +"kode kopier af Internet og lagrede dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Way Back Machine" +msgstr "Way Back Machine" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " +"at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " +"copies created, the Internet Archive, was opened to the world. Using a " +"technology called <quote>the Way Back Machine,</quote> you could enter a Web " +"page, and see all of its copies going back to 1996, as well as when those " +"pages changed." +msgstr "" +"I oktober 2001 havde bod-ene samlet mere end fem Ã¥r med kopier. Ved en " +"lille kunngjøring ved Berkeley, California, blev arkivet som disse kopier " +"udgjorde, Internet-arkivet, Ã¥bnet for værdet. Ved at bruge en teknologi ved " +"navn <quote>Way Back Machine</quote> kan du skrive ind en netside og se alle " +"deres kopier helt tilbage til 1996, samt se nÃ¥r disse sider ændrede sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Orwell, George" +msgstr "Orwell, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " +"the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " +"constantly updated to assure that the current view of the world, approved of " +"by the government, was not contradicted by previous news reports." +msgstr "" +"Dette er en egenskab ved Internet som Orwell villes sat pris pÃ¥. I den " +"dystre værdet beskrevet i <citetitle>1984</citetitle> blev gamle aviser " +"kontinuerligt opdateret for at sikre at gældende opfattelse af værdet, " +"godkendt af myndighederne, ikke blev motsagt af gamle nyhedmeldinger." + +#. PAGE BREAK 120 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " +"ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " +"printed on the date published on the paper." +msgstr "" +"Tusindvis af arbejdere redigerede konstant fortiden, hvilket gjorde at det " +"aldrig var muligt at vide om historie du læssede i dag var historie som blev " +"trykket den datoen som stod ført op pÃ¥ papiret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " +"way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " +"content you read before. The page may seem the same, but the content could " +"easily be different. The Internet is Orwell's library—constantly " +"updated, without any reliable memory." +msgstr "" +"Det er det samme med Internet. Hvis du besøger en netside i dag, sÃ¥ har du " +"ingen mÃ¥de at vide om indholdet du læser nu er det samme som indholdet du " +"læste tidligere . Siden kan se helt lig ud, men indholdet kan ganske enkelt " +" være helt anderledes. Internet er Orwells bibliotek – kontinuerligt " +"opdateret, uden en pÃ¥lidelig hukommelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "White House press releases" +msgstr "pressemeldinger fra Det hvide huse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The temptations " +"remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House changes its own " +"press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release stated, " +"<quote>Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</quote> That was later changed, " +"without notice, to <quote>Major Combat Operations in Iraq Have Ended.</" +"quote> E-mail from Brewster Kahle, 1 December 2003." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Fristelsene er dog " +"der hen fortsat. Brewster Kahle fortæller at Det hvide huse ændrer sine egen " +"pressemeldinger uden varsel. En pressemelding fra 13 . maj 2003 indeholdte " +"<quote>Kampoperationer i Irak er over.</quote> Det blev senere ændret, " +"uden varsel, til <quote>Større kampoperationer i Irak er over.</quote> E-" +"post fra Brewster Kahle, 1 . december 2003 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " +"Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " +"the power to see what you remember. More importantly, perhaps, you also have " +"the power to find what you don't remember and what others might prefer you " +"forget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I hvert fald før Way Back Machine dukkede op . Ved hjælp af Way Back " +"Machine, og Internet-arkivet som ligger til grund for denne, sÃ¥ kan du se " +"hvordan Internet var. Du har mulighed til at se det du husker. Og mÃ¥ske " +"vigtigere, sÃ¥ har du mulighed til at finde det du ikke husker, og det andre " +"mÃ¥ske fortrækker at du glemmer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "history, records of" +msgstr "historie, arkiv over" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " +"back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " +"to study the reaction of your hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts " +"in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water cannon in 1963, you could go to your " +"public library and look at the newspapers. Those papers probably exist on " +"microfiche. If you're lucky, they exist in paper, too. Either way, you are " +"free, using a library, to go back and remember—not just what it is " +"convenient to remember, but remember something close to the truth." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Vi tager det</emphasis> for givet at vi kan gÃ¥ " +"tilbage at se det vi husker at have læst. Tænk for eksempel pÃ¥ aviser. " +"Hvis du ønsker at studere reaktionerne i lokalavisen din om raceoprørene i " +"Watts i 1965, eller om vandkanonen til Bull Connor i 1963, sÃ¥ kan du gÃ¥ til " +"dit lokale bibliotek og se i aviserne. Disse artikler findes sandsynligvis " +"pÃ¥ microfiche. Hvis du er heldig, sÃ¥ eksisterer de ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ papir. Uanset, " +"sÃ¥ stÃ¥r du frit til, ved at bruge et bibliotek, at gÃ¥ tilbage for at gynge " +"– ikke bare det som er behageligt at huske, men at huske sÃ¥dant som er " +"nær sandheden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. " +"That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget history. The " +"key is whether we have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More " +"directly, the key is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries " +"help do that, by collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for " +"researchers, for grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." +msgstr "" +"Det siges at de som ikke husker historie, er dømt til at gentage den. Det " +"er ikke helt rigtigt. Vi <emphasis>alle</emphasis> glemmer historie. " +"Nøglen er hvorvidt vi har en mÃ¥de at gÃ¥ tilbage for at gjenoppdage det vi " +"har glemt. Helt konkret er nøglen hvorvidt en objektiv fortid kan sikre at " +"vi er ærlige. Biblioteker bidrager til dette, ved at samle indhold og " +"opbevare det, for skolebarn, for forskere, for bedstemor. Et frit samfund " +"forudsætter denne kundskab." + +#. PAGE BREAK 121 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " +"Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " +"transitory medium. And yet, as it becomes more important in forming and " +"reforming society, it becomes more and more important to maintain in some " +"historical form. It's just bizarre to think that we have scads of archives " +"of newspapers from tiny towns around the world, yet there is but one copy of " +"the Internet—the one kept by the Internet Archive." +msgstr "" +"Internet var et undtagelse fra denne forudsætning. Før Internet-arkivet var " +"det ikke muligt at gÃ¥ tilbage. Internet var i essets et flyktig medium. Og " +"alligevel, efterhÃ¥nden som det blev vigtigere og vigtigere i at forme og " +"reformere samfundet, sÃ¥ bliver det vigtigere og vigtigere at bevare det i en " +"eller anden historisk form. Det er helt sært at tænke pÃ¥ at vi har masse " +"arkiver med aviser fra smÃ¥ tætbebyggelser rundt om i hele værdet, men det " +"findes bare en kopi af Internet – den som bliver opbevaret af " +"Internet-arkivet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " +"successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " +"researcher. In the 1990s, Kahle decided he had had enough business " +"success. It was time to become a different kind of success. So he launched " +"a series of projects designed to archive human knowledge. The Internet " +"Archive was just the first of the projects of this Andrew Carnegie of the " +"Internet. By December of 2002, the archive had over 10 billion pages, and it " +"was growing at about a billion pages a month." +msgstr "" +"Brewster Kahle er stifter af Internet-arkivet. Han var man vældig vellykket " +"Internet-entreprenør efter at han havde været en vellykket dataforsker. PÃ¥ " +"1990-tallet bestemte Kahle sig for at han havde haft nok succes som " +"forretningsmand, og at det var pÃ¥ tide at lykkes pÃ¥ et andet omrÃ¥de. " +"Derfor lancerede han en serie projekter som blev udformet for at arkivere " +"menneskelig kundskab. Internet-arkivet var bare det første af projekterne " +"til denne Internet-filantropen. I december 2002 havde arkivet over ti " +"milliarder sider, og det voksede med omtrent en milliard sider i mÃ¥neden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Library of Congress" +msgstr "Kongres-biblioteket" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Television Archive" +msgstr "TV-arkivet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Vanderbilt University" +msgstr "Vanderbilt University" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "libraries" +msgstr "biblioteker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "archival function of" +msgstr "arkiveringsfunksjonen til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " +"history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " +"of material</quote>—and was <quote>ten times larger than the Library " +"of Congress.</quote> And this was just the first of the archives that Kahle " +"set out to build. In addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been " +"constructing the Television Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more " +"ephemeral than the Internet. While much of twentieth-century culture was " +"constructed through television, only a tiny proportion of that culture is " +"available for anyone to see today. Three hours of news are recorded each " +"evening by Vanderbilt University—thanks to a specific exemption in the " +"copyright law. That content is indexed, and is available to scholars for a " +"very low fee. <quote>But other than that, [television] is almost unavailable," +"</quote> Kahle told me. <quote>If you were Barbara Walters you could get " +"access to [the archives], but if you are just a graduate student?</quote> As " +"Kahle put it," +msgstr "" +"Way Back Machine er det største arkivet over menneskelig kundskab i " +"menneskehedens historie. Ved slutningen af 2002 indeholdte det <quote>to " +"hundrede og tredive terabyte med materiale</quote> – og var <quote>ti " +"gange større end kongresbiblioteket.</quote> Og dette var bare det første " +"af arkiverne som Kahle gik i gang med at bygge. I tillæg til Internet-" +"arkivet er Kahle i gang med at konstruere TV-arkivet. TV, viser det sig, er " +"endnu mere flyktig end Internet. Selv om meget af kulturen i det tyvende " +"Ã¥rhundredet blev til gennem fjernsyn, sÃ¥ er bare en lille andel af den " +"kulturen tilgængeligt for dem som vil se det i dag. Tre timer med nyheder " +"bliver taget op hver aften af Vanderbilt University – takket være et " +"spesifikt undtagelse i opphavsrettsloven. Dette indhold bliver gjort " +"søkbart, og er tilgængeligt for forskere for en vældig lav afgift. " +"<quote>Men bortset fra dette, sÃ¥ er [TV] næsten fuldstændig utilgjengelig,</" +"quote> fortalte Kahle mig. <quote>Hvis du er Barbara Walters, sÃ¥ kan du fÃ¥ " +"tilgang til [arkiverne], men hvad hvis du bare er en student?</quote> Som " +"Kahle formulerede det:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Quayle, Dan" +msgstr "Quayle, Dan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "60 Minutes" +msgstr "60 Minutes" + +#. PAGE BREAK 122 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " +"that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " +"fictional television character? If you were a graduate student wanting to " +"study that, and you wanted to get those original back and forth exchanges " +"between the two, the <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> episode that came out " +"after it … it would be almost impossible. … Those materials " +"are almost unfindable. …" +msgstr "" +"Husker du da Dan Quayle snakkede med Murphy Brown? Husker du den uvirkelige " +"oplevelsen af samtalen som gik frem og tilbage mellem en politiker og en " +"fiktiv TV-karakter? Hvis du var en student som ønskede at studere dette, og " +"du ønskede at fÃ¥ tage i den originale samtalen som gik frem og tilbage " +"mellem disse to, og <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle>-episoden som kom ud " +"efter dette … sÃ¥ villes det være næsten umuligt … Dette " +"materiale er næsten umuligt at finde. …" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "newspapers" +msgstr "aviser" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "archives of" +msgstr "arkiver over" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " +"newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " +"on videotape is not? How is it that we've created a world where researchers " +"trying to understand the effect of media on nineteenthcentury America will " +"have an easier time than researchers trying to understand the effect of " +"media on twentieth-century America?" +msgstr "" +"Hvorfor er det sÃ¥dan? Hvor er den delen af vores kultur som er lagret i " +"aviser tilgængelige til evig tid, mens den delen som er lagret pÃ¥ videobÃ¥nd " +"ikke er det? Hvorfor har vi fortaget en værdet der hen forskere som " +"forsøger at forstÃ¥ effekten medierne har haft pÃ¥ Amerika i det nittende " +"Ã¥rhundrede har en enklere job end forskere som forsøger at forstÃ¥ effekten " +"medierne har haft pÃ¥ Amerika i det tyvende Ã¥rhundrede?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " +"copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " +"libraries. These copies were intended both to facilitate the spread of " +"knowledge and to assure that a copy of the work would be around once the " +"copyright expired, so that others might access and copy the work." +msgstr "" +"Dette er delvis pÃ¥ grund af lovværket. Ophavsretejere var tidligt i " +"amerikansk opphavsrettslov nødt til at deponere kopier af sine værk i " +"biblioteker. Disse kopier skulle bÃ¥de sikre spredning af kundskab, og sikre " +"at det fandtes en kopi af værket tilgængeligt nÃ¥r vernetiden udløb, sÃ¥dan at " +"andre kunne fÃ¥ tilgang til, og kopiere virket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "archive of" +msgstr "arkiv for" + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " +"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</" +"citetitle> 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate " +"Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States</citetitle> " +"(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." +msgstr "" +"Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " +"the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</" +"citetitle> 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, <citetitle>Nitrate " +"Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United States</citetitle> " +"(Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " +"made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " +"deposits were made. But the filmmaker was then allowed to borrow back the " +"deposits—for an unlimited time at no cost. In 1915 alone, there were " +"more than 5,475 films deposited and <quote>borrowed back.</quote> Thus, when " +"the copyrights to films expire, there is no copy held by any library. The " +"copy exists—if it exists at all—in the library archive of the " +"film company.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse skrøner galdt ogsÃ¥ for film, men i 1915 gjorde kongresbiblioteket et " +"undtagelse for film. Film kunne blive opphavsrettsbeskyttet sÃ¥ længe det " +"blev gjort sÃ¥dan deponering, men filmskaberne fik sÃ¥ lov til at lÃ¥ne " +"tilbage de deponerede filmene – sÃ¥ længe de ville uden noget " +"omkostning. Bare i 1915 var det mere end 5475 film deponeret og <quote>lÃ¥nt " +"tilbage.</quote> Dermed var det ikke noget eksemplar i noget bibliotek da " +"vernetiden til filmen udløb. Eksemplaret findes – hvis det findes i " +"det hele taget – i arkivbiblioteket til filmselskabet.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " +"originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " +"so there was no fear of <quote>theft.</quote> But as technology enabled " +"capturing, broadcasters relied increasingly upon the law. The law required " +"they make a copy of each broadcast for the work to be <quote>copyrighted.</" +"quote> But those copies were simply kept by the broadcasters. No library had " +"any right to them; the government didn't demand them. The content of this " +"part of American culture is practically invisible to anyone who would look." +msgstr "" +"Det samme er generelt set sandt ogsÃ¥ for TV. Fjernsynsudsendelser var " +"oprindeligt ikke opphavsrettsbeskyttet – det fandtes ingen mÃ¥de at " +"tage op sendinger, sÃ¥ det var ikke noget frygt for <quote>tyveri.</quote> " +"Men efterhÃ¥nden som teknologien gjorde det muligt at tage op TV-sendinger, " +"baserede kringkastere sig i større grad pÃ¥ loven. Loven krævede at de " +"fortog et eksemplar af hver kringkastingssending for at værk skulle blive " +"<quote>opphavsrettsbeskyttet.</quote> Disse eksemplarer blev kun lagret " +"hos kringkastingsselskapene. Intet bibliotek havde nogle rettigheder " +"knyttet til dem, og myndighederne gjorde ikke krav pÃ¥ dem. Indholdet fra " +"denne del af amerikansk kultur er i praksis usynligt for alle som kunne " +"tænke sig at se den." + +#. PAGE BREAK 123 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " +"allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " +"around the world and hit the Record button. After September 11, Kahle, " +"working with dozens of others, selected twenty stations from around the " +"world and, beginning October 11, 2001, made their coverage during the week " +"of September 11 available free on-line. Anyone could see how news reports " +"from around the world covered the events of that day." +msgstr "" +"Kahle ivrede efter at rette pÃ¥ dette. Før 11 . september 2001 havde han og " +"hans allierede begyndt at tage op TV. De valgte tyve stationer rundt om i " +"værdet, og trykkede pÃ¥ optagelseknappen. Efter 11 . september arbejdede " +"Kahle sammen med et dusin andre, og valgte tyve stationer rundt om i værdet " +"der hen de fra og med 11 . oktober 2011 gjorde optagelserne fra ugen rundt " +"11 . september frit tilgængeligt pÃ¥ nettet. Enhver kunne se hvordan " +"nyhedmeldingerne værdet rundt dækkede hændelserne disse dage." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Movie Archive" +msgstr "Movie Archive" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "archive.org" +msgstr "archive.stjæle" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Internet Archive" +msgstr "Internet-arkivet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Duck and Cover film" +msgstr "Duk og skjul dig-film" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ephemeral films" +msgstr "flyktige filmer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Prelinger, Rick" +msgstr "Prelinger, Rick" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " +"archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " +"(meaning films other than Hollywood movies, films that were never " +"copyrighted), Kahle established the Movie Archive. Prelinger let Kahle " +"digitize 1,300 films in this archive and post those films on the Internet to " +"be downloaded for free. Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies " +"of these films as stock footage. What he has discovered is that after he " +"made a significant chunk available for free, his stock footage sales went up " +"dramatically. People could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some " +"downloaded that material and made films on their own. Others purchased " +"copies to enable other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled " +"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the " +"<quote>Duck and Cover</quote> film that instructed children how to save " +"themselves in the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can " +"download the film in a few minutes—for free." +msgstr "" +"Kahle havde samme idé for film. I samarbejde med Rick Relinger, hvis " +"filmarkiv indeholder næsten 45 000 <quote>flyktige film</quote> (i " +"betydningen filmer som ikke er Hollywood-film, filmer som aldrig blev " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet), etablerede Kahle Filmarkivet. Prelinger lod Kahle " +"digitalisere 1 300 film i dette arkiv og publicere disse film pÃ¥ Internet " +"for gratis nedlasting. Prelingers selskab er et kommercielt selskab, og " +"sælger eksemplarer af disse film som klipparkiv. Det han opdagede efter at " +"han gjorde en anseelig andel gratis tilgængeligt, var at salget af " +"klipparkivmaterialet skridt dramatisk. Folk kunne nu enkelt finne " +"materialet som de ønskede at bruge. Nogle lastede ned materialet, og fortog " +"film pÃ¥ egen hÃ¥nd. Andre købte kopier for at gøre det muligt at fortage " +"andre filmer. Uanset gjorde arkivet det muligt at fÃ¥ tilgang til denne " +"vigtige del af vores kultur. Vil du se et eksemplar af <quote>Duk og skjul " +"dig</quote>-filmen som giver børn instrukser om hvordan de skal redde sig " +"selv under et atomangreb? Besøg archive.stjæle, og du kan laste ned filmen " +"pÃ¥ nogle fÃ¥ minutter – gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " +"otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " +"defines the twentieth century that we have lost to history. The law doesn't " +"require these copies to be kept by anyone, or to be deposited in an archive " +"by anyone. Therefore, there is no simple way to find them." +msgstr "" +"Nok en gang giver Kahle tilgang til en del af vores kultur som vi ellers " +"ikke villes fÃ¥et enkel tilgang til, hvis vi i det hele taget fik tilgang. " +"Det er nok en del af det som definerer det tyvende Ã¥rhundredet som er tabt " +"i historie. Loven kræver ikke at disse eksemplarer opbevares af nogle, " +"eller at de skal deponeres for at arkiveres af nogle. Dermed er det ikke " +"nogle enkel mÃ¥de at finde dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " +"content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " +"to ensure competition in access to this important part of our culture. Not " +"during the commercial life of a bit of creative property, but during a " +"second life that all creative property has—a noncommercial life." +msgstr "" +"Nøglen her er tilgang, ikke pris. Kahle ønsker at gøre det muligt at fÃ¥ " +"ubegrænset tilgang til dette indhold, men han ønsker ogsÃ¥ at andre skal " +"have mulighed til at sælge tilgang til det. hans MÃ¥l er at sikre " +"konkurrence rundt tilgang til denne vigtige del af vores kultur. Ikke i den " +"kommercielle delen af en kreativ ejendoms liv, men i løbet af den andre fase " +"som al kreativ ejendom har – en ikke-kommerciel fase." + +#. PAGE BREAK 124 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " +"creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " +"life, if the creator is lucky, the content is sold. In such cases the " +"commercial market is successful for the creator. The vast majority of " +"creative property doesn't enjoy such success, but some clearly does. For " +"that content, commercial life is extremely important. Without this " +"commercial market, there would be, many argue, much less creativity." +msgstr "" +"Her er en idé som vi bør kende bedre. Hver bidder af kreativ ejendom gÃ¥r " +"igennem forskellige <quote>faser.</quote> I dets første fase, hvis skaberen " +"er heldig, bliver indholdet solgt. I sÃ¥danne tilfælde er det kommercielle " +"markedet en succes for skaberen. Det store flertallet af kreativ ejendom " +"nyder ikke sÃ¥dan succes, men nogle gør helt klart dette. For dette indhold " +"er en kommerciel fase ekstremt vigtigt. Uden dette kommercielle marked " +"hævder mange at det villes været mindre kreativitet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " +"always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " +"day to the doorsteps of America. The very next day, it is used to wrap fish " +"or to fill boxes with fragile gifts or to build an archive of knowledge " +"about our history. In this second life, the content can continue to inform " +"even if that information is no longer sold." +msgstr "" +"Efter at den kommercielle fasen til kreativ ejendom har taget slutning, har " +"vores tradition altid støttet op om en anden fase. En avis leverer nyheder " +"hver dag pÃ¥ dørkarmen til Amerika. Næste dag bliver det brugt til at pakke " +"ind fisk, eller befolke dÃ¥ser med skjøre gaver, eller til at bygge et arkiv " +"med kundskab om vores historie. Dette er den andre fase, der indholdet " +"fortsat kan informere selv om informationen ikke længere bliver solgt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " +"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " +"by Adopting Business,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5 " +"September 1997, at Metro Lake 1L. Of books published between 1927 and 1946, " +"only 2.2 percent were in print in 2002. R. Anthony Reese, <quote>The First " +"Sale Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,</quote> <citetitle>Boston " +"College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " +"Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " +"by Adopting Business,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 5 " +"september 1997, ved Metro Lake 1L. Af bøger publiceret mellem 1927 og 1946 " +"var kun 2.2 procent fortsat tilgængeligt fra forlaget i 2002 . R. Anthony " +"Reese, <quote>The First Sadle Doctrine in the Era of Digital Networks,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Boston College Law Review</citetitle> 44 (2003): 593 n. 51 " +"." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " +"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in used book stores " +"without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in libraries, where " +"many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores and libraries are " +"thus the second life of a book. That second life is extremely important to " +"the spread and stability of culture." +msgstr "" +"Det samme har altid været tilfælde for bøger. En bog bliver udsolgt fra " +"forlaget vældig raskt (i dag sker det i snit efter et Ã¥r<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>). Efter at den er udsolgt fra forlaget, kan " +"den sælges i bruktbokhandler uden at ophavsretindehaveren fÃ¥r noget. Den " +"kan ogsÃ¥ opbevares i biblioteker, hvor mange fÃ¥r mulighed til at læse " +"bogen, helt gratis. Bruktbokhandler og biblioteker er dermed den andre fase " +"til en bog. Denne anden fase er ekstremt vigtig for spredningen og " +"stabiliteten til kulturen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " +"property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " +"culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these—" +"television, movies, music, radio, the Internet—there is no guarantee " +"of a second life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced " +"libraries with Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's " +"accessible is nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond " +"that, culture disappears." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel gælder i stadig mindre grad antagelsen om en stabil anden fase for " +"kreativ ejendom hos de vigtigste komponenterne som udgør populærkulturen i " +"det tyvende og tjueførste Ã¥rhundrede. For disse – TV, filmer, musik, " +"radio, Internet – findes det ingen garanti for en anden fase. For " +"denne type kultur, er det som om vi har byttet ud biblioteker med Barnes " +"& Noble-sutmarkeder. Med denne kultur er det ingenting andet " +"tilgængeligt end det som et vist begrænset marked efterspørger. Ud over det " +"forsvinder kulturen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 125 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " +"economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " +"collect and make accessible all television and film and music: The cost of " +"analog copies is extraordinarily high. So even though the law in principle " +"would have restricted the ability of a Brewster Kahle to copy culture " +"generally, the real restriction was economics. The market made it impossibly " +"difficult to do anything about this ephemeral culture; the law had little " +"practical effect." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I størstedelen</emphasis> af det tyvende Ã¥rhundrede " +"var det økonomi som sørgede for dette. Det villes været utroligt dyrt at " +"samle og gøre alt af TV, film og musik tilgængeligt: Omkostningen for " +"analoge eksemplarer er ekstremt høj. SÃ¥ selv om loven i princippet villes " +"have begrænset muligheden for at en som Brewster Kahle kunne kopiere " +"kulturen generelt, sÃ¥ var den reelle begrænsningen økonomi. Markedet gjorde " +"det helt umuligt at gøre noget med denne flyktige kulturen. Loven havde " +"lille praktisk effekt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " +"for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " +"imagine constructing archives that hold all culture produced or distributed " +"publicly. Technology makes it possible to imagine an archive of all books " +"published, and increasingly makes it possible to imagine an archive of all " +"moving images and sound." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥ske den vigtigste enkeltegenskapen i den digitale revolutionen er at for " +"første gang siden biblioteket i Alexandria, er det gjennomførbart at tænke " +"sig at fortage et arkiv som kan holde al kultur som er produceret eller " +"distribueret offentligt. Teknologien gør det muligt at forestille sig et " +"arkiv med alle bøge som er publiceret, og gør det stadig enklere at " +"forestille sig et arkiv over alle bevægelige billeder og lyde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " +"before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " +"for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle " +"describes," +msgstr "" +"Omfanget for dette potentielle arkiv er noget vi aldrig har forstilt os før. " +" Folk som Brewster Kahle har drømt om det op igennem historie, men vi er for " +" første gang ved et punkt der denne drøm er mulig. Som Kahle beskriver det:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "total number of" +msgstr "totalt antal" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "music recordings" +msgstr "musikindspilninger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. " +"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, … " +"and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " +"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " +"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " +"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " +"Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different " +"life, based on this, is … thrilling. It could be one of the things " +"humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, " +"putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press." +msgstr "" +"Det ser ud til at det findes omtrent to til tre millioner optagelser af " +"musik, totalt gennem hele historie. Det er udgivet omtrent hundrede " +"tusinder biograffilm, … og [distribueret] omtrent en til to " +"millioner film i det tyvende Ã¥rhundredet. Det findes omtrent tjueseks " +"millioner forskellige bogtitler. Alt dette vil fÃ¥ plads pÃ¥ computere som " +"fÃ¥r plads i rommen jeg sidder i, og et lille firma villes have rÃ¥d til det. " +"SÃ¥ vi er ved et vendepunkt i historie. Universell tilgang er mÃ¥let. " +"Udsigten til at fÃ¥ et andet liv baseret pÃ¥ dette er … spændende . " +"Det kan blive en af de tingene som menneskeheden villes være mest stolt af. " +"Helt der oppe med biblioteket i Alexandria, placere en mand pÃ¥ mÃ¥nen, og " +"oppfinnelsen af trykpresset." + +#. PAGE BREAK 126 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " +"archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " +"libraries or archives could be. <emphasis>When</emphasis> the commercial " +"life of creative property ends, I don't know. But it does. And whenever it " +"does, Kahle and his archive hint at a world where this knowledge, and " +"culture, remains perpetually available. Some will draw upon it to understand " +"it; some to criticize it. Some will use it, as Walt Disney did, to re-create " +"the past for the future. These technologies promise something that had " +"become unimaginable for much of our past—a future <emphasis>for</" +"emphasis> our past. The technology of digital arts could make the dream of " +"the Library of Alexandria real again." +msgstr "" +"Kahle er ikke den eneste bibliotekaren. Internet-arkivet er ikke det " +"eneste arkivet, men Kahle og Internet-arkivet insinuerer hvad fremtiden for " +"biblioteker eller arkiver kunne være. Jeg ved ikke <emphasis>nÃ¥r</" +"emphasis> det kommercielle livet til kreativ ejendom tager slutning, men det " +"tager slutning. Uanset nÃ¥r det sker, hinter Kahle og hans arkiv om en " +"værdet hvor denne kundskab, og kulturen, forbliver tilgængeligt til evig " +"tid. Nogle vil bruge det for at forstÃ¥ den. Andre for at kritisere den. " +"Nogle vil bruge den, sÃ¥dan Walt Disney gjorde, for at gjenskape fortiden for " +"fremtiden. Disse teknologier har løftet om noget som havde blevet umuligt " +"at tænke sig i store dele af vores fortid – en fremtid <emphasis>for</" +"emphasis> vores fortid. Teknologien til digital kunst kan gøre drømmen om " +"biblioteket i Alexandria virkeligt igen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " +"archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " +"these <quote>archives,</quote> as warm as the idea of a <quote>library</" +"quote> might seem, the <quote>content</quote> that is collected in these " +"digital spaces is also someone's <quote>property.</quote> And the law of " +"property restricts the freedoms that Kahle and others would exercise." +msgstr "" +"Teknologer har dermed fjernet den økonomiske omkostningen med at bygge et " +"sÃ¥dant arkiv. Men advokatomkostningerne bestÃ¥r. For uanset hvor mange vi " +"ønsker at kalde falde <quote>arkiver,</quote> og uanset hvor hyggeligt idéen " +"om et <quote>bibliotek</quote> kan virke, sÃ¥ er <quote>indholdet</quote> som " +"er samlet i disse digitale omrÃ¥der ogsÃ¥ nogles <quote>ejendom.</quote> Og " +"eiendomslover begrænser friheden til folk som Kahle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Ten: <quote>Property</quote>" +msgstr "Kapitel ti: <quote>Ejendom</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" +msgstr "Johnson, Lyndon" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kennedy, John F." +msgstr "Kennedy, John F." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "background of" +msgstr "baggrunden til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " +"the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " +"Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's administration—literally. The " +"famous picture of Johnson's swearing-in on Air Force One after the " +"assassination of President Kennedy has Valenti in the background. In his " +"almost forty years of running the MPAA, Valenti has established himself as " +"perhaps the most prominent and effective lobbyist in Washington." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> har været præsident for " +"Motion Picture Assication of America siden 1966 . Han ankom Washington D.C. " +"med Lyndon Johnson-administrationen – bogstaveligt talt. PÃ¥ det " +"berømte billedet af edsavleggelsen til Johnson pÃ¥ Air Force One efter " +"snigmordet pÃ¥ præsident Kennedy befinder Valenti sig i baggrunden. I sine " +"næsten fyrre Ã¥r som leder af MPAA har Valenti etableret sig som mÃ¥ske den " +"mest synlige og effektive lobbyisten i Washington." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "MGM" +msgstr "MGM" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Paramount Pictures" +msgstr "Paramount Pictures" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" +msgstr "Twentieth Century Fox" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" +msgstr "Sony Pictures Entertainment" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Universal Pictures" +msgstr "Universal Pictures" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Warner Brothers" +msgstr "Warner Brothers" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " +"Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " +"defend American movies against increasing domestic criticism. The " +"organization now represents not only filmmakers but producers and " +"distributors of entertainment for television, video, and cable. Its board is " +"made up of the chairmen and presidents of the seven major producers and " +"distributors of motion picture and television programs in the United States: " +"Walt Disney, Sony Pictures Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth " +"Century Fox, Universal Studios, and Warner Brothers." +msgstr "" +"MPAA er den amerikanske grenen af den internationale filmforeningen. Den " +"blev stiftet i 1922 som en handelforening hvis mÃ¥l var at forsvare " +"amerikanske film mod øgende kritik indenlands. Organisationen repræsenterer " +"ikke bare filmskabere nu, men ogsÃ¥ producenter og distributører af " +"underholdning for TV, video og kabel-TV. Styret er sat sammen af " +"styrelederne og præsidenterne i de syv største producenterne og " +"distributørerne for film og Tv-programmer i USA: Walt Disney, Sony Pictures " +"Entertainment, MGM, Paramount Pictures, Twentieth Centory Fox, Universal " +"Studios og Warner Brothers." + +#. PAGE BREAK 128 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " +"had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " +"Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a " +"Southerner—the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a " +"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. " +"But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at " +"the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, " +"is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a " +"quintessentially Washingtonian way." +msgstr "" +"Valenti er den tredje præsidenten i MPAA. Ingen præsident føder ham har " +"haft lige sÃ¥ meget indflydelse over organisationen, eller over Washington. " +"Valenti, som kommer fra Texas, har behersket den vigtigste politiske " +"enkeltferdighet som trænges af en fra sydstaterne – evnen til at " +"fremstÃ¥ enkel og træg mens man skjuler sit lynraske intellekt. Valenti " +"spiller fortsat en enkel og ydmyg mand. Men denne mand, som har MBA fra " +"Harvard, skrævede fire bøge, fuldført videregÃ¥ende skole i en alder af " +"femten Ã¥r, og fløjet mere end halvtreds kampopgave under anden verdenskrig, " +"er ingen normal mand. Da Valenti kom til Washington, beherskede han byen " +"lige godt som en indfødt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " +"depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " +"system, it has probably avoided a great deal of speech-regulating harm. But " +"there is an aspect to the organization's mission that is both the most " +"radical and the most important. This is the organization's effort, " +"epitomized in Valenti's every act, to redefine the meaning of " +"<quote>creative property.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Ved at forsvare kunstnerisk frihed og ytringsfrihed som vores kultur er " +"afhængig af, har MPAA gjort vigtigt og positivt arbejde. Ved at udarbejde " +"MPAAs klassifiseringsystem har de sikkert undgÃ¥et betydelig skade pÃ¥ " +"talefriheden. Men det er et aspekt ved organisationens mÃ¥l som bÃ¥de er det " +"mest radikale og det vigtigste. Dette er organisationens indsats, " +"personificeret i alt Valenti gør, for at omdefinere hvad <quote>kreativ " +"ejendom</quote> betyder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" +msgstr "" +"Valentis vidneudsagn i 1982 til Kongressen sætter perfekt ord pÃ¥ denne " +"strategi:" + +#. f1 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. " +"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, " +"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the " +"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 " +"(testimony of Jack Valenti)." +msgstr "" +"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. " +"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, " +"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the " +"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd siddeplads. (1982)" +": 65 (vidneudsagn fra Jack Valenti)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-" +"charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women " +"will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " +"animates this entire debate: <emphasis>Creative property owners must be " +"accorded the same rights and protection resident in all other property " +"owners in the nation</emphasis>. That is the issue. That is the question. " +"And that is the rostrum on which this entire hearing and the debates to " +"follow must rest.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Uanset hvilke stærke argumenter som fremmes, uanset angreb og motangrep, " +"uanset herjing og roping, sÃ¥ vil fornuftige mænd og kvinder komme tilbage " +"til det fundamentale i sagen, det centrale temaer som holder liv i hele " +"denne debat: <emphasis>Ejere af kreative ejendomretter mÃ¥ tildeles de samme " +"rettigheder og beskyttelser som alle andre ejendom ejere i landede</" +"emphasis>. Det er det som er sagen. Det er det som er spørgsmÃ¥let. Og det " +"er fundamentet som hele denne høring og debatten som følger mÃ¥ lægge til " +"grund for sagen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 129 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " +"rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " +"<quote>central theme</quote> to which <quote>reasonable men and women</" +"quote> will return is this: <quote>Creative property owners must be accorded " +"the same rights and protections resident in all other property owners in the " +"nation.</quote> There are no second-class citizens, Valenti might have " +"continued. There should be no second-class property owners." +msgstr "" +"Strategien for denne retorik, som strategien til det meste af Valentis " +"retorik, er strÃ¥lende og enkel, og strÃ¥lede fordi den er enkel. Det " +"<quote>centrale temaet</quote> som <quote>fornuftige mænd og kvinder</quote> " +"vil komme tilbage til er dette: <quote>Kreative ejendomejere mÃ¥ fÃ¥ de samme " +"rettigheder og beskyttelse som gives til alle andre ejendom ejere i nationen." +"</quote> Det findes ikke annenrangs borgere, kunne Valenti fortsat. Det " +"bør ikke findes annenrangs ejendomejere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " +"such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " +"elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim " +"made by <emphasis>anyone</emphasis> who is serious in this debate than this " +"claim of Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is " +"perhaps the nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and " +"scope of <quote>creative property.</quote> His views have <emphasis>no</" +"emphasis> reasonable connection to our actual legal tradition, even if the " +"subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined that tradition, at least " +"in Washington." +msgstr "" +"Denne pÃ¥stand har en Ã¥penbar og kraftig intuitiv appel. Den er udtrykt med " +"sÃ¥dan klarhed for at gøre idéen lige sÃ¥ Ã¥penbare som opfattelsen om at vi " +"bruger afstemning til at vælge præsidenter. Men faktum er at det ikke er " +"mere ekstreme pÃ¥stande fremmet af <quote>nogle</quote> som er seriøs i denne " +"debat end denne pÃ¥stand fra Valenti. Jack Valenti, uanset hvor hyggeligt og " +"brilliant han fremstÃ¥r, er mÃ¥ske nationens fremste ekstremist nÃ¥r det " +"gælder egenskaberne og rækkevidden for <quote>kreativ ejendom.</quote> Hans " +"syner har <emphasis>ingen</emphasis> fornuftig forbindelse til vores " +"faktiske juridiske tradition, selv om subtile pÃ¥virkning fra hans Texas-" +"charme stille har ændret definitionen pÃ¥ denne tradition, i hvert fald i " +"Washington." + +#. f2 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " +"bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. " +"Thus, my <quote>property right</quote> to my car gives me the right to " +"exclusive use, but not the right to drive at 150 miles an hour. For the best " +"effort to connect the ordinary meaning of <quote>property</quote> to " +"<quote>lawyer talk,</quote> see Bruce Ackerman, <citetitle>Private Property " +"and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1977), " +"26–27." +msgstr "" +"Advokater snakker ikke om <quote>ejendom</quote> som en absolut ting, men " +"som en samling med rettigheder som nogle gange er knyttet til et bestemt " +"objekt. Dermed giver <quote>ejendomretten</quote> min til min bil mig en " +"eksklusiv ret til at bruge den, men ikke retten til at køre i 200 kilometer " +"i timen. For det bedste forsøget pÃ¥ at knytte den normale betydningen af " +"<quote>ejendom</quote> til <quote>advokatsprog,</quote> se Bruce Ackerman, " +"<citetitle>Private Property and the Constitution</citetitle> (New Haven: " +"Yale University Press 1977), 26–27 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " +"in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to understand," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it has never been the case, nor " +"should it be, that <quote>creative property owners</quote> have been " +"<quote>accorded the same rights and protection resident in all other " +"property owners.</quote> Indeed, if creative property owners were given the " +"same rights as all other property owners, that would effect a radical, and " +"radically undesirable, change in our tradition." +msgstr "" +"Mens <quote>kreativ ejendom</quote> helt klart er <quote>ejendom</quote> pÃ¥ " +"en nerdete og præcis mÃ¥de som advokater er dresseret til at forstÃ¥," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> sÃ¥ har det aldrig været tilfælde, " +"og det bør det heller ikke være, at <quote>ejere af kreativ ejendom</quote> " +"har fÃ¥et <quote>tildelt de samme rettigheder og beskyttelser som alle andre " +"ejendom ejere.</quote> Faktisk villes det være en radikal og radikalt " +"uønsket ændring i vores tradition hvis ejere af kreativ ejendom blev givet " +"de samme rettigheder som alle andre ejendom ejere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " +"tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " +"instead fighting to restore the tradition that the British overturned in " +"1710. In the world that Valenti's changes would create, a powerful few would " +"exercise powerful control over how our creative culture would develop." +msgstr "" +"Valenti ved dette. Men han snakker pÃ¥ vegne af en industri som ikke generer " +"sig om vores tradition og værdierne den repræsenterer. Han snakker i stedet " +" for en industri som sloges for at genindføre traditionen som briterne " +"gjorde slutning pÃ¥ i 1710 . I en værdet skabt af ændringerne Valenti " +"foreslÃ¥r, vil et fÃ¥tall mægtige aktører udøve kraftig kontrol over hvordan " +"vores kreative kultur fÃ¥r udvikle sig." + +#. PAGE BREAK 130 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " +"historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " +"you that it would be terribly wrong for us to reject our history. We have " +"always treated rights in creative property differently from the rights " +"resident in all other property owners. They have never been the same. And " +"they should never be the same, because, however counterintuitive this may " +"seem, to make them the same would be to fundamentally weaken the opportunity " +"for new creators to create. Creativity depends upon the owners of " +"creativity having less than perfect control." +msgstr "" +"Jeg har to formÃ¥l med dette kapitel. Det første er at overbevise dig om at " +"historisk set er Valentis pÃ¥stande helt fejl. Det andre er at overbevise " +"dig om at det villes være frygteligt galt af os at afvise vores historie. " +"Vi har altid behandlet kreative ejendomretter forskelligt fra rettighederne " +"som hører til alle andre ejendom ejere. De har aldrig været lige sÃ¥ . Og " +"de bør aldrig blive lige sÃ¥ , uanset hvor lidt intuitivt det kan virke, for " +"at gøre dem lige sÃ¥ villes være at fundamentalt svække muligheden for nye " +"skabere til at skabe. Kreativitet er afhængig af at ejerne af kreativitet " +"ikke har perfekt kontrol." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " +"the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " +"assuring that the new can displace them. No organization does. No person " +"does. (Ask me about tenure, for example.) But what's good for the MPAA is " +"not necessarily good for America. A society that defends the ideals of free " +"culture must preserve precisely the opportunity for new creativity to " +"threaten the old." +msgstr "" +"Organisationer som MPAA, der styret inkluderer de mægtigste af den gamle " +"garde, har lille interesse, pÃ¥ trods af deres retorik, i at sikre at det nye " +"kan erstatte dem. Ingen organisation har det. Ingen person har det. " +"(Spørg for eksempel mig om jobsikkerhed.) Det som er godt for MPAA er ikke " +" nødvendigvis godt for Amerika. Et samfund som forsvarer idealerne til en " +"fri kultur mÃ¥ specielt opbevare muligheden for ny kreativitet til at true " +"den gamle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " +"something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " +"than the United States Constitution itself." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>For at fÃ¥</emphasis> et lille hint om at det er " +"noget fundamentalt galt med Valentis argument behøver vi ikke se længere en " +"til Grunnloven til USA." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " +"strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " +"important requirement. If the government takes your property—if it " +"condemns your house, or acquires a slice of land from your farm—it is " +"required, under the Fifth Amendment's <quote>Takings Clause,</quote> to pay " +"you <quote>just compensation</quote> for that taking. The Constitution thus " +"guarantees that property is, in a certain sense, sacred. It cannot " +"<emphasis>ever</emphasis> be taken from the property owner unless the " +"government pays for the privilege." +msgstr "" +"Forfatterne af vores Grundlov elskede <quote>ejendom.</quote> Faktisk " +"elskede de ejendom sÃ¥ stærkt at de byggede ind en vigtig forudsætning i " +"Grunnloven. Hvis myndigheden tager din ejendom – hvis den kondemnerer " +"dit hus eller eksproprierer et stykke land fra din gÃ¥rd – sÃ¥ er det et " +"krav, ifølge det femte grundlovtillægget <quote>beslagleggingsavsnitt,</" +"quote> at du mÃ¥ fÃ¥ <quote>rimelig kompensation</quote> for det som bliver " +"beslaglagt. Grunnloven garanterer dermed at ejendom pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de er " +"ukrenkelig. Den kan <emphasis>aldrig </emphasis> tages fra ejendomejeren " +"med mindre myndighederne betaler for det privilegiet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 131 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " +"calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " +"power to create <quote>creative property,</quote> the Constitution " +"<emphasis>requires</emphasis> that after a <quote>limited time,</quote> " +"Congress take back the rights that it has granted and set the " +"<quote>creative property</quote> free to the public domain. Yet when " +"Congress does this, when the expiration of a copyright term <quote>takes</" +"quote> your copyright and turns it over to the public domain, Congress does " +"not have any obligation to pay <quote>just compensation</quote> for this " +"<quote>taking.</quote> Instead, the same Constitution that requires " +"compensation for your land requires that you lose your <quote>creative " +"property</quote> right without any compensation at all." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel snakker den samme Grunnloven vældig anderledes om det Valenti " +"kalder <quote>kreativ ejendom.</quote> I bestemmelsen som giver Kongressen " +"myndighed til at skabe <quote>kreativ ejendom,</quote> <emphasis>kræver</" +"emphasis> Grunnloven at Kongressen efter en <quote>begrænset tid</quote> " +"tager tilbage rettighederne den har delt ud, og lader den <quote>kreative " +"ejendommen</quote> henhøre i det fri og blive allemannseie. Men nÃ¥r " +"kongressen gør dette, nÃ¥r udløbet af vernetiden <quote>tager</quote> din " +"ophavsret og overleverer den til allemannseiet, sÃ¥ har ikke Kongressen " +"noget pÃ¥læg om at betale <quote>rimelig kompensation</quote> for dette " +"<quote>beslag.</quote> I stedet kræver den samme Grunnloven som kræver " +"kompensation nÃ¥r det gælder landomrÃ¥der, at du skal miste din " +"<quote>kreative ejendom</quote> helt uden kompensation overhovedet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " +"are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " +"differently. Valenti is therefore not just asking for a change in our " +"tradition when he argues that creative-property owners should be accorded " +"the same rights as every other property-right owner. He is effectively " +"arguing for a change in our Constitution itself." +msgstr "" +"Grunnloven siger dermed ret frem at disse to formerne for ejendom ikke skal " +"tildeles de samme rettigheder. De skal tydelig behandles forskelligt. " +"Valenti beder dermed ikke bare om at vores tradition skal ændres nÃ¥r han " +"argumenterer med at ejere af kreativ ejendom skal fÃ¥ de samme rettigheder " +"som enhver anden ejendom ejer. Han argumenterer effektivt for at ændre " +"selve Grunnloven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " +"was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " +"Constitution of 1789 entrenched slavery; it left senators to be appointed " +"rather than elected; it made it possible for the electoral college to " +"produce a tie between the president and his own vice president (as it did in " +"1800). The framers were no doubt extraordinary, but I would be the first to " +"admit that they made big mistakes. We have since rejected some of those " +"mistakes; no doubt there could be others that we should reject as well. So " +"my argument is not simply that because Jefferson did it, we should, too." +msgstr "" +"Å argumentere for en ændring i Grunnloven vores er ikke nødvendigvis galt. " +"Det var meget i vores originale Grundlov som helt tydelig var galt. " +"Grunnloven af 1789 forsvarede slaveri. Den sagde at senatorer skulle " +"udnævnes i stedet for at blive valgt. Den gjorde det muligt at fÃ¥ en " +"valgforsamling som gav lige sÃ¥ mange stemmer til præsidenten og hans egen " +"vicepræsident (som den gjorde i 1800). Grundlovforfatterne var uden tvivl " +"ekstraordinære, men jeg vil være den første til at indrømme at de gjorde " +"store fejl. Vi har siden afvist nogle af disse fejl, og det er uden tvivl " +"andre som vi ogsÃ¥ burde afvise. SÃ¥ mit argument er ikke at bare siden " +"Jefferson gjorde det, sÃ¥ bør ogsÃ¥ vi gøre det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " +"try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " +"property types that they were, reject the claim that creative property be " +"given the same rights as all other property? Why did they require that for " +"creative property there must be a public domain?" +msgstr "" +"I stedet er mit argument at siden Jefferson gjorde det, bør vi i det mindste " +"forsøge at forstÃ¥ <emphasis>hvorfor </emphasis>. Hvorfor afviste " +"grundlovforfatterne, som jo var fanatiske ejendomtilhængere, pÃ¥standen om at " +"kreativ ejendom skulle tildeles de samme rettigheder som al anden ejendom? " +"Hvorfor krævede de at for kreativ ejendom mÃ¥ det findes et allemannseie?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " +"these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " +"enabled. Once we see clearly how differently these rights have been " +"defined, we will be in a better position to ask the question that should be " +"at the core of this war: Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> creative property " +"should be protected, but how. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> we will " +"enforce the rights the law gives to creative-property owners, but what the " +"particular mix of rights ought to be. Not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> " +"artists should be paid, but whether institutions designed to assure that " +"artists get paid need also control how culture develops." +msgstr "" +"For at besvare dette spørgsmÃ¥l behøver vi at fÃ¥ lidt perspektiv pÃ¥ historie " +"til disse <quote>kreative <quote>ejendomretter,</quote> og kontrollen de har " +"muliggjort. NÃ¥r vi klarere ser hvor forskelligt disse rettigheder har " +"været defineret, sÃ¥ har vi bedre mulighed til at stille spørgsmÃ¥lene som bør " +"være i kernen af denne krig: Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> kreativ " +"ejendom bør beskyttes, men hvordan. Ikke <emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> vi " +"vil hÃ¥ndhæve rettighederne som lovværket giver til ejere af kreativ ejendom, " +"men hvordan den spesifikke blandingen af rettigheder bør være. Ikke " +"<emphasis>hvorvidt</emphasis> artister bør fÃ¥ betalt, men hvorvidt " +"institutioner udformet for at sikre at artister fÃ¥r betalt ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥ " +"kontrollere hvordan kultur udvikler sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" +msgstr "Lessig, Lawrence" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "four modalities of constraint on" +msgstr "fire modaliteter for begrænsninger pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "regulation" +msgstr "regulering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "four modalities of" +msgstr "fire modaliteter for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "as ex post regulation modality" +msgstr "som <quote>ex post</quote> modalitetsregulering" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "as constraint modality" +msgstr "som begrænsningmodalitet" + +#. PAGE BREAK 132 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " +"property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " +"narrow language of the law allows. In <citetitle>Code and Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace</citetitle>, I used a simple model to capture this more general " +"perspective. For any particular right or regulation, this model asks how " +"four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken the " +"right or regulation. I represented it with this diagram:" +msgstr "" +"For at svare pÃ¥ disse spørgsmÃ¥l behøver vi en mere generel mÃ¥de at snakke om " +"hvordan ejendom er beskyttet. For at være præcis sÃ¥ behøver vi en mere " +"generel mÃ¥de end det som det begrænsede sproget til lovværket tillader. I " +"<citetitle>Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> brugte jeg en enkel " +"model for at repræsentere dette mere generelle perspektivet. For enhver " +"spesifikk rettighed eller regulering, spørger denne model hvordan fire " +"forskellige reguleringsmodaliteter sammenslutninger for at støtte eller " +"svække rettigheden eller reguleringen. Jeg repræsenterede det med dette " +"diagram:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1331.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " +"that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " +"throughout, we can describe this either as regulation or as a right. For " +"simplicity's sake, I will speak only of regulations.) The ovals represent " +"four ways in which the individual or group might be regulated— either " +"constrained or, alternatively, enabled. Law is the most obvious constraint " +"(to lawyers, at least). It constrains by threatening punishments after the " +"fact if the rules set in advance are violated. So if, for example, you " +"willfully infringe Madonna's copyright by copying a song from her latest CD " +"and posting it on the Web, you can be punished with a $150,000 fine. The " +"fine is an ex post punishment for violating an ex ante rule. It is imposed " +"by the state. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I midten af dette billedet er en reguleret prik: individet eller gruppen som " +"er mÃ¥let for reguleringen, eller indehaver af en rettighed. (I hvert " +"tilfælde gennem hele denne tekst kan vi beskrive det enten som en regulering " +"eller som en rettighed. For enkelhets skyld vil jeg kun omtale det som en " +"regulering.) Ovalerne repræsenterer fire mÃ¥der for hvordan individet eller " +"gruppen kan reguleres – enten begrænset eller alternativt muliggjort. " +"Lovværket er den mest Ã¥benbare begrænsningen (i hvert fald for advokater). " +"Den begrænser ved at true med straf i eftertid hvis forhÃ¥ndsbestemte skrøner " +"bliver brudt. Dermed, hvis du for eksempel bevidst skælder Madonna " +"ophavsret ved at kopiere en sang fra hendes sidste CD og lægge den ud pÃ¥ " +"nettet, sÃ¥ kan du blive straffet med en bod pÃ¥ 150 000 dollar. Boden er en " +"<quote>ex post</quote> (efter hændelsen) straf for at bryde en <quote>ex " +"anede</quote> (før hændelsen) regel . Den pÃ¥lægges af staten.<placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" +msgstr "normer, reguleringspÃ¥virkning fra" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " +"for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " +"community, not (or not only) by the state. There may be no law against " +"spitting, but that doesn't mean you won't be punished if you spit on the " +"ground while standing in line at a movie. The punishment might not be harsh, " +"though depending upon the community, it could easily be more harsh than many " +"of the punishments imposed by the state. The mark of the difference is not " +"the severity of the rule, but the source of the enforcement." +msgstr "" +"Normer er en anden type begrænsning. De kan ogsÃ¥ straffe et individ for at " +"bryde en regel. Men straffen for normbrud kommer fra fællesskabet, ikke " +"(eller ikke bare) fra staten. Det er mÃ¥ske ingen lov mod spytting, men det " +"betyder ikke at du ikke bliver straffet hvis du spytter pÃ¥ bagen mens du " +"stÃ¥r i en kinokø. Straffen er mÃ¥ske ikke rigtig streng, men afhængigt af " +"fællesskabet, sÃ¥ kan den uden problemer være strengere end mange straffe som " +"pÃ¥føres af staten. Det som er skillet er ikke hvor alvorligt reglen " +"hÃ¥ndhæves, men hvad som er kilden til hÃ¥ndhevelsen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "market constraints" +msgstr "markedbegrænsninger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " +"conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " +"constraints are obviously not independent of law or norms—it is " +"property law that defines what must be bought if it is to be taken legally; " +"it is norms that say what is appropriately sold. But given a set of norms, " +"and a background of property and contract law, the market imposes a " +"simultaneous constraint upon how an individual or group might behave." +msgstr "" +"Markedet er en tredje type begrænsning. Dets begrensing sker gennem " +"betingelser. Du kan gøre X hvis du betaler Y, og du vil fÃ¥ betalt M hvis du " +"gør N. Disse begrænsninger er Ã¥benbaret ikke uafhængigt af love og normer " +"– det er ejendomretten som definerer hvad som mÃ¥ købes før det skal " +"kunne tages pÃ¥ lovligt vis, og det er normer som siger hvad det er fint at " +"sælge. Men givet et sæt med normer og en baggrund med ejendom og " +"kontraktslovgiving, sÃ¥ pÃ¥fører markedet samtidig begrænsninger for hvordan " +"et individ eller en gruppe kan opføre sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" +msgstr "arkitektur, begrænsninger med ophav i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " +"<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds it—" +"is a constraint on behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability " +"to get across a river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a " +"community to integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture " +"does not effect its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as " +"with the market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous " +"conditions. These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, " +"or by police punishing theft, but by nature, by <quote>architecture.</quote> " +"If a 500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that " +"enforces this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a " +"flight to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning, og mÃ¥ske for øjeblikket det mest mystiske, <quote>arkitektur</" +"quote> – den fysiske værdet sÃ¥dan den opleves – er en " +"begrænsning pÃ¥ adfærd. En nedrast bro kan begrænse din mulighed til at " +"komme over en elv. Jernbanespor kan begrænse et samfunds mulighed til at " +"holde ved lige sit sociale liv. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med markedet, pÃ¥fører " +"ikke sine arkitektur begrænsninger via <quote>ex post</quote> straf. I " +"stedet, ogsÃ¥ pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med markedet, pÃ¥fører sine arkitektur " +"begrænsninger gennem samtidige betingelser. Disse betingelsene bliver ikke " +"hÃ¥ndhævet af domstolene som hÃ¥ndhæver kontrakter, eller af politiet som " +"straffer tyveri, men af naturen, af <quote>arkitektur.</quote>Hvis en 200 " +"kilos stenblok spærrer din vej, sÃ¥ er det gravitasjonsloven som hÃ¥ndhæver " +"den begrænsningen. Hvis en 500 dollars flybillet stÃ¥r mellem dig og en " +"flytur til New York, sÃ¥ er det markedet som hÃ¥ndhæver den begrænsningen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 134 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " +"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. " +"Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another." +msgstr "" +"Det første pointen om disse fire reguleringsmodalitetene er Ã¥benbaret: De " +"pÃ¥virker hinanden. Restriktioner pÃ¥lagt af en kan forstærke en anden, eller " +"restriktioner pÃ¥lagt af en kan blive undergravet af en anden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " +"freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " +"have to consider how these four modalities interact. Whether or not there " +"are other constraints (there may well be; my claim is not about " +"comprehensiveness), these four are among the most significant, and any " +"regulator (whether controlling or freeing) must consider how these four in " +"particular interact." +msgstr "" +"Det andre pointe følger direkte fra dette: Hvis vi ønsker at forstÃ¥ den " +"effektive friheden som enhver har pÃ¥ et bestemt tidspunkt til at gøre en " +"bestemt ting, mÃ¥ vi vurdere hvordan disse fire modaliteterne virker sammen . " +" Uanset om det er andre begrænsninger eller ikke (det kan det godt være, jeg " +"pÃ¥stÃ¥r ikke at listen er komplet), sÃ¥ er disse fire blandt de vigtigste. " +"Eventuelle lovendringer (uanset om den øger kontrol eller øger frihed) mÃ¥ " +"vurdere hvordan disse fire i særdeleshet virker sammen ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "driving speed, constraints on" +msgstr "kjørehastighet, begrænsninger pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "speeding, constraints on" +msgstr "hastighed, begrænsning af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " +"high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " +"say how fast you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is " +"in part restricted by architecture: speed bumps, for example, slow most " +"rational drivers; governors in buses, as another example, set the maximum " +"rate at which the driver can drive. The freedom is in part restricted by the " +"market: Fuel efficiency drops as speed increases, thus the price of gasoline " +"indirectly constrains speed. And finally, the norms of a community may or " +"may not constrain the freedom to speed. Drive at 50 mph by a school in your " +"own neighborhood and you're likely to be punished by the neighbors. The same " +"norm wouldn't be as effective in a different town, or at night." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ lad os for eksempel vurdere <quote>friheden</quote> til at køre hurtigt i " +"bil. Den friheden er delvis begrænset af lovværket: fartgrænser som siger " +"hvor hurtig du kan køre pÃ¥ bestemte steder til bestemte tidspunkt. Det er " +"delvis begrænset af arkitektur: for eksempel fartshumper fÃ¥r de fleste " +"rasjonelle chauffører til at sænke farten. Fartssperrer i kammerater er et " +"andet eksempel, pÃ¥ den makshastigheten som en fører kan køre. Friheden er " +"delvis begrænset af markedet: Kraftstofeffektiviteten henhører efterhÃ¥nden " +"som hastigheden øger, sÃ¥dan at prisen pÃ¥ benzin indirekte begrænser " +"hastighed. Og til slutning, normerne i et nærmiljø kan mÃ¥ske begrænse " +"friheden til at køre hurtigt. Kør i 80 km/t forbi skolen i dit nabolag, og " +"du vil sikkert blive straffet af naboerne. Den samme norm vil ikke være " +"lige sÃ¥ effektiv i en anden by, eller om natten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " +"to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " +"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-" +"consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more " +"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, <citetitle>Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; Lawrence " +"Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Legal " +"Studies</citetitle>, June 1998. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ved at beskrive hvordan loven pÃ¥virker de andre tre modaliteterne, mener jeg " +"ikke at foreslÃ¥ at de andre tre ikke pÃ¥virker loven. Det gør de " +"selvfølgelig. Lovens eneste forskel er at kun den snakker som om den havde " +"en selvsagt ret til at ændre de andre tre. Retten til de andre tre " +"udtrykkes mere beskedent. Se Lawrence Lessig <citetitle>Code: Ånd Other " +"Laws of Cyberspace</citetitle> (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90–95; " +"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>The New Chicago School,</quote> <citetitle>Journal " +"of Legal Studies</citetitle>, juni 1998 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 135 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " +"these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " +"in affecting the three.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The law, in " +"other words, sometimes operates to increase or decrease the constraint of a " +"particular modality. Thus, the law might be used to increase taxes on " +"gasoline, so as to increase the incentives to drive more slowly. The law " +"might be used to mandate more speed bumps, so as to increase the difficulty " +"of driving rapidly. The law might be used to fund ads that stigmatize " +"reckless driving. Or the law might be used to require that other laws be " +"more strict—a federal requirement that states decrease the speed " +"limit, for example—so as to decrease the attractiveness of fast " +"driving." +msgstr "" +"Det sidste pointen om denne enkle model bør ogsÃ¥ være rimeligt klaret: Mens " +"disse fire modaliteterne er analytisk uafhængige, sÃ¥ har lovværket en " +"speciel rolle i at pÃ¥virke de tre andre.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Lovværket vil med andre ord nogle gange operere for at øge eller " +"reducere begrænsningerne til en bestemt modalitet. Loven kan bruges sÃ¥dan " +"til at øge skattene pÃ¥ benzin for sÃ¥dan at øge incentivene til at køre " +"stillere. Loven kan bruges til at kræve flere fartfordybninger, for sÃ¥dan " +"at gøre det vanskeligere at køre raskt. Loven kan bruges til at finansiere " +"reklamekampagner som stigmatiserer grim kørsel, eller loven kan bruges til " +"at kræve at andre hÃ¥ndflade bliver mere strengere – et føderalt krav " +"som siger at delstaterne mÃ¥ reducere fartgrænserne – for sÃ¥dan at gøre " +"det mindre attraktivt at køre hurtigt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"12em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1361.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"12em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" +msgstr "Handicappede amerikanere-loven (1990)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Commons, John R." +msgstr "Commons, John R." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " +"object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " +"any particular moment are constraints imposed exclusively by the government. " +"For instance, if a storm destroys a bridge, these people think it is " +"meaningless to say that one's liberty has been restrained. A bridge has " +"washed out, and it's harder to get from one place to another. To talk about " +"this as a loss of freedom, they say, is to confuse the stuff of politics " +"with the vagaries of ordinary life. I don't mean to deny the value in this " +"narrower view, which depends upon the context of the inquiry. I do, however, " +"mean to argue against any insistence that this narrower view is the only " +"proper view of liberty. As I argued in <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, we come " +"from a long tradition of political thought with a broader focus than the " +"narrow question of what the government did when. John Stuart Mill defended " +"freedom of speech, for example, from the tyranny of narrow minds, not from " +"the fear of government prosecution; John Stuart Mill, <citetitle>On Liberty</" +"citetitle> (Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19. John R. Commons " +"famously defended the economic freedom of labor from constraints imposed by " +"the market; John R. Commons, <quote>The Right to Work,</quote> in Malcom " +"Rutherford and Warren J. Samuels, eds., <citetitle>John R. Commons: Selected " +"Essays</citetitle> (London: Routledge: 1997), 62. The Americans with " +"Disabilities Act increases the liberty of people with physical disabilities " +"by changing the architecture of certain public places, thereby making access " +"to those places easier; 42 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, " +"section 12101 (2000). Each of these interventions to change existing " +"conditions changes the liberty of a particular group. The effect of those " +"interventions should be accounted for in order to understand the effective " +"liberty that each of these groups might face. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Nogle personer protesterer pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de at snakke om <quote>frihed.</quote> " +"De protesterer fordi deres fokus nÃ¥r de vurderer begrænsninger som " +"eksisterer pÃ¥ et bestemt tidspunkt, kun er begrænsninger pÃ¥ført af " +"myndighederne. For eksempel, hvis en storm ødelægger en bro, mener disse " +"personer at det er meningsløst at snakke om at ens frihed har blevet " +"begrænset. Å snakke om dette som et tab af frihed, siger de, er at " +"forveksle det som er politik med det som helt naturligt sker i livet. Jeg " +"mener ikke at fornægte værdien af dette smalere synet, som er afhængigt af " +"sammenhængen en undersøger. Jeg ønsker derimod at argumentere mod det som " +"mener at dette smale syn er det eneste rigtige synet pÃ¥ frihed. Som jeg " +"argumenterede i <citetitle>Code</citetitle>, kommer vi fra en lang tradition " +"af politiske tanke med en videre fokus end det smale spørgsmÃ¥let om hvad " +"myndighederne gjorde nÃ¥r. For eksempel forsvarede John Stuart Mill " +"talefriheden fra trangsynthetens tyranni, og ikke fra frygten for " +"myndighedforfølgelse. John Stuart Mill, <citetitle>On Liberty</citetitle> " +"(Indiana: Hackett Publishing Co., 1978), 19 . John R. Commons er berømt for " +"at have forsvaret økonomisk arbejdefrihed fra begrænsninger pÃ¥lagt af " +"markedet; John R. Commons, <quote>The Right to Work,</quote> i Malcom " +"Rutherford og Warren J. Samuels, eds., <citetitle>John R. Commons: Selected " +"Essays</citetitle> (London: Routledge: 1997), 62 . The Americans with " +"Disabilities Act (tilsvarer norske bestemmelser om universell udformning) " +"øger friheden til folk med funksjonshemninger ved at ændre udformningen pÃ¥ " +"udvalgte offentlige steder, og giver dermed enklere tilgang til disse " +"steder; 42 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 12101 (2000). " +"Hver af disse indgreb for at ændre eksisterende vilkÃ¥r ændrer friheden til " +"en bestemt gruppe. Effekten af disse indgreb bør tages hensyn til for at " +"forstÃ¥ den effektive friheden som hver af disse grupper modarbejder. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " +"the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " +"particular moment, we must track these changes over time. A restriction " +"imposed by one modality might be erased by another. A freedom enabled by one " +"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse begrænsninger kan dermed ændre sig, og de kan blive ændret. For at " +"forstÃ¥ den effektive beskyttelsen til friheden eller beskyttelse for ejendom " +"pÃ¥ et bestemt tidspunkt, mÃ¥ vi holde rede pÃ¥ disse ændringer over tid. En " +"begrænsning pÃ¥ført af en modalitet kan blive fjernet af en anden. En frihed " +"muliggjort af en modalitet kan blive taget væk af en anden.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" +msgstr "Hvorfor Hollywood har ret " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "four regulatory modalities on" +msgstr "fire regulatoriske modaliteter til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " +"Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " +"courts to defend copyright. This model helps us see why that rallying makes " +"sense." +msgstr "" +"Det mest Ã¥benbare pointen som denne model afslører er akkurat hvorfor, " +"eller hvordan, Hollywood har ret . Ophavsretkrigerene har kørt kampagne mod " +"Kongressen og domstolene for at forsvare ophavsreten. Denne model hjælper " +"os at forstÃ¥ hvorfor sÃ¥dan kampagne giver mening." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" +msgstr "" +"Lad os sige at dette er et billede af ophavsretens regulering før Internet:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 136 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " +"limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " +"who copy and share content. Those penalties are reinforced by technologies " +"that make it hard to copy and share content (architecture) and expensive to " +"copy and share content (market). Finally, those penalties are mitigated by " +"norms we all recognize—kids, for example, taping other kids' records. " +"These uses of copyrighted material may well be infringement, but the norms " +"of our society (before the Internet, at least) had no problem with this form " +"of infringement." +msgstr "" +"Det er balance mellem lovværk, normer, marked og arkitektur. Lovværket " +"begrænser muligheden til at kopiere og dele indhold, ved at pÃ¥lægge straf " +"for dem som kopierer og deler indhold. Denne straf er forstærket af " +"teknologier som gør det vanskeligt at kopiere og dele indhold (arkitektur), " +"og dyrt at kopiere og dele indhold (marked). Til slutning er dirre " +"straffene mildnet af normer som vi alle gjenkjenner – et eksempel er " +"barn som tager op andre barns plader. Denne brug af opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"materiale kan det godt hænde er brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten, men normerne i vores " +"samfund (i hvert fald før Internet) havde ikke noget problem med denne form " +"for ophavsretbrud." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright regulatory balance lost with" +msgstr "opphavsrettslig regulatorisk balance mistede med " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "regulatory balance lost in" +msgstr "regulatorisk balance tabt i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "MP3s" +msgstr "MP3-er" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " +"sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " +"the constraint of the market. And as both the market and architecture relax " +"the regulation of copyright, norms pile on. The happy balance (for the " +"warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state " +"of anarchy after the Internet." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ kommer Internet, eller mere præcist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p-" +"fildeling. Nu ændrer begrænsningerne fra arkitektur sivede dramatisk, og " +"det samme gør begrænsningerne fra markedet. Og efterhÃ¥nden som bÃ¥de " +"markedet og arkitekturen beroliger ned sin regulering af ophavsret, hober " +"normerne sig op. Den glade balancen (i hvert fald for krigerene) i livet " +"før Internet bliver en effektiv anarkistat efter Internet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "technology" +msgstr "teknologi" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "established industries threatened by changes in" +msgstr "etableret industri truede af ændringer i" + +#. PAGE BREAK 137 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " +"Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " +"when ramified through the market and norms, is that a balance of protection " +"for the copyright owners' rights has been lost. This is Iraq after the fall " +"of Saddam, but this time no government is justifying the looting that " +"results." +msgstr "" +"Dermed, som konsekvens, fornuften i, og begrundelsen for, krigerenes " +"respons. Teknologien er ændret, siger krigerene, og effekten af denne " +"ændring nÃ¥r den køres igennem markedet og normerne, er at balancen i " +"beskyttelsen af opphavsrettseierenes rettigheder har gÃ¥et tabt. Dette er " +"Irak efter Saddams fald, men denne gang er det ingen regering som begrunder " +"røveriet som fulgte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1381.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" +msgstr "Handelsdepartementet, USAs" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "as establishment protectionism" +msgstr "som beskyttelse af det etablerede" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " +"warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " +"Department (one heavily influenced by the copyright warriors) in 1995, this " +"mix of regulatory modalities had already been identified and the strategy to " +"respond already mapped. In response to the changes the Internet had " +"effected, the White Paper argued (1) Congress should strengthen intellectual " +"property law, (2) businesses should adopt innovative marketing techniques, " +"(3) technologists should push to develop code to protect copyrighted " +"material, and (4) educators should educate kids to better protect copyright." +msgstr "" +"Hverken denne analyse eller konklusionerne som følger af den er nye for " +"krigerene. Faktisk blev denne blanding af regulatoriske modaliteter, i " +"<quote>en hvitebok</quote> udarbejdet af handelsdepartementet (og stærkt " +"pÃ¥virket af ophavsretkrigerene) i 1995, allerede identificeret, og " +"strategien for at respondere kortlagt den gang. Som svar pÃ¥ ændringerne som " +"Internet havde ført til, argumenterede hviteboken (1) Kongressen burde " +"styrke immateriallovene, (2) bedrifter burde tage i brug nyskabende " +"markedsføringsteknikker, (3) teknologer burde anstrenge sig for at udvikle " +"kode som beskyttede opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale og (4) lærere burde lære " +"op unger til at beskytte ophavsreten bedre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "farming" +msgstr "landbrug" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "steel industry" +msgstr "stÃ¥lindustri" + +#. PAGE BREAK 138 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " +"preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " +"the Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to " +"push for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have " +"as an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes " +"along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no " +"hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a " +"flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no " +"hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus " +"(architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to " +"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. " +"steel industry." +msgstr "" +"Denne blandede strategi var akkurat det ophavsreten behøvede – hvis " +"den skulle bevare den bestemte balancen som eksisterede før ændringen som " +"blev pÃ¥ført af Internet. Og det er akkurat det vi bør forvente at " +"indholdindustrien presser pÃ¥ for. Det er sÃ¥ amerikansk som det kan blive " +"at anse det glade livet du allerede har som en rettighed, og se til " +"retvæsenet for at beskytte det hvis det kommer noget for at ændre dette " +"glade liv. Huseiere som bor i en oversvømmelseslette drysser ikke med at " +"bede myndighederne om at genopbygge (og genopbygge pÃ¥ nyt) nÃ¥r en " +"oversvømmelse (arkitektur) raderer væk deres ejendom (lov). Bønder drysser " +"ikke med at bede om erstatning fra myndighederne nÃ¥r et virus (arkitektur) " +"udsletter avlingen deres. Fagforeninger drysser ikke med at bede " +"myndighederne om erstatning nÃ¥r import (marked) tager knækket pÃ¥ USAs " +"stÃ¥lindustri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " +"to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " +"innovation. And I would be the last person to argue that the changing " +"technology of the Internet has not had a profound effect on the content " +"industry's way of doing business, or as John Seely Brown describes it, its " +"<quote>architecture of revenue.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det er dermed ikke noget galt eller overraskende i indholdindustrien " +"kampagne for at beskytte sig selv mod de skadelige konsekvenserne af en " +"teknologisk nyvinding. Jeg villes være den sidste personen til at hævde at " +"den ændrede teknologien pÃ¥ Internet ikke har haft vidtrækkende effekt pÃ¥ " +"indholdindustrien mÃ¥de at gøre forretninger pÃ¥, eller som John Seely Brown " +"beskriver det, dens <quote>indtægtarkitektur.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "railroad industry" +msgstr "jernbaneindustri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "remote channel changers" +msgstr "fjernkontrol for kanalbytte" + +#. f5 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?</" +"quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent analysis of " +"Kodak's place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, <quote>Can Kodak " +"Make Up for Lost Moments?</quote> Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?</" +"quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 . august 1999, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For en nyere " +"analyse af Kodaks plads i markedet, se Chana R. Schoenberger, <quote>Can " +"Kodak Mage Up for Loset Moments?</quote> Forbes.com, 6 . oktober 2003, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " +"doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " +"has weakened a particular way of doing business, it doesn't follow that the " +"government should intervene to support that old way of doing business. " +"Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of their " +"traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital cameras." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government " +"should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the " +"freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from " +"roads <emphasis>for the purpose of</emphasis> protecting the railroads? " +"Closer to the subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened " +"the <quote>stickiness</quote> of television advertising (if a boring " +"commercial comes on the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf), and it may " +"well be that this change has weakened the television advertising market. But " +"does anyone believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial " +"television? (Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to " +"switch to only ten channels within an hour?)" +msgstr "" +"Men bare pÃ¥ grund af at en bestemt interesse beder om støtte fra " +"myndighederne, sÃ¥ er det ikke en selvfølge at de bør fÃ¥ sÃ¥dan støtte. Selv " +"om teknologi har svækket en bestemt mÃ¥de at drive forretninger, sÃ¥ er det " +"ingen selvfølge at myndighederne bør gribe ind for at støtte den gamle mÃ¥den " +"at drive forretninger. Kodak, for eksempel, har mistet mÃ¥ske sÃ¥ meget som " +"20 procent af sit traditionelle filmmarkeder til den fremvoksende " +"teknologien digitalkamera. <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tror " +"nogle at myndighederne bør bandlyse digitalkamera kun for at støtte Kodak? " +"Motorveje har svækket fragt via jernbanen. Er det nogle som mener vi bør " +"bandlyse vogntog fra vejene <emphasis>med det formÃ¥l</emphasis> at beskytte " +"jernbanen? Eller nærmere temaet i denne bog, sÃ¥ har trÃ¥dløse kanalskiftere " +"svækket hvor <quote>klebrig</quote> TV-reklamen er (hvis en kedelig reklame " +"kommer pÃ¥ Tvtet, sÃ¥ gør fjernkontrollen det enkelt at bytte kanal), og det " +"kan godt være at denne ændring har svækket markedet for TV-reklame. Men er " +"det nogle som tror vi bør regulere fjernkontroller for at styrke kommercielt " +"TV? (MÃ¥ske ved at begrænse dem til at fungere kun en gang i sekundet, " +"eller til at begrænse sig til ti kanalbytter i timen?)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "free market, technological changes in" +msgstr "frie markeder, teknologiske ændringer i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" +msgstr "Brezhnev, Leonid" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Gates, Bill" +msgstr "Gades, Bill" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "market competition" +msgstr "markedkonkurrence" + +#. f6 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " +"1994), 170–71." +msgstr "" +"Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " +"1994), 170–71 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " +"society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " +"the government's role is not to support one way of doing business against " +"others. Its role is not to pick winners and protect them against loss. If " +"the government did this generally, then we would never have any progress. As " +"Microsoft chairman Bill Gates wrote in 1991, in a memo criticizing software " +"patents, <quote>established companies have an interest in excluding future " +"competitors.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And relative " +"to a startup, established companies also have the means. (Think RCA and FM " +"radio.) A world in which competitors with new ideas must fight not only the " +"market but also the government is a world in which competitors with new " +"ideas will not succeed. It is a world of stasis and increasingly " +"concentrated stagnation. It is the Soviet Union under Brezhnev." +msgstr "" +"Det Ã¥benbare svaret pÃ¥ disse Ã¥benbaret retoriske spørgsmÃ¥lene er nej. I et " +"frit samfund, med et frit marked, støttet af frie markedaktører og fri " +"handel, er ikke myndighedernes rolle at understøtte en bestemt mÃ¥de at gøre " +"forretninger mod andre mÃ¥der. Deres rolle er ikke at vælge vindere, og " +"beskytte dem mod tab. Hvis myndighederne gjorde dette generelt, sÃ¥ villes " +"vi aldrig fÃ¥et nogle fremgang. Bill Gades, styrelederen i Microsoft, skræv " +"i 1991, i et notat som kritiserede programvarepatenter, at <quote>etablerede " +"selskaber har interesse af at ekskludere fremtidige konkurrenter.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i forhold til et " +"nystartet selskab har etablerede selskaber ogsÃ¥ andre virkemidler. (Tænk " +"RCA og FM-radio.) En værdet hvor konkurrenter med nye idéer mÃ¥ sloges ikke " +"bare mod markedet, men ogsÃ¥ mod myndighederne, er en værdet hvor " +"konkurrenter med nye idéer ikke vil lykkes. Det er en værdet i " +"stillbilledestand og øgende koncentreret stagnering. Det er Sovjetunionen " +"under Brezhnev." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " +"technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " +"for protection, it is the special duty of policy makers to guarantee that " +"that protection not become a deterrent to progress. It is the duty of policy " +"makers, in other words, to assure that the changes they create, in response " +"to the request of those hurt by changing technology, are changes that " +"preserve the incentives and opportunities for innovation and change." +msgstr "" +"Dermed, selv om det er forstÃ¥eligt at brancher truede af ny teknologi som " +"ændrer mÃ¥den de gør forretninger pÃ¥ ser mod regeringen for beskyttelse, sÃ¥ " +"er det en speciel pligt hos beslutningstakere at garantere at den " +"beskyttelsen ikke blokerer fremgang. Det er med andre ord en pligt hos " +"beslutningstagerne at sikre at ændringerne de skaber som svar til dem som " +"bliver skadet af teknologiske ændringer, er ændringer som bevarer incentiver " +"og muligheder for nyskabning og ændring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "speech, freedom of" +msgstr "talefrihed" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "constitutional guarantee of" +msgstr "konstitusjonell garanti for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " +"copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " +"complaining about changing technologies is asking Congress to respond in a " +"way that burdens speech and creativity, policy makers should be especially " +"wary of the request. It is always a bad deal for the government to get into " +"the business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that " +"game are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " +"Constitution: <quote>Congress shall make no law … abridging the " +"freedom of speech.</quote> So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that " +"would <quote>abridge</quote> the freedom of speech, it should ask— " +"carefully—whether such regulation is justified." +msgstr "" +"I sammenhæng med hÃ¥ndflade som regulerer ytringer – hvilket Ã¥benbaret " +"inkluderer opphavsrettsloven – er pligten endnu stærkere. NÃ¥r " +"industrien klager over teknologier som ændrer sig, og beder Kongressen om at " +"svare pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som belaster ytring og kreativitet, bør beslutningstakere " +"være specielt skeptiske til forespørgslen. Det er altid en dÃ¥rlig aftale " +"for myndighederne at begynde at regulere ytringsmarkeder. Risiciene og " +"fædrene med det spillet er spesifikt Ã¥rsagen til at vores grundlovforsamling " +"fortog første grundlovtillæg: <quote>Kongressen skal ikke vedtage nogen lov " +"som … begrænser ytringsfriheden.</quote> SÃ¥ nÃ¥r Kongressen bliver " +"spurgt om at vedtage hÃ¥ndflade som villes <quote>begrænse</quote> " +"ytringsfriheden, bør den vurdere – vældig omhyggeligt – " +"hvorvidt sÃ¥dan regulering er berettiget." + +#. PAGE BREAK 140 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " +"that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are <quote>justified.</" +"quote> My argument is about their effect. For before we get to the question " +"of justification, a hard question that depends a great deal upon your " +"values, we should first ask whether we understand the effect of the changes " +"the content industry wants." +msgstr "" +"Mit argument akkurat nu har derimod ingenting med hvorvidt ændringerne som " +"bliver fremmet af ophavsretkrigerene er <quote>berettiget.</quote> Mit " +"argument er om ændringernes effekt. Før vi starter pÃ¥ spørgsmÃ¥let om " +"berettigelse, et vanskeligt spørgsmÃ¥l som i stor grad er afhængigt af vores " +"værdier, sÃ¥ bør vi først spørge hvorvidt vi forstÃ¥r effekten af ændringen " +"som indholdindustrien ønsker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." +msgstr "Her følger metaforen som forklarer argumentet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" +msgstr "Müller, Paul Hermann" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "DDT" +msgstr "DDT" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "insecticide, environmental consequences of" +msgstr "insektmiddel, miljøkonsekvenserne fra" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " +"Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " +"insecticidal properties of DDT. By the 1950s, the insecticide was widely " +"used around the world to kill disease-carrying pests. It was also used to " +"increase farm production." +msgstr "" +"I 1873 blev kemikaliummet DDT fremstillet første gang. I 1948 vandt den " +"schweiziske kjemikeren Paul Hermann Müller nobelprisen for sit arbejde med " +"at demonstrere de insektdrabende egenskaberne til DDT. I løbet af 1950-" +"tallet blev insektmiddlet meget brugt rundt om i værdet for at dræbe " +"sykdomsbærende skadedyr. Det blev ogsÃ¥ brugt til at øge " +"landbrugproduktionen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " +"production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " +"important and valuable and probably saved lives, possibly millions." +msgstr "" +"Ingen tvivler pÃ¥ at det er en god ting at dræbe sykdomsbærende skadedyr, " +"eller at øge avlingene. Og ingen tvivler pÃ¥ at arbejdet til Müller var " +"vigtigt og værdifuldt, og sikkert sparede liv, mÃ¥ske millioner af liv." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Carson, Rachel" +msgstr "Carson, Rachel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Silent Spring (Carson)" +msgstr "Silent Spring (Carson)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "environmentalism" +msgstr "miljøbevægelse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " +"which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " +"unintended environmental consequences. Birds were losing the ability to " +"reproduce. Whole chains of the ecology were being destroyed." +msgstr "" +"Men i 1962 publicerede Rachel Carson <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " +"som hævdede at DDT, uanset dets primære fordele, ogsÃ¥ havde utilsigtede " +"miljømessige konsekvenser. Fugle mistede evnen til at reproducere sig. " +"Hele keder i økologien holdt pÃ¥ at blive ødelagt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " +"to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " +"another set which, in the view of some, was far worse than the problems that " +"were originally attacked. Or more accurately, the problems DDT caused were " +"worse than the problems it solved, at least when considering the other, more " +"environmentally friendly ways to solve the problems that DDT was meant to " +"solve." +msgstr "" +"Ingen gik ind for at ødelægge miljøet. Paul Müller havde ikke som mÃ¥l at " +"skade fugle. Men arbejdede med at løse et sæt med problemer fortog et nyt " +"sæt som, efter nogles syner, var meget værre end de problemerne som " +"oprindeligt blev angrebet. Eller for at være mere præcis, problemerne som " +"DDT forÃ¥rsagede var ondere end problemerne de løste, i hvert fald nÃ¥r man " +"vurderer andre, mere miljøvennlige tilpasser at løse problemet som DDT var " +"ment at løse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Boyle, James" +msgstr "Boyle, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "innovative freedom balanced with fair compensation in" +msgstr "frihed til nyskabning balanceret med rimelig kompensation i" + +#. f7 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</" +"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87." +msgstr "" +"Se for eksempel James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " +"Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Dække Law Journal</" +"citetitle> 47 (1997): 87 ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 141 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " +"appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " +"culture.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I " +"want to develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of " +"copyright are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or " +"that music should be given away <quote>for free.</quote> The point is that " +"some of the ways in which we might protect authors will have unintended " +"consequences for the cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural " +"environment. And just as criticism of DDT is not an endorsement of malaria " +"or an attack on farmers, so, too, is criticism of one particular set of " +"regulations protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack " +"on authors. It is an environment of creativity that we seek, and we should " +"be aware of our actions' effects on the environment." +msgstr "" +"Det er akkurat dette billede som juiceprofessor James Boyle ved Dække " +"University appellerer til nÃ¥r han argumenterer med at vi behøver en " +"<quote>miljøbevægelse</quote> for kulturen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Hans pointe, og pointen nÃ¥r jeg argumenterer for et " +"<quote>balanceret syn i dette kapitel,</quote> er for at vise til, ikke bare " +"fordelene, men ogsÃ¥ ulempene, og at ophavsreten ikke har forkerte mÃ¥l. " +"Eller at forfattere ikke skal fÃ¥ betalt for sit arbejde, eller at musik bør " +"gives væk <quote>gratis.</quote> Pointen er at nogle af mÃ¥derne som vi kan " +"bruge for at beskytte forfattere, vil have uventede konsekvenser for det " +"kulturelle miljøet, ganske ligeligt sÃ¥dan DDT havde det for det naturlige " +"miljøet. Og pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som kritik mod DDT ikke er at støtte malaria " +"eller et angreb pÃ¥ bønder, sÃ¥ er heller ikke kritik af et bestemt set med " +"reguleringer som beskytter ophavsreten en støtte til anarki eller et angreb " +"pÃ¥ forfattere. Det vi søger er et kreativt miljø, og vi bør være " +"opmærksomme pÃ¥ hvordan vores handlinger pÃ¥virker dette miljø." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " +"effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " +"the ability of copyright owners to protect their content. But there should " +"also be little doubt that when you add together the changes in copyright law " +"over time, plus the change in technology that the Internet is undergoing " +"just now, the net effect of these changes will not be only that copyrighted " +"work is effectively protected. Also, and generally missed, the net effect of " +"this massive increase in protection will be devastating to the environment " +"for creativity." +msgstr "" +"Mit argument for at vise til, og fÃ¥ frem et balanceret billede af fordele og " +"ulemper i dette kapitel, er et forsøg pÃ¥ at kortlægge akkurat denne effekt. " +" Det er ingen tvivl om at teknologien til Internet har haft dramatisk effekt " +"pÃ¥ muligheden for ophavsretejerne til at beskytte sit indhold. Men det bør " +"heller ikke være nogen tvivl om at nÃ¥r du slÃ¥r sammen alle ændringerne i " +"opphavsrettsloven over tid, plus den teknologiske ændringen som Internet " +"gennemgÃ¥r akkurat nu, vil netto effekt af disse ændringer ikke bare være " +"at opphavsrettsvernede værk bliver effektivt beskyttet. I tillæg, og stort " +"set overset, er netto effekt af denne massive øgningen i beskyttelse ogsÃ¥ " +"vil være ødelæggende for kreativitetmiljøet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " +"culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." +msgstr "" +"For at opsummere: For at dræbe en myg sprøjter vi DDT med konsekvenser for " +"fri kultur som vil være meget mere ødelæggende end om denne myg blev borte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Beginnings" +msgstr "Ophav" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on creative property" +msgstr "om kreativ ejendom" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright purpose established in" +msgstr "ophavsretformÃ¥l som er etableret i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Progress Clause of" +msgstr "Fremskridtbestemmelsen i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "constitutional purpose of" +msgstr "konstitusjonelt formÃ¥l med" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "constitutional tradition on" +msgstr "konstitusjonell tradition med" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Progress Clause" +msgstr "Fremskridtbestemmelsen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " +"English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " +"property</quote> rights clear; its express limitations reinforce the English " +"aim to avoid overly powerful publishers." +msgstr "" +"USA kopierede engelsk opphavsrettslov. Egentligt kopierede og forbedrede vi " +"engelsk opphavsrettslov. Grunnloven vores gør formÃ¥let med <quote>kreativ " +"ejendom</quote> helt klart; deres udtrykkelige begrænsninger forstærker det " +"engelske mÃ¥l om at undgÃ¥ for mægtige utgivere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" +msgstr "i Grunnlovens Fremskridtbestemmelse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " +"Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " +"I, section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:" +msgstr "" +"Myndigheden til at etablere <quote>kreative ejendoms</quote>-rettigheder " +"gives til Kongressen pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som, i hvert fald for i forhold til vores " +"Grundlov, er rigtigt usædvanligt. Artikel I, del 8, setningsdel 8 i vores " +"grundlov lyde:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " +"by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " +"to their respective Writings and Discoveries." +msgstr "" +"Kongressen har myndighed til at fremme udviklingen af videnskab og nyttig " +"kunst ved at sikre forfattere og oppfinnere, i et begrænset tidsrum, " +"eksklusive rettigheder til sine respektive skrifter og oppdagelser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We can call this the <quote>Progress Clause,</quote> for notice what this " +"clause does not say. It does not say Congress has the power to grant " +"<quote>creative property rights.</quote> It says that Congress has the power " +"<emphasis>to promote progress</emphasis>. The grant of power is its purpose, " +"and its purpose is a public one, not the purpose of enriching publishers, " +"nor even primarily the purpose of rewarding authors." +msgstr "" +"Vi kalder dette <quote>Fremskridt bestemmelsen,</quote> og læg mærke til " +"hvad denne bestemmelse ikke siger. Den siger ikke at Kongressen har " +"myndighed til at dele ud <quote>kreative ejendomretter.</quote> Den siger " +"at Kongressen har myndighed til <emphasis>at fremme fremskridt</emphasis>. " +"Tildeling af myndighed er dets formÃ¥l, og dets formÃ¥l er for fællesskabet. " +"FormÃ¥let er ikke at berike utgivere, og formÃ¥let er heller ikke " +"hovedsageligt at belønne forfattere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "history of American" +msgstr "historie om amerikansk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " +"chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " +"English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a few would not " +"exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " +"disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " +"the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " +"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend <quote>to " +"Authors</quote> only." +msgstr "" +"Fremskridtbestemmelsen begrænser udtrykkeligt varigheten for ophavsreten. " +"Som vi sÃ¥ i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"founders\"/>, begrænsede englænderne varigheten i ophavsreten for " +"at sikre at nogle fÃ¥ ikke kunne udøve uforholdsmessig stor kontrol over " +"kulturen ved at udøve uforholdsmessig kontrol over publisering. Vi kan " +"antage at grundlovforfatterne tog efter England med et lignende formÃ¥l. " +"Faktisk forstærkede grundlovforfatterne, i modsætning til englænderne, dette " +"formÃ¥l ved at kræve at ophavsreten kun galdt <quote>forfattere.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Senate, U.S." +msgstr "Senatet i USA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "structural checks and balances of" +msgstr "strukturelle kontrolmekanismer i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "electoral college" +msgstr "valgforsamling" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " +"Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " +"structure. To prevent the concentrated power of publishers, they built a " +"structure that kept copyrights away from publishers and kept them short. To " +"prevent the concentrated power of a church, they banned the federal " +"government from establishing a church. To prevent concentrating power in the " +"federal government, they built structures to reinforce the power of the " +"states—including the Senate, whose members were at the time selected " +"by the states, and an electoral college, also selected by the states, to " +"select the president. In each case, a <emphasis>structure</emphasis> built " +"checks and balances into the constitutional frame, structured to prevent " +"otherwise inevitable concentrations of power." +msgstr "" +"Udformningen af Fremskridtbestemmelsen reflekterer noget om Grunnlovens " +"udformning generelt. For at undgÃ¥ et problem byggede grundlovforfatterne en " +"struktur. For at hindre at for meget magt samlede sig hos utgiverne, " +"byggede de en struktur som holdt ophavsreten væk fra utgiverne og gjorde " +"vernetiden kort. For at hindre at for meget magt samlede sig hos en kirke, " +"forbød de føderale myndigheder at etablere en kirke. For at hindre at for " +"meget magt samlede sig hos de føderale myndigheder bygget de strukturer som " +"forstærkede magten til delstaterne – inkluderet i Senatet, hvis " +"medlemmer pÃ¥ den tiden blev udpeget af delstaterne, og en valgforsamling, " +"ogsÃ¥ udpeget af delstaterne, som valgte præsident. I hvert tilfælde, bygget " +"de en <emphasis>struktur</emphasis> af kontrolmekanismer ind i den " +"konstitusjonelle labben, struktureret for at hindre ellers uunngÃ¥elig " +"maktkonsentrering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call <quote>copyright</" +"quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " +"considered. To begin to understand what they did, we need to put our " +"<quote>copyright</quote> in context: We need to see how it has changed in " +"the 210 years since they first struck its design." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tvivler pÃ¥ at deltagerne i grundlovforsamlingen vil kende igen " +"reguleringen vi kalder <quote>ophavsret</quote> i dag. Omfanget af den " +"regulering gÃ¥r langt ud over alt de nogensinde vurderede. For at begynde " +"at forstÃ¥ hvad de gjorde behøver vi at sætte vores <quote>ophavsret</quote> " +"i sammenhæng: Vi behøver at se hvordan den har ændret sig i løbet af de 210 " +"Ã¥rene som har gÃ¥et siden de først afgjorde dens udformning." + +#. PAGE BREAK 143 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " +"technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " +"concentration of market power. In terms of our model, we started here:" +msgstr "" +"Nogle af disse ændringer kommer fra lovværket: nogle i lys af ændringer i " +"teknologi og nogle i lys af ændringer i teknologi givet en bestemt " +"konsentrering af markedmagt. Efter begreberne i vores model, startet vi her:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "We will end here:" +msgstr "Vi kommer til at ende op her:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1442.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 144 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Let me explain how." +msgstr "Lad mig forklare hvordan ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Law: Duration" +msgstr "Loven: Varighet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copyright Act (1790)" +msgstr "Opphavsrettslov (1790)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "common law protections of" +msgstr "retpraksisbeskyttelse af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "balance of U.S. content in" +msgstr "balance for indhold fra USA i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Crosskey, William W." +msgstr "Crosskey, William W." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " +"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " +"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>extinguish[ing], by plain implication of " +"<quote>the supreme Law of the Land,</quote> <emphasis>the perpetual rights " +"which authors had, or were supposed by some to have, under the Common Law</" +"emphasis></quote> (emphasis added). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " +"of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " +"vol. 1, 485–86: <quote>afskaffer, implisitt ved at være placeret i " +"<quote>landets fremste lov,</quote> <emphasis>de evige rettigheder som " +"forfattere havde, eller var antaget at have, som følge af retpraksis</" +"emphasis></quote> (min utheving). [I USA bygger rettskjennelser som " +"hovedregel pÃ¥ tidligere domme (prejudikat). Undtagelsen er nÃ¥r forholdet det " +"er tvist om reguleres af Grunnloven (<quote>landets fremste lov</quote>). " +"Dersom Grunnloven og et prejudikat eller en lokal lov er i konflikt med " +"hinanden, gÃ¥r Grunnloven altid foran. o.a.] <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " +"the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " +"had confronted in 1774. Many states had passed laws protecting creative " +"property, and some believed that these laws simply supplemented common law " +"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public " +"domain in the United States in 1790. If copyrights were protected by the " +"common law, then there was no simple way to know whether a work published in " +"the United States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering " +"uncertainty would make it hard for publishers to rely upon a public domain " +"to reprint and distribute works." +msgstr "" +"Da den første Kongressen vedtog loven for at beskytte kreativ ejendom, " +"modarbejdede den de samme usikkerhetene rundt status for kreativ ejendom som " +"englænderne havde blevet konfronteret med i 1774 . Flere delstater havde " +"vedtaget hÃ¥ndflade som beskyttede kreativ ejendom, og nogle mente at disse " +"love enkelt og fint var tillæg til retpraksisrettigheder som allerede " +"beskyttede kreativt forfatterskab.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Dette betød at det ikke var noget garanteret allemannseie i USA i 1790 . " +"Hvis ophavsreten var beskyttet af retpraksis, sÃ¥ var det ingen enkel mÃ¥de at " +"vide hvorvidt et værk publiceret i USA var kontrolleret eller frit. " +"Akkurat som i England villes denne vedvarende usikkerheten gøre det " +"vanskeligt for utgivere at basere sig pÃ¥ allemannseiet nÃ¥r de ønskede at " +"give ud pÃ¥ nyt og distribuere værk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "federal vs. state" +msgstr "føderal versus national" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " +"copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " +"protections for copyrighted works displaced any state law protections. Just " +"as in England the Statute of Anne eventually meant that the copyrights for " +"all English works expired, a federal statute meant that any state copyrights " +"expired as well." +msgstr "" +"Denne usikkerheten tog slutning da Kongressen vedtog lovgiving som tildelte " +"ophavrettigheder. Da føderal lov overstyrer enhver motstridende " +"delstatslov, fortrængte den føderale beskyttelsen af opphavsrettsbeskyttede " +"værker enhver beskyttelse fra delstatslover. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som Statute of " +"Anne i England betød at ophavsretbeskyttelsen for alle engelske værker " +"udløb, betød føderale vedtekter at alle delstatophavsreter ogsÃ¥ udløb." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " +"copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " +"alive at the end of that fourteen years, then he could opt to renew the " +"copyright for another fourteen years. If he did not renew the copyright, his " +"work passed into the public domain." +msgstr "" +"I 1790 vedtog Kongressen den første opphavsrettsloven. Den oprettede en " +"føderal ophavsret og sikrede ophavsreten i fjorten Ã¥r. Hvis en forfatter " +"var i live ved slutningen af disse fjorten Ã¥rene, sÃ¥ kunne han vælge at " +"fornye ophavsretbeskyttelsen for nye fjorten Ã¥r. Hvis han ikke fornyede " +"ophavsreten, sÃ¥ blev hans værk en del af allemannseien." + +#. f9 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " +"1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " +"History of Book Publishing in the United States</citetitle>, vol. 1, " +"<citetitle>The Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865</citetitle> (New " +"York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded before 1790, only " +"twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William J. Maher, " +"<citetitle>Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of " +"1790 in Historical Context</citetitle>, 7–10 (2002), available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " +"overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even " +"those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, " +"because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was " +"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. " +"Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." +msgstr "" +"Selv om 13 000 titler blev publiceret i USA fra 1790 til 1799, blev kun det " +"kun sendt ind 556 ophavsretmeldinger; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A History of " +"Book Publishing in the United States</citetitle>, vol 1, <citetitle>The " +"Creation of an Industry, 1630–1865</citetitle> (New York: Bowker, " +"1972), 141 . Af 21 000 tryksakeer registreret føder 1790 var kun tolv " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet i henhold til 1790-loven; William J. Maher, " +"<citetitle>Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of " +"1790 in Historical Context</citetitle>, 7–10 (2002), tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Det betyder " +"at det overvældende flertal af værk øjeblikkeligt henhørt i det fri. Selv " +"de værkerne som blev opphavsrettsbeskyttet henhørt raskt i det fri, pÃ¥ grund " +"af at vernetiden i ophavsreten var kort. Den oprindelige vernetiden i " +"ophavsreten var fjorten Ã¥r, med mulighed for forlængelse i yderstere fjorten " +"Ã¥r. Copyright Act af 31 . maj 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " +"years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " +"under the federal copyright regime. Of all the work created in the United " +"States both before 1790 and from 1790 through 1800, 95 percent immediately " +"passed into the public domain; the balance would pass into the pubic domain " +"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen years." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Selv om det blev skabt mange værker i USA i de første 10 Ã¥rene til " +"republikken, sÃ¥ blev kun 5 procent af værkerne registreret under det " +"føderale ophavsretregimet. Af alle værk skabt i USA bÃ¥de før 1790 og fra " +"1790 frem til 1800, sÃ¥ blev 95 procent øjeblikkelig allemannseie (public " +"domain). Resten blev allemannseie efter maksimalt 20 Ã¥r, og som oftest efter " +"14 Ã¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 145 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " +"copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " +"only for works where they were wanted. After the initial term of fourteen " +"years, if it wasn't worth it to an author to renew his copyright, then it " +"wasn't worth it to society to insist on the copyright, either." +msgstr "" +"Dette fornyelsessystemet var en afgørende del af det amerikanske systemet " +"for ophavsret. Det sikrede at maksimal vernetid i ophavsreten bare blev " +"givet til værk der det var ønsket. Efter den første perioden pÃ¥ fjorten Ã¥r, " +"hvis forfatteren ikke sÃ¥ værdien af at fornye sin ophavsret, var det heller " +"ikke værd det for samfundet at hÃ¥ndhæve ophavsreten." + +#. f10 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " +"the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " +"a year-by-year analysis of copyright renewal rates, see Barbara A. Ringer, " +"<quote>Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Studies on " +"Copyright</citetitle>, vol. 1 (New York: Practicing Law Institute, 1963), " +"618. For a more recent and comprehensive analysis, see William M. Landes and " +"Richard A. Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> " +"<citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> 70 (2003): 471, " +"498–501, and accompanying figures." +msgstr "" +"FÃ¥ ophavsretindehavere valgte nogensinde at fornye sine ophavsreter. For " +"eksempel af de 25 006 ophavsreter registert i 1883, blev kun 893 fornyet i " +"1910 . For man Ã¥r-for-Ã¥r-analyse af opphavsrettsfornyingsrater, se Barbara " +"A. Ringe, <quote>Study No. 31: Renewal of Copyright,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Studies on Copyright</citetitle>, vol. 1 (New York: Practicing " +"Law Institute, 1963), 618 . For en nyere og mere fuldstændig analyse, se " +"William M. Landes og Richard A. Posner, <quote>Indefinitely Renewable " +"Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>University of Chicago Law Review</citetitle> " +"70 (2003): 471, 498–501, og tilhørende figurer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " +"copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " +"them renewed their copyright after fourteen years; the balance allowed their " +"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Fjorten Ã¥r virker mÃ¥ske ikke længe for os, men for det store flertal af " +"ophavsretindehavere pÃ¥ den tiden var den længe nok. Kun en lille minoritet " +"blandt dem fornyede sin ophavsret efter fjorten Ã¥r. Balancen tillod deres " +"værk at henhøre i det fri.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f11 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." +msgstr "Se Ringe, kap. 9, n. 2 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " +"actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " +"print after one year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When that " +"happens, the used books are traded free of copyright regulation. Thus the " +"books are no longer <emphasis>effectively</emphasis> controlled by " +"copyright. The only practical commercial use of the books at that time is to " +"sell the books as used books; that use—because it does not involve " +"publication—is effectively free." +msgstr "" +"Selv i dag giver denne struktur mening. De fleste kreative værker har et " +"kommercielt liv som kun varer nogle fÃ¥ Ã¥r. De fleste bøge er udsolgt fra " +"forlaget efter et Ã¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> NÃ¥r det sker, " +"købes og sælges de brugte bøgerne helt uden opphavsrettslige reguleringer. " +"Dermed er bøgerne <emphasis>faktisk</emphasis> ikke længere kontrolleret af " +"ophavsreten. Den eneste praktiske kommercielle brugen af bøgerne pÃ¥ dette " +"stadium er at sælge bøgerne som brugte bøger. Denne brug – fordi den " +"ikke involverer publisering – er effektivt uden begrænsninger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright terms extended by" +msgstr "ophavsretens vernetid udvidede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "term extensions in" +msgstr "vernetidsutvidelser i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " +"changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " +"a maximum of 42 by increasing the initial term of copyright from 14 years to " +"28 years. In the next fifty years of the Republic, the term increased once " +"again. In 1909, Congress extended the renewal term of 14 years to 28 years, " +"setting a maximum term of 56 years." +msgstr "" +"I de første hundrede Ã¥rene af republikken, blev vernetiden for ophavsreten " +"ændret en gang. I 1831 blev vernetiden øget fra maksimalt 28 Ã¥r til " +"maksimalt 42 Ã¥r ved at øge den oprindelige vernetiden fra 14 til 28 Ã¥r. I " +"de næste halvtreds Ã¥rene af republikken, blev vernetiden igen øget en gang. " +"I 1909 udvidede Kongressen fornyingsvernetiden fra 14 til 28 Ã¥r, og vedtog " +"dermed en maksimal vernetid pÃ¥ 56 Ã¥r." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CTEA" +msgstr "CTEA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" +msgstr "Sonny Bono udvidelse af opphavsrettsvernetid-loven (CTEA) (1998)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" +msgstr "fremtidige patenter versus fremtidige ophavrettigheder i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " +"copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " +"extended the terms of existing copyrights; twice in those forty years, " +"Congress extended the term of future copyrights. Initially, the extensions " +"of existing copyrights were short, a mere one to two years. In 1976, " +"Congress extended all existing copyrights by nineteen years. And in 1998, " +"in the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, Congress extended the term " +"of existing and future copyrights by twenty years." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥, fra og med 1962, startet Kongressen med den praksissen som har defineret " +"opphavsrettsloven siden. Elleve gange de sidste fyrre Ã¥rene har Kongressen " +"udvidet vernetiden for eksisterende ophavsreter. To gange i løbet af disse " +"fyrre Ã¥rene udvidede Kongressen vernetiden for fremtidige ophavsreter. I " +"starten var udvidelsen af eksisterende ophavsreter kort, kun et til to Ã¥r. " +"I 1976 udvidede Kongressen alle eksisterende ophavsreter med nitten Ã¥r. Og " +"i 1998 blev <quote>Sonny Bonos udvidelse af opphavsrettsvernetidsloven</" +"quote> vedtaget som udvidede vernetiden for eksisterende og fremtidige " +"ophavsreter med tyve Ã¥r." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in public domain" +msgstr "i allemannseie (public domain)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 146 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " +"works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " +"domain will have been tolled for thirty-nine out of fifty-five years, or 70 " +"percent of the time since 1962. Thus, in the twenty years after the Sonny " +"Bono Act, while one million patents will pass into the public domain, zero " +"copyrights will pass into the public domain by virtue of the expiration of a " +"copyright term." +msgstr "" +"Effekten af disse udvidelser er ganske enkelt at fryse, eller forsinke, nÃ¥r " +"værk henhører i det fri og bliver allemannseie. Denne sidste udvidelse " +"betyder at allemannseie vil have været frosset i trettini af femtifem Ã¥r, " +"eller 70 procent af tiden siden 1962 . Dermed vil det i de første tyve " +"Ã¥rene efter Sonny Bono-loven, samtidig som en million patenter har blevet " +"allemannseie, ikke være et eneste opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk som har henhørt " +"i det fri pÃ¥ grund af udløb af vernetiden i ophavsreten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-" +"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " +"established a two-part copyright regime, requiring a copyright owner to " +"renew his copyright after an initial term. The requirement of renewal meant " +"that works that no longer needed copyright protection would pass more " +"quickly into the public domain. The works remaining under protection would " +"be those that had some continuing commercial value." +msgstr "" +"Effekten af disse ændringer har blevet forværret af en anden ændring i " +"opphavsrettsloven som fÃ¥ har lagt mærke til. Husk at jeg sagde at " +"grundlovforfatterne etablerede et todelt ophavsretregime, som krævede at " +"ophavsretindehaver fornyede sin ophavsret efter en innledende vernetid. " +"Dette fornyingskravet betød at værk som ikke længere behøvede " +"ophavsretbeskyttelse raskt vilde blive allemannseie. De tilbageværende " +"beskyttede værk villes være de som havde en vis vedvarende kommerciel værdi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" +msgstr "til naturlige forfattere versus selskaber" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "corporations" +msgstr "selskaber" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright terms for" +msgstr "opphavsrettsvernetid for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " +"created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " +"term. For <quote>natural</quote> authors, that term was life plus fifty " +"years. For corporations, the term was seventy-five years. Then, in 1992, " +"Congress abandoned the renewal requirement for all works created before " +"1978. All works still under copyright would be accorded the maximum term " +"then available. After the Sonny Bono Act, that term was ninety-five years." +msgstr "" +"USA forlod dette fornuftige system i 1976 . For alle værk skabt efter 1978 " +"var det kun en vernetid – maksimal vernetid. For <quote>naturlige</" +"quote> forfattere var vernetiden livslang plus halvtreds Ã¥r. For selskaber " +"var vernetiden syttifem Ã¥r. SÃ¥, i 1992, fjernet Kongressen kravet om " +"fornying for alle værk skabt før 1978 . Alle værk beskyttet af ophavsreten " +"villes fÃ¥ tildelt maksimal vernetid. Efter Sonny Bonny-loven var vernetiden " +"nittifem Ã¥r." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " +"that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " +"indeed, after these changes, it is unclear whether it is even possible to " +"put works into the public domain. The public domain is orphaned by these " +"changes in copyright law. Despite the requirement that terms be " +"<quote>limited,</quote> we have no evidence that anything will limit them." +msgstr "" +"Denne ændring betød at USAs lov ikke længere havde en automatisk mÃ¥de at " +"sikre at værker som ikke længere blev udnyttet blev allemannseie. Og ganske " +"rigtigt, efter disse ændringer, er det uklart hvorvidt det i det hele taget " +"er muligt at lade et værk blive allemannseie. Allemannseiet blev " +"foreldreløst efter disse ændringer i opphavsrettsloven. PÃ¥ trods af kravet " +"om af vernetiden skal være <quote>begrænset</quote>, sÃ¥ har vi ingen " +"indikationer pÃ¥ at noget vil begrænse den." + +#. f12 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " +"year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " +"thirty-two years, and averaged thirty years. See Landes and Posner, " +"<quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit." +msgstr "" +"Disse statistikker er undervurderet. Mellem Ã¥rene 1910 og 1962 (det første " +"Ã¥ret fornyingsvernetiden blev udvidet), var gennemsnitligt vernetid aldrig " +"mere end trettito Ã¥r, og gennemsnittet tredive Ã¥r. Se Landes og Posner, " +"<quote>Indefinitely Renewable Copyright,</quote> loc. cit." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " +"dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " +"their copyright. That meant that the average term of copyright in 1973 was " +"just 32.2 years. Because of the elimination of the renewal requirement, the " +"average term of copyright is now the maximum term. In thirty years, then, " +"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Effekten af disse ændringer pÃ¥ den gennemsnitlige varigheten for ophavsreten " +"er dramatisk. I 1973 unnlot mere end 85 procent af ophavsretindehaverne at " +"fornye sin ophavsret. Det betyder at den gennemsnitlige vernetiden i 1973 " +"var kun 32.2 Ã¥r. PÃ¥ grund af fjerningen af kravet om fornying, er nu den " +"gennemsnitlige vernetiden den maksimale vernetiden. PÃ¥ tredive Ã¥r har " +"dermed den gennemsnitlige vernetiden blevet tredoblet, fra 32.2 Ã¥r til 95 " +"Ã¥r.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Law: Scope" +msgstr "Loven: Omfang" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "scope of" +msgstr "omfang for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " +"the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " +"changes are not necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent of the " +"changes if we're to keep this debate in context." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Omfanget</quote> for ophavsreten er den rækken af rettigheder tildelt " +"gennem lovværket. Omfanget for USAs ophavsret har ændret sig dramatisk. " +"Disse ændringer er ikke nødvendigvis dÃ¥rlige, men vi bør forstÃ¥ omfanget af " +"ændringer hvis vi skal forholde os til sammenhængen i denne debat." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "historical shift in copyright coverage of" +msgstr "historisk ændring i opphavsrettslig dækning af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " +"charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " +"architecture. More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the " +"author the exclusive right to <quote>publish</quote> copyrighted works. That " +"means someone else violated the copyright only if he republished the work " +"without the copyright owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a " +"copyright was an exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not " +"extend to what lawyers call <quote>derivative works.</quote> It would not, " +"therefore, interfere with the right of someone other than the author to " +"translate a copyrighted book, or to adapt the story to a different form " +"(such as a drama based on a published book)." +msgstr "" +"I 1790 var omfanget rigtigt smalt. Ophavsreten dækkede kun <quote>kort, " +"diagrammer og bøger.</quote> Det betyder at den ikke dækkede for eksempel " +"musik og arkitektur. Vigtigere, ophavsreten tildelte forfatteren eksklusiv " +"ret til at <quote>publicere</quote> opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk. Det " +"betyder at anden kun brød ophavsreten hvis han gav ud værket pÃ¥ nyt uden " +"ophavsretejeren tilladelse. Til slutning var privilegiet tildelt af " +"opphavretten en eksklusiv ret for en bestemt bog. Privilegiet strakte sig " +"ikke til det advokater kalder <quote>avledede værk.</quote> Det villes " +"dermed ikke forstyrre retten til andre end forfatteren til at oversætte en " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet bog, eller til at tilpasse historie til en anden form " +"(som et skuespil baseret pÃ¥ en publiceret bog)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " +"are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " +"practically any creative work that is reduced to a tangible form. It covers " +"music as well as architecture, drama as well as computer programs. It gives " +"the copyright owner of that creative work not only the exclusive right to " +"<quote>publish</quote> the work, but also the exclusive right of control " +"over any <quote>copies</quote> of that work. And most significant for our " +"purposes here, the right gives the copyright owner control over not only his " +"or her particular work, but also any <quote>derivative work</quote> that " +"might grow out of the original work. In this way, the right covers more " +"creative work, protects the creative work more broadly, and protects works " +"that are based in a significant way on the initial creative work." +msgstr "" +"Dette har ogsÃ¥ ændret sig dramatisk. Mens omridset af ophavsreten i dag er " +"ekstremt vanskeligt at beskrive enkelt med generelle termer, sÃ¥ dækker " +"retten praktisk talt ethvert kreativt værk som er reduceret til en " +"hÃ¥ndgripelig form. Det dækker musik sÃ¥ vel som arkitektur, drama sÃ¥ vel som " +"computerprogrammer. Det giver ophavsretejeren ikke bare den eksklusive " +"retten til at <quote>publicere</quote> værket, men ogsÃ¥ eksklusiv ret til at " +"kontrollere enhver <quote>kopi</quote> af dette værket. Og vigtigst for " +"vores formÃ¥l her, retten giver ophavsretejeren kontrol ikke bare over hans " +"eller hendes eget værk, men ogsÃ¥ ethvert <quote>avledet værk</quote> som kan " +"gro ud af det originale værket. PÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de dækker retten flere kreative " +"værker, beskytter det kreative værket bredere og beskytter værker som i " +"hovedsag er baseret pÃ¥ det oprindelige kreative værket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "marking of" +msgstr "merking af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "formalities" +msgstr "formaliteter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "registration requirement of" +msgstr "registreringkrav for" + +#. PAGE BREAK 148 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " +"limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " +"complete removal of the renewal requirement in 1992. In addition to the " +"renewal requirement, for most of the history of American copyright law, " +"there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive " +"the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any " +"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word " +"<emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. And for most of the history of American " +"copyright law, there was a requirement that works be deposited with the " +"government before a copyright could be secured." +msgstr "" +"Mens omfanget af ophavsreten har udvidet sig, har prosessuelle " +"begrænsninger i retten blevet slækket pÃ¥. Jeg har allerede beskrevet den " +"fuldstændige fjerningen af fornyelseskravet i 1992 . I tillæg til " +"fornyelseskravet var det, i det meste af historie til USAs opphavsrettslov, " +"et krav om at et værk mÃ¥tte registreres før det kunne nyde godt af " +"ophavsretbeskyttelsen. Det var ogsÃ¥ et krav om at ethvert " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk enten mÃ¥tte mærkes med det berømte © eller ordet " +"<emphasis>copyright</emphasis>. For størstedelen af historie til USAs " +"opphavsrettslov var det ogsÃ¥ et krav at værket blev indleveret til " +"myndighederne før en ophavsret kunne sikres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " +"that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " +"years of the Republic, 95 percent of works eligible for copyright were never " +"copyrighted. Thus, the rule reflected the norm: Most works apparently didn't " +"need copyright, so registration narrowed the regulation of the law to the " +"few that did. The same reasoning justified the requirement that a work be " +"marked as copyrighted—that way it was easy to know whether a copyright " +"was being claimed. The requirement that works be deposited was to assure " +"that after the copyright expired, there would be a copy of the work " +"somewhere so that it could be copied by others without locating the original " +"author." +msgstr "" +"Årsagen til registreringkravet var den fornuftige forstÃ¥elsen af at for de " +"fleste værk var det ikke nødvendigt med ophavsretbeskyttelse. Igen, i de " +"første ti Ã¥rene af republikken blev 95 procent af værk som kunne modtaget " +"beskyttelse aldrig opphavsrettsbeskyttet. Dermed reflekterede reglen " +"normen: De fleste værk behøvede tydeligvis ikke ophavsretbeskyttelse, sÃ¥ " +"registrering begrænsede lovreguleringen til de fÃ¥ som behøvede det. Den " +"samme begrundelse begrundede kravet om at et værk mÃ¥tte mærkes som " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet – sÃ¥dan var det enkelt at vide hvorvidt nogle " +"pÃ¥berÃ¥bte sig ophavsretbeskyttelse. Kravet om at værket blev deponeret, var " +"for at sikre at efter at vernetidens udløb, villes det eksistere et " +"eksemplar af værket en eller anden plads sÃ¥dan at det kunne kopieres af " +"andre uden at spore op den oprindelige forfatteren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "European" +msgstr "europæisk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " +"system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " +"requirement that you register a work to get a copyright; the copyright now " +"is automatic; the copyright exists whether or not you mark your work with a " +"©; and the copyright exists whether or not you actually make a copy " +"available for others to copy." +msgstr "" +"Alle disse <quote>formaliteter</quote> blev afskaffet i USAs system da vi " +"bestemte os for at følge europæisk opphavsrettslov. Det er ikke længere " +"krav om at du registrerer et værk for at fÃ¥ ophavsretbeskyttelse. " +"Ophavsretbeskyttelsen er nu automatisk. Ophavsreten eksisterer uanset om du " +"mærker dit værk med ©, og ophavsreten eksisterer uanset om du faktisk gør " +"virket tilgængeligt for kopiering af andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." +msgstr "" +"Lad os se pÃ¥ et praktisk eksempel for at forstÃ¥ omfanget af disse forskelle." + +#. f13 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " +"Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " +"Journal of International Law and Politics</citetitle> 255 (1997), and James " +"Gilraeth, ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., " +"1987)." +msgstr "" +"Se Thomas Binder og David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the Creation " +"of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " +"International Law and Politics</citetitle> 255 (1997), og James Gilraeth, " +"ed., Federal Copyright Records, 1790–1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " +"copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " +"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your permission. " +"The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent that kind of " +"unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny " +"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the " +"United States—publishers." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du skrev en bog i 1790, og du var en af de fem procenterne som faktisk " +"registrerede ophavsreten for den bogen, sÃ¥ villes opphavsrettsloven beskytte " +"dig mod at andre utgivere tog din bog og publicerede den pÃ¥ nyt uden din " +"tilladelse. MÃ¥let med loven var at regulere utgivere for derved at hindre " +"denne type urimelig konkurrence. I 1790 var det 174 utgivere i USA." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Opphavsrettslovgivingen var dermed " +" en lille regulering af en lille andel af en lille del af det kreative " +"markedet i USA – utgivere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 149 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " +"hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " +"unregulated by the 1790 act. If I took your novel and made a play based upon " +"it, or if I translated it or abridged it, none of those activities were " +"regulated by the original copyright act. These creative activities remained " +"free, while the activities of publishers were restrained." +msgstr "" +"Loven lod andre skabere være helt uregulert. Hvis jeg kopierede dit digt " +"til rÃ¥dighed, om og om igen, som en mÃ¥de at lære det skikkeligt, var min " +"handling helt uregulert ifølge 1790-loven. Hvis jeg tog din roman og fortog " +"et skuespil baseret pÃ¥ den, hvis jeg oversatte den eller fortog man " +"oppsummering af den, sÃ¥ var ingen af disse aktiviteter reguleret af den " +"oprindelige opphavsrettsloven. Disse kreative aktiviteter forblev frie, " +"mens aktiviteterne til utgiverne blev begrænset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " +"automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " +"note to your spouse, every doodle, <emphasis>every</emphasis> creative act " +"that's reduced to a tangible form—all of this is automatically " +"copyrighted. There is no need to register or mark your work. The protection " +"follows the creation, not the steps you take to protect it." +msgstr "" +"I dag er historie vældig anderledes: Hvis du skriver en bog er din bog " +"automatisk beskyttet. Faktisk gælder det ikke bare din bog. Enhver e-post, " +"hver notat til din kære, hver krusedulle, <emphasis>hver eneste</emphasis> " +"kreative handling som bliver reduceret til en hÃ¥ndgripelig form – alt " +"dette er automatisk opphavsrettsbeskyttet. Det er intet behov for at " +"registrere eller dit mærke værk. Beskyttelsen følger af det at skabe, ikke " +"de steg du tager for at beskytte det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " +"exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " +"republish it or to share an excerpt." +msgstr "" +"Den beskyttelsen giver dig retten til (begrænset af et smalt spekter af " +"undtagelse for rimeligt brug) at kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer værket, " +"uanset om de kopierer for at videredistribuere det, eller for at dele et " +"uddrag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " +"competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " +"that is not at all obvious. This is the protection of <quote>derivative " +"rights.</quote> If you write a book, no one can make a movie out of your " +"book without permission. No one can translate it without permission. " +"CliffsNotes can't make an abridgment unless permission is granted. All of " +"these derivative uses of your original work are controlled by the copyright " +"holder. The copyright, in other words, is now not just an exclusive right to " +"your writings, but an exclusive right to your writings and a large " +"proportion of the writings inspired by them." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ langt er dette den Ã¥benbare delen. Ethvert ophavsretsystem villes " +"kontrollere konkurrerende publisering. Men det er en anden del af " +"ophavsreten i dag som slet ikke er Ã¥penbare. Dette er beskyttelsen af " +"<quote>avledede værk.</quote> Hvis du skriver en bog, sÃ¥ kan ingen fortage " +"en film baseret pÃ¥ bogen uden tilladelse. Ingen kan oversætte den uden " +"tilladelse. CliffsNotes kan ikke fortage en oppsummering med mindre " +"tilladelse er givet. Alle disse avledede brugsomrÃ¥derne af dit originale " +"værker er kontrolleret af ophavsretindehaveren. Ophavsreten er med andre ord " +"ikke bare en eksklusiv ret til dine skrifter, men en eksklusiv ret til dine " +"skrifter, og en stor andel af skrifterne inspireret af dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " +"though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " +"created to deal with obvious evasions of a narrower copyright. If I write a " +"book, can you change one word and then claim a copyright in a new and " +"different book? Obviously that would make a joke of the copyright, so the " +"law was properly expanded to include those slight modifications as well as " +"the verbatim original work." +msgstr "" +"Det er denne ret til avledede værker som villes synes mest sært for dem som " +"fortog Grunnloven vores, selv om det har blevet helt naturligt for os. I " +"udgangspunktet blev denne udvidelse fortaget for at hÃ¥ndtere de Ã¥benbare " +"unnvikelsene af en smalere ophavsret. Hvis jeg skriver en bog, kan du ændre " +"et ord, og sÃ¥ ophøjede ophavsret til en ny og anderledes bog? Det villes " +"Ã¥benbaret gøre ophavsreten til en spøg, sÃ¥ loven blev udvidet pÃ¥ ordentligt " +"vis til at inkludere sÃ¥danne smÃ¥ ændringer pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som identiske " +"originale værker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " +"Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " +"Affairs</citetitle>, juli/august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " +"culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " +"applies not just to the commercial publisher but to anyone with a computer. " +"I understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " +"whatever <emphasis>that</emphasis> wrong is, transforming someone else's " +"work is a different wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all—" +"they believe that our law, as the framers penned it, should not protect " +"derivative rights at all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether " +"or not you go that far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is " +"fundamentally different from the wrong of direct piracy." +msgstr "" +"For at undgÃ¥ at rettigheden blev en spøg, skabte loven en forbløffende magt " +"inden fri kultur – det er i hvert fald forbløffende nÃ¥r du forstÃ¥r at " +"loven ikke bare gælder for den kommercielle utgiver, men for enhver med en " +"computer. Jeg forstÃ¥r at det er galt at duplikere og sælge andres værk. " +"Men uanset hvor galt <emphasis>det</emphasis> er, omforming af andres værk " +"er en anden type galt. Nogle ser ikke pÃ¥ omforminger som galt i det hele " +"taget – de mener at vores lovværk, sÃ¥dan grundlovforfatterne " +"formulerede det, ikke skulle beskytte avledede værk i det hele taget." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Uanset om du gÃ¥r sÃ¥ langt eller " +"ikke, sÃ¥ virker det klart at det som er galt med omforming, er fundamentalt " +"forskelligt fra det som er galt med direkte piratvirksomhed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" +msgstr "Rubenfeld, Jeb" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " +"the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " +"First Amendment) between mere <quote>copies</quote> and derivative works. " +"See Jed Rubenfeld, <quote>The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's " +"Constitutionality,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 " +"(2002): 1–60 (see especially pp. 53–59). <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Professor Rubenfeld har præsenteret et kraftfullt konstitusjonelt argument " +"om skillet som ophavsreten burde sætte (fra perspektivet til det første " +"grundlovtillægget) mellem kun <quote>kopier</quote> og avledede værk. Se " +"Jed Rubenfeld, <quote>The Freedom of Imagination: Copyright's " +"Constitutionality,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 112 (2002)" +": 1–60 (se specielt siderne 53–59). <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " +"go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " +"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my book." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of my " +"creative work are treated the same." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel behandler opphavsrettsloven disse to forskellige forbudte " +"handlingerne pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de. Jeg kan gÃ¥ til domstolen at fÃ¥ en forføyning " +"mod din piratkopiering af min bog. Jeg kan gÃ¥ til domstolen at fÃ¥ en " +"forføyning mod din omformende bruge af min bog.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Disse to forskellige brugsmÃ¥derne for mit " +"kreative værker behandles ligeligt ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " +"able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " +"paying me or crediting me? Or if Disney creates a creature called " +"<quote>Mickey Mouse,</quote> why should you be able to make Mickey Mouse " +"toys and be the one to trade on the value that Disney originally created?" +msgstr "" +"Dette kan virke rigtig for dig. Hvis jeg skrev en bog, hvorfor skal du have " +"mulighed til at fortage en film som tager min historie, og tjener penge fra " +"den, uden at betale mig eller kreditere mig? Eller hvis Disney fortager en " +"figur kaldt <quote>Mikke Mus,</quote> hvorfor skal du have mulighed til at " +"fortage Mikke Mus-lege, og være den som tjener penge pÃ¥ værdien som Disney " +"oprindeligt skabte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " +"derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " +"make clear that this expansion is a significant change from the rights " +"originally granted." +msgstr "" +"Dette er gode argumenter, og generelt set er ikke mit pointe at sÃ¥danne " +"deriverede rettigheder er grundløse. Mit mÃ¥l akkurat nu er meget smalere: " +"ganske enkelt at gøre det klart at denne udvidelse er en betydelig ændring " +"fra de oprindeligt tildelte rettighederne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" +msgstr "Lov og arkitektur: Rækkevidde" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copies as core issue of" +msgstr "kopier som kernetema for" + +#. f16 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " +"regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " +"copyrighted song, for example, is regulated even though performance per se " +"doesn't make a copy; 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section " +"106(4). And it certainly sometimes doesn't regulate a <quote>copy</quote>; " +"17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 112(a). But the " +"presumption under the existing law (which regulates <quote>copies;</quote> " +"17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, section 102) is that if there " +"is a copy, there is a right." +msgstr "" +"Dette er man forenkling af loven, men ikke en særligt stor en. Loven " +"regulerer helt klart mere end <quote>eksemplarer</quote> – en " +"offentlig fremføring af en opphavsrettsbeskyttet sang er for eksempel " +"reguleret selv om fremføringen i sig selv ikke fortager et eksemplar; 17 " +"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 106(4). Og det er helt klart " +"at nogle gange regulerer det ikke et <quote>eksemplar</quote>; 17 " +"<citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, del 112(a). Men antagelsen under " +"gældende lov (som regulerer <quote>eksemplarer</quote> 17 <citetitle>United " +"States Code</citetitle>, del 102) er at hvis det er et eksemplar, sÃ¥ er det " +"ogsÃ¥ en rettighed knyttet til det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " +"copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " +"authors. It regulates them because all three are capable of making copies, " +"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Mens loven oprindeligt kun regulerede forleggere, sÃ¥ betyder ændringen i " +"ophavsretens omfang at loven i dag regulerer forleggere, brugere og " +"forfattere. Det regulerer dem pÃ¥ grund af at alle tre er i stand til at " +"fortage kopier, og kernen til reguleringen i opphavsrettsloven er kopier." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "other property rights vs." +msgstr "andre ejendom retter versus" + +#. PAGE BREAK 151 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " +"<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " +"argument at the start of this chapter, that <quote>creative property</quote> " +"deserves the <quote>same rights</quote> as all other property, it is the " +"<emphasis>obvious</emphasis> that we need to be most careful about. For " +"while it may be obvious that in the world before the Internet, copies were " +"the obvious trigger for copyright law, upon reflection, it should be obvious " +"that in the world with the Internet, copies should <emphasis>not</emphasis> " +"be the trigger for copyright law. More precisely, they should not " +"<emphasis>always</emphasis> be the trigger for copyright law." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Kopier.</quote> Det høres helt klart ud som noget opphavsrettsloven " +"Ã¥benbaret regulerer. Men som med argumentet til Jack Valenti i starten af " +"dette kapitlet, om <quote>at kreativ ejendom</quote> fortjener <quote>de " +"samme rettigheder</quote> som al anden ejendom, sÃ¥ er det dette " +"<emphasis>Ã¥benbare</emphasis> vi mÃ¥ være mest forsigtigt/forsigtig med. For " +"selv om det kan have været Ã¥benbaret i værdet føder Internet, at " +"eksemplarfremstilling var en Ã¥penbare udløser for opphavsrettsloven, sÃ¥ bør " +"det ved nærmere eftertanke være Ã¥benbaret i værdet med Internet, sÃ¥ bør " +"eksemplarfremstilling <emphasis>ikke</emphasis> aktivisere " +"opphavsrettsloven. For at være præcis, bør de ikke <emphasis>altid</" +"emphasis> aktivisere opphavsrettsloven." + +#. f17 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " +"should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " +"extending where it does, and should not determine its reach on the basis of " +"arbitrary and automatic changes caused by technology." +msgstr "" +"Dermed er mit argument at for hvert sted der hen opphavsrettsloven udvides, " +"sÃ¥ bør vi afvise det. Det er i stedet at vi bør have gode argumenter for " +"dens udvidelse nÃ¥r det gøres, og bør ikke afgøre rækkevidden baseret pÃ¥ " +"vilkÃ¥rlige og automatiske ændringer forÃ¥rsaget af teknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " +"slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " +"should at least force us to rethink the conditions under which the law of " +"copyright automatically applies,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"because it is clear that the current reach of copyright was never " +"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law." +msgstr "" +"Dette er mÃ¥ske den centrale pÃ¥standen i denne bog, sÃ¥ lagde mig tage dette " +"rigtigt stille sÃ¥dan at man ikke gÃ¥r let glipp af pointen. Min pÃ¥stand er " +"at Internet i hvert fald bør tvinge os til at tænke gennem forholdene der " +"hen opphavsrettsloven automatisk kommer til anvendelse,<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> da det er klart at dagens rækkevidde for " +"ophavsreten aldrig blev vurderet, og langt mindre valgt, af lovgiverne som " +"vedtog opphavsrettsloven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle." +msgstr "" +"Vi kan se dette pointe helt abstrakt ved at starte med denne i hovedsag " +"tomme cirkel." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1521.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "three types of uses of" +msgstr "tre typer brugsmÃ¥der for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" +msgstr "anvendelighet for ophavsret ændrede af teknologien til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright intent altered by" +msgstr "ophavsretens hensigt ændrede af" + +#. PAGE BREAK 152 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " +"its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " +"by copyright law, because the uses don't create a copy. If you read a book, " +"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you give someone the book, " +"that act is not regulated by copyright law. If you resell a book, that act " +"is not regulated (copyright law expressly states that after the first sale " +"of a book, the copyright owner can impose no further conditions on the " +"disposition of the book). If you sleep on the book or use it to hold up a " +"lamp or let your puppy chew it up, those acts are not regulated by copyright " +"law, because those acts do not make a copy." +msgstr "" +"Tænk pÃ¥ en bog i den virkelige værdet, og forestill dig at denne cirkel " +"repræsenterer alle potentielle <emphasis>brugsmÃ¥der</emphasis>. De fleste " +"af disse brugsmÃ¥der er ikke reguleret af Ã¥ndsverksloven, fordi brugen ikke " +"skaber et eksemplar. Hvis du læser en bog, sÃ¥ er ikke den handlingen " +"reguleret af Ã¥ndsverkloven. Hvis du giver nogle bogen, sÃ¥ er ikke den " +"handlingen reguleret af Ã¥ndsverkloven. Hvis du sælger bogen brugt, sÃ¥ er " +"ikke dette reguleret (Ã¥ndsverksloven siger udtrykkeligt at efter det første " +"salget af en bog kan ophavsretejeren ikke stille ytteligere betingelser til " +"hvordan bogen hÃ¥ndteres). Hvis du sover pÃ¥ bogen eller bruger den til at " +"holde oppe en lampe, eller lader din hvalp tygge den op, sÃ¥ er dette " +"brugsmÃ¥der som ikke er reguleret af Ã¥ndsverksloven, da de ikke fortager en " +"kopi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1531.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " +"copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " +"therefore regulated by copyright law. Indeed, this particular use stands at " +"the core of this circle of possible uses of a copyrighted work. It is the " +"paradigmatic use properly regulated by copyright regulation (see diagram in " +"figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)." +msgstr "" +"Derimod er det Ã¥benbaret at nogle brugsmÃ¥der af et opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"værk er reguleret af Ã¥ndsverksloven. Å publicere bogen pÃ¥ nyt, for " +"eksempel, fortager et eksemplar. Det er dermed reguleret af " +"opphavsrettsloven. Faktisk stÃ¥r denne bestemmte brug i kernen af cirklen " +"over mulig brug af et opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk. Det er den paradigmatiske " +"brugen som er korrekt reguleret af opphavsrettsreguleringen (se diagram i " +"figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1541\"/>)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1541.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " +"remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Til slutning er det en tynd skive af ellers reguleret kopieringsbruk som " +"forbliver uregulert pÃ¥ grund af at loven anser dette som <quote>rimelig brug." +"</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " +"unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " +"are free to quote from this book, even in a review that is quite negative, " +"without my permission, even though that quoting makes a copy. That copy " +"would ordinarily give the copyright owner the exclusive right to say whether " +"the copy is allowed or not, but the law denies the owner any exclusive right " +"over such <quote>fair uses</quote> for public policy (and possibly First " +"Amendment) reasons." +msgstr "" +"Dette er brugsmÃ¥der som selv involverer kopiering, men som loven hÃ¥ndterer " +"som uregulert da samfundhensyn kræver at de forbliver uregulert. Du stÃ¥r " +"frit til at citere fra denne bog, selv i en anmeldelse som er ganske " +"negativ, uden min tilladelse, selv om sitering fortager en kopi. Den kopien " +"villes normalt give ophavsretejeren eksklusiv ret til at sige hvorvidt " +"kopien er tilladt eller ikke, men loven nægter ejeren enhver eksklusiv ret " +"over sÃ¥dan <quote>rimelig brug</quote> af samfundhensyn (og mÃ¥ske første " +"grundlovtillæghensyn.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1542.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 154 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " +"sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " +"are nonetheless deemed <quote>fair</quote> regardless of the copyright " +"owner's views." +msgstr "" +"I den fysiske værdet er dermed muligt brug af en bog delt i tre typer: (1) " +"uregulert brug, (2) reguleret brug og (3) reguleret brug som alligevel anses " +"<quote>rimeligt</quote> uafhængigt af ophavsretejeren syn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on Internet" +msgstr "pÃ¥ Internet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Internet burdens on" +msgstr "Internet-byrder pÃ¥" + +#. f18 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " +"different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " +"networks need not make copies of content they transmit, and a digital " +"network could be designed to delete anything it copies so that the same " +"number of copies remain." +msgstr "" +"Jeg mener ikke <quote>natur</quote> i betydningen at det ikke kunne været " +"anderledes, men heller at dagens nuværende tilstand indebærer en kopi. " +"Optiske netværk behøver ikke fortage kopier af indhold de distribuerer, og " +"et digitalt netværk kan fortages sÃ¥dan at det sletter alt det kopierer sÃ¥dan " +"at det forbliver samme antal kopier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " +"copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"And because of this single, arbitrary feature of the design of a digital " +"network, the scope of category 1 changes dramatically. Uses that before were " +"presumptively unregulated are now presumptively regulated. No longer is " +"there a set of presumptively unregulated uses that define a freedom " +"associated with a copyrighted work. Instead, each use is now subject to the " +"copyright, because each use also makes a copy—category 1 gets sucked " +"into category 2. And those who would defend the unregulated uses of " +"copyrighted work must look exclusively to category 3, fair uses, to bear the " +"burden of this shift." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ kom Internet – et distribueret, digitalt netværk hvor enhver bruge " +"af et opphavsrettsbeskyttet værker producerer en kopi.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥ grund af denne ene, vilkÃ¥rlige egenskaben i " +"udformningen af digitale netværk, ændres dækningomrÃ¥det for kategori 1 " +"dramatisk. Bruk som tidligere blev antaget at ikke være reguleret er nu " +"antaget at være reguleret. Det findes ikke længere et sæt med antaget " +"uregulerte brugsomrÃ¥der som definerer friheder bylten til et " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk. I stedet er enhver bruge nu omfavnet af " +"ophavsreten, fordi enhver bruge ogsÃ¥ fortager en kopi – kategori 1 " +"bliver suget ind i kategori 2 . Og de som vil forsvare den uregulerte " +"brugen af opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk mÃ¥ nu kun se til kategori 3, rimeligt " +"brug, for at bære byrden af denne ændring." + +#. PAGE BREAK 155 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " +"Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " +"plausible <emphasis>copyright</emphasis>-related argument that the copyright " +"owner could make to control that use of her book. Copyright law would have " +"nothing to say about whether you read the book once, ten times, or every " +"night before you went to bed. None of those instances of use—" +"reading— could be regulated by copyright law because none of those " +"uses produced a copy." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ lad mig være vældig spesifikk for at gøre dette generelle pointe helt " +"klart. Før Internet, hvis du købte en bog og læste den ti gange, sÃ¥ villes " +"det ikke være noget troverdig <emphasis>ophavsrets</emphasis>-relateret " +"argument som ophavsretejeren kunne bruge for at kontrollere brugen af sin " +"bog. Opphavsrettsloven villes ikke have noget at sige om du læste bogen en " +"gang, ti gange, eller hver nat føder du gik til sengs. Ingen af disse " +"forekomster af brug – lesing – kunne blive reguleret af " +"opphavsrettsloven fordi ingen af disse brugsmÃ¥der producerede et eksemplar." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "e-books" +msgstr "e-bøger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "technological developments and" +msgstr "teknologisk udvikling og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " +"rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " +"only once a month, then <emphasis>copyright law</emphasis> would aid the " +"copyright owner in exercising this degree of control, because of the " +"accidental feature of copyright law that triggers its application upon there " +"being a copy. Now if you read the book ten times and the license says you " +"may read it only five times, then whenever you read the book (or any portion " +"of it) beyond the fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to " +"the copyright owner's wish." +msgstr "" +"Men samme bog som en e-bog styres effektivt set af et andet sæt med skrøner. " +" Nu, hvis ophavsretindehaveren siger at du kun kan læse bogen en gang, eller " +"kun en gang i mÃ¥neden, sÃ¥ vil <emphasis>opphavsrettsloven</emphasis> hjælpe " +"ophavsretindehaveren med at udøve en sÃ¥dan grad af kontrol, pÃ¥ grund af den " +"uheldige egenskaben til opphavsrettsloven som træder ind nÃ¥r det fortages en " +"kopi. Nu, nÃ¥r du læser en bog ti gange, og brugvilkÃ¥rene siger at du kun kan " +"læse den fem gange, sÃ¥ vil du fortage en kopi i strid med " +"ophavsretindehaveren ønske hver gang du læser bogen (eller deler af den) ud " +"over den femte gangen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/nb/1551.svg\" align=\"center\" width=\"10em\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " +"not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " +"clear the change. Once you see this point, a few other points also become " +"clear:" +msgstr "" +"Det er nogle folk som mener at dette giver fuldstændig mening. Mit mÃ¥l " +"akkurat nu er ikke at argumentere om hvorvidt dette giver mening eller " +"ikke. Mit mÃ¥l er kun at gøre det klart at dette er en ændring. NÃ¥r du " +"forstÃ¥r dette pointe, bliver nogle andre pointer ogsÃ¥ forstÃ¥elige:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " +"intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " +"unregulated uses of copyrighted works. There is no evidence at all that " +"policy makers had this idea in mind when they allowed our policy here to " +"shift. Unregulated uses were an important part of free culture before the " +"Internet." +msgstr "" +"For det første, det at fjerne kategori 1 var ikke noget lovgiver nogensinde " +"planlagde. Kongressen tænkte ikke gennem kollapsen i den antaget " +"uregulerte brugen af opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk. Det findes ingen " +"indikatorer i det hele taget at lovgiverne havde en sÃ¥dan idé i tankene da " +"de tillod et sÃ¥dant skifte i vores politik her. Uregulert brug var en " +"vigtig del af fri kultur føder Internet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " +"uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " +"commercial piracy. But the law now purports to regulate <emphasis>any</" +"emphasis> transformation you make of creative work using a machine. " +"<quote>Copy and paste</quote> and <quote>cut and paste</quote> become " +"crimes. Tinkering with a story and releasing it to others exposes the " +"tinkerer to at least a requirement of justification. However troubling the " +"expansion with respect to copying a particular work, it is extraordinarily " +"troubling with respect to transformative uses of creative work." +msgstr "" +"For det andre, dette skiftet er specielt bekymringsfullt i sammenhæng med " +"omformende brug af kreativt indhold. Igen kan vi alle forstÃ¥ at det er galt " +"med kommerciel piratvirksomhed. Men loven giver nu indtryk af at regulere " +"<emphasis>enhver</emphasis> omforming som du kan gøre med en maskine. " +"<quote>Kopier og lim</quote>, og <quote>klip og klistr</quote> bliver " +"kriminelle handlinger. Å rode med en historie og derefter give den ud til " +"andre, kræver at den som roder, som et minimum kan begrunde det som er " +"gjort. Uanset hvor bekymringsfull udvidelsen med hensyn til kopiering af et " +"bestemt værk er, sÃ¥ er det vældig bekymringsfullt med hensyn til omformende " +"brug af kreative værker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "fair use vs." +msgstr "rimeligt brug versus" + +#. PAGE BREAK 156 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " +"on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " +"bear. If a copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read " +"a book on-line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a " +"violation of my fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation " +"about whether I have a fair use right to read, because before the Internet, " +"reading did not trigger the application of copyright law and hence the need " +"for a fair use defense. The right to read was effectively protected before " +"because reading was not regulated." +msgstr "" +"For det tredje, giver dette skift fra kategori 1 til kategori 2 en " +"ekstraordinær byrde pÃ¥ kategori 3 (<quote>rimelig brug</quote>) som rimelig " +"brug aldrig før har mÃ¥ttet bære. Hvis en ophavsretindehaver nu forsøger at " +"kontrollere hvor mange gange jeg kan læse en bog pÃ¥ nettet, sÃ¥ villes den " +"naturlige responsen være at argumentere med at dette er i strid med min ret " +"til rimelig brug. Men det har aldrig været nogle rettsaker om hvorvidt " +"rimeligt brug gælder for min ret til at læse, da lesing før Internet ikke " +"førte til at opphavsrettsloven kom til anvendelse, og det dermed heller " +"ikke var behov for at argumentere med rimelig brug for at forsvare sig. " +"Retten til at læse var effektivt beskyttet tidligere pÃ¥ grund af at lesing " +"ikke var reguleret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " +"culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " +"use—never even addressing the earlier question about the expansion in " +"effective regulation. A thin protection grounded in fair use makes sense " +"when the vast majority of uses are <emphasis>unregulated</emphasis>. But " +"when everything becomes presumptively regulated, then the protections of " +"fair use are not enough." +msgstr "" +"Dette pointe om rimeligt brug er fuldstændig ignoreret, selv af talsmænd " +"for fri kultur. Vi har havnet i et hjørne der vi mÃ¥ argumentere for at " +"vores rettigheder er avhenging af rimeligt brug – og har aldrig " +"adresseret det tidligere nævnte spørgsmÃ¥let om udvidelsen af effektiv " +"regulering. En svag beskyttelse med udgangspunkt i rimelig brug giver " +"mening nÃ¥r det store flertal af brugsomrÃ¥der <emphasis>ikke er reguleret</" +"emphasis>. Men nÃ¥r alt bliver antaget at være reguleret, sÃ¥ bliver rimeligt " +"brug-beskyttelsen ikke nok." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Video Pipeline" +msgstr "Video Pipeline" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "trailer advertisements of" +msgstr "filmtrailer-reklamerne til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " +"business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " +"available to video stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way " +"to sell videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, " +"put the trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." +msgstr "" +"Tilfældet Video Pipeline er et godt eksempel. Video Pipeline sin forretning " +"var at gøre <quote>filmtrailere</quote> tilgængelige i videobutikker. " +"Videobutikkerne viste frem trailerne for at fÃ¥ solgt film. Video Pipeline " +"fik trailerne fra filmdistributørerne, puttede trailerne pÃ¥ kassettebÃ¥nd, og " +"solgte kassettebÃ¥ndene til utsalgsstedene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "browsing" +msgstr "surfing" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " +"think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " +"idea was to expand their <quote>selling by sampling</quote> technique by " +"giving on-line stores the same ability to enable <quote>browsing.</quote> " +"Just as in a bookstore you can read a few pages of a book before you buy the " +"book, so, too, you would be able to sample a bit from the movie on-line " +"before you bought it." +msgstr "" +"Selskabet gjorde dette i omtrent femten Ã¥r. SÃ¥, i 1997, begyndte det at " +"tænke pÃ¥ Internet som en anden mÃ¥de for at distribuere disse " +"forhÃ¥ndsvisningene. Idéen var at udvide deres <quote>sælge ved at vise " +"prøver</quote>-teknik ved at give online-butikker den samme mulighed til at " +"muliggjøre <quote>surfing.</quote> Akkurat sÃ¥dan som du i en boghandel kan " +"læse nogle fÃ¥ sider af en bog føder du køber bogen, sÃ¥ villes du pÃ¥ samme " +"mÃ¥de ogsÃ¥ kunne tage en kig pÃ¥ en bidder af filmen pÃ¥ nettet før du købte " +"den." + +#. PAGE BREAK 157 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " +"intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " +"sending the tapes) to distributors of their videos. Two years later, Disney " +"told Video Pipeline to stop. The owner of Video Pipeline asked Disney to " +"talk about the matter—he had built a business on distributing this " +"content as a way to help sell Disney films; he had customers who depended " +"upon his delivering this content. Disney would agree to talk only if Video " +"Pipeline stopped the distribution immediately. Video Pipeline thought it " +"was within their <quote>fair use</quote> rights to distribute the clips as " +"they had. So they filed a lawsuit to ask the court to declare that these " +"rights were in fact their rights." +msgstr "" +"I 1998 informerede Video Pipeline Disney og andre film distributører at de " +"planlagde at distribuere trailere via Internet (i stedet for at sende " +"kassettebÃ¥nd) til distributører af jeres film. To Ã¥r senere bad Disney " +"Video Pipeline om at stoppe. Ejeren af Video Pipeline bad Disney om at de " +"snakkede om sagen – han havde bygget op sin forretning for " +"distribution af dette indholdet som en mÃ¥de at hjælpe Disney at sælge film, " +"og havde kunder som var afhængigt af at han leverede dette indhold. Disney " +"villes kun gÃ¥ med pÃ¥ at snakke med ham hvis Video Pipeline stoppede " +"distributionen øjeblikkeligt. Video Pipeline mente det var indenfor deres " +"rimeligt brug-rettigheder at distribuere klippene sÃ¥dan de havde gjort. SÃ¥ " +"de leverede ind et søgsmÃ¥l for at bede domstolene om at erklære at disse " +"rettigheder faktisk var deres rettigheder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "willful infringement findings in" +msgstr "bevidst krenkelse-kjennelser i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "willful infringement" +msgstr "bevidst krenkelse" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " +"predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully infringed</" +"quote> on Disney's copyright. When a court makes a finding of willful " +"infringement, it can award damages not on the basis of the actual harm to " +"the copyright owner, but on the basis of an amount set in the statute. " +"Because Video Pipeline had distributed seven hundred clips of Disney movies " +"to enable video stores to sell copies of those movies, Disney was now suing " +"Video Pipeline for $100 million." +msgstr "" +"Disney sendte ind motsøksmÃ¥l – om 100 millioner dollar i " +"skadeerstatning. Disse skader blev estimeret ud fra et krav om at Video " +"Pipeline havde <quote>bevidst skældt</quote> Disneys ophavsret. NÃ¥r en " +"domstol konkluderer med bevidst krenkelse, sÃ¥ kan de tildele skader, ikke " +"baseret pÃ¥ faktisk skade som ophavsretejeren har lidt, men baseret pÃ¥ et " +"beløb fastsat i forskrift. PÃ¥ grund af at Video Pipeline havde distribueret " +"syv hundrede klip fra Disneys film for at gøre det muligt for videobutikker " +"at sælge eksemplarer af disse film, sagsøgte nu Disney Vide Pipeline for " +"100 millioner dollar." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " +"stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " +"able to sell the films that they had bought from Disney. Disney's claim in " +"court was that the stores were allowed to sell the films and they were " +"permitted to list the titles of the films they were selling, but they were " +"not allowed to show clips of the films as a way of selling them without " +"Disney's permission." +msgstr "" +"Disney har lov til at kontrollere sin ejendom, naturligvis. Men " +"videobutikkerne som sælger filmene til Disney har ogsÃ¥ en slags ret til at " +"være i stand til at sælge filmene de har købt fra Disney. Disneys pÃ¥stand i " +"retten var at butikkerne havde lov til at sælge filmene, og de havde lov til " +"at liste op titlerne til filmene de solgte, men de havde ikke lov til at " +"vise klip fra filmene for at kunne sælge dem, uden tilladelse fra Disney." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "first-sale doctrine" +msgstr "førstesalgsdoktrinen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " +"consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " +"Disney this power. Before the Internet, Disney couldn't really control how " +"people got access to their content. Once a video was in the marketplace, the " +"<quote>first-sale doctrine</quote> would free the seller to use the video as " +"he wished, including showing portions of it in order to engender sales of " +"the entire movie video. But with the Internet, it becomes possible for " +"Disney to centralize control over access to this content. Because each use " +"of the Internet produces a copy, use on the Internet becomes subject to the " +"copyright owner's control. The technology expands the scope of effective " +"control, because the technology builds a copy into every transaction." +msgstr "" +"Du tænker mÃ¥ske nu at dette er en afgjort sag, og jeg tror domstolene ogsÃ¥ " +"anser dette som en afgjort sag. mit Pointe her er at kortlægge ændringen " +"som giver Disney denne magt. Før Internet kunne ikke Disney egentligt " +"kontrollere hvordan folk fik tilgang til jeres indhold. NÃ¥r en video var i " +"markedet, villes <quote>førstesalgsdoktrinen</quote> gøre sælgeren fri til " +"at bruge videoen som han ønsker, inkluderet at vise dele af den for at skabt " +"salg af hele filmen. Men med Internet blev det muligt for Disney at " +"centralisere kontrollen over tilgang til dette indhold. PÃ¥ grund af at hver " +"brug over Internet fortager en kopi, bliver brug pÃ¥ Internet underlagt " +"ophavsretejeren kontrol. Teknologien udvider omfanget af effektiv kontrol, " +"pÃ¥ grund af at teknologien bygger en kopi ind i hver eneste transaktion." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Barnes & Noble" +msgstr "Barnes & Noble" + +#. PAGE BREAK 158 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " +"is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " +"can't touch a book in their store; property law gives them that right. But " +"the market effectively protects against that abuse. If Barnes & Noble " +"banned browsing, then consumers would choose other bookstores. Competition " +"protects against the extremes. And it may well be (my argument so far does " +"not even question this) that competition would prevent any similar danger " +"when it comes to copyright. Sure, publishers exercising the rights that " +"authors have assigned to them might try to regulate how many times you read " +"a book, or try to stop you from sharing the book with anyone. But in a " +"competitive market such as the book market, the dangers of this happening " +"are quite slight." +msgstr "" +"Det er ingen tvivl, et potentiale er endnu ikke et misbrug, og dermed er " +"potentialet for kontrol endnu ikke misbrug af kontrol. Barnes & Noble " +"har lov til at sige at du ikke fÃ¥r tage pÃ¥ en bog i jeres butik. " +"Ejendomretten giver dem denne rettighed. Men markedet beskytter effektivt " +"mod sÃ¥dant misbrug. Hvis de forbød at bladre i bøgerne, sÃ¥ villes " +"forbrukerne vælge andre bokhandlere. Konkurrence beskytter mod " +"yderpunkterne. Og det kan godt være (mit argument sÃ¥ langt stiller ikke " +"en gang spørgsmÃ¥l ved dette) at konkurrence villes hindre enhver lignende " +"fare nÃ¥r det gælder ophavsret. Jodene, utgivere som udøver de rettigheder " +"som forfattere har tildelt dem, kan forsøge at regulere hvor mange gange du " +"kan læse en bog, eller forsøge at stoppe dig fra at dele en bog med andre. " +"Men i et konkurranseutsatt marked sÃ¥dan som bokmarkedet, er fædrene for at " +"noget sÃ¥dant sker vældig lille." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " +"architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " +"copyright means that the control of copyright is no longer defined by " +"balanced policy. The control of copyright is simply what private owners " +"choose. In some contexts, at least, that fact is harmless. But in some " +"contexts it is a recipe for disaster." +msgstr "" +"Igen, mit mÃ¥l sÃ¥ langt er ganske enkelt at kortlægge ændringerne som denne " +"ændrede arkitektur muliggjør. Å give teknologi mulighed til at hÃ¥ndhæve " +"kontrollen over ophavsreten betyder at kontrollen over ophavsreten ikke " +"længere er defineret af en balanceret politik. Kontrollen over ophavsreten " +"er ganske enkelt det private ejere vælger. I hvert fald i nogle " +"sammenhænge er dette faktum harmløst, men i andre sammenhænge er det " +"oppskriften pÃ¥ katastrofe." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" +msgstr "Arkitektur og lov: Magt" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " +"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. " +"This second change does not affect the reach of copyright regulation; it " +"affects how such regulation is enforced." +msgstr "" +"At uregulert brug forsvinder, burde være ændring nok, men en anden vigtig " +"ændring forÃ¥rsaget af Internet forstærker dens betydning. Denne anden " +"ændring ændrer ikke rækkevidden til opphavsrettreguleringen. Den pÃ¥virker " +"hvordan sÃ¥dan regulering bliver hÃ¥ndhævet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "technology as automatic enforcer of" +msgstr "teknologi som automatisk hÃ¥ndhæver af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright enforcement controlled by" +msgstr "opphavsrettshÃ¥ndheving kontrolleret af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " +"controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " +"meaning a court, meaning a judge: In the end, it was a human, trained in the " +"tradition of the law and cognizant of the balances that tradition embraced, " +"who said whether and how the law would restrict your freedom." +msgstr "" +"I værdet føder digital teknologi var det generelt retvæsenet som " +"kontrollerede hvorvidt og hvordan noget blev reguleret af Ã¥ndsverkloven. " +"Retvæsenet, i betydningen en domstol, i betydningen en domme. Til sidst var " +"det et menneske, dresseret i traditionen til retvæsenet, og følsom for " +"balancerne som denne tradition omfavnet, som sagde hvorvidt og hvordan " +"loven skulle begrænse din frihed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Casablanca" +msgstr "Casablanca" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Marx Brothers" +msgstr "Marx-brødrene" + +#. f19 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." +msgstr "" +"Se David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> <citetitle>Law " +"and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " +"Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of <citetitle>Casablanca</" +"citetitle>. Warner Brothers objected. They wrote a nasty letter to the " +"Marxes, warning them that there would be serious legal consequences if they " +"went forward with their plan.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er en berømt historie om en kamp mellem Marx-brødrene (the Marx " +"Brothers) og Warner Brothers. Marx-brødrene planlagde at fortage en parodi " +"af <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>. Warner Brothers protesterede. De " +"skrev et ufint brev til Marx-brødrene og advarede dem om at det villes fÃ¥ " +"seriøse juridiske konsekvenser hvis de gik videre med sin plan.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. Se ogsÃ¥ Vaidhyanathan, " +"<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " +"that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you were.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Marx Brothers therefore " +"owned the word <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>, and if Warner Brothers " +"insisted on trying to control <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, then the " +"Marx Brothers would insist on control over <citetitle>brothers</citetitle>." +msgstr "" +"Dette fik Marx-brødrene til at svare tilbage med samme mønt. De advarede " +"Warner Brothers om at Marx-brødrene <quote>var brødre længe føder I var det." +"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Marx-brødrene ejede derfor " +" ordet <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>, og hvis Warner Brothers insisterede " +"pÃ¥ at forsøge at kontrollere <citetitle>Casablanca</citetitle>, sÃ¥ villes " +"Marx-brødrene insistere pÃ¥ kontrol over <citetitle>Brothers</citetitle>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " +"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. " +"This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including Warner " +"Brothers) enjoyed." +msgstr "" +"Det var man absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi Warner Brothers, pÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥de som Marx-brødrene, vidste at ingen domstol nogensinde villes " +"hÃ¥ndhæve et sÃ¥dant dumt krav. Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for de ægte " +"friheder som alle (inkluderet Warner Brothers) nød godt af." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " +"Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " +"Increasingly, the rules of copyright law, as interpreted by the copyright " +"owner, get built into the technology that delivers copyrighted content. It " +"is code, rather than law, that rules. And the problem with code regulations " +"is that, unlike law, code has no shame. Code would not get the humor of the " +"Marx Brothers. The consequence of that is not at all funny." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ Internet er det derimod ingen check mod tullede skrøner, fordi pÃ¥ " +"Internet, i stadigt større grad, bliver ikke skrønerne hÃ¥ndhævet af folk, " +"men af en maskine. I stadigt større grad bliver skrønerne i " +"opphavsrettsloven, sÃ¥dan de bliver tolket af ophavsretindehaveren, bygget " +"ind i teknologien som leverer opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold. Det er " +"kildekoden, mere end domstolene, som bestemmer. Og problemet med " +"kildekodebaserte reguleringer er at kildekode, i modsætning til domstolene, " +"ikke ejer skam. Kildekode forstÃ¥r ikke humoren til Marx-brødrene. " +"Konsekvensen af det er overhovedet ikke morsomt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" +msgstr "Adobe eBook Reader" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." +msgstr "Lad os se pÃ¥ livet til min Adobe eBook Reader." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " +"book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " +"publishers use to deliver e-books. It provides the technology, and the " +"publisher delivers the content by using the technology." +msgstr "" +"En e-bog er en bog leveret i elektronisk form. En Adobe eBook er ikke en " +"bog som Adobe har publiceret. Adobe producerer kun programvaren som " +"utgivere bruger til at levere e-bøger. Den bidrager med teknologien, og " +"utgiveren leverer indholdet ved hjælp af teknologien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/example-adobe-ebook-reader.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"50%\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-" +"reader\"/> is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." +msgstr "" +"I figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-example-adobe-ebook-" +"reader\"/> er et billede af en ældre version af min Adobe eBook Reader." + +#. PAGE BREAK 160 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " +"library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " +"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, for example, is in the public domain. " +"Some of them reproduce content that is not in the public domain: My own book " +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> is not yet within the public " +"domain. Consider <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> first. If you click on " +"my e-book copy of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, you'll see a fancy " +"cover, and then a button at the bottom called Permissions." +msgstr "" +"Som du kan se, har jeg en lille samling med e-bøger i dette e-bog-" +"biblioteket. Indholdet i nogle af disse bøge er allemannseie. For eksempel " +"er <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> har henhørt i det fri. Indholdet i " +"nogle af de andre bøge er ikke allemannseie. Min egen bog <citetitle>The " +"Future of Ideas</citetitle> er endnu ikke henhørt i det fri. Lad os se pÃ¥ " +"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> først. Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ min e-bog-kopi " +"af <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle>, sÃ¥ fÃ¥r du se et avanceret omslag og " +"en knapp nederst ved navn Tilladelser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " +"that the publisher purports to grant with this book." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du klikker pÃ¥ Tilladelser-knappen, sÃ¥ fÃ¥r du se en liste med " +"tilladelser som utgiveren ønsker at tildele med denne bog." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 161 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " +"of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " +"text to the clipboard.) I also have the permission to print ten pages from " +"the book every ten days. Lastly, I have the permission to use the Read Aloud " +"button to hear <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> read aloud through the " +"computer." +msgstr "" +"I henhold til min eBook Reader, sÃ¥ har jeg tilladelse til at kopiere til " +"utklippstavlen pÃ¥ min computer ti tekstudsnit hver tiende dag. (SÃ¥ langt har " +"jeg ikke kopieret noget tekst til utklippstavlen.) Jeg har ogsÃ¥ tilladelse " +"til at skrive ud ti sider fra bogen hver tiende dag. Til sidst har jeg " +"tilladelse til at bruge Læs Højt -knappen for at høre " +"<citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> læst højt ved hjælp af computeren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Aristotle" +msgstr "Aristoteles" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" +msgstr "<citetitle>Politik</citetitle>, (Aristoteles)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " +"translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." +msgstr "" +"Her er e-bogen for et andet allemannseid værk (inkluderet oversættelsen): " +"Aristoteles <citetitle>Politik</citetitle>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%" +"\"></graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/aristotele-ebook.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50" +"%\"></graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. " +"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." +msgstr "" +"I henhold til deres tilladelser, er det absolut ikke tilladt med utskrift " +"eller kopiering. Heldigvis kan man bruge Læs Højt -knappen for at høre " +"bogen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" +msgstr "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " +"e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" +msgstr "" +"Til slutning (og mest pinligt), her er tilladelserne for den originale e-bog-" +"versionen af min sidste bog, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" +msgstr "" +"Ingen kopiering, ingen utskrift, og vÃ¥g ikke at prøve at lytte til denne " +"bog!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "contracts" +msgstr "kontrakter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " +"example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " +"it only three times, or that I promise to read it three times. But that " +"obligation (and the limits for creating that obligation) would come from the " +"contract, not from copyright law, and the obligations of contract would not " +"necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I princippet kan en kontrakt pÃ¥lægge mig et krav. Jeg kan for eksempel " +"købe en bog fra dig der det følger med en kontrakt som siger at jeg kun skal " +"læse den tre gange, eller at jeg lover at læse den tre gange. Men den " +"forpligtelsen (og begrænsningerne for at skabe den forpligtelsen) villes " +"komme fra kontrakten og ikke fra opphavsrettslovgiving, og forpligtelserne i " +"kontrakten villes ikke nødvendigvis videreføres til alle som senere købte " +"bogen. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls <quote>permissions</" +"quote>— as if the publisher has the power to control how you use these " +"works. For works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have " +"the power—up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not " +"under copyright, there is no such copyright power.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> " +"says I have the permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory " +"every ten days, what that really means is that the eBook Reader has enabled " +"the publisher to control how I use the book on my computer, far beyond the " +"control that the law would enable." +msgstr "" +"I Adobe eBook Reader kaldes disse kontroller <quote>tilladelser</quote> " +"– som om utgiver har myndighed til at kontrollere hvordan du bruger " +"disse værker. For værk værnet af ophavsreten har ophavsretindehaveren helt " +"klaret denne myndighed – indenfor begrænsningerne i opphavsrettsloven. " +" Men for værk som ikke er værnet af ophavsreten er det ingen sÃ¥dan " +"opphavsrettslig myndighed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> NÃ¥r min " +"e-bog <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> siger at jeg kun har tilladelse til " +"at kopiere ti tekstudvalg ind i mindet hver tiende dag, sÃ¥ betyder dette " +"egentligt at eBook Reader har gjort det muligt for utgiveren at kontrollere " +"hvordan jeg bruger bogen pÃ¥ min computer, langt ud over kontrollen som " +"lovgivingen villes gjort muligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " +"which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " +"permissions, they are not the sort of <quote>permissions</quote> that most " +"of us deal with. When a teenager gets <quote>permission</quote> to stay out " +"till midnight, she knows (unless she's Cinderella) that she can stay out " +"till 2 A.M., but will suffer a punishment if she's caught. But when the " +"Adobe eBook Reader says I have the permission to make ten copies of the text " +"into the computer's memory, that means that after I've made ten copies, the " +"computer will not make any more. The same with the printing restrictions: " +"After ten pages, the eBook Reader will not print any more pages. It's the " +"same with the silly restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud " +"button to read my book aloud—it's not that the company will sue you if " +"you do; instead, if you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine " +"simply won't read aloud." +msgstr "" +"Kontrollen kommer i stedet fra kildekoden – fra teknologien der hen e-" +"bogen <quote>lever.</quote> Selv om e-bogen siger at disse er tilladelser, " +"sÃ¥ er de ikke den type <quote>tilladelser</quote> som de fleste af os " +"forholder os til. NÃ¥r en teenager fÃ¥r <quote>tilladelse</quote> til at være " +"ude til midnatt, sÃ¥ ved hun (med mindre hun er Askepott) at hun kan blive " +"ude til 02:00, men vil blive straffet hvis hun bliver taget. Men nÃ¥r Adobe " +"eBook Reader siger at jeg har tilladelse til at fortage ti kopier af teksten " +"i mindet til computeren, sÃ¥ betyder det at efter at jeg har fortaget ti " +"kopier, sÃ¥ vil ikke computeren fortage flere. Det samme gælder " +"utskriftsbegrensningene: Efter ti sider vil ikke eBook Reader skrive ud " +"flere sider. Det er det samme med den tullede begrænsningen som siger at du " +"ikke kan bruge Læs Højt -knappen til at læse min bog højt – det er " +"ikke at selskabet vil sagsøge dig hvis du gør det. I stedet er det at hvis " +"du trykker pÃ¥ Læs Højt -knappen med min bog, sÃ¥ vil maskinen ganske enkelt " +"ikke læse højt ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 163 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " +"where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " +"to type <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> erased <quote>Brothers</quote> from " +"the sentence." +msgstr "" +"Dette er kontroller, ikke tilladelser. Forestill dig en værdet der hen Marx-" +"brødrene solgte tekstbehandlingprogramvare der hen, hvis du forsøgte at " +"skrive <quote>Warner Brothers,</quote> blev ordet <quote>Brothers</quote> " +"fjernet fra sætningen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright <emphasis>law</" +"emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The controls over access " +"to content will not be controls that are ratified by courts; the controls " +"over access to content will be controls that are coded by programmers. And " +"whereas the controls that are built into the law are always to be checked by " +"a judge, the controls that are built into the technology have no similar " +"built-in check." +msgstr "" +"Dette er fremtiden for opphavsrettsloven. Ikke sÃ¥ meget " +"ophavsrets<emphasis>lov</emphasis> som ophavsrets<emphasis>kildekode</" +"emphasis>. Kontrollerne for tilgang til indhold vil ikke være kontrollerne " +"som er bekræftet af domstolene. Kontrollerne over indholdet vil være " +"kontrollerne som er skrevet af programmerere. Og der hen kontrollerne som " +"er bygget ind i lovværket altid bliver tjekket af en domme, vil kontrollerne " +"som er bygget ind i teknologien ikke have en tilsvarende innebygget check." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " +"built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " +"limited the ability of users to copy the software, but those were trivial " +"protections to defeat. Why won't it be trivial to defeat these protections " +"as well?" +msgstr "" +"Hvor vigtigt er dette? Er det ikke altid muligt at komme rundt kontrollerne " +"som er bygget ind i teknologien? Programvare blev tidligere solgt med " +"teknologier som begrænsede muligheden for brugere til at kopiere " +"programvaren, men disse var trivielle beskyttelser at overvinde. Hvorfor " +"vil det ikke være trivielt at overvinde ogsÃ¥ disse beskyttelser?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " +"Reader." +msgstr "" +"Vi har kun sÃ¥vidt berørt overfladen til denne historie. Lad os gÃ¥ tilbage " +"til Adobe eBook reader." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" +msgstr "Alice i Eventyrland (Carroll)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "e-book restrictions on" +msgstr "e-bog-begrænsninger pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " +"relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " +"Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</" +"citetitle>. This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you " +"clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the following report:" +msgstr "" +"Tidligt i eksistensen til Adobe eBook Reader, oplevede Adobe et " +"markedsmessig mareridt. Blandt bøgerne du kunne laste ned gratis pÃ¥ Adobes " +"netsted var en kopi af <citetitle>Alice i eventyrland</citetitle>. Denne " +"vidunderlige bog er allemannseie. Alligevel fik du se følgende oversigt nÃ¥r " +"du trykkede pÃ¥ Tilladelser for denne bog:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"50%\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " +"not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the <quote>permissions</" +"quote> indicated, not allowed to <quote>read aloud</quote>!" +msgstr "" +"Her var man barnebok som var henhørt i det fri som du ikke fik lov til at " +"kopiere, ikke lov til at lÃ¥ne væk, ikke lov til at give væk, og som " +"<quote>tilladelserne</quote> indikerede, ikke fik lov til at <quote>læse " +"højt </quote>!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " +"text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " +"it said you did not have the permission to read the book aloud. That led " +"some people to think that Adobe was restricting the right of parents, for " +"example, to read the book to their children, which seemed, to say the least, " +"absurd." +msgstr "" +"Det markedsmessige mareridtet var knyttet til den sidste tilladelsen. For " +"teksten sagde ikke at du ikke fik lov til at bruge Læs Højt -knappen. Den " +"sagde at du ikke havde tilladelse til at læse bogen højt. Dette fik nogle " +"til at tro at Adobe lagde begrænsninger pÃ¥ retten som for eksempel forældre " +"havde til at læse bogen højt for sine børn. Det var, for at si det mildt, " +"absurd." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " +"restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " +"the ability to use the Read Aloud button to have the book read aloud. But " +"the question Adobe never did answer is this: Would Adobe thus agree that a " +"consumer was free to use software to hack around the restrictions built into " +"the eBook Reader? If some company (call it Elcomsoft) developed a program to " +"disable the technological protection built into an Adobe eBook so that a " +"blind person, say, could use a computer to read the book aloud, would Adobe " +"agree that such a use of an eBook Reader was fair? Adobe didn't answer " +"because the answer, however absurd it might seem, is no." +msgstr "" +"Adobe svarede raskt at det var absurd at tro at de forsøgte at begrænse " +"retten til at læse bogen højt. Selvsagt begrænsede de kun muligheden til at " +"bruge Læs Højt -knappen for at fÃ¥ bogen til at blive læst op . Men " +"spørgsmÃ¥let som Adobe aldrig besvarte er dette: Villes Adobe dermed godtage " +"at man forbruger stod frit til at bruge software til at arbejde sig rundt " +"begrensingen som var bygget ind i eBook Reader? Hvis et eller andet selskab " +"(lagde os kalde det Elcomsoft) udviklede et program som koblede ud denne " +"tekniske begrænsning som var bygget ind i Adobe eBook, sÃ¥dan at en blind " +"person kunne, lagde os si, bruge en computer til at læse bogen højt, villes " +"Adobe acceptere at sÃ¥dan bruge af en eBook Reader var rimelig? Adobe " +"svarede ikke fordi svaret, uanset hvor absurd det høres ud, er nej." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " +"companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " +"incentives for companies to innovate. But Adobe's technology enables " +"control, and Adobe has an incentive to defend this control. That incentive " +"is understandable, yet what it creates is often crazy." +msgstr "" +"Pointen er ikke at skylde pÃ¥ Adobe. Faktisk er Adobe blandt de mest " +"nyskabende selskaberne som udvikler strategier for at balancere Ã¥ben tilgang " +"til indhold med incentiver for selskaber til at være nyskabende. Men Adobes " +"teknologi muliggjør kontrol, og Adobe har et incentiv til at forsvare denne " +"kontrol. Dette incentivet er forstÃ¥eligt, selv om resultatet ofte er " +"galskab." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " +"of mine that makes the same point." +msgstr "" +"For at se dette pointe i man specielt absurd sammenhæng, lagde os se pÃ¥ en " +"af mine favorithistorie som fÃ¥r frem det samme pointe." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Aibo robotic dog" +msgstr "Aibo robothund" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "robotic dog" +msgstr "robothund" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" +msgstr "Aibo robothund produceret af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " +"learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " +"that doesn't leave that much of a mess (at least in your house)." +msgstr "" +"Lad os se pÃ¥ robothunden fra Sony ved navn <quote>Aibo.</quote> Aiboen lærer " +"trick, hygger og følger dig rundt. Den spiser kun elektricitet, og " +"efterlader ikke sÃ¥ meget gris (i hvert fald ikke i huset)." + +#. PAGE BREAK 165 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " +"clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " +"information about the Aibo dog to be shared. This fan set up aibopet.com " +"(and aibohack.com, but that resolves to the same site), and on that site he " +"provided information about how to teach an Aibo to do tricks in addition to " +"the ones Sony had taught it." +msgstr "" +"Aiboen er dyr og populær. Tilhængere over hele værdet har fortaget klubber " +"for at udveksle historie. En bestemt tilhænger har sat op et netsted som " +"fodrer det muligt at dele information om Aibo-hunden. Denne tilhænger satte " +"op aibopet.com (og aibohack.com, men det ender op pÃ¥ samme net sted), og " +"gav ud information pÃ¥ dette nettestedet om hvordan man kan lære en Aibo at " +"gøre flere trick end de trickene som Sony havde lært den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " +"computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " +"differently. So to say that aibopet.com was giving information about how to " +"teach the dog to do new tricks is just to say that aibopet.com was giving " +"information to users of the Aibo pet about how to hack their computer " +"<quote>dog</quote> to make it do new tricks (thus, aibohack.com)." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Lære</quote> her har en speciel betydning. Aiboer er bare søde " +"computere. Du lærer en computer hvordan den skal gøre noget nyt ved at " +"programmere den anderledes. Det at sige at aibopet.com gav information om " +"hvordan man kunne lære hunden nye trick er bare en mÃ¥de at sige at aibopet." +"com gav brugere af Aibo-kæledyret information om hvordan de skulle hacke sin " +"data<quote>hund</quote> for at fÃ¥ den til at gøre nye trick (deraf aibohack." +"com)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "hacks" +msgstr "hack" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " +"<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly connotation. " +"Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even " +"worse. But to programmers, or coders, as I call them, <citetitle>hack</" +"citetitle> is a much more positive term. <citetitle>Hack</citetitle> just " +"means code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally " +"intended or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you " +"might find the old computer doesn't run, or <quote>drive,</quote> the " +"printer. If you discovered that, you'd later be happy to discover a hack on " +"the Net by someone who has written a driver to enable the computer to drive " +"the printer you just bought." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du ikke er man programmerer, eller ikke kender mange programmerere, sÃ¥ " +"giver ordet <citetitle>hack</citetitle> specielt uvennlige associationer. " +"Ikke-programmerere hakker buske/busker og ugress. Ikke-programmerere i " +"skrækfilm gør meget ondere ting. Men for programmerere, eller kodere som " +"jeg kalder dem, er ordet <citetitle>hack</citetitle> et meget mere positivt " +"begreb. <citetitle>Hack</citetitle> betyder ganske enkelt kode som gør det " +"muligt for et program at gøre noget det oprindeligt ikke var tiltænkt for, " +"eller havde mulighed til at gøre. Hvis du køber en ny skriver til en gammel " +"computer, sÃ¥ kan det hænde du opdager at den gamle computeren ikke kan " +"hÃ¥ndtere skriveren. Hvis du opdager dette, sÃ¥ vil du senere blive " +"solnedgang for at opdage et hack pÃ¥ nettet af nogle som har skrevet man " +"<quote>driver</quote> som gør det muligt for computeren at hÃ¥ndtere " +"skriveren du netop har købt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " +"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. " +"There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack well. There's a " +"well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack ethically." +msgstr "" +"Nogle hack er enkle. Nogle er utroligt vanskelige. Hackere har som " +"felleskap at de kanlide at udfordre sig selv og andre med stadigt " +"vanskeligere opgaver. Det følger en vis respekt med talentet at kunne hacke " +"godt. Det er en velfortjent respekt som følger talenter for etisk hacking." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " +"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance jazz. " +"The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of tinkering " +"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built." +msgstr "" +"Denne Aibo-tilhængeren demonstrerede lidt af begge dele da han hacket " +"programmet, og lagde tilgængeligt for hele værdet en bidder kode som fik " +"Aiboen til at danse jazz. Hunden var i udgangspunktet ikke programmeret til " +"at kunne danse jazz. Det var utroligt smart fikling som gjorde hunden til " +"en mere talentfull skabning end det Sony havde bygget." + +#. PAGE BREAK 166 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " +"States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " +"permissible for a dog to dance jazz in the United States? We forget that " +"stories about the backcountry still flow across much of the world. So let's " +"just be clear before we continue: It's not a crime anywhere (anymore) to " +"dance jazz. Nor is it a crime to teach your dog to dance jazz. Nor should it " +"be a crime (though we don't have a lot to go on here) to teach your robot " +"dog to dance jazz. Dancing jazz is a completely legal activity. One imagines " +"that the owner of aibopet.com thought, <emphasis>What possible problem could " +"there be with teaching a robot dog to dance?</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg har fortalt denne historie i mange sammenhænge, bÃ¥de i og udenfor USA. " +"En gang blev jeg spurgt af et forbløffet medlem af publikum om det er " +"tilladt for en hund at danse jazz i USA. Vi glemmer at historie om landet " +"der hen hjemme fortsat flyder rundt omkring i store dele af værdet. SÃ¥ " +"lagde os bare være helt klare før vi fortsætter: Det er ikke (længer) " +"kriminelt noget sted at danse jazz. Det er ikke kriminelt at lære din hund " +"at danse jazz. Og det bør heller ikke være kriminelt (selv om vi ikke har " +"sÃ¥ meget at gÃ¥ pÃ¥ her) at lære din robothund at danse jazz. Jazz-dansning " +"er en fuldstændig lovlig aktivitet. Man kan se for sig at ejeren af aibopet." +"com tænkte at <emphasis>Hvad i alle dage kan være galt med at lære en " +"robothund at danse?</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "government case against" +msgstr "myndighetssak mod" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " +"literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " +"Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and " +"respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test " +"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own code. " +"In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his coolness. Under " +"heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his ground. He was not " +"about to be bullied into being silent about something he knew very well." +msgstr "" +"Lad os lagde den hunden sove et øjeblik, og skrue os mod et ponyshow – " +"ikke bogstaveligt, men heller en artikel som akademikeren Ed Felten ved " +"Princeton skrev til en konference. Denne Princeton-akademikeren er velkendt " +"og respekteret. Han blev hyret ind af myndighederne i Microsoft-sagen for " +"at teste pÃ¥standen fra Microsoft om hvad som kunne og ikke kunne gøres med " +"deres egen kildekode. I rettsaken demonstrerede han bÃ¥de sin brillans og " +"sin sinnsro. Under tunge slag fra Microsofts advokat holdt Ed Felten stand. " +" Han lod sig ikke bølle til stilhed om noget som han kunne vældig godt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" +msgstr "Elektronisk Forpost-stiftelsen (EFF)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, " +"<quote>Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks," +"</quote> <citetitle>American Prospect</citetitle>, January 2002; " +"<quote>Court Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Intellectual Property Litigation Reporter</citetitle>, 11 " +"December 2001; Bill Holland, <quote>Copyright Act Raising Free-Speech " +"Concerns,</quote> <citetitle>Billboard</citetitle>, May 2001; Janelle Brown, " +"<quote>Is the RIAA Running Scared?</quote> Salon.com, April 2001; Electronic " +"Frontier Foundation, <quote>Frequently Asked Questions about " +"<citetitle>Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v. <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> " +"Legal Case,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, " +"<quote>Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the Techies Who Teach a Robot Dog New Tricks," +"</quote> <citetitle>American Prospect</citetitle>, januar 2002; <quote>Court " +"Dismisses Computer Scientists' Challenge to DMCA,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Intellectual Property Litigation Reporter</citetitle>, 11 . " +"december 2001; Bill Holland, <quote>Copyright Act Raising Free-Speech " +"Concerns,</quote> <citetitle>Billboard</citetitle>, maj 2001; Janelle Brown, " +"<quote>Is the RIAA Running Scared?</quote> Salon.com, april 2001; Electronic " +"Frontier Foundation, <quote>Frequently Asked Questions about " +"<citetitle>Felten and USENIX</citetitle> v. <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> " +"Legal Case,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #27</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper " +"to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the " +"weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music " +"Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." +msgstr "" +"Men Feltens mod blev virkeligt testet i april 2001 .<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Han og en gruppe kollegaer arbejdede med en " +"artikel som skulle sendes ind til en konference. Artiklen skulle beskrive " +"svaghederne i et krypteringssystem som blev udviklet af Secure Digital Music " +"Initiative (SDMI) som en teknik for at kontrollere distribution af musik." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " +"exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " +"originally stood, granted them. Using encryption, SDMI hoped to develop a " +"standard that would allow the content owner to say <quote>this music cannot " +"be copied,</quote> and have a computer respect that command. The technology " +"was to be part of a <quote>trusted system</quote> of control that would get " +"content owners to trust the system of the Internet much more." +msgstr "" +"SDMI-koalitionen havde som sit mÃ¥l en teknologi som gjorde det muligt for " +"indholdejere at udøve meget bedre kontrol over sit indhold end Internet, " +"sÃ¥dan det oprindeligt fungerer, gav dem. Ved at bruge kryptering hÃ¥bede de " +"at udvikle en standard som villes tillade indholdejere at sige <quote>denne " +"musik kan ikke kopieres,</quote> og fÃ¥ en computeren til at respektere " +"denne ordre. Teknologien skulle blive del af et <quote>tiltroet system</" +"quote> for kontrol som villes fÃ¥ indholdejere til at stole meget mere pÃ¥ " +"Internet-systemet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " +"exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " +"content, contestants were to try to crack it and, if they did, report the " +"problems to the consortium." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r SDMI troede at de var nær ved at have klar en standard, sÃ¥ arrangerede " +"de en konkurrence. I bytte for at give deltagerne tilgang til en bidder " +"SDMI-krypteret indhold skulle deltagerne fÃ¥ forsøge at knække koden, og hvis " +"de klarede det, rapportere problemet til konsortiet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 167 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " +"team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " +"would suffer the same weakness, and Felten and his team thought it " +"worthwhile to point this out to those who study encryption." +msgstr "" +"Felten og hans gruppe fandt raskt ud af krypteringssystemet. Han og gruppen " +"sÃ¥ svagheden i dette system som en type fejl som mange krypteringssystemer " +"villes lide under, og Felten og hans gruppe mente det var værd at pÃ¥pege " +"dette til dem som studerer kryptering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. " +"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because " +"it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A strongly " +"protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide range of " +"criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the systems or " +"people or ideas criticized." +msgstr "" +"Lad os vurdere nøjagtigt hvad Felten gjorde. Igen, dette er USA. Vi har et " +"princip om ytringsfrihed. Vi har dette princip ikke bare pÃ¥ grund af at det " +"er sÃ¥dan loven er, men ogsÃ¥ fordi det er en virkeligt god idé. En stærkt " +"beskyttet tradition for ytringsfrihed vil sandsynligvis opmuntre til et " +"bredt spekter af kritik. Denne kritik vil sandsynligvis i sin tur forbedre " +"systemet eller folkene eller idéene som bliver kritiseret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " +"the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " +"building and deploying this technology. The paper was an academic essay, " +"unintelligible to most people. But it clearly showed the weakness in the " +"SDMI system, and why SDMI would not, as presently constituted, succeed." +msgstr "" +"Det Felten og hans kollegaer gjorde var at publicere en artikel som beskrev " +"svagheden i en teknologi. De bredte ikke gratis musik, eller byggede og " +"implementerede denne teknologi. Artiklen var en akademisk artikel, " +"ulæseligt for folk flest. Men det viste klart svagheden i SDMI-systemet, og " +"hvorfor SDMI ikke ville lykkes, sÃ¥dan det var konstrueret i dag ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " +"received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " +"hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:" +msgstr "" +"Det som kobler disse to, aibopet.com og Felten, er brevet de derefter " +"modtog. Aibopet.com modtog et brev fra Sony om aibopet.com-hacket. Selv om " +"en jazz-dansende hund er helt lovligt, skrev Sony:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " +"copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " +"provisions of the Digital Millennium Copyright Act." +msgstr "" +"Dit netsted indeholder information som tilbyder midler for at omgÃ¥ AIBO-" +"programvarens kopibeskyttelseprotokol, og udgør et brud pÃ¥ anti-" +"omgÃ¥elsesbestemmelsene i Opphavsrettslov for et Digitalt Århundrede (DMCA)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " +"encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " +"RIAA lawyer that read:" +msgstr "" +"Og selv om en akademisk artikel som beskriver svagheden i et " +"krypteringssystem ogsÃ¥ bør være helt lovligt, modtog Felten et brev fra " +"advokaten til RIAA som lød:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 168 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " +"Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " +"Agreement and could subject you and your research team to actions under the " +"Digital Millennium Copyright Act (<quote>DMCA</quote>)." +msgstr "" +"Enhver offentliggjøring af information modtaget ved at angive i den " +"Offentlige Udfordringen (Public Challenge) vil være udenfor labben af " +"aktiviteter tilladt af Aftalen, og kan udsætte dig og din forskergruppe for " +"reaktioner i henhold til Opphavsrettslov for et Digitalt Århundrede " +"(<quote>DMCA</quote>)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " +"of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " +"information an offense." +msgstr "" +"I begge tilfælde har denne sære Orwellske loven blevet taget i brug for at " +"kontrollere spredning af information. Opphavsrettsloven for et digitalt " +"Ã¥rhundrede (DMCA) gjorde spredning af sÃ¥dan information til et brud pÃ¥ " +"Ã¥ndsverkloven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " +"cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " +"response was to find technologies that might compensate. These new " +"technologies would be copyright protection technologies— technologies " +"to control the replication and distribution of copyrighted material. They " +"were designed as <emphasis>code</emphasis> to modify the original " +"<emphasis>code</emphasis> of the Internet, to reestablish some protection " +"for copyright owners." +msgstr "" +"DMCA-en blev vedtaget som et svar pÃ¥ ophavsretejerne første frygt om " +"kyberrommet. Frygten var at ophavsretkontrollen effektivt set var død, og " +"svaret var at finde teknologier som kunne motvirke dette. Disse nye " +"teknologier villes være opphavsrettsbeskyttelesesteknologier – " +"teknologier for at kontrollere kopiering og distribution af " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. De blev udformet som <emphasis>kode</" +"emphasis> for at ændre den oprindelige <emphasis>koden</emphasis> til " +"Internet, for at genetablere i hvert fald noget beskyttelse for " +"ophavsretejerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " +"designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " +"<emphasis>legal code</emphasis> intended to buttress <emphasis>software " +"code</emphasis> which itself was intended to support the <emphasis>legal " +"code of copyright</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"DMCA-en var en bidder af loven ment for at give rygdækning til beskyttelsen " +"af denne kode som blev udformet for at værne opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"materiale. Vi kan sige det var <emphasis>juridisk kode</emphasis> ment for " +"at støtte op om <emphasis>programvarekode</emphasis> som igen var ment for " +"at støtte op om den <emphasis>juridisk koden til ophavsreten</emphasis>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " +"extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " +"the line that copyright law drew. The DMCA regulated devices that were " +"designed to circumvent copyright protection measures. It was designed to ban " +"those devices, whether or not the use of the copyrighted material made " +"possible by that circumvention would have been a copyright violation." +msgstr "" +"Men DMCA-man blev ikke udformet til at kun beskytte opphavsrettsbeskyttete " +"værk i den grad opphavsrettsloven beskyttet dem. Det vil sige, dens " +"beskyttelse tog ikke slutning der opphavsrettslovens beskyttelse tog " +"slutning. DMCA-en regulerede enheder som blev udformet for at omgÃ¥ " +"ophavsretbeskyttelsemekanismer. Den blev udformet til at forbyde disse " +"enheder, uanset om brugen af opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale som blev gjort " +"muligt ved denne omgÃ¥elsen villes været brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten eller ikke." + +#. PAGE BREAK 169 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " +"copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " +"jazz. That enablement no doubt involved the use of copyrighted material. But " +"as aibopet.com's site was noncommercial, and the use did not enable " +"subsequent copyright infringements, there's no doubt that aibopet.com's hack " +"was fair use of Sony's copyrighted material. Yet fair use is not a defense " +"to the DMCA. The question is not whether the use of the copyrighted material " +"was a copyright violation. The question is whether a copyright protection " +"system was circumvented." +msgstr "" +"Aibopet.com og Felten demonstrerer dette pointe. Aibo-hacket omgik et " +"ophavsretbeskyttelsesystem med det formÃ¥l at gøre det muligt for hunden at " +"danse jazz. Å gøre dette muligt involverede uden tvivl brug af " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Men efter som netstedet aibopet.com var " +"ikke -kommercielt, og brugen ikke gjorde det muligt at gøre pÃ¥følgende " +"ophavsretbrud, var det ingen tvivl om at hacket til aibopet.com var rimeligt " +"brug af Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttede materiale. Men rimeligt brug er ikke " +"et forsvar mod DMCA-en. SpørgsmÃ¥let var ikke hvorvidt brugen af det " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttede materiale var brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten. SpørgsmÃ¥let var " +"hvorvidt et ophavsretbeskyttelsesystem var omgÃ¥et." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " +"of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " +"system could be circumvented, the RIAA lawyer suggested, Felten himself was " +"distributing a circumvention technology. Thus, even though he was not " +"himself infringing anyone's copyright, his academic paper was enabling " +"others to infringe others' copyright." +msgstr "" +"Truslen mod Felten var mere dæmpet, men fulgte det samme ræsonnement. Ved " +"at publicere en artikel som beskrev hvordan man kunne komme sig rundt et " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttelsesystem, distribuerede Felten selv, ifølge RIAAs " +"advokat, en teknologi for at omgÃ¥ ophavsreten. Dermed, selv om han ikke " +"selv brød nogles ophavsret, gjorde hans akademiske artikel det muligt for " +"andre at bryde andres ophavsret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rogers, Fred" +msgstr "Rogers, Fred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Conrad, Paul" +msgstr "Conrad, Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " +"Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " +"be banned because it was a copyright-infringing technology: It enabled " +"consumers to copy films without the permission of the copyright owner. No " +"doubt there were uses of the technology that were legal: Fred Rogers, aka " +"<quote><citetitle>Mr. Rogers</citetitle>,</quote> for example, had testified " +"in that case that he wanted people to feel free to tape Mr. Rogers' " +"Neighborhood. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Særheten i disse argumenter blev taget pÃ¥ kornet i en vitsetegning fra 1981 " +"af Paul Conrad. PÃ¥ den tiden afgjorde en domstol i California at man " +"videoopptaker kunne forbydes pÃ¥ grund af at det var opphavsrettsbrytende " +"teknologi. Det gav forbrukere mulighed til at kopiere film uden tilladelse " +"fra ophavsretejeren. Det var ingen tvivl om at det fandtes lovlige " +"brugsomrÃ¥der for denne teknologi: For eksempel havde Fred Rogers, kendt som " +"<quote><citetitle>Herre Rogers</citetitle>,</quote> vidnet i sagen at han " +"ønskede folk skulle stÃ¥ frit til at tage op Mr. Rogers Neighborhood. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " +"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " +"464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the " +"VCR. See James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast Forward: Hollywood, the Japanese, " +"and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: W. W. Norton, 1987), " +"270–71. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " +"America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc.</citetitle>, " +"464 U.S 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers ændrede aldrig sit syner om " +"videoopptakeren. Se James Lardner, <citetitle>Fast Forward: Hollywood, the " +"Japanese, and the Onslaught of the VCR</citetitle> (New York: W. W. Norton, " +"1987), 270­71 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " +"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " +"think that it's a real service to families to be able to record such " +"programs and show them at appropriate times. I have always felt that with " +"the advent of all of this new technology that allows people to tape the " +"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the " +"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> because that's what I produce, that they then " +"become much more active in the programming of their family's television " +"life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being programmed by others. My " +"whole approach in broadcasting has always been <quote>You are an important " +"person just the way you are. You can make healthy decisions.</quote> Maybe " +"I'm going on too long, but I just feel that anything that allows a person to " +"be more active in the control of his or her life, in a healthy way, is " +"important.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Nogle allmennkringkastere, i tillæg til kommercielle stationer, lægger " +"<quote>Neighborhood</quote> ind i sendeplanen pÃ¥ tidspunkt der hen nogle " +"barn ikke kan se det. Jeg tror det er en virkelig tjeneste for familier at " +"de er i stand til at tage op sÃ¥danne programmer, og vise dem pÃ¥ mere " +"hensigtsmæssige tidspunkter. Jeg har altid følt det sÃ¥dan med fremvæksten " +"af al denne nye teknologi som gør det muligt for folk at tage op " +"<quote>Neighborhood,</quote> og jeg snakker pÃ¥ vegne af <quote>Neighborhood</" +"quote> for det er dette jeg producerer, at de dermed bliver mere aktivt " +"involveret i at styre TV-livet til sin familie. For at være ærligt sÃ¥ er jeg " +"imod at folk bliver styret af andre. min Hele tilnærmelse til kringkasting " +"har altid været at <quote>Du er en vigtig person akkurat sÃ¥dan du er. Du " +"kan tage sunde afgørelser.</quote> MÃ¥ske holder jeg pÃ¥ for længe, men jeg " +"føler bare at alt som tillader en person at være mere aktiv i at " +"kontrollere hans eller hendes liv, pÃ¥ en sund mÃ¥de, er vigtigt.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 170 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " +"that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " +"responsible." +msgstr "" +"Selv om det fandtes brugsomrÃ¥der som var lovlige, pÃ¥ grund af at det var " +"nogle brugsomrÃ¥der som var ulovlige, sÃ¥ holdt domstolen selskaberne som " +"producerede videoopptakere ansvarlige." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n" +"\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, which we can adopt to the " +"DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette fik Conrad til at tegne vitsetegningen i figur <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/>, som " +"vi ogsÃ¥ kan tage i brug for DMCA. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/" +">" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." +msgstr "" +"Intet argument jeg har kan overgÃ¥ dette billede, men lagde mig forsøge at " +"komme i nærheden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"— On which item have the courts ruled that manufacturers and retailers " +"be held responsible for having supplied the equipment?" +msgstr "" +" – For hvilken enhed har retvæsenet bedømt at producenter og " +"forhandlere skal holdes ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at have forsynet udstyret?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"55%\"></" +"graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/vcr-comic.png\" align=\"center\" width=\"55%\"></" +"graphic>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " +"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. " +"They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted " +"material—a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of " +"particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair " +"use—a good end." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let for antiomgÃ¥elsesbestemmelsene i DMCA-man er " +"opphavsrettsomgÃ¥elsesteknologier. OmgÃ¥elsesteknologier kan bruges for andre " +"formÃ¥l. De kan for eksempel bruges til at muliggjøre massiver " +"piratvirksomhed mod opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale – et dÃ¥rligt " +"formÃ¥l. Eller de kan bruges til at gøre brug af udvalgte " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttede materiale muligt pÃ¥ mÃ¥der som villes anses som " +"rimeligt brug – et godt formÃ¥l." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "handguns" +msgstr "hÃ¥ndvÃ¥ben" + +#. PAGE BREAK 171 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " +"such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " +"protect against an intruder. At least some would say that such a use would " +"be good. It, too, is a technology that has both good and bad uses." +msgstr "" +"Et hÃ¥ndvÃ¥ben kan bruges til at skyde en politimand eller et barn. De fleste " +"vil være enigt/enig i at sÃ¥dan brug er galt. Eller et hÃ¥ndvÃ¥ben kan bruges " +"til at skyde pÃ¥ blink, eller til at beskytte sig mod en inntrenger. I hvert " +"fald nogle vil sige at sÃ¥dan bruge er godt. Dette er ogsÃ¥ en teknologi " +"som har gode og dÃ¥rlige brugsomrÃ¥der." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " +"are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " +"technologies) are illegal. Flash: <emphasis>No one ever died from copyright " +"circumvention</emphasis>. Yet the law bans circumvention technologies " +"absolutely, despite the potential that they might do some good, but permits " +"guns, despite the obvious and tragic harm they do." +msgstr "" +"Det Ã¥benbare pointen med vitsetegningen til Conrad er det mærkelige med en " +"værdet hvor hÃ¥ndvÃ¥ben er lovlige, pÃ¥ trods af skaden de gør, mens " +"videospillere (og omgÃ¥elsesteknologier) er ulovlige. Mærk: <emphasis>Ingen " +"har nogensinde død af omgÃ¥else af ophavsreten.</emphasis> Alligevel " +"forbyder loven omgÃ¥elsesteknologier fuldstændig, pÃ¥ trods af potentialet de " +"har for at bidrage positivt, men tillader hÃ¥ndvÃ¥ben, pÃ¥ trods den Ã¥benbare " +"og tragiske skaden de gør." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " +"balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " +"fair use; using the DMCA, they punish those who would attempt to evade the " +"restrictions on fair use that they impose through code. Technology becomes a " +"means by which fair use can be erased; the law of the DMCA backs up that " +"erasing." +msgstr "" +"Eksemplerne med Aibo og RIAA demonstrerer hvordan ophavsretejere ændrer " +"balancen som ophavsreten giver. Ved hjælp af programkode begrænser " +"ophavsretejerne rimeligt brug. Ved hjælp af DMCA straffer de dem som vil " +"forsøge at omgÃ¥ begrænsningerne pÃ¥ rimeligt brug som de kan pÃ¥føre ved hjælp " +"af programkode. Teknologi bliver formidlet som kan bruges til at fjerne " +"rimeligt brug, og DMCA-loven giver rygdækning for det som bliver fjernet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " +"controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " +"rules the violation of which is also a violation of the law. In this way, " +"the code extends the law—increasing its regulation, even if the " +"subject it regulates (activities that would otherwise plainly constitute " +"fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code becomes law; code extends the " +"law; code thus extends the control that copyright owners effect—at " +"least for those copyright holders with the lawyers who can write the nasty " +"letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." +msgstr "" +"Det er sÃ¥dan <emphasis>programkode</emphasis> bliver <emphasis>lovværk</" +"emphasis>. Kontrollerne som er bygget ind i teknologien for beskyttelse mod " +"kopiering og tilgang bliver skrøner, som hvis de brydes, ogsÃ¥ bliver et " +"lovbrud. PÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de udvider programkoden lovværket – udvider dets " +"regulering, selv om subjektet den regulerer (aktiviteter som ellers helt " +"klart villes været rimelig brug) er udenfor dækningomrÃ¥det til loven. " +"Programkode bliver lovværk. Programkode udvider lovværket og programkode " +"udvider dermed effekten af kontrollen til ophavsretejerne – i hvert " +"fald for de ophavsretindehaverne som har advokater som kan skrive sÃ¥danne " +"ubehagelige breve som Felten og aibopet.com modtog." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " +"that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " +"with which infringements of the law can be detected. For contrary to the " +"rhetoric common at the birth of cyberspace that on the Internet, no one " +"knows you're a dog, increasingly, given changing technologies deployed on " +"the Internet, it is easy to find the dog who committed a legal wrong. The " +"technologies of the Internet are open to snoops as well as sharers, and the " +"snoops are increasingly good at tracking down the identity of those who " +"violate the rules." +msgstr "" +"Der er et sidste aspekter af samspillet mellem arkitektur og lovværk som " +"bidrager til at styrke kraften/kræfter til opphavsrettsreguleringen. Dette " +"er hvor enkelt sÃ¥danne brud pÃ¥ opphavsrettsloven kan opdages. For i " +"modsætning til retorikken som var normalt da cyberspace blev skabt, om at pÃ¥ " +"Internet ved ingen at du er en hund, sÃ¥ er det i stadig større grad pÃ¥ grund " +"af ændrede teknologier som rulles ud pÃ¥ Internet, enkelt at finde hunden som " +"har gjort noget juridisk galt. Teknologierne pÃ¥ Internet er Ã¥bent for bÃ¥de " +"snushaner og de som vil dele, og snushanene bliver stadig bedre i at spore " +"op identiteten til dem som bryder skrønerne." + +#. f24 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " +"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 " +"(1997): 651." +msgstr "" +"For en tidlig og udsigende analyse, se Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " +"Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Loyola of Los Angeles Entertainment Law Journal</citetitle> 17 " +"(1997): 651 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " +"club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " +"fan fiction about the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain " +"Kirk. The characters would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply " +"continue it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se for eksempel for dig at du er del af en <citetitle>Star Track</" +"citetitle>-fanklub. I samles hver mÃ¥ned for at dele trivia, og mÃ¥ske " +"rollespille en slags tilhængerfantasi om showet. En person spiller Spock, " +"en anden Kaptajn Kirk. Karaktererne villes starte med et plot fra en " +"virkelig historie, og derefter ganske enkelt fortsætte historie.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " +"No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " +"with by the copyright police. You were free in that space to do as you " +"wished with this part of our culture. You were allowed to build on it as you " +"wished without fear of legal control." +msgstr "" +"Før Internet var dette effektivt set en helt uregulert aktivitet. Uanset " +"hvad som skete pÃ¥ innsiden i din egen klub, sÃ¥ villes du aldrig blive " +"forstyrret af ophavsretpolitiet. Du var her fri til at gøre som du villes " +"med denne del af vores kultur. Du havde lov til at bygge pÃ¥ den som du " +"ønskede uden at frygte juridisk kontrol." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " +"available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " +"scouring the Net for trademark and copyright infringement would quickly find " +"your site. Your posting of fan fiction, depending upon the ownership of the " +"series that you're depicting, could well inspire a lawyer's threat. And " +"ignoring the lawyer's threat would be extremely costly indeed. The law of " +"copyright is extremely efficient. The penalties are severe, and the process " +"is quick." +msgstr "" +"Men hvis du flyttede din klub til Internet, og gjorde den generelt " +"tilgængeligt for andre at angive, sÃ¥ villes historie blive vældig " +"forskelligt. Robotter som søger igennem nettet efter brud pÃ¥ varemærke og " +"opphavsrettslovgivingen villes raskt finde netstedet dit. Dine «fanklub-" +"værk» kunne gerne resultere i en advokattrussel, afhængigt af eierskapet " +"til serierne som du publicerede. Og at ignorere en sÃ¥dan advokattrussel " +"kunne blive ekstremt kostoverskæg. Opphavsrettsloven er ekstremt effektiv. " +"Straffene er alvorlige, og processen er affald." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " +"ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " +"balance radically. It is as if your car transmitted the speed at which you " +"traveled at every moment that you drove; that would be just one step before " +"the state started issuing tickets based upon the data you transmitted. That " +"is, in effect, what is happening here." +msgstr "" +"Denne ændring i den effektive magten til retvæsenet er forÃ¥rsaget af en " +"ændring i hvor enkelt lovværket kan hÃ¥ndhæves. Denne ændring flytter ogsÃ¥ " +"retvæsenet balance radikalt. Det er som om din bil sendte ud hastigheden du " +"kørte med pÃ¥ ethvert tidspunkt. Det villes bare være et skridt igen før " +"staten begyndte at udstede fartsbøter baseret pÃ¥ informationen du sender ud. " +" Det er effektivt set det som sker her ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Market: Concentration" +msgstr "Marked: Konsentrering" + +#. PAGE BREAK 173 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " +"thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " +"regulating only publishers to now regulating just about everyone. And " +"copyright's reach has changed, as every action becomes a copy and hence " +"presumptively regulated. And as technologists find better ways to control " +"the use of content, and as copyright is increasingly enforced through " +"technology, copyright's force changes, too. Misuse is easier to find and " +"easier to control. This regulation of the creative process, which began as a " +"tiny regulation governing a tiny part of the market for creative work, has " +"become the single most important regulator of creativity there is. It is a " +"massive expansion in the scope of the government's control over innovation " +"and creativity; it would be totally unrecognizable to those who gave birth " +"to copyright's control." +msgstr "" +"Ophavsretens varighet har øget dramatisk – tredoblet sig de sidste " +"tredive Ã¥rene, og ophavsretens omfang har ogsÃ¥ øget – fra at kun " +"regulere utgivere til at nÃ¥ regulere omtrent alle. Og ophavsretens " +"rækkevidde har ændret sig, efterhÃ¥nden som hver handling fortager en kopi og " +"dermed bliver antaget reguleret. EfterhÃ¥nden som teknologer finder bedre " +"mÃ¥der at kontrollere brugen af indhold, og efterhÃ¥nden som ophavsreten i " +"stadigt større grad bliver kontrolleret gennem teknologi, ændres " +"ophavsretens kraft ogsÃ¥. Misbrug er enklere at finde og enklere at " +"kontrollere. Denne reguleringen af den kreative processen, som startede som " +"en lille myndighetsregulering af en lille del af markedet for kreative " +"værker, har blevet den ene mest vigtige regulatoren for kreativitet som " +"findes. Det er man massiv øgning i omfanget til myndighedens kontrol over " +"nyskabning og kreativitet. Den villes være fuldstændigt ugenkendelig for " +"dem som skabte ophavsretens kontrol." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " +"for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " +"some sense the most familiar, though its significance and scope are not well " +"understood. It is the one that creates precisely the reason to be concerned " +"about all the other changes I have described." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel villes, efter mit syner, ikke disse ændringer betyde sÃ¥ meget " +"hvis det ikke var for endnu en ændring som vi ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥ tage hensyn til. Det " +"er en ændring som pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de er den vi er mest kendt med , selv om dens " +"betydning og omfang ikke er godt forstÃ¥et. Det er den som netop giver " +"grund til at være bekymret over alle de andre ændringer jeg har beskrevet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " +"the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " +"alteration, caused by changes in legal rules governing the media. Before " +"this change happened, the different forms of media were owned by separate " +"media companies. Now, the media is increasingly owned by only a few " +"companies. Indeed, after the changes that the FCC announced in June 2003, " +"most expect that within a few years, we will live in a world where just " +"three companies control more than 85 percent of the media." +msgstr "" +"Det gælder ændringen i konsentreringen og integrationen i medierne. I de " +"sidste tyve Ã¥rene, har egenskaberne til mediaeierskap gennemgÃ¥et en radikal " +"ændring, forÃ¥rsaget af ændringer i juridiske skrøner som styrer medierne. " +"Før denne ændring skete, var forskellige former for medierne ejet af " +"forskellige mediumselskaber. Nu er medierne i stadig større grad ejet af " +"kun nogle fÃ¥ selskaber. Faktisk, efter ændringerne som FCC annoncerede i " +"juni 2003, forventer de fleste at inden nogle fÃ¥ Ã¥r vi vil leve i en værdet " +"der kun tre selskaber kontrollerer mere end 85 procent af medierne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." +msgstr "" +"Det er to typer ændringer her: omfanget af konsentrering, og dets egenskaber." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "BMG" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "EMI" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "McCain, John" +msgstr "McCain, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "Universal Music Group" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "Warner Music Group" + +#. f25 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " +"Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " +"of Senator John McCain)." +msgstr "" +"FCC-kontrol: Høring foran senatets komite for handel, videnskab og " +"transport, 108 . samling, 1 øget. (22 . maj 2003) (udtalelse fra senator " +"John McCain)." + +#. f26 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " +"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." +msgstr "" +"Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sadles Continue to " +"Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 . december 2002 ." + +#. f27 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." +msgstr "" +"Molly Ivins, <quote>Medierne Consolidation Must Bede Stopped,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 . maj 2003 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " +"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " +"<quote>five companies control 85 percent of our media sources.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of " +"Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, " +"and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The <quote>five largest cable companies pipe " +"programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers nationwide.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ændringer i omfang er blandt de enklere at beskrive. Som senator John " +"McCain opsummerede i data produceret i FCCs gennemgang af medium-eierskap, " +"<quote>fire selskaber kontrollerer 85 procent af vores mediumkilder.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De fem pladeselskaberne " +"Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, og " +"EMI kontrollerer 84,8 procent af musikmarkedet i USA.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> De <quote>fem største kabelselskaberne " +"formidler sendinger til 74 procent af kabel-TV-abonnenter over hele landet.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ownership consolidation in" +msgstr "eierskapskonsolideringer i" + +#. PAGE BREAK 174 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " +"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-" +"five stations. Today <emphasis>one</emphasis> company owns more than 1,200 " +"stations. During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio " +"owners dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest " +"broadcasters control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just " +"four companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." +msgstr "" +"Radioens historie er endnu mere dramatisk. Før avreguleringen, ejede " +"landets største konglomerat inden radiokringkasting mindre end syttifire " +"stationer. I dag ejer <emphasis>et</emphasis> selskab mere end 1 200 " +"stationer. I perioden med konsolideringer har det totale antal radioejere " +"blevet reduceret med 34 procent. I dag, i de fleste markeder, kontrollerer " +"de to største kringkasterne 74 procent af indkomsterne i dette marked. " +"Totalt kontrollerer kun fire selskaber 90 procent af nationens " +"annonseinntekter pÃ¥ radio." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ownership consolidation of" +msgstr "eierskapskonsolideringer af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " +"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " +"eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's " +"circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United " +"States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The " +"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. " +"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. " +"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market." +msgstr "" +"Aviseierskap er ogsÃ¥ i færd med at blive mere koncentreret. I dag er det " +"seks hundrede færre dagsaviser i USA end det var for firs Ã¥r siden, og ti " +"selskaber kontrollerer halvdelen af nationens avisdistribution. Det er tyve " +"større avisutgivere i USA. De ti største filmstudierne modtager 99 procent " +"af alle filmindtægter. De ti største kabel-TV-selskaberne stÃ¥r for 85 " +"procent af al kabelindtægt. Dette er et marked langt fra den frie presset " +"som grundlovforfatterne ønskede at beskytte. Faktisk, sÃ¥ er dette et marked " +"som er vældig godt beskyttet – af markedet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fallows, James" +msgstr "Fallows, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " +"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " +"article about Rupert Murdoch," +msgstr "" +"Størrelseskonsentrering er en ting. En mere betenkelig ændring er i " +"egenskaberne til denne konsentreringen. Som forfatter James Fallows " +"formulerer det i en fersk artikel om Rupert Murdoch:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " +"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"James Fallows, <quote>The Ærefrygt of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " +"Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " +"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " +"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " +"serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Murdochs selskaber udgør nu et produktionsystem uden lige nÃ¥r det gælder " +"dets integration. De forsyner indhold – Fox-filmer … Fox TV-" +"show … Fox-kontrollerede sportsendinger, plus aviser og bøger. De " +"sælger indhold til offentligheten og til annoncører – i aviser, i " +"kringkastingsnettet og pÃ¥ kabel-TV-kanaler. Og de opererer et fysisk " +"distributionsystem som lader indholdet nu forbrukerne. Murdochs " +"satellitsystem distribuerer nu News Corp.-indhold i Europa og Asien. Hvis " +"Murdoch bliver største enkelteier i DirecTV, sÃ¥ vil dette systemet fÃ¥ samme " +"funktion i USA.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " +"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " +"outlets of media as possible. A picture describes this pattern better than a " +"thousand words could do:" +msgstr "" +"Mønsteret med Murdoch er mønsteret til moderne medier. Ikke bare at store " +"selskaber ejer mange radiostationer, men nogle fÃ¥ selskaber som ejer sÃ¥ " +"mange mediumkilder som muligt. Et billede beskriver bedre end tusind ord " +"dette mønster:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" align=\"center" +"\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/pattern-modern-media-ownership.png\" " +"align=\"center\" width=\"100%\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " +"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " +"content?" +msgstr "" +"Betyder denne konsentreringen noget? PÃ¥virker det hvad som bliver fortaget, " +"eller hvad som bliver distribueret? Eller er det bare en mere effektiv mÃ¥de " +"at producere og distribuere indhold?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " +"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " +"listening to a barrage of creators try to convince me to the contrary, I am " +"beginning to change my mind." +msgstr "" +"Mit syner var at konsentreringen ikke betød noget. Jeg tænkte det ikke var " +"noget mere end en mere effektiv finansiel struktur. Men nu, efter at have " +"læst og hørt pÃ¥ en høj af skabere som prøver at overbevise mig om det " +"modsatte, har jeg begyndt at ændre mening." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " +"may matter." +msgstr "" +"Her er en repræsentativ historie som kan foreslÃ¥ hvorfor denne " +"integreringen er vigtig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lear, Norman" +msgstr "Lear, Norman" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "All in the Family" +msgstr "Al in the Family" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too " +"edgy, they told Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy " +"than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told " +"Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more." +msgstr "" +"I 1969 fortog Norman Lear en pilot for <citetitle>Al in the Family</" +"citetitle>. Han tog piloten til ABC, og netværket kunnelide det ikke. De " +"sagde til Lear at den var for pÃ¥ kanten. Gør det pÃ¥ nyt. Lear fortog " +"piloten pÃ¥ nyt, mere pÃ¥ kanten end den første. ABC blev fra sig. Du fÃ¥r " +"ikke med dig pointen, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil have det mindre pÃ¥ kanten, " +"ikke mere." + +#. f29 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " +"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " +"St. Louis, Missouri, 3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the " +"Lear story, not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." +msgstr "" +"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> udtalelser ved Weidenbaum " +"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " +"St. Louis, Missouri, 3 . april 2003 (avskrift af forberedt udtalelse " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</" +"ulink>; for Lear-historie som ikke er inkluderet i den forberedte " +"udtalelsen, se <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</" +"ulink>)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " +"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " +"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I stedet for at føje sig, tog Lear ganske enkelt sin serie til nogle andre. " +"CBS var solnedgang for at have serierne, og ABC kunne ikke hindre Lear fra " +"at gÃ¥ til andre. Ophavsreten Lear havde sikret at han var uafhængighed af " +"netværkkontrol.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " +"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " +"separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation " +"would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, " +"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was " +"<quote>independent</quote> of the networks." +msgstr "" +"Netværket kontrollerede ikke disse ophavsreter fordi loven forbød " +"netværkene at kontrollere indholdet de syndikerede. Loven krævede et skille " +"mellem netværkene og indholdproducenterne. Den delingen garanterede Lear " +"friheden. Og sÃ¥ sent som i 1992, pÃ¥ grund af disse skrøner, var majoriteten " +"af kjernetids-TV – 75 procent – <quote>uafhængigt</quote> af " +"netværkene." + +#. f30 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " +"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. " +"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the " +"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, " +"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc " +"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." +msgstr "" +"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Medierne Consolidation: Hearings on Medierne " +"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st siddeplads. " +"(2003) (vidneudsagn fra Gene Kimmelman pÃ¥ vegne af Consumers Union og the " +"Consumer Federation of America), tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman citerer Victoria Riskin, " +"præsident for Writers Guild of America, West, i sine kommentarer ved FCC En " +"Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 . februar 2003 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " +"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " +"twenty-five independent television production studios; in 2002, only five " +"independent television studios remained. <quote>In 1992, only 15 percent of " +"new series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last " +"year, the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than " +"quintupled to 77 percent.</quote> <quote>In 1992, 16 new series were " +"produced independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime " +"time television was owned by the networks that ran it. <quote>In the ten-" +"year period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours " +"per week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number " +"of prime time television hours per week produced by independent studios " +"decreased 63%.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I 1994 forlod FCC skrønerne som krævede denne uafhængighed. Efter denne " +"ændring forandrede netværkene raskt balancen. I 1985 var det tjuefem " +"uafhængige produktionstudioer for TV. I 2002 var det kun fem uafhængige TV-" +"studioer igen. <quote>I 1992 blev kun 15 procent af nye serier produceret " +"for et netværk holdet af et selskab netværket kontrollerede. I fjor var " +"procentandelen show produceret af kontrollerede selskaber mere end " +"firedoblet til 77 procent.</quote> <quote>I 1992 blev 16 nye serier " +"produceret uafhængigt af konglomeratkontrol. I fjor var det kun en.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> I 2002 var 75 procent af " +"kjernetids-TV ejet af netværket som sendte det. <quote>I Ã¥rtiperioden mellem " +"1992 og 2002 øgede antal timer per uge produceret af netværks-studioer med " +"over 200 procent, mens antal timer per uge med kjernetids-TV produceret af " +"uafhængige studioer blev reduceret med 63 procent.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show less " +"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is " +"increasingly owned by the network." +msgstr "" +"I dag villes en anden Norman Lear med en anden <citetitle>Al in the Family</" +"citetitle> opdage at han har valget mellem at enten gøre serien mindre pÃ¥ " +"kanten, eller fÃ¥ sparket. Indholdet i ethvert show udviklede for et netværk " +"er i stadigt større grad ejet af netværket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Diller, Barry" +msgstr "Sniksnakke, Barry" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Moyers, Bill" +msgstr "Moyers, Bill" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " +"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " +"Diller said to Bill Moyers," +msgstr "" +"Mens antal kanaler har øget dramatisk, har eierskapet til disse kanaler " +"snævrede ind fra fÃ¥ til stadigt færre. Som Barry Tuller sagde til Bill " +"Moyers:" + +#. f32 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " +"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Barry Tuller Takes on Medierne Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now " +"with Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 . april 2003, redigeret " +"avskrift tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#31</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " +"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " +"controlled distribution system, then what you get is fewer and fewer actual " +"voices participating in the process. [We u]sed to have dozens and dozens of " +"thriving independent production companies producing television programs. Now " +"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Vel, hvis du har selskaber som producerer, som finansierer, som udsender pÃ¥ " +"sin egen kanal, og sÃ¥ distribuerer over hele værdet helt som gÃ¥r gennem " +"jeres kontrollerede distributionsystem, sÃ¥ fÃ¥r du færre og færre faktiske " +"stemmer som angiver i processen. Vi havde tidligere dusinvis med levende " +"uafhængige produktionsselskaber som fortog Tv-programmer. Nu har vi mindre " +"end en hÃ¥ndfuld.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "media concentration and" +msgstr "mediekonsentrering og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " +"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. " +"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is " +"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is " +"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the " +"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not " +"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, " +"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a " +"democracy." +msgstr "" +"Denne innsnevringen har en effekt pÃ¥ det som bliver produceret. Produktet " +"fra sÃ¥danne store og koncentrerede netværk er stadig mere ensrettet. " +"Stadig mere trygt. Stadig mere sterilt. Produktet med nyhedsendinger fra " +"sÃ¥danne netværk er i stadigt større grad skreddersydd med budskabet som " +"netværket ønsker at formidle. Dette er ikke kommunistpartiet, selv om det " +"nok fra innsiden mÃ¥ føles lidt som kommunistpartiet. Ingen kan stille " +"spørgsmÃ¥l uden at risikere konsekvenser – ikke nødvendigvis forvisning " +"til Sibir, men likefullt straf. Uafhængige, kritiske, afvigende syner " +"bliver skviset ud. Dette er ikke et miljø for demokrati." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Clark, Kim B." +msgstr "Clark, Kim B." + +#. f33 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen " +"acknowledges that the idea was first suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. " +"Clark, <quote>The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in " +"Technological Evolution,</quote> <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 " +"(1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and Sarah " +"Kaplan, <citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to " +"Last Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them</" +"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." +msgstr "" +"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bæstceller that Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen " +"anerkender at idéen blev først foreslÃ¥et af Dean Kim Clark. Se Kim B. " +"Clark, <quote>The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in " +"Technological Evolution,</quote> <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 " +"(1985): 235–51 . For en nyere undersøgelse, se Richard Foster og Sarah " +"Kaplan, <citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to " +"Last Underperform the Market – and How to Successfully Tranform Them</" +"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " +"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " +"<quote>Innovator's Dilemma</quote>: the fact that large traditional firms " +"find it rational to ignore new, breakthrough technologies that compete with " +"their core business. The same analysis could help explain why large, " +"traditional media companies would find it rational to ignore new cultural " +"trends.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only " +"don't, but should not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, " +"there will be far too little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Økonomifaget tilbyder selv en parallel som forklarer hvorfor denne " +"integration pÃ¥virker kreativitet. Clay Christensen har skrevet om " +"<quote>innovatørernes dilemma</quote>: faktummet at store traditionelle " +"selskaber finder det rasjonelt at ignorerer nye, gjennombrytende teknologier " +"som konkurrerer med deres kernevirksomhed. Den samme analyse kan bidrage " +"til at forklare hvorfor traditionelle mediumselskaber finder det rasjonelt " +"at ignorere nye kulturelle trender.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Sovende giganter lader ikke bare være, men bør ikke løbe. Og alligevel, " +"hvis banen kun er Ã¥ben for giganterne, sÃ¥ vil det blive alt for lidt løping. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " +"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " +"are important, and the effect on culture is hard to measure." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror ikke vi ved nok om økonomien i mediummarkedet til at sige med " +"sikkerhed hvad konsentreringen og integrationen vil gøre. " +"Effektivitetændringerne er vigtige, og effekten pÃ¥ kulturen er vanskeligt at " +"male." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " +"the concern." +msgstr "" +"Men det er et væsentligt og Ã¥benbaret eksempel som stærkt foreslÃ¥r denne " +"bekymringen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. " +"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal " +"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." +msgstr "" +"I tillæg til ophavsretkrigen, sÃ¥ er vi midt inde i narkotikakrigene. " +"Myndighedernes politik er stærkt rettet mod narkotikakartellerne. Straf og " +"civildomstolene er befolket op med konsekvenserne af denne kamp." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "criminal justice system" +msgstr "kriminal-juridisk system" + +#. PAGE BREAK 178 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " +"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " +"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—" +"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this " +"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great " +"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the " +"criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only " +"real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of " +"constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war " +"requires, and, most profoundly, the total destruction of the legal systems " +"of many South American nations because of the power of the local drug " +"cartels, I find it impossible to believe that the marginal benefit in " +"reduced drug consumption by Americans could possibly outweigh these costs." +msgstr "" +"Lad mig herved diskvalificere mig fra enhver muligt oppnevning til en " +"hvilken som hilst stilling hos myndighederne ved at sige at jeg tror denne " +"krig er en diger tabbe. Jeg er ikke for narkotika. Faktisk kommer jeg fra " +"en familie som en gang havarerede pÃ¥ grund af narkotika – selv om al " +"narkotikaen som havarerede min familie var helt lovligt. Jeg tror denne " +"krig er man diger tabbe fordi den utilsigtede skaden fra den er sÃ¥ stor at " +"at føre denne krig er galskab. NÃ¥r du summerer byrden pÃ¥ det kriminal-" +"juridiske systemet, desperationen for generationer af barn hvis eneste " +"økonomiske mulighed er som narkotikakrige, ødeleggelsen af de " +"grunnlovsfestede beskyttelserne pÃ¥ grund af den kontinuerlige overvÃ¥kningen " +"denne krig kræver, og mest dybtgÃ¥ende, den totale ødeleggelsen af de " +"juridiske systemerne i mange søramerikanske land pÃ¥ grund af magten de " +"lokale narkotikakartellerne har. Jeg finder det umuligt at tro at den " +"marginale fordelen i reduceret narkotikaforbrug hos amerikanerne pÃ¥ noget " +"mÃ¥de kan oppveie for disse omkostninger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " +"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " +"fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues." +msgstr "" +"Du er mÃ¥ske ikke overbevist. Det er helt fint. Vi lever i et demokrati, " +"og det er gennem afstemning vi skal vælge politikken. Men for at gøre det " +"er vi fundamentalt afhængigt af presset for at hjælpe til med at informere " +"amerikanerne om disse temaer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Nick and Norm anti-drug campaign" +msgstr "Nick og Norm anti-narkotikakampagnen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " +"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " +"produced scores of short film clips about issues related to illegal drugs. " +"In one series (the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing " +"the idea of legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage " +"from the war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The " +"other responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the " +"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). " +"The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign." +msgstr "" +"I 1998 lancerede kontoret for den nationale narkotikapolitikken en " +"mediumkampagne som del af <quote>krigen mod narkotika.</quote> Kampagnen " +"producerede en række korte filmklipp om temaer relateret til ulovlige " +"rusmidler. I en af serierne (Nick og Norm-serien) er det to mænd i en bar " +"som diskuterer idéen om at legalisere narkotika som en mÃ¥de at undgÃ¥ nogle " +"af de utilsigtede skaderne fra krigen. Man fremmer et argument til fordel " +"for at legalisere narkotika. Den anden responderer pÃ¥ en kraftig og " +"effektiv mÃ¥de mod argumentet til den første. Til slutning ændrer den første " +"fyren mening (hei, det er TV). Plakaten pÃ¥ slutningen er et fordømmende " +"angreb pÃ¥ pro-legaliseringskampanjen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " +"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." +msgstr "" +"Rimeligt nok. Det er en god annonse. Ikke rigtigt forledende. Den leverer " +"sit budskab godt. Det er et rimeligt og fornuftigt budskab." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " +"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " +"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. " +"Can you do it?" +msgstr "" +"Men lagde os si at du mener dette er et galt budskab, og du ønsker at køre " +"en motkampanje. Lad os sige at du ønsker at sende en serie med " +"reklameindslag som forsøger at vise den ekstraordinære utilsigtede skade som " +"krigen mod narkotika fører til. Kan du gøre det?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. " +"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to " +"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard " +"then?" +msgstr "" +"Naturligvis koster disse annonsene meget penge. Antag at du klarer at " +"skaffe pengeene. Antag at en gruppe med bekymrede borgere donerer alle " +"pengeene i værdet for at hjælpe dig med at fÃ¥ dit budskab ud. Kan du da " +"være sikker pÃ¥ at dit budskab vil blive hørt?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on television advertising bans" +msgstr "om TV-reklame-bandlysning" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "controversy avoided by" +msgstr "kontrovers undgÃ¥et af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Comcast" +msgstr "Comcast" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" +msgstr "Marihuana-politikprojektet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "NBC" +msgstr "NBC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "WJOA" +msgstr "WJOA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "WRC" +msgstr "WRC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"6\"/> The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place " +"ads that directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within " +"the Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against " +"[their] policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads " +"without reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to " +"run the ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the " +"ads and returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October " +"2003. These restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, " +"for example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet " +"with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time there " +"is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even the " +"playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad Hoc " +"Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and Radio,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): " +"449–79, and for a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the " +"courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors Association</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). " +"Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a " +"recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority " +"rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and " +"Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> " +"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was <quote>too " +"controversial.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"6\"/> Marihuana-politikprojektet forsøgte i februar 2003 at fÃ¥ placeret " +"reklameindslag som direkte svarede pÃ¥ Nick og Norm-serien pÃ¥ stationer i " +"Washington D.C.-omrÃ¥det. Comcast afviste indslagene som <quote>mod [deres] " +"skrøner.</quote> Den lokale NBC-fillialen, WRC, afviste indslagene uden at " +"kigge pÃ¥ dem. Den lokale ABC-fillialen, WJOA, gik oprindeligt med pÃ¥ at " +"køre indslagene, og tog imod betaling for at gøre det, men bestemte sig " +"senere for at ikke køre indslagene, og returnerede pengeene. Interview med " +"Neal Levine, 15 . oktober 2003 . Disse begrænsninger er naturligvis ikke " +"begrænset til narkotikapolitik. Se for eksempel Nat Ive, <quote>On the " +"Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection from TV Networks,</" +"quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 13 . marts 2003, C4 . Ud over " +"valgkamprelatert sendetid er det rigtigt lidt som FCC eller domstolene er " +"villigt til at gøre for at fÃ¥ give lige vilkÃ¥r for alle. For en generel " +"oversigt, se Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial " +"Advertising on Television and Radio,</quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy " +"Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): 449–79, og for man nylig oppdatering af " +"positionen til FCC og domstolene, se <citetitle>Radio-Television News " +"Directors Association</citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d " +"872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Kommunale administrationer udøver den samme autoritet " +"som netværkene. I et nylig eksempel fra San Francisco, afviste kollektiv " +"transportmyndighederne en reklame som kritiserede deres Muni diesel-busser. " +"Phillip Matier og Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni " +"Rejects Ad,</quote> SFGate.com, 16 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. Begrundelsen var at " +"kritikken var <quote>for kontroversiel.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " +"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " +"uncontroversial; ads disagreeing with the government are controversial. " +"This selectivity might be thought inconsistent with the First Amendment, but " +"the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they " +"run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a " +"crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will " +"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Nej, det kan du ikke. TV-stationer har en generel regel om at undgÃ¥ " +"<quote>kontroversielle</quote> reklameindslag. Indslag sponsoreret af " +"myndighederne anses som ukontroversielle. Indslag som er uenigt/uenig med " +"myndighederne er kontroversielle. Denne utvelgelsen kan mÃ¥ske tænkes at " +"være i strid med det første grundlovtillægget, men Højesteret har afgjort at " +"stationerne har ret til at vælge hvad de sender. Dermed vil de store " +"kommercielle mediumkanalerne blokere muligheden som den ene siden af en " +"vigtig debat har til at lægge frem sin sag. Og domstolene vil forsvare " +"stationernes ret til at være sÃ¥ ensidigt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " +"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " +"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the " +"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political " +"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious " +"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the " +"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a " +"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." +msgstr "" +"Jeg villes ogsÃ¥ med glæde forsvaret netværkenes rettigheder – hvis vi " +"levede i et mediummarked som virkeligt var mangfoldig. Men konsentreringen " +"i medierne fÃ¥r en til at tvivle pÃ¥ den forudsætningen. Hvis en hÃ¥ndfuld " +"selskaber kontrollerer tilgangen til medierne, og denne lille gruppe " +"selskaber fÃ¥r bestemme hvilke politiske holdninger den vil tillade at " +"fremmes pÃ¥ sine kanaler, da er det pÃ¥ en Ã¥penbar og vigtig mÃ¥de klart at " +"konsentrering betyder noget. Det mÃ¥ske du kanlide holdningerne som denne " +"hÃ¥ndfulle gruppen med selskaber vælger, men du bør ikke lige sÃ¥ en værdet " +"der et lille mindretal fÃ¥r bestemme hvilke sager resten af os fÃ¥r høre om." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Together" +msgstr "Sammen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " +"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " +"the abstract, it is obviously true and, ordinarily, totally harmless. No " +"sane sort who is not an anarchist could disagree." +msgstr "" +"Det er noget uskyldigt og Ã¥benbaret i kravet fra ophavsretkrigerene om at " +"myndighederne bør <quote>beskytte min ejendom.</quote> Som abstrakter idé " +"er det Ã¥benbaret rigtigt, og sædvanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen fornuftig " +"person som ikke er anarkist vil være uenig." + +#. PAGE BREAK 180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " +"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " +"technology and markets to mean that the effective constraint on the liberty " +"to cultivate our culture is dramatically different—the claim begins to " +"seem less innocent and obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to " +"supplement the law's control, and (2) the power of concentrated markets to " +"weaken the opportunity for dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively " +"expanded <quote>property</quote> rights granted by copyright fundamentally " +"changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate and build upon our " +"past, then we have to ask whether this property should be redefined." +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r vi ser hvor dramatisk denne <quote>ejendom</quote> har ændret sig " +"– nÃ¥r vi indser hvordan den, sÃ¥dan den nu er knyttet til bÃ¥de " +"teknologi og marked, betyder at de effektive begrænsningerne i friheden til " +"at kultivere vores kultur er dramatisk forskelligt – begynder kravet " +"at se mindre uskyldigt og Ã¥benbaret ud. Givet (1) kraften/kræfter i " +"teknologien til at supplere lovens kontrol, og (2) kraften/kræfter i " +"indsnævrede markeder til at svække muligheden til at være uenigt/uenig, nÃ¥r " +"strikt hÃ¥ndheving af den massivt udvidede <quote>ejendomretten</quote> " +"innvilget af ophavsreten fundamentalt ændrer friheden i denne kultur til at " +"kultivere og bygge pÃ¥ vores fortid, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi spørge os om denne ejendom bør " +"omdefineres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " +"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " +"disastrous for the most important creative enterprises within our culture " +"today." +msgstr "" +"Ikke fjernes, og ikke fuldstændig. Mit pointe er ikke at vi bør afskaffe " +"ophavsreten, eller gÃ¥ tilbage til det attende Ã¥rhundrede. Det villes være " +"et totalt fejlgreb, katastrofalt for størstedelen af de vigtigste kreative " +"bedrifterne i vores kultur i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " +"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " +"copyright regulation, tied to increased concentration of the content " +"industry and resting in the hands of technology that will increasingly " +"enable control over the use of culture, should drive us to consider whether " +"another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases " +"copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an " +"adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's " +"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." +msgstr "" +"Men det er et omrÃ¥de mellem nul og en, pÃ¥ trods af Internet-kultur. Og disse " +"massive ændringerne i den effektive magten til opphavsrettsregulering, " +"bylten til den øgende konsentreringen i indholdindustrien og hvilende i " +"teknologiens hÃ¥nd som i øgende grad kan kontrollere brugen af kultur, bør fÃ¥ " +"os til at vurdere hvorvidt en anden justering er nødvendigt. Ikke en " +"justering som øger ophavsretens magt. Ikke en justering som øger deres " +"vernetid. I stedet en justering som genetablerer balancen som traditionelt " +"har defineret ophavsretens regulering – en svekkelse af denne " +"reguleringen for at styrke kreativiteten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " +"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. " +"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, " +"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " +"lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the " +"past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need " +"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be " +"<emphasis>reductions</emphasis> in the scope of copyright, in response to " +"the extraordinary increase in control that technology and the market enable." +msgstr "" +"Åndsverksloven har ikke været nogle uforanderlig naturlov, sikker og solid " +"som Rock of Gibraltar. Den er ikke et sæt med konstante forpligtelser som " +"teenagere og geeks (nørder) nu, af en eller anden mystisk overfladisk, giver " +"blaffen i. I stedet har ophavsretens magt vokset dramatisk pÃ¥ kort tid, " +"efterhÃ¥nden som teknologi for distribution og skaping har ændret sig, og " +"efterhÃ¥nden som lobbyister har presset pÃ¥ for mere kontrol hos " +"ophavsretindehaverne. Tidligere ændringer som respons pÃ¥ ændringerne i " +"teknologi foreslÃ¥r at vi godt kan behøve lignende ændringer i fremtiden. Og " +"disse ændringer mÃ¥ være <emphasis>reduktion</emphasis> i omfanget til " +"ophavsreten, som svar pÃ¥ den ekstraordinære øgningen i kontrol som teknologi " +"og marked gør muligt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " +"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " +"the effect of changing law, concentrated markets, and changing technology, " +"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: <emphasis>Never in our " +"history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of " +"our culture than now</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"For det enkeltpoenget som gÃ¥r tabt i denne krig mod pirater er et pointe som " +"vi kun ser efter at have kortlagt alle disse ændringer. NÃ¥r du slÃ¥r sammen " +"effekten af et ændret lovværk, koncentreret markedet og ændret teknologi, sÃ¥ " +"kommer en til en forbløffende konklusion: <emphasis>Aldrig før i vores " +"historie har sÃ¥ fÃ¥ haft juridisk ret til at kontrollere mere af udviklingen " +"af vores kultur end nu</emphasis>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " +"similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " +"digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et " +"lignende pointe i hans <quote>fire kapitulationer</quote> for Ã¥ndsverkloven " +"i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, 159–60 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " +"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " +"tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there " +"were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film " +"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " +"<emphasis>Never</emphasis> has copyright protected such a wide range of " +"rights, against as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as " +"long. This form of regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the " +"creative energy of a nation at the founding—is now a massive " +"regulation of the overall creative process. Law plus technology plus the " +"market now interact to turn this historically benign regulation into the " +"most significant regulation of culture that our free society has known." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Ikke da ophavsreten var evigvarende, for da ophavsret var evigvarende, " +"pÃ¥virkede de kun det spesifikke kreative værket. Ikke da kun utgivere havde " +"publiseringsutstyr, for markedet var da meget mere varieret. Ikke nÃ¥r det " +"kun fandtes tre TV-netværk, for selv da var aviser, filmstudie, " +"radiostationer og utgivere uafhængige af netværkene. <emphasis>Aldrig</" +"emphasis> har ophavsreten beskyttet en sÃ¥ stor mængde af rettigheder, mod en " +"sÃ¥ stor mængde af aktører, med en vernetid som var i nærheden af sÃ¥ lang. " +"Denne form for regulering – en lille regulering af en lille del af den " +"kreative energien til en nation i emning – er nu en massiv regulering " +"af hele den kreative processen. Lovværker plus teknologi plus marked " +"arbejder nu sammen for at gøre denne historisk ubetydelige regulering til " +"den mest betydningsfulde reguleringen af kulturen som vores frie samfund har " +"kendt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " +"can now be briefly stated." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Dette har været</emphasis> et langt kapitel. Dets " +"pointe kan nu formuleres ganske kort." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " +"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " +"between copying a work and transforming it. We can now combine these two " +"distinctions and draw a clear map of the changes that copyright law has " +"undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:" +msgstr "" +"I starten af denne bog, pointerede jeg forskellen mellem kommerciel og ikke-" +"kommerciel kultur. I løbet af dette kapitlet har jeg skilt mellem kopiering " +"af et værk, og at omforme det. Vi kan nu kombinere disse to skillerne, og " +"tegne et klart kort over ændringerne som opphavsrettsloven har gennemgÃ¥et. " +"I 1790, sÃ¥ loven sÃ¥dan ud:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "PUBLISH" +msgstr "Publicere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "TRANSFORM" +msgstr "Omforme" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Commercial" +msgstr "Kommerciel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "©" +msgstr "©" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Free" +msgstr "Fri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Noncommercial" +msgstr "Ikke-kommerciel" + +#. PAGE BREAK 182 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. " +"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only " +"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would " +"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free." +msgstr "" +"Det at publicere et kort, diagram og bog var reguleret af opphavsrettsloven. " +" Ingenting andet. Omforminger var frit frem. Og i og med at ophavsreten " +"kun galdt ved registrering, og kun de som planlagde at have kommerciel nytte " +"villes registrere, var kopiering gennem publisering af ikke-kommercielle " +"værker ogsÃ¥ frit frem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ slutningen af det nittende Ã¥rhundrede havde loven blevet ændret til dette:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " +"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " +"commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still " +"essentially free." +msgstr "" +"Avledede værk var nu reguleret af opphavsrettsloven – hvis de var " +"publiceret, som betød, givet økonomien til publisering pÃ¥ den tiden, at " +"tilbyde den kommercielt. Men det var fortsat i hovedsag frit frem for ikke-" +"kommerciel publisering og omforming." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " +"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " +"copying became more prevalent, the reach of the law expanded. Thus by 1975, " +"as photocopying machines became more common, we could say the law began to " +"look like this:" +msgstr "" +"I 1909 blev loven ændret til at regulere eksemplarer og ikke publisering, og " +"efter denne ændring var omfanget af loven knyttet til teknologi. " +"EfterhÃ¥nden som teknologien for eksemplarfremstilling/kopiering blev mere " +"udbredt, udvidede rækkevidden til loven sig. Dermed kan vi sige at i 1975, " +"efterhÃ¥nden som fotokopimaskiner blev mere normalt, begyndte loven at se " +"sÃ¥dan ud:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "COPY" +msgstr "Kopiere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "© / Free" +msgstr "©/Fri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " +"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " +"remained free. But the consequence of the emergence of digital technologies, " +"especially in the context of a digital network, means that the law now looks " +"like this:" +msgstr "" +"Loven blev tolket til at nu ikke-kommerciel kopiering ved hjælp af, f.eks. " +"kopimaskiner, men fortsat forblev meget af kopieringen udenom det " +"kommercielle markedet fri. Men konsekvensen fra fremvæksten af digitale " +"teknologier, specielt i sammenhæng med digitale netværk, betyder at loven nu " +"ser sÃ¥dan ud:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 183 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " +"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " +"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate " +"commercial publishers." +msgstr "" +"Hvert omrÃ¥de er styret af Ã¥ndsverksloven, mens størstedelen af kreativiteten " +"ikke var styret af den tidligere. Loven regulerer nu hele omfanget af " +"kreativiteten – kommerciel eller ikke, omformende eller ikke – " +"med de samme skrøner som blev udformet for at regulere kommercielle utgivere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " +"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " +"extending the regulations of copyright law into each of these domains " +"actually does any good." +msgstr "" +"Åndsverkloven er Ã¥benbaret ikke fjenden. Fjenden er regulering som ikke " +"gør noget godt. SÃ¥ spørgsmÃ¥let vi bør stille os akkurat nu er hvorvidt at " +"udvide reguleringene i Ã¥ndsverkloven ind i hver af disse omrÃ¥der faktisk gør " +"noget godt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " +"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " +"regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " +"transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " +"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er ikke i tvivl om at det er en god idé at regulere kommerciel " +"kopiering. Men jeg har heller ingen tvivl om at det gør mere skade end " +"gavn nÃ¥r man regulerer (sÃ¥dan det reguleres akkurat nu) ikke-kommerciel " +"kopiering, og specielt ikke-kommerciel omforming. Og i stadigt større grad, " +"af Ã¥rsager skitseret specielt i kapitlerne <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> og <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, kan man godt undre pÃ¥ hvorvidt den " +"gør mere skade end gavn for kommerciel omforming. Flere kommercielle " +"omformede værker villes været skabt hvis avledede rettigheder var skarpere " +"begrænset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "legal realist movement" +msgstr "juridiske realist-bevægelsen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> It was the single most important " +"contribution of the legal realist movement to demonstrate that all property " +"rights are always crafted to balance public and private interests. See " +"Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of Property,</quote> in " +"<citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland Pennock and John W. " +"Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Det at demonstrere at alle " +"ejendomrettigheder altid har været udformet for at balancere interesserne " +"til fællesskabet og private, var det vigtigste enkeltbidrag fra den " +"juridiske realist-bevægelsen. Se Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration " +"of Property,</quote> i <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. " +"Roland Pennock og John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University " +"Press, 1980)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " +"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " +"property, the state ought to protect it. But first impressions " +"notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all property " +"rights<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) has been crafted to " +"balance the important need to give authors and artists incentives with the " +"equally important need to assure access to creative work. This balance has " +"always been struck in light of new technologies. And for almost half of our " +"tradition, the <quote>copyright</quote> did not control <emphasis>at all</" +"emphasis> the freedom of others to build upon or transform a creative work. " +"American culture was born free, and for almost 180 years our country " +"consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." +msgstr "" +"Temaet her er dermed ikke sÃ¥ enkelt som hvorvidt ophavsret er ejendom eller " +"ikke. Selvfølgelig er ophavsret en type <quote>ejendom,</quote> og " +"selvfølgelig, som med enhver ejendom, bør staten beskytte den. Men uanset " +"førsteinntrykk, sÃ¥ har denne eiendomretten, historisk set (som med alle " +"ejendomretter<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) været udformet for " +"at balancere det vigtige behovet at give forfattere og artister incentiver " +"med det lige sÃ¥ vigtige behovet at sikre tilgang til kreative værker. Denne " +"balance har altid blevet fundet i lys af nye teknologier. Og i næsten " +"halve vores tradition kontrollerede ikke <quote>ophavsreten</quote> " +"<emphasis>i det hele taget</emphasis> friheden andre havde til at bygge pÃ¥ " +"og omforme et kreativt værk. USAs kultur blev født fri, og i næsten 180 Ã¥r " +"beskyttet vores land konsistent en pulserende og rig fri kultur." + +#. PAGE BREAK 184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " +"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " +"birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those " +"limits, by granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the " +"story of chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders" +"\"/>). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by a similar " +"concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of exercising any " +"fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>). Adding statutory rights " +"where markets might stifle innovation is another familiar limit on the " +"property right that copyright is (chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>). And granting archives and " +"libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of property notwithstanding, is " +"a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul of a culture (chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"collectors\"/>). Free cultures, " +"like free markets, are built with property. But the nature of the property " +"that builds a free culture is very different from the extremist vision that " +"dominates the debate today." +msgstr "" +"Vi opnÃ¥ede den frie kulturen pÃ¥ grund af at vores lovværk respekterede " +"vigtige begrænsninger i rækkevidden af interesserne beskyttede af " +"<quote>ejendom.</quote> Selve fødslen til <quote>ophavsreten</quote> som en " +"lovfæstet ret gjenkjente disse begrænsninger, ved at at give ophavsretejerne " +"beskyttelse kun for en begrænset tidsperiode (historie i kapitel <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>). Traditionen til " +"<quote>rimeligt brug</quote> er drevet af en lignende bekymring som i " +"stadigt større grad er under pres efterhÃ¥nden som omkostningen ved at udøve " +"en hvilken som helst rimelig brug bliver uunngÃ¥elig høj (historie i kapitel " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>). Å lægge " +"til lovbestemmte rettigheder der hen markeder kan hæmme nyskabning er en " +"anden kendt begrænsning pÃ¥ ejendomrettigheden som ophavsreten udgør (kapitel " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>). Og at " +"tildele arkiver og biblioteker en bred frihed til at samle, uafhængigt af " +"krav om ejendom, er en afgørende del af det at garantere sjelen til en " +"kultur (kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"collectors\"/>). Fri kultur, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som frie markeder, er " +"bygget pÃ¥ ejendom. Men naturen til ejendommen som bygger en fri kultur er " +"vældig forskelligt fra den ekstremistvisionen som dominerer debatten i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " +"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " +"Internet present to twentieth-century business models for producing and " +"distributing culture, the law and technology are being transformed in a way " +"that will undermine our tradition of free culture. The property right that " +"is copyright is no longer the balanced right that it was, or was intended to " +"be. The property right that is copyright has become unbalanced, tilted " +"toward an extreme. The opportunity to create and transform becomes weakened " +"in a world in which creation requires permission and creativity must check " +"with a lawyer." +msgstr "" +"Fri kultur er stadig større grad ofret i denne krig mod piratvirksomhed. " +"Som respons pÃ¥ en reel, men endnu ikke kvantificeret trussel som " +"teknologierne pÃ¥ Internet giver til det tyvende Ã¥rhundredets " +"forretningsmodeller for produktion og distribution af kultur, har lovværk og " +"teknologi blevet omformet pÃ¥ en sÃ¥dan mÃ¥de at det undergraver vores " +"tradition for fri kultur. Ejendomretten som ophavsreten udgør, er ikke " +"længere den balancerede rettigheden som det var, eller var ment at være. " +"Ejendomretten som ophavsreten udgør har blevet ubalansert, med udslag mod et " +"yderpunkt. Muligheden til at skabe og omforme bliver svækket i en værdet " +"der det at skabe kræver tilladelse, og kreativitet mÃ¥ tjekke med en advokat." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Puzzles" +msgstr "Nøtter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Eleven: Chimera" +msgstr "Kapitel elleve: Kimære" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "chimeras" +msgstr "kimærer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Wells, H. G." +msgstr "Wells, H. G." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" +msgstr "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See H. G. " +"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, " +"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." +msgstr "" +"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). Se H. G. " +"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, " +"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by H. G. " +"Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice slope) " +"into an unknown and isolated valley in the Peruvian Andes.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The valley is extraordinarily beautiful, with " +"<quote>sweet water, pasture, an even climate, slopes of rich brown soil with " +"tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent fruit.</quote> But the villagers " +"are all blind. Nunez takes this as an opportunity. <quote>In the Country of " +"the Blind,</quote> he tells himself, <quote>the One-Eyed Man is King.</" +"quote> So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore life as a king." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I en velkendt</emphasis> novelle af H. G. Wells, " +"snublet man fjellklatrer ved navn Nunez ned en is-skrÃ¥ning ind i en ukendt " +"og isoleret dal i de Peruanske Andesbjergene.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Dalen er utroligt smuk, med <quote>friskt vand, beiteland, et " +"jævnt klima og bage/bager med rig brun jord med virvar af buskads som bar " +"man velsmakende frugt.</quote> Men landsbyboerne er alle blinde. Nunez ser " +"dette som en mulighed. <quote>I de blindes rige,</quote> fortæller han sig " +"selv, <quote>er den enøyde konge.</quote> SÃ¥ han bestemmer sig for at slÃ¥ " +"sig ned hos landsbyboerne for at udforske livet som konge." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " +"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are <quote>blind." +"</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think " +"he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do " +"(hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly " +"try to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. " +"<quote><quote>You don't understand,</quote> he cried, in a voice that was " +"meant to be great and resolute, and which broke. <quote>You are blind and I " +"can see. Leave me alone!</quote></quote>" +msgstr "" +"Ting bliver ikke helt som han har planlagt. Han forsøger at forklare idéen " +"om syner til landsbyboerne. De forstÃ¥r ikke . Han fortæller dem at de er " +"<quote>blind.</quote> De mangler et ord for <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. " +"De tror han bare er træg. EfterhÃ¥nden som de opdager tingene han ikke kan " +"gøre (for eksempel høre lyden af græs som bliver trampet pÃ¥), forsøger de " +"mere og mere at kontrollere ham. Han bliver dermed mere og mere frustreret. " +" <quote><quote>I forstÃ¥r ikke ,</quote> skrÃ¥lede han, i en stemme som var " +"ment at være storslÃ¥et og bestemt, og som skar ud. <quote>I er blinde og " +"jeg kan se. Lad mig være i fred!</quote></quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " +"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " +"a young woman who to him seems <quote>the most beautiful thing in the whole " +"of creation,</quote> understands the beauty of sight. Nunez's description of " +"what he sees <quote>seemed to her the most poetical of fancies, and she " +"listened to his description of the stars and the mountains and her own sweet " +"white-lit beauty as though it was a guilty indulgence.</quote> <quote>She " +"did not believe,</quote> Wells tells us, and <quote>she could only half " +"understand, but she was mysteriously delighted.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Landsbyboerne lod ham ikke være i fred. Og de ser (for at si det sÃ¥dan) " +"ikke det fine i hans specielle kræfter. Ikke engang det ultimate mÃ¥let for " +"hans hengivenhet, en ung kvinde som for ham synes <quote>den smukkeste " +"tingen i hele skapelsen,</quote> forstÃ¥r skjønnheten i at kunne se. Nunez " +"sine beskrivelser af det han ser <quote>virket for hende at være de mest " +"poetiske af fantasier, og hun hørte pÃ¥ hans beskrivelser af stjernerne og " +"fjeldene og hendes egen søde hvid-lysnende skjønnhet som om det var en " +"skyldigt/skyldig tilfredsstillelse .</quote> <quote>Hun troede ikke ,</" +"quote> fortæller Wells os, og <quote>hun kunne bare halvvejs forstÃ¥, men " +"hun var underligt glædet.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously delighted</" +"quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, my dear,</" +"quote> her father instructs, <quote>he's an idiot. He has delusions. He " +"can't do anything right.</quote> They take Nunez to the village doctor." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r Nunez kundgør sit ønske om at gifte sig med sin <quote>underligt " +"herlige</quote> kærlighed, protesterede faren og landsbyen. <quote>Du " +"skønner, kære,</quote> instruerer hendes far, <quote>han er en idiot. Han " +"har vrangforestillinger. Han kan ikke gøre noget rigtigt.</quote> De tager " +"Nunez til landsbylægen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " +"is affected,</quote> he reports." +msgstr "" +"Efter en omhyggelig undersøgelse giver sin læge vurdering. <quote>hans " +"Hjerne er pÃ¥virket,</quote> rapporterer han." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " +"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " +"affect his brain.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Hvad pÃ¥virker den?</quote> spørger faren. <quote>De sære tingene som " +"kaldes øjnene … er sygelige … pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som pÃ¥virker hans " +"hjerne.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " +"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " +"easy surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the " +"eyes].</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Lægen fortsætter: <quote>Jeg tror jeg med rimelig sikkerhed kan sige at for " +"at kunne helbrede ham er alt vi behøver at gøre en enkel og let kirurgisk " +"operation – nemlig at fjerne disse irriterede organer [øjnene].</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " +"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " +"(You'll have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I " +"believe in free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.)" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Tak Gud for videnskaben!</quote> siger faren til doktoren. De " +"fortæller Nunez om dette krav som han mÃ¥ opfylde for at fÃ¥ sin brud. (Du " +"fÃ¥r læse originalen for at lære hvordan historie ender. Jeg tror pÃ¥ fri " +"kultur, men ikke pÃ¥ at afsløre hvordan en historie ender.)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " +"twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a <quote>chimera.</" +"quote> A chimera is a single creature with two sets of DNA. The DNA in the " +"blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the skin. This " +"possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. <quote>But the DNA " +"shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood was " +"at the scene. …</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det sker</emphasis> nogle gange at æggene til " +"tvillinger svejses sammen i morens livmor. Den sammensveisingen skaber en " +"<quote>kimære.</quote> En kimære er en skabning med to sæt med DNA. DNA-et " +"i blodet kan for eksempel være forskelligt fra DNA-et i huden. Denne " +"mulighed er en for lidt brugt handling i mordmysterier. <quote>Men DNA-et " +"viser med 100 procent sikkerhed at hendes blod ikke er det som var pÃ¥ " +"Ã¥stedet. …</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " +"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " +"the code of an individual. Yet in fact, not only can two individuals have " +"the same set of DNA (identical twins), but one person can have two different " +"sets of DNA (a chimera). Our understanding of a <quote>person</quote> should " +"reflect this reality." +msgstr "" +"Før jeg havde læst om kimærer, sÃ¥ villes jeg have sagt at det var umuligt. " +"En enkelt person kan ikke have to sæt med DNA. Selve idéen med DNA er at " +"det er koden til et individ. Alligevel er det jo faktisk sÃ¥dan at ikke bare " +"kan to individer have samme set med DNA (identiske tvillinger), men en " +"person kan have to forskellige set med DNA (en kimære). Vores forstÃ¥else af " +"en <quote>person</quote> bør genspejle denne virkelighed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " +"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " +"enough, <quote>the copyright wars,</quote> the more I think we're dealing " +"with a chimera. For example, in the battle over the question <quote>What is " +"p2p file sharing?</quote> both sides have it right, and both sides have it " +"wrong. One side says, <quote>File sharing is just like two kids taping each " +"others' records—the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty " +"years without any question at all.</quote> That's true, at least in part. " +"When I tell my best friend to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather " +"than just send the CD, I point him to my p2p server, that is, in all " +"relevant respects, just like what every executive in every recording company " +"no doubt did as a kid: sharing music." +msgstr "" +"Jo mere jeg arbejder for at forstÃ¥ den nuværende <quote>ophavsretkrigen</" +"quote> rundt ophavsret og kultur, som jeg bÃ¥de har kaldt uretfærdigt og ikke " +"uretfærdigt nok, jo mere tænker jeg at det er man kimære vi snakker om. For " +"eksempel i kampen om spørgsmÃ¥let <quote>Hvad er p2p-fildeling?</quote> har " +"begge sider ret, og begge sider tager fejl. En side siger, <quote>fildeling " +"er akkurat som om to unger tager op hinandens plader pÃ¥ bÃ¥nd – " +"akkurat sÃ¥dan vi har gjort det de sidste tredive Ã¥rene uden at nogle har " +"stilet spørgsmÃ¥l ved det i det hele taget.</quote> Det er rigtigt, i hvert " +"fald delvis. NÃ¥r jeg beder min bedste ven om at høre pÃ¥ en ny CD jeg har " +"købt, og i stedet for at bare sende CD-en, sÃ¥ viser jeg han til min p2p-" +"tjener, sÃ¥ er det pÃ¥ alle relevante mÃ¥der akkurat det samme som enhver leder " +"i ethvert pladeselskab uden tvivl gjorde som barn: deling af musik." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " +"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " +"friends can get access, but it stretches the meaning of <quote>friends</" +"quote> beyond recognition to say <quote>my ten thousand best friends</quote> " +"can get access. Whether or not sharing my music with my best friend is what " +"<quote>we have always been allowed to do,</quote> we have not always been " +"allowed to share music with <quote>our ten thousand best friends.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Men beskrivelsen er ogsÃ¥ delvis urigtig. For nÃ¥r min p2p-tjener er pÃ¥ et " +"p2p-netværk der hen enhver kan fÃ¥ tilgang til min musik, sÃ¥ kan helt klart " +"mine venner fÃ¥ tilgang, men det strækker betydningen af <quote>venner</" +"quote> forbi bristepunktet nÃ¥r man siger <quote>mine ti tusind bedste " +"venner</quote> kan fÃ¥ tilgang. Uanset om <quote>vi altid har haft lov til</" +"quote> at dele min musik med min bedste venner, sÃ¥ har vi ikke altid haft " +"lov til at dele musik med <quote>vores ti tusind bedste venner.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " +"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,</" +"quote> that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) " +"releases a new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free " +"copy to take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Tilsvarende, nÃ¥r den andre side siger, <quote>Fildeling er som at gÃ¥ ind hos " +"Tower Records at tage en CD fra hyllede og gÃ¥ ud af butikken med den,</" +"quote> sÃ¥ er det rigtigt, i hvert fald delvis. Hvis jeg, efter at Lyle " +"Lovett (endeligt) gear ud et nyt album, i stedet for at købe den gÃ¥r pÃ¥ " +"Kazaa og finder et gratis eksemplar jeg kan tage, sÃ¥ er det rigtigt ligeligt " +"det at stjæle et eksemplar fra Tower.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " +"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " +"Tower Records, I get a bit of plastic and a cover, and something to show on " +"my shelves. (And, while we're at it, we could also note that when I take a " +"CD from Tower Records, the maximum fine that might be imposed on me, under " +"California law, at least, is $1,000. According to the RIAA, by contrast, if " +"I download a ten-song CD, I'm liable for $1,500,000 in damages.)" +msgstr "" +"Men det er ikke helt som at stjæle fra Tower. Trods alt har Tower Record " +"en CD mindre de kan sælge nÃ¥r jeg tager en CD fra Tower. NÃ¥r jeg tager en " +"CD fra Tower Records, sÃ¥ fÃ¥r jeg en bidder plastic og et omslag, og noget at " +"vise frem pÃ¥ mine hylde. (Og nÃ¥r vi først er i gang , bør vi ogsÃ¥ tage med " +"at nÃ¥r jeg tager en CD fra Tower Records, sÃ¥ er den maksimale boden jeg kan " +"pÃ¥drage mig, i hvert fald ifølge loven i California, 1 000 dollar. I følge " +"RIAA kan jeg derimod, hvis jeg laster ned en CD med ti sange, blive " +"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for 1 500 000 dollar i erstatning.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " +"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " +"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we " +"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What " +"rules should govern it?" +msgstr "" +"Pointen er ikke at beskrivelsen fra begge sider er fejl. Pointen er at " +"begge sider har ret – bÃ¥de som RIAA beskriver det, og som Kazaa " +"beskriver det. Det er en kimære. Og i stedet for at ganske enkelt benægte " +"det den andre side hævder, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi begynde at tænke pÃ¥ hvordan vi kan svare " +"pÃ¥ dette kimære. Hvilke skrøner bør styre det?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" +msgstr "ISP-er (Internet-tilbydere), brugeridentiteter afsløret af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Berman, Howard L." +msgstr "Berman, Howard L." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " +"report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " +"at Harvard Law School, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " +"World,</quote> 27 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #33</ulink>. Reps. John Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. " +"Berman (D-Calif.) have introduced a bill that would treat unauthorized on-" +"line copying as a felony offense with punishments ranging as high as five " +"years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on " +"Piracy,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 July 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. " +"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent " +"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " +"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a " +"family computer, see <citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon " +"Internet Services (In re. Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. " +"Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could face liability ranging as high " +"as $90 million. Such astronomical figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful " +"arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 " +"to $17,500 for four students accused of heavy file sharing on university " +"networks must have seemed a mere pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA " +"could seek should the matter proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, " +"<quote>Downloading Could Lead to Fines,</quote> redandblack.com, August " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</" +"ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and " +"of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-sharer " +"identities, see James Collins, <quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to " +"Name Students,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, " +"D3, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</" +"ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For man udmærkede oppsummering, " +"se rapporten fortaget af GartnerG2 og Berkman Center for Internet and " +"Society at Harvard Law School, <quote>Copyright and Digital Medierne in a " +"Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt ved <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #33</ulink>. Repræsentanterne " +"John Conyers Jr. (demokrat i Michigan) og Howard L. (demokrat i California) " +"har introduceret et lovforslag som vil behandle uautorisert elektronisk " +"kopiering som en strafferettslig forbrydelse med op til fem Ã¥rs " +"fængselstraf; se Jon Healey <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stages on Piracy,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 . juli 2003, " +"tilgængeligt ved <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</" +"ulink>. Nu er erstatningskravet 150 000 dollar per kopierede sang. Det blev " +"lagt frem i en nylig (og mislykket) udfordring af et RIAA krav til en " +"internetleverandør om at afsløre identiteten til en bruge som var anklaget " +"for at have delt mere end 600 sange gennem familiens computer, se " +"<citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. " +"Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). En " +"sÃ¥dan bruger kan være ansvarligt/ansvarlig for erstatningskrav op til 90 " +"millioner dollar. SÃ¥danne astronomisk store værdier giver RIAA et kraftigt " +"arsenal til dens forfølgelse af fildelere. Fire studenter som er anklaget " +"for massiv fildeling ved universitetnetværk har forliget for mellem 12 000 " +"og 17 500 dollar, og dette mÃ¥ virke som man luselønn i forhold til de 98 " +"millioner dollar RIAA kunne have krævet dersom sagen blev afgjort ved " +"rettsak. Se Elizabeth Young, <quote>Downloading Could Lead to Fines,</quote> " +"redandblack.com, august 2003, tilgængeligt ved <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For et eksempel pÃ¥ RIAAs mÃ¥lretter " +"fildeling gjort af studenter, og stevningene de gav til universiteter for at " +"fÃ¥ dem til at afsløre identiteten til fildelende studenter, se James " +"Collins, <quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 . august 2003, D3, tilgængeligt ved " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>.<placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " +"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " +"could prosecute families for millions of dollars in damages just because " +"file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to " +"monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit " +"this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either " +"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Vi kunne svare ved at ganske enkelt lade som om det ikke er en kimære. Vi " +"kunne, sammen med RIAA, bestemme at hver eneste fildeling bør være en " +"forbrydelse. Vi kan straffeforfølge familier for millioner af dollar i " +"skade kun pÃ¥ baggrund af at fildelingen skete pÃ¥ en af familiens computere. " +"Og vi kan fÃ¥ universiteter til at overvÃ¥ge al datatrafik for at sikre at " +"ingen computer bliver brugt til at gennemføre denne forbrydelse. Disse svar " +"er mÃ¥ske ekstreme, men hver af dem har enten blevet foreslÃ¥et, eller er " +"allerede gennemført.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " +"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " +"copyright liability, either civil or criminal, for making copyrighted " +"content available on the Net. Make file sharing like gossip: regulated, if " +"at all, by social norms but not by law." +msgstr "" +"Alternativt kan vi svare pÃ¥ fildeling sÃ¥dan mange unger opfører sig som om " +"vi har svaret. Vi kan legalisere det fuldstændig. Fjern alt ansvar for " +"brud pÃ¥ ophavsreten, bÃ¥de civilt og strafferettslig, nÃ¥r man gør " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale tilgængeligt pÃ¥ nettet. Fodrer med fildeling " +"som sladder: reguleret af sociale normer i stedet for med lov, hvis det er " +"reguleret i det hele taget ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " +"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " +"recognizes the truth in both. And while I end this book with a sketch of a " +"system that does just that, my aim in the next chapter is to show just how " +"awful it would be for us to adopt the zero-tolerance extreme. I believe " +"<emphasis>either</emphasis> extreme would be worse than a reasonable " +"alternative. But I believe the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse " +"of the two extremes." +msgstr "" +"Begge svarene er mulige. Jeg tror hver af dem villes være en tabbe. I " +"stedet for at vælge en af disse to ekstremerne, sÃ¥ bør vi vælge noget som " +"gjenkjenner sandheden i begge. Og selv om jeg afslutter denne bog med en " +"skisse til et system som gør akkurat det, sÃ¥ er mit mÃ¥l med næste kapitel " +"at vise akkurat hvor grufullt det villes være for os om vi adopterer " +"nultolerance-ekstremet. Jeg tror <emphasis>begge</emphasis> ekstremerne vil " +"være ondere end et rimeligt alternativ. Men jeg tror nultolerance-løsningen " +"vil være den ondeste af de to ekstremerne." + +#. PAGE BREAK 190 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " +"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " +"occurring. The law and technology are being shifted to give content holders " +"a kind of control over our culture that they have never had before. And in " +"this extremism, many an opportunity for new innovation and new creativity " +"will be lost." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel er nultolerance i stadig større vores grad myndigheders politik. " +"Midt i dette kaos som Internet har skabt, finder et ekstraordinært " +"ejendomtyveri fra fællesskabet sted. Retten og teknologien ændres til at " +"give indholdindehaverne en type kontrol over vores kultur som de aldrig har " +"haft før. Og i denne ekstremitet vil mange muligheder for nye oppfinnelser " +"og ny kreativitet gÃ¥ tabt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " +"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " +"war will also kill. We have never seen the power to innovate spread so " +"broadly among our citizens, and we have just begun to see the innovation " +"that this power will unleash. Yet the Internet has already seen the passing " +"of one cycle of innovation around technologies to distribute content. The " +"law is responsible for this passing. As the vice president for global public " +"policy at one of these new innovators, eMusic.com, put it when criticizing " +"the DMCA's added protection for copyrighted material," +msgstr "" +"Jeg snakker ikke om muligheden for unger til at <quote>stjæle</quote> " +"musik. Min fokus er i stedet pÃ¥ den kommercielle og kulturelle " +"nyskabningen som denne krig ogsÃ¥ vil tage knækket pÃ¥. Vi har aldrig før " +"set muligheden til at skabe brede sig sÃ¥ bredt blandt vores borgere, og vi " +"har bare sÃ¥ vidt begyndt at se nyskabningen som denne mulighed vil frigøre. " +" Alligevel har Internet allerede set slutningen pÃ¥ en generation af " +"nyskabning rundt teknologier for at distribuere indhold. Lovværket er " +"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at den forsvandt. Som vicepræsidenten for global " +"offentlig politik hos en af disse nye oppfinnerne, eMusic.com, formulerede " +"det da han kritiserede hvordan DMCA lagde til værn for " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " +"and we want to protect those rights." +msgstr "" +"eMusic er imod piratkopiering af musik. Vi er en distributør af " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker at beskytte disse rettigheder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " +"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " +"necessarily the best. It is simply too early to answer that question. Market " +"forces operating naturally may very well produce a totally different " +"industry model." +msgstr "" +"Men at bygge en teknologisk fæstning som lÃ¥ser ind interesserne til de store " +"pladeselskaberne er ikke nødvendigvis den eneste mÃ¥den at beskytte " +"ophavsretinteresser, og heller ikke nødvendige den bedste. Det er ganske " +"enkelt for tidligt at svare pÃ¥ det spørgsmÃ¥let. Markedkræfter som opererer " +"frit kan godt give en helt anden industri model." + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " +"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " +"Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, House " +"Committee on Commerce, 106th Cong. 29 (1999) (statement of Peter Harter, " +"vice president, Global Public Policy and Standards, EMusic.com), available " +"in LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File." +msgstr "" +"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Lader: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " +"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Medierne: Hearing Before the " +"Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, House " +"Committee on Commerce, 106th Cong. 29 (1999) (udtalelse fra Peter Harter, " +"vicepræsident, Global Public Policy and Standards, EMusic.com), tilgængeligt " +"i LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " +"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " +"digital media and the manner in which digital media are distributed. This in " +"turn will directly influence the options that are available to consumers, " +"both in terms of the ease with which they will be able to access digital " +"media and the equipment that they will require to do so. Poor choices made " +"this early in the game will retard the growth of this market, hurting " +"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette er et kritisk pointe. Valgene som industrisektorer gør relateret til " +"disse systemer, vil pÃ¥ mange vis direkte forme markedet for digitale " +"medierne, og hvordan digitale medier bliver distribueret. Dette pÃ¥virker sÃ¥ " +" hvilke valg som er tilgængeligt for forbrukere, bÃ¥de nÃ¥r det gælder hvor " +"enkelt de vil være i stand til at fÃ¥ tilgang til digitale medier, og " +"udstyret som de vil kræve for at gøre dette. DÃ¥rlige valg som gøres tidligt " +"i dette spil, vil hæmme væksten i dette marked, og skade alles interesser." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Vivendi Universal" +msgstr "Vivendi Universal" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " +"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " +"changed. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I april 2001 blev eMusic.com købt op af Vivendi Universal, et af <quote>de " +"store pladeselskaberne.</quote> Selskabets holdning rundt disse temaer har " +"nu ændret sig. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " +"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " +"opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable." +msgstr "" +"Å nu reversere vores tolerante tradition vil ikke bare knuse " +"piratvirksomhed. Det vil ofre værdier som er vigtige for denne kultur, og " +"det vil dræbe muligheder som kan være stort værdifulde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Twelve: Harms" +msgstr "Kapitel tolv: Skader" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " +"protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a war. " +"Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought the government " +"into this war. As with any war, this one will have both direct and " +"collateral damage. As with any war of prohibition, these damages will be " +"suffered most by our own people." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Ved at bekæmpe</emphasis> <quote>piratvirksomhed</" +"quote> for at beskytte <quote>ejendom</quote> har indholdindustrien erklæret " +"krig. Lobbyvirksomhed og mange valgkampbidrag har nu afgÃ¥et myndighederne " +"ind i denne krig. Og som med enhver krig vil en bÃ¥de have direkte og " +"utilsigtet skadevirkning. Og som med enhver forbudkrig, er det mest vores " +"egen folk som lider under disse ødeleggelsene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " +"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " +"is to extend this description of consequences into an argument. Is this war " +"justified?" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ langt har mit mÃ¥l været at beskrive konsekvenserne af denne krig, og " +"specielt konsekvenserne for <quote>fri kultur.</quote> Men nu er mit mÃ¥l at " +"udvide denne beskrivelse af konsekvenserne til et argument. Er dette en " +"godt begrundet krig?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " +"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " +"the property called <quote>intellectual property</quote> is at its greatest " +"in our history." +msgstr "" +"Efter mit syner er den ikke det. Det er ingen god grund nu, for første " +"gang, at loven burde forsvare det gamle mod det nye, akkurat nÃ¥r magten til " +"ejendomretten som kaldes <quote>immateriell ejendom</quote> er større end " +"den nogensinde har været i vores historie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " +"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " +"claims of control in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical " +"rejection of <quote>piracy</quote> still has play." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel ser ikke <quote>sund fornuft</quote> det sÃ¥dan. Sund fornuft er " +"fortsat enig med Causbyene og indholdindustrien. Det ekstreme krav om " +"kontrol som fremmes pÃ¥ vegne af ejendomret, accepteres fortsat . " +"<quote>Piratvirksomhed</quote> afvises fortsat ukritisk." + +#. PAGE BREAK 193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " +"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " +"the third is unintended. I'm less sure about the first two. The first two " +"protect modern RCAs, but there is no Howard Armstrong in the wings to fight " +"today's monopolists of culture." +msgstr "" +"Det vil være mange konsekvenser ved at fortsætte denne krig. Jeg ønsker at " +"beskrive kun tre. Alle tre kan siges at være utilsigtet. Jeg er ganske " +"sikker pÃ¥ at den tredje er utilsigtet, men jeg er mindre sikker om de første " +"to. De første to beskytter de moderne RCA-ene, men det er ingen Howard " +"Armstrong pÃ¥ flankerne for at sloges mod dagens kulturmonopolister." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Constraining Creators" +msgstr "Læger/Lægge bÃ¥nd pÃ¥ skaberne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " +"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. " +"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the " +"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing " +"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are " +"different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on " +"Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about " +"the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to " +"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. " +"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a " +"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a " +"collage and make it available on the Net." +msgstr "" +"I de næste ti Ã¥rene vil vi se en eksplosion af digitale teknologier. Disse " +"teknologier vil gøre det muligt for næsten hvem som helst at lagre og dele " +"indhold. Å lagre og dele indhold er naturligvis det mennesker har gjort " +"siden historie begyndelse. Det er sÃ¥dan vi lærer og kommunikerer. Men " +"lagring og deling ved hjælp af digital teknologi er anderledes . " +"Gjengivelsen og styrken er forskellig. Du kunne sendt en e-post og fortalt " +"nogle om en vits du sÃ¥ pÃ¥ Comedy Central, eller du kan sende selve klippet. " +"Du kan skrive et indlæg om inkonsekvenser i argumenterne til en politiker " +"som du elsker at hade, eller du kan fortage en kort film som sætter " +"udtalelser mod hinanden. Du kan skrive et digt som udtrykker din kærlighed, " +"eller du kan væve sammen en trÃ¥d – en nettfletting – af sange " +"fra dine favoritartister i en slags fotomontage, og gøre den tilgængelig pÃ¥ " +"nettet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "digital sharing within" +msgstr "digital deling inden" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " +"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " +"in part it is something new. It is continuous with the Kodak, but it " +"explodes the boundaries of Kodak-like technologies. The technology of " +"digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> promises a world of " +"extraordinarily diverse creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. " +"And as that creativity is applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range " +"of citizens to use technology to express and criticize and contribute to the " +"culture all around." +msgstr "" +"Denne digitale erobring og deling</quote> er delvis en udvidelse af den " +"erobringen og delingen som altid har været en del af vores kultur, og delvis " +"noget som er nyt. Det er fortsettelsen af Kodaken, men det sprænger " +"grænserne for Kodak-lignende teknologier. Teknologien for digital " +"<quote>erobring og deling</quote> lover os en værdet med ekstraordinær " +"varieret kreativitet som kan blive enkelt og bredt delt. Og nÃ¥r denne " +"kreativitet anvendes pÃ¥ demokratiet, vil den gøre muligt for et bredt " +"spekter af borgere at bruge teknologien til at udtrykke og kritisere og " +"bidrage til kulturen over det hele." + +#. PAGE BREAK 194 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " +"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " +"from others. Think about an old man telling a story to a collection of " +"neighbors in a small town. Now imagine that same storytelling extended " +"across the globe." +msgstr "" +"Teknologien har dermed givet os en mulighed til at gøre noget med kultur " +"som bare har været muligt for enkeltpersoner i smÃ¥ grupper, isoleret fra " +"andre grupper. Forestill dig en gammel mand som fortæller en historie til en " +"samling med naboer i en lille landsby. Forestill dig sÃ¥ den samme historie " +"fortællingen udvidet til at nÃ¥ over hele værdet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " +"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " +"moment. Think about your favorite amazing sites on the Net. Web sites that " +"offer plot summaries from forgotten television shows; sites that catalog " +"cartoons from the 1960s; sites that mix images and sound to criticize " +"politicians or businesses; sites that gather newspaper articles on remote " +"topics of science or culture. There is a vast amount of creative work spread " +"across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this work is " +"presumptively illegal." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel er alt dette kun muligt hvis aktiviteten antages at være lovligt . " +"I dagens juridiske reguleringsregime er det ikke det. Lad os glemme " +"fildeling et øjeblik. Tænk pÃ¥ dine fantastiske favoritsteder pÃ¥ nettet. " +"Netsteder som tilbyder oppsummeringer af handlingen for glemte TV-serier, " +"steder som samler tegneserier fra 1960-tallet, steder som mikser billede og " +"lyde for at kritisere politikere eller bedrifter, steder som samler " +"avisartikler fra smale temaer om videnskab eller kultur. Det er store antal " +"kreative værker bredt rundt om pÃ¥ Internet. Men sÃ¥dan loven er sat sammen " +"i dag er dirre værkerne antaget at være ulovligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "WorldCom" +msgstr "WorldCom" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" +msgstr "lægers fejlbehandlinganklager mod" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " +"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " +"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. " +"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Lune W. Jette, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</" +"citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for " +"detaljer om dette forlig, se pressemelding fra MCI, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. " +"District Court Approval for SEC Koloni</quote> (7 . juli 2003), tilgængeligt " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "tort reform" +msgstr "erstatningretreform" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bush, George W." +msgstr "Bush, George W." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " +"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " +"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: <quote>We'll Be " +"Back,</quote> Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, " +"and <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</" +"ulink>. President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Lovforslaget, som var modelleret efter Californias erstatningretreform-" +"model, blev vedtaget i Repræsentanternes hus, men stoppet i Senatet i juli " +"2003 . For en oversigt, se Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalds in Senate: " +"<quote>We'll Bede Back,</quote> Say Tørret Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, " +"28 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #38</ulink>, og <quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> " +"CBSNews.com, 9 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. Præsident Bush har fortsat at " +"argumentere for erstatningretreform de sidste mÃ¥nederne. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " +"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " +"impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed and what's not, and at the " +"same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The " +"four students who were threatened by the RIAA (Jesse Jordan of chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"catalogs\"/> was just one) were " +"threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that " +"permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which defrauded investors " +"of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization of " +"over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere $750 million.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed in Congress " +"right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation " +"would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and suffering." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense recognize the " +"absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading two songs off " +"the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently butchering a " +"patient?" +msgstr "" +"Denne antagelsen vil i stadigt større grad køle ned kreativiteten, " +"efterhÃ¥nden som eksemplerne pÃ¥ ekstreme straffe for vage ophavsretbrud " +"fortsætter at brede sig. Det er umuligt at fÃ¥ en klar forstÃ¥else for hvad " +"som er tilladt og hvad som ikke er det, og samtidig er straffene for at " +"krydse linjen forbløffende hÃ¥rde. De fire studenterne som blev truet af " +"RIAA (Jesse Jordan i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"catalogs\"/> er bare en af dem), blev truet med et 98-milliarder " +"dollar-søgsmÃ¥l for at dagsværk søkemotorer som tillod sange at blive " +"kopieret. Mens World-Com – som svindlede investorer for 11 milliarder " +"dollar, og førte til et tab hos investorer i markedkapital pÃ¥ over 200 " +"milliarder dollar – førte til en bod som kun var pÃ¥ 750 millioner " +"dollar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i henhold til lovgiving " +"som fremmes i Kongressen akkurat nu, kan en læge som skjødesløst fjerner " +"forkert fødder i en operation villes risikere ikke mere end 250 000 dollar " +"i skadeerstatning for smerte og lidelse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Kan sund fornuft kende igen det absurde i en værdet der hen den " +"maksimale boden for at laste ned to sange fra Internet er højere end boden " +"til en læge som skjødesløst slagter en patient?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "art, underground" +msgstr "kunst, undergrunds" + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the " +"exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</" +"ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Bede Free,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversigt over " +"udstillingen, se <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " +"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " +"be exercised, or never be exercised in the open. We drive this creative " +"process underground by branding the modern-day Walt Disneys <quote>pirates.</" +"quote> We make it impossible for businesses to rely upon a public domain, " +"because the boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It " +"never pays to do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only " +"those who can pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet " +"Union, though for very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of " +"underground art—not because the message is necessarily political, or " +"because the subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating " +"the art is legally fraught. Already, exhibits of <quote>illegal art</quote> " +"tour the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what " +"does their <quote>illegality</quote> consist? In the act of mixing the " +"culture around us with an expression that is critical or reflective." +msgstr "" +"Konsekvensen af denne juridiske usikkerheten, sammen med disse ekstremt høje " +"straffene, er at en ekstraordinær mængde kreativitet aldrig vil gennemføres, " +"eller aldrig vil gennemføres Ã¥pnelyst. Vi tvinger denne kreative proces " +"under markerne ved at hævde at de moderne Walt Disney-ene er <quote>pirater." +"</quote> Vi gør det umuligt for bedrifter at basere sig pÃ¥ et allemannseie " +"pÃ¥ grund af at grænserne for allemannseiet er fortaget for at være uklare. " +"Det betaler sig aldrig at gøre noget andet end at betale for retten til at " +"skabe, og dermed vil kun de som kan betale fÃ¥ lov til at skabe. SÃ¥dan det " +"var tilfælde i Sovjetunionen, dog af helt andre Ã¥rsager, sÃ¥ vil vi begynde " +"at se en værdet af undergrundkunst – ikke fordi budskabet nødvendigvis " +"er politisk, eller fordi temaet er kontroversielt, men pÃ¥ grund af at selve " +"det at skabe denne kunst er juridisk skummelt. Udstillinger med " +"<quote>ulovlig kunst</quote> har allerede været pÃ¥ turné i USA.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvad bestÃ¥r deres <quote>ulovlighet</quote> i? " +"I det at mikse kulturen rundt os med et udtryk som er kritisk eller " +"eftertænksomt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +msgstr "" +"En del af Ã¥rsagen til denne frygt for ulovligheter har at gøre med ændringer " +"i lovværket. Jeg beskrev ændringen i detalje i kapitel <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. Men man endnu " +"større del har at gøre med hvordan det bliver stadig enklere at spore op " +"ophavsretbrud. SÃ¥dan brugerne af fildelingssystemer opdagede i 2002, er det " +"en triviell sag for ophavsretejere at fÃ¥ domstolene til at beordre Internet-" +"leverandører til at afsløre hvem som har hvilket indhold. Det er som om din " +"kassettebÃ¥ndspiller sender en liste med sange du har spillet i privatsfæren " +"i dit eget hjem som enhver kan lytte pÃ¥ efter eget forgodtbefinnende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " +"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " +"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. " +"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of " +"creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in " +"purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't " +"worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, " +"monopolized market in cultural icons; the right to cultivate and transform " +"them is not similarly free." +msgstr "" +"Aldrig før i vores historie har en skabeloner behøvet at bekymre sig om hans " +"maleri skælder nogle andres værk. Men en moderne maler, som bruger " +"værktøjerne til Photoshop og deler indholdet pÃ¥ nettet, mÃ¥ bekymre sig for " +"dette hele tiden. Billeder er over alt, men de eneste trygge billederne at " +"bruge i skapelsesprosessen er de som er købt fra Corbis eller en anden af " +"billedebutikkerne. Og i denne køb processen sker det sensurering. Det er " +"et frit marked for blyanter. Vi behøver ikke bekymre os for dets effekt pÃ¥ " +"kreativiteten. Men det er et strengt reguleret og monopoliseret marked for " +"kulturelle ikoner, retten til at kultivere og ændre pÃ¥ dem er ikke " +"tilsvarende frit." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +msgstr "" +"Advokater ser sjælden dette pÃ¥ grund af at advokater sjældent er empiriske. " +" Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"recorders\"/>, som respons pÃ¥ historie om dokumentarfilmskaber Jon " +"Else, har jeg blevet belært gang pÃ¥ gang af advokater som insisterer pÃ¥ at " +"Else brug var rimeligt brug, og at jeg derfor tog fejl nÃ¥r jeg sagde at " +"loven regulerer sÃ¥dan brug." + +#. PAGE BREAK 196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " +"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " +"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically " +"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too " +"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice " +"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. " +"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself " +"on the rule of law." +msgstr "" +"Men rimeligt brug i USA betyder bare at man har ret til at hyre ind en " +"advokat til at forsvare din ret til at skabe. Og som advokater kanlide at " +"glemme er vores system for at forsvare æns ret utroligt dÃ¥rligt – i " +"nær sagt enhver sammenhæng, men specielt her. Det koster for meget, det " +"leverer for trægt, og det som bliver leveret har ofte lille tilknytning " +"til retfærdigheden i det underliggende kravet. Retsystemet er mÃ¥ske " +"tolererbart for de rigtigt rige. Men for alle andre er det pinligt for en " +"tradition som ellers kanlide at være stolt af retsikkerheden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " +"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " +"the law should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal " +"system has become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that " +"publishers impose upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon " +"filmmakers, the rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these " +"are the real laws governing creativity. And these rules have little " +"relationship to the <quote>law</quote> with which judges comfort themselves." +msgstr "" +"Dommere og advokater kan fortælle hinanden at rimeligt brug giver " +"tilstrækkeligt <quote>pusterum</quote> mellem lovregulering og tilgangen som " +"loven bør tillade. Men det viser hvor fjernt vores juridiske systemer har " +"blevet at nogle faktisk kan tro dette. Skrønerne som utgivere pÃ¥lægger " +"forfattere, skrønerne som filmdistributører pÃ¥lægger filmskabere, skrønerne " +"som aviser pÃ¥lægger journalister – dette er de virkelige lovene som " +"styrer kreativitet. Og disse skrøner har lille til fælles med <quote>loven</" +"quote> som dommerne trøster hinanden med." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " +"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " +"against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the " +"wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend " +"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations " +"that pass under the name <quote>copyright</quote> silence speech and " +"creativity. And in that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to " +"continue to believe they live in a culture that is free." +msgstr "" +"For i en værdet som truer med 150 000 dollar i erstatningskrav for et enkelt " +"bevidst ophavsretbrud, og som kræver titusener af dollar bare for at " +"forsvare sig mod en pÃ¥stand om at have brudt ophavsreten, og som aldrig vil " +"give dem som er feilaktig anklaget tilbage nogle af de omkostningerne hun " +"blev pÃ¥ført for at forsvare sin ret til at udtale sig – i den værdet, " +"knebler de utroligt vidtrækkende reguleringene som gÃ¥r under navnet " +"<quote>ophavsret</quote> bÃ¥de tale og kreativitet. Og i den værdet kræves " +"det en utstudert blindhet for at nogle fortsat skal tro at de lever i en fri " +"kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," +msgstr "" +"Som Jed Horovitz, forretningsmanden som stÃ¥r bag Video Pipeline sagde til " +"mig:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 197 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " +"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " +"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " +"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it " +"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " +"lawyer saying, <quote>This has been cleared.</quote> You're not even going " +"to get it on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which " +"they control it." +msgstr "" +"Vi mister [kreative] muligheder over alt. Kreative folk bliver tvunget til " +"at ikke udtrykke sig. Mange tanke kommer aldrig ned pÃ¥ papiret. Og mens en " +"masse ting mÃ¥ske [fortsat] bliver skabt, sÃ¥ bliver de ikke distribueret. " +"Selv om tingene bliver fortaget … sÃ¥ fÃ¥r du ikke distribueret det i " +"de traditionelle medierne med mindre du har en lille lap fra en advokat som " +"siger <quote>dette er blevet klareret.</quote> Du klarer ikke en gang at fÃ¥ " +"det pÃ¥ PBS uden sÃ¥dan tilladelse. Det er pointen med den type kontrol de har." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Constraining Innovators" +msgstr "Læger/Lægge bÃ¥nd pÃ¥ oppfinnere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "innovation hampered by" +msgstr "nyskabning hæmmede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "industry establishment opposed to" +msgstr "etableret industri mod" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " +"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " +"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough " +"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And " +"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you." +msgstr "" +"Historie i den sidste delen var en knasende venstreorientert historie " +"– knust kreativitet, kunstnere fÃ¥r ikke udtrykke sig, bladre bladre " +"bladre. MÃ¥ske sÃ¥dant ikke overbeviser dig. MÃ¥ske du mener det findes nok " +"sær kunst der ude, og nok udtryk som er kritiske til omtrent hvad som helst. " +" Og hvis du tænker sÃ¥dan , sÃ¥ mener du mÃ¥ske at det er lille i den historie " +"du behøver at bekymre dig for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " +"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " +"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" linkend=\"innovators\"/> pages into a " +"book like this), then you can see this other aspect by substituting " +"<quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of <quote>free culture.</" +"quote> The point is the same, even if the interests affecting culture are " +"more fundamental." +msgstr "" +"Men det er et aspekt ved denne historie som overhovedet ikke er venstrevridd " +"i det hele taget. Faktisk er det et aspekt som kunne været skrevet af den " +"mest ekstreme ideologiske markedsforkjemper. Hvis du er en af disse (og en " +"vældig speciel en, <xref xrefstyle=\"select: pagenumber\" " +"linkend=\"innovators\"/> sider ind i en bog som denne), sÃ¥ kan du se dette " +"aspekt ved at bytte ind <quote>frit marked</quote> hver gang jeg har snakket " +"om <quote>fri kultur.</quote> Pointen er det samme, selv om interesserne som " +"pÃ¥virker kultur er mere fundamentale." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " +"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " +"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we " +"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, " +"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of " +"copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that " +"just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation " +"is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which " +"regulation simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect " +"themselves against the competitors of tomorrow." +msgstr "" +"Argumenterne jeg har fremmet om regulering af kulturen er de samme som " +"forkjempere af frie markeder fremmer om markedsregulering. Alle er enige om " +"at en vis regulering af markederne er nødvendigt – som et minimum " +"behøver vi skrøner om ejendom og kontrakter, og domstole til at hÃ¥ndhæve " +"begge deler. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de i denne kulturdebat er alle enige om at det " +"trænges i hvert fald et vist ophavsretrammeværk. Men begge perspektiverne " +"insisterer heftigt pÃ¥ at selv om noget regulering er godt, sÃ¥ gør ikke det " +"at mere regulering er bedre. Og begge perspektiverne er konstant opmærksom " +"pÃ¥ hvordan regulering ganske enkelt gør det muligt for dagens mægtige " +"industrier at beskytte sig selv mod morgendagens konkurrenter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Barry, Hank" +msgstr "Barry, Hank" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "venture capitalists" +msgstr "venturekapitalister" + +#. PAGE BREAK 198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " +"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied " +"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to " +"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off " +"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught " +"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture " +"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry " +"calls a <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley—" +"has been learned." +msgstr "" +"Dette er den ene mest dramatiske effekten fra skiftet i regelsætstrategi som " +"jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>. Konsekvensen af denne massive truslen om " +"erstatningsansvar knyttede til de skumle grænserne til opphavsrettsloven er " +"at oppfinnere som ønsker at skabe noget nyt inden dette betænket, kun trygt " +"kan fortage noget nyt hvis de har accept fra sidste generations dominerende " +"industrier. Den lektionen har blevet lært væk gennem en serie med sager som " +"blev udformet og udført for at lære venturekapitalister man opremse. Leksen " +"– som tidligere Napster-CEO Hank Barry kalder man <quote>kjernefysisk " +"skygge</quote> som har bredt sig over Silicon Vally – har blevet lært." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " +"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted." +msgstr "" +"Her er et eksempel for at demonstrere dette pointe, en historie jeg fortalte " +"starten af i <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, og som har udviklet " +"sig pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som selv ikke jeg (en ekstraordinær pessimist) kunne have " +"spÃ¥et." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "MP3.com" +msgstr "MP3 .com" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "my.mp3.com" +msgstr "my.mp3 .com" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Roberts, Michael" +msgstr "Roberts, Michael" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " +"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " +"ways to get access to content. Their goal was also to facilitate new ways to " +"create content. Unlike the major labels, MP3.com offered creators a venue to " +"distribute their creativity, without demanding an exclusive engagement from " +"the creators." +msgstr "" +"I 1997 etablerede Michael Roberts et selskab ved navn MP3 .com. MP3 .com var " +"ude efter at ændre musikbranchen. deres MÃ¥l var ikke bare at bidrage til " +"nye mÃ¥der at fÃ¥ tilgang til indhold. MÃ¥let var ogsÃ¥ at bidrage til nye " +"mÃ¥der at skabe indhold. Til forskel fra de store pladeselskaberne tilbød " +"MP3 .com ophavpersonerne en arena for at distribuere sin kreativitet, uden " +"at kræve et eksklusivt engagement fra ophavpersonerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "preference data on" +msgstr "præference data pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " +"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " +"leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new " +"artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And " +"so on." +msgstr "" +"Men for at fÃ¥ dette system til at virke, behøvede MP3 .com en pÃ¥lidelig mÃ¥de " +"at anbefale musik til sine brugere. Idéen bag dette alternativ var at " +"udnytte musiklytterne eksponerede musikvalg for at anbefale nye artister. " +"Hvis du kanlide Lyle Lovett, sÃ¥ vil du sikkert nyde Bonnie Raitt. Og sÃ¥ " +"videre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3." +"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " +"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. " +"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and " +"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and " +"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted " +"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—" +"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The " +"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox." +msgstr "" +"Denne idéen krævede en enkel mÃ¥de at samle ind data om hvad brugerne " +"foretrekker. MP3 .com kom op med man vældig snedig mÃ¥de at samle ind data " +"om hvad brugerne foretrakk. Januar 2000 lancerede selskabet tjenesten my." +"mp3 .com. Ved at bruge software fra MP3 .com loggede brugeren ind pÃ¥ en " +"konto, og satte sÃ¥ en CD ind i sin computer. Programvaren villes kende igen " +" CD-en, og sÃ¥ give brugeren tilgang til det indholdet. Dermed kunne du, " +"hvis du f.eks. satte ind en CD af Jill Sobule, fÃ¥ tilgang til den musikken " +"uanset hvor du var – pÃ¥ job eller hjemme – sÃ¥ snart du havde " +"logget ind pÃ¥ konto. Systemet var dermed et slags lÃ¥sbart musikskrin." + +#. PAGE BREAK 199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " +"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " +"service was to give users access to their own content, and as a by-product, " +"by seeing the content they already owned, to discover the kind of content " +"the users liked." +msgstr "" +"Det er ingen tvivl om at nogle kunne bruge dette system til at kopiere " +"ulovligt indhold. Men den muligheden eksisterede bÃ¥de før og efter MP3 ." +"com. MÃ¥let med my.mp3 .com-tjenesten var at give brugere tilgang til sit " +"eget indhold, og som et biprodukt af at se hvad slags indhold brugerne " +"allerede ejede, opdage hvad slags indhold brugerne kunnelide." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " +"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " +"but that would have taken a great deal of time, and would have produced a " +"product of questionable quality.) It therefore purchased 50,000 CDs from a " +"store, and started the process of making copies of those CDs. Again, it " +"would not serve the content from those copies to anyone except those who " +"authenticated that they had a copy of the CD they wanted to access. So while " +"this was 50,000 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers " +"something they had already bought." +msgstr "" +"Men for at fÃ¥ dette system til at fungere, mÃ¥tte MP3 .com kopiere 50 000 CD-" +"er til en tjener. (I princippet kunne det været brugerne som lastede op " +"musikken, men det villes taget vældig meget tid, og det villes gjort at " +"produktet havde tvilsom kvalitet.) Det købte derfor 50 000 CD-er fra en " +"butik, og gik i gang med at kopiere disse CD-ene. Og nok en gang, " +"selskabet villes ikke give ud indholdet fra disse kopier til nogle andre " +"end de som kunne bekræfte at de allerede havde et eksemplar af CD-en de " +"ønsket tilgang til. SÃ¥ selv om dette var 50 000 kopier, sÃ¥ var det 50 000 " +"kopier som blev tilbudt for at give kunder noget de allerede havde købt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "distribution technology targeted in" +msgstr "distributionteknologi mÃ¥l for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "outsize penalties of" +msgstr "øgede straffe ved" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " +"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " +"the five. Nine months later, a federal judge found MP3.com to have been " +"guilty of willful infringement with respect to the fifth. Applying the law " +"as it is, the judge imposed a fine against MP3.com of $118 million. MP3.com " +"then settled with the remaining plaintiff, Vivendi Universal, paying over " +"$54 million. Vivendi purchased MP3.com just about a year later." +msgstr "" +"Ni dage efter at MP3 .com lancerede sin tjeneste, anlagde de fem store " +"pladeselskaberne, under ledelse af RIAA, sag mod MP3 .com. MP3 .com indgik " +"forlig med fire af de fem. Ni mÃ¥neder senere afgjorde en føderal domme at " +"MP3 .com havde været skyldigt/skyldig i, med hensigt, at have brudt " +"ophavsreten nÃ¥r det galdt det femte. Ved at anvende loven sÃ¥dan den er " +"udformet nÃ¥, ilagde dommeren MP3 .com en bod pÃ¥ 118 millioner dollar. MP3 ." +"com indgik sÃ¥ et forlig med den gjenstÃ¥ende sagsøger, Vivendi Universal, og " +"betalte mere end 54 millioner dollar. Vivendi købte MP3 .com omtrent et Ã¥r " +"senere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." +msgstr "Den delen af historie har jeg fortalt før. Nu kommer konklusionen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " +"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " +"good faith claim that the service they wanted to offer would be considered " +"legal under copyright law. This lawsuit alleged that it should have been " +"obvious that the courts would find this behavior illegal; therefore, this " +"lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had dared to suggest that the law " +"was less restrictive than the labels demanded." +msgstr "" +"Efter at Vivendi købte MP3 .com, skruede Vivendi sig rundt og sagsøgte, for " +"pliktforsømmelse, de advokaterne som havde givet rÃ¥d om at selskabet i god " +"tro kunne hævde at tjenesten selskabet ønskede at tilbyde, villes blive " +"anset som lovligt i henhold til ophavsreten. I dette søgsmÃ¥l blev det " +"hævdet at det burde have været Ã¥benbaret at domstolene villes anse denne " +"opførsel for ulovligt. Dermed forsøgte man med dette søgsmÃ¥l at straffe " +"enhver advokat som vÃ¥gede at foreslÃ¥ at loven var mindre restriktiv en " +"pladeselskaberne krævede." + +#. PAGE BREAK 200 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " +"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " +"send an unequivocal message to lawyers advising clients in this space: It is " +"not just your clients who might suffer if the content industry directs its " +"guns against them. It is also you. So those of you who believe the law " +"should be less restrictive should realize that such a view of the law will " +"cost you and your firm dearly." +msgstr "" +"Den Ã¥benbare hensigten med dette søgsmÃ¥l (som blev afsluttet med et forlig " +"for et uspesifisert beløb lige sÃ¥ efter at sagen ikke længere fik " +"pressedækning), var at sende en melding, som ikke kan misforstÃ¥s, til " +"advokater som giver rÃ¥d til klienter pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥de: Det er ikke bare dine " +"klienter som fÃ¥r lide hvis indholdindustrien retter sine vÃ¥ben mod dem. Det " +"fÃ¥r ogsÃ¥ du. SÃ¥ de af jer som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv, bør " +"indse at et sÃ¥dant syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste dig og dit firma dyrt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "BMW" +msgstr "BMW" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" +msgstr "biler, MP3-lydsystem i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hummer, John" +msgstr "Hummer, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hummer Winblad" +msgstr "Hummer Winblad" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "MP3 players" +msgstr "MP3-spillere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "venture capital for" +msgstr "venturekapital for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Needleman, Rafe" +msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " +"argument about the effects on innovation in the distribution of music, see " +"Janelle Brown, <quote>The Music Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,</quote> " +"Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, <quote>Online Music " +"Services Besieged,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 28 May " +"2001." +msgstr "" +"Se Joseph Mænd, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 . april 2003 . For et " +"parallelt argument om effekten pÃ¥ nyskabning i distributionen af musik, se " +"Janelle Brown, <quote>The Music Revolution Will Not Bede Digitized,</quote> " +"Salon.com, 1 . juni 2001, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Jon Healey, <quote>Online Music " +"Services Besieged,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 28 . " +"maj 2001 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " +"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " +"(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " +"cofounder (John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have " +"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry " +"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company " +"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the " +"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company " +"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just " +"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you " +"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " +"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " +"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" +msgstr "" +"Denne strategi er ikke begrænset kun til advokater. I april 2003 leverede " +"Universal og EMI ind et søgsmÃ¥l mod Hummer Winblad, venturekapitalfirmaet " +"(VC) som havde finansieret Napster pÃ¥ et bestemt skridt i dets udvikling; " +"dets medstifter (John Hummer) og dets generelle partner (Hank Berry)." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥standen her var ogsÃ¥ VC-man " +"burde have forstÃ¥et at indholdindustrien havde ret til at kontrollere " +"hvordan industrien burde udvikle sig. De burde holdes personligt ansvarligt/" +"ansvarlig for at have finansieret et selskab hvis forretningsmodell viste " +"sig at være udenfor loven. Igen er formÃ¥let med søgsmÃ¥let gjennomsiktig. " +"Enhver VC forstÃ¥r nu at hvis du finansierer et selskab med en " +"forretningsplan som ikke bliver godkendt af dinosaurerne, sÃ¥ tager du ikke " +"bare risikoen i markedet, men køber ogsÃ¥ et søgsmÃ¥l. SÃ¥ ekstremt har " +"miljøet blevet at selv bilprodusenter er bange for teknologi som berører " +"indhold. I en artikel i <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle> beskriver Rafe " +"Needleman en diskussion med BMW:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. " +"Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 . juni 2003, tilgængeligt via <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er taknemmelig " +"til Dr. Mohammad Avl-Ubaydli for dette eksempel. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " +"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " +"had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " +"but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " +"with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg spurgte hvorfor det ikke fandtes, med al lagrings- og " +"beregningskapasitet som findes i bilen, en mÃ¥de at spille af MP3-filer. Jeg " +"blev fortalt at BMW-ingeniører i Tyskland havde sat op et nyt køretøj til at " +"spille MP3-er via bilens indbyggede musikanlæg, men at selskabets afdelinger " +"for markedføring og juice ikke var komfortable med at lancere dette over " +"hele landet. Selv i dag er det ingen nye biler solgt i USA med en " +"fungerende MP3-spiller. … <placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " +"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " +"that the law empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that " +"will obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to " +"start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly " +"threatened by litigation." +msgstr "" +"Dette er værdet til mafiaen – befolket med <quote>penge eller livet</" +"quote>-trusler, som ikke er reguleret af domstolene, men af trusler som " +"loven giver rettighedindehaver mulighed til at komme med . Det er et system " +"som Ã¥benbaret og nødvendigvis vil kvæle ny innovation. Det er vanskeligt nok " +"at starte et selskab. Det bliver helt umuligt hvis selskabet er stadig " +"truet af søgsmÃ¥l." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "transaction cost of" +msgstr "transaksjonskonstnader fra" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "legal murkiness on" +msgstr "juridisk uklarhet fra" + +#. PAGE BREAK 201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " +"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " +"is a mess of uncertainty. We have no good way to know how it should apply to " +"new technologies. Yet by reversing our tradition of judicial deference, and " +"by embracing the astonishingly high penalties that copyright law imposes, " +"that uncertainty now yields a reality which is far more conservative than is " +"right. If the law imposed the death penalty for parking tickets, we'd not " +"only have fewer parking tickets, we'd also have much less driving. The same " +"principle applies to innovation. If innovation is constantly checked by this " +"uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation " +"and much less creativity." +msgstr "" +"Pointen er ikke at virksomheder skal have lov til at starte ulovlig " +"aktivitet. Pointen er definitionen af <quote>ulovligt.</quote> Loven er et " +"kaos af usikkerheter. Vi har ingen god mÃ¥de at vide hvordan den bør " +"anvendes pÃ¥ nye teknologier. Og alligevel, ved at reversere vores tradition " +"for juridisk hensynsfullhet, og omfavne det forbløffende høje strafniveauet " +"som pÃ¥lægges af ophavsreten, giver denne usikkerheten nu en virkelighed som " +"er meget mere konservativ end det som er rimeligt. Hvis loven pÃ¥lagde " +"dødsstraff for at parkere ulovligt, sÃ¥ villes vi ikke bare have færre " +"ulovlige parkeringer, vi villes ogsÃ¥ have meget mindre kørsel. Det samme " +"princip gælder for nyskabning. Hvis nyskabning stadig kontrolleres af dette " +"usikre og ubegrænsede erstatningsansvaret, sÃ¥ vil vi have meget mindre " +"levende nyskabning, og meget mindre kreativitet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " +"Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in " +"both contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will " +"systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some " +"industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity " +"generally. Free market and free culture depend upon vibrant competition. " +"Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this kind of competition. " +"The effect is to produce an overregulated culture, just as the effect of too " +"much control in the market is to produce an overregulated-regulated market." +msgstr "" +"Pointen er en direkte parallel til det knasende venstrevridde pointen om " +"rimelig brug. Uanset hvor <quote>reel</quote> loven er, sÃ¥ er realisme om " +"effekten af lovværket i begge sammenhænge tilsvarende. Dette vildt " +"straffende reguleringssystemet vil systematisk kvæle kreativitet og " +"nyskabning. Det vil beskytte nogle industrier og nogle skabere, mens det " +"vil skade industri og kreativitet generelt. Frit marked og fri kultur er " +"afhængigt af pulserende konkurrence. Alligevel er effekten af lovværket i " +"dag at kvæle akkurat denne type konkurrence. Effekten er at fortage en " +"overreguleret kultur, akkurat som effekten af for meget kontrol i markedet " +"er at fortage et overreguleret reguleret marked." + +#. PAGE BREAK 202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " +"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " +"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in " +"which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not " +"antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly " +"not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And " +"leaders in our profession have lost an appreciation of the high costs that " +"our profession imposes upon others. The inefficiency of the law is an " +"embarrassment to our tradition. And while I believe our profession should " +"therefore do everything it can to make the law more efficient, it should at " +"least do everything it can to limit the reach of the law where the law is " +"not doing any good. The transaction costs buried within a permission culture " +"are enough to bury a wide range of creativity. Someone needs to do a lot of " +"justifying to justify that result." +msgstr "" +"Oppbyggingen af en tilladelsekultur, i stedet for en fri kultur, er den " +"første vigtige mÃ¥den der hen ændringerne jeg har beskrevet vil belaste " +"nyskabning. En tilladelsekultur betyder en kultur med advokater – en " +"kultur der hen evnen til at skabe kræver en samtale med din advokat. Igen, " +"jeg er ikke mod advokater, i hvert fald nÃ¥r de holdes sig der de hører " +"hjemme . Og jeg er absolut ikke mod lovværket. Men vores profession har " +"tabt forstÃ¥else af dens begrænsning. og lederne i vores profession har " +"mistet forstÃ¥elsen for den høje vores omkostning profession pÃ¥fører andre. " +"Ineffektiviteten i vores retsystem stiller vores tradition i forlegenhet. " +"Og mens jeg tror at vores profession derfor burde gøre alt de kan for at " +"gøre retsystemet mere effektivt, bør den ogsÃ¥ i hvert fald gøre alt den kan " +"for at begrænse rækkevidden til lovværket der hen lovværket ikke gør noget " +"godt. Transaktionomkostningerne begravet i en tilladelsekultur er nok til " +"at begrave et bredt spekter af kreativitet. Nogle behøver meget " +"rettferdiggjøring for at begrunde det resultatet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " +"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " +"the effort by many in the content industry to use the law to directly " +"regulate the technology of the Internet so that it better protects their " +"content." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Usikkerheten</emphasis> i rettilstanden er en af " +"byrderne som lægges pÃ¥ nyskabningen. Det er en anden byrde som virker mere " +"direkte. Dette er effekten fra mange i indholdindustrien som bruger loven " +"til at direkte regulere teknologien pÃ¥ Internet sÃ¥dan at den beskytter deres " +"indhold bedre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " +"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " +"design. But from the perspective of the content industry, this feature is a " +"<quote>bug.</quote> The efficient spread of content means that content " +"distributors have a harder time controlling the distribution of content. " +"One obvious response to this efficiency is thus to make the Internet less " +"efficient. If the Internet enables <quote>piracy,</quote> then, this " +"response says, we should break the kneecaps of the Internet." +msgstr "" +"Motivationen for denne respons er Ã¥penbar. Internet gør det muligt at " +"effektivt brede indhold. Den effektiviteten er en egenskab med Internets " +"udformning. Men fra perspektivet til indholdindustrien er denne egenskab en " +"<quote>fejl.</quote> Den effektive spredningen af indhold betyder at " +"indholddistributører fÃ¥r det vanskeligt med at kontrollere distributionen af " +"indhold. En Ã¥penbar respons til denne effektivitet er at gøre Internet " +"mindre effektivt. Hvis Internet gør det muligt at drive med " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed,</quote> sÃ¥ siger denne respons at vi bør knække " +"kneskÃ¥lene pÃ¥ Internet." + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " +"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " +"School (2003), 33–35, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #44</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Copyright and Digital Medierne in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " +"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " +"School (2003), 33–35, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." + +#. f7. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." +msgstr "GartnerG2, 26–27 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " +"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " +"require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected " +"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore " +"a mandatory <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would be required on any " +"device capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that " +"would disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast " +"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers " +"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down " +"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er mange eksempler pÃ¥ denne type lovgiving. PÃ¥ opfordring fra " +"indholdindustrien har nogle i Kongressen truet med lovgiving som villes " +"kræve at computere skulle afgøre om indhold de havde tilgang til var " +"beskyttet eller ikke, og slÃ¥ af muligheden for at brede beskyttet indhold." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Kongressen har allerede lanceret " +"forslag om at udforske et pÃ¥krevd <quote>kringkastingsflagg</quote> som " +"villes være pÃ¥krevd pÃ¥ enhver enhed som kan sende digital video (med andre " +"ord, en computer), og som villes hindre kopiering af ethvert indhold som er " +"mærket med kringkastingsflagget. Andre medlemmer af Kongressen har " +"foreslÃ¥et immunitet til indholdleverandører fra erstatning for teknologi som " +"de kan tage i brug for at spore op de som bryder opphavsrettsen, og koble " +"ud deres computere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " +"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " +"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. " +"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will " +"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ en mÃ¥de virker disse løsninger fornuftige. Hvis problemet er koden, " +"hvorfor ikke regulere koden for at fjerne problemet. Men enhver regulering " +"af teknisk infrastruktur vil altid være stilet ind mod dagens aktuelle " +"teknologi. Den vil pÃ¥føre teknologien betydelige byrder og omkostninger, " +"men vil mest sandsynligt blive overskygget af fremskridt nÃ¥r det gælder " +"akkurat disse krav." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "Intel" + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " +"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." +msgstr "" +"Se David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " +"Newsbytes, februar 2002 (Entertainment)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " +"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not " +"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection " +"should not do more harm than good." +msgstr "" +"I marts 2002 forsøgte en bred koalition af teknologibedrifter, ledte af " +"Intel, at fÃ¥ Kongressen til at se skaden sÃ¥dan lovgiving villes føre til ." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> deres Argument var selvsagt ikke " +"at ophavsret ikke skulle blive beskyttet. I stedet argumenterede de med at " +"en beskyttelse ikke mÃ¥tte gøre mere skade end gavn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " +"this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " +"familiar to the free market crowd." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er en</emphasis> mere Ã¥penbar mÃ¥de som denne " +"krig har skadet nyskabning – igen, en historie som vil være ganske " +"familiær for dem som støtter det frie markedet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " +"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " +"done right, it benefits creators and harms leeches. When done wrong, it is " +"regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors." +msgstr "" +"Ophavsret er mÃ¥ske ejendom, men som al ejendom er det ogsÃ¥ en form for " +"regulering. Det er man regulering som giver fordele for nogle og skader for " +"andre. NÃ¥r det gøres rigtigt, giver det fordeler til skabere og skader til " +"snyltere. NÃ¥r det er gjort galt, er det regulering som de mægtige bruge til " +"at beseire konkurrenter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" +msgstr "Digital Copyright (Litman)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and " +"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book " +"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/> details, when new " +"technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure that " +"the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses have " +"been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) has " +"been another." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, og pÃ¥ trods af denne egenskab af ophavsret som " +"regulering, og nÃ¥r man tager hensyn til vigtige kvalifiseringer skitseret af " +"Jessica Litman i hendes bog <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>," +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>, sÃ¥ er i det store og hele " +"historie til ophavsreten ikke ilde. NÃ¥r nye teknologier dukker op , sÃ¥dan " +"kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/> " +"fortæller mere om, har Kongressen fundet en balance for at sikre at det nye " +"er beskyttet fra det gamle. Tvanglicenser eller lovbestemmte licenser har " +"været del af denne strategi. Gratis brug (sÃ¥dan tilfældet er for " +"videoopptakeren) har været en anden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " +"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " +"new technology and the legitimate rights of content creators, both the " +"courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions that will have the " +"effect of smothering the new to benefit the old." +msgstr "" +"Men dette mønster med at beskytte nye teknologier har nu ændret sig med " +"fremvæksten af Internet. I stedet for at finde en balance mellem kravene " +"til ny teknologi og de legitime rettighederne til skabere af indhold, har " +"bÃ¥de domstolene og Kongressen introduceret juridiske restriktioner som vil " +"have som effekt at de kvæler det nye til fordel for det gamle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "radio on" +msgstr "radio pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Grokster, Ltd." +msgstr "Grokster, Ltd." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " +"is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d " +"1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit " +"reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for " +"contributory copyright infringement for a device that is unable to record or " +"redistribute music (a device whose only copying function is to render " +"portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). At the " +"district court level, the only exception is found in <citetitle>Metro-" +"Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</" +"citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found " +"the link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated " +"to make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement " +"liability." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Det eneste ankekredsundtagelsen " +"findes i <citetitle>Foreningen for musikindustri i USA (RIAA)</citetitle> " +"mod <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " +"Cir. 1999). Der konkluderede den niende ankekreds med at de som fortog " +"bærbare MP3-spillere, ikke var ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at bidrage til " +"ophavsretbrud for en enhed som var ude af stand til at tage op eller " +"videredistribuere musik (en enhed hvis eneste kopieringsfunksjon er at gøre " +"en musikkfil som allerede befinder mig/befinder dig/befinder sig/befinder os/" +"befinder jer pÃ¥ brugerens harddisk, flytbart). PÃ¥ regionsdomstolsnivÃ¥ " +"findes det eneste undtagelsen i <citetitle>Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</" +"citetitle>. mod <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 " +"(C.D. Cal., 2003), der domstolen fandt at koblingen mellem distributør og " +"en hvilken som helst givet bruger for svagt til at gøre distributør " +"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for medvirkende eller vikarierende erstatning for " +"ophavsretbrud." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tauzin, Billy" +msgstr "Tauzin, Billy" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hollings, Fritz" +msgstr "Hollings, Fritz" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard " +"Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which " +"would immunize copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers " +"when the copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In " +"August 2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that " +"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on " +"TV (i.e., computers) respect a <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would " +"disable copying of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator " +"Fritz Hollings introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television " +"Promotion Act, which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital " +"media devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-" +"Napster World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> I juli 2002 introducerede for eksempel " +"repræsentant Howard Berman <quote>Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act</quote> " +"(H.R. 5211) som villes fritage ophavsretindehavere fra erstatningsansvar for " +"skade gjort pÃ¥ computere nÃ¥r ophavsretindehaverne brugte teknologi til at " +"stoppe ophavsretbrud. I august 2002 introducerede repræsentant Billy Tauzin " +"et lovforslag som krævede at teknologier som var i stand til at videre-" +"udsende digitale kopier af film udsendet/udsendt pÃ¥ TV (computere, med andre " +"ord) mÃ¥tte respektere et <quote>kringkastingsflagg</quote> som villes slÃ¥ af " +"muligheden til at kopiere indholdet. Og i marts samme Ã¥r introducerede " +"senator Fritz Hollings <quote>Consumer Broadband and Digital Television " +"Promotion Act</quote> som krævede ophavsretbeskyttelseteknologi i alle " +"digitale medium-enheder. Se GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital " +"Medierne in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 . juni 2003, 33–34, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and " +"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses " +"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that " +"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet " +"radio." +msgstr "" +"Tilbakemeldingene fra domstolene har omtrent været det samme.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det har været spejlet i responsen som " +"Kongressen har truet med , og faktisk implementeret. Jeg vil ikke liste " +"op alle tilbakemeldingene her.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Men " +"det er et eksempel som indeholder essensen af dem alle. Dette er historie " +"om utryddelsen af Internet-radio." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Monroe, Marilyn" +msgstr "Monroe, Marilyn" + +#. PAGE BREAK 204 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist " +"doesn't get paid for that <quote>radio performance</quote> unless he or she " +"is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a " +"version of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote>—to memorialize her famous " +"performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then " +"whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright " +"owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas " +"Marilyn Monroe would not." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"pirates\"/>, nÃ¥r en radiostation spiller en sang, fÃ¥r ikke " +"pladeartisten betaling for <quote>radioavspillingen</quote> med mindre han " +"eller hun ogsÃ¥ er komponisten. Dermed, hvis for eksempel Marilyn Monroe " +"havde spillet ind en version af <quote>Gratulerer med dagen</quote> – " +"for at minde om hendes berømte forestilling foran præsident Kennedy ved " +"Madison Square GÃ¥rden – sÃ¥ vilde, hver gang pladen blev spillet pÃ¥ " +"radio, den aktuelle ophavsretejeren af <quote>Gratulerer med dagen</quote> " +"fÃ¥ lidt penge, mens Marilyn Monroe ikke villes fÃ¥ nogle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " +"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " +"thus benefited because by playing her music, the radio station was making it " +"more likely that her records would be purchased. Thus, the recording artist " +"got something, even if only indirectly. Probably this reasoning had less to " +"do with the result than with the power of radio stations: Their lobbyists " +"were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require " +"compensation to the recording artists." +msgstr "" +"Tanken bag denne balance som Kongressen fandt, giver lidt mening. " +"Begrundelsen var at radio var en type annonsering. Pladeartisten fÃ¥r dermed " +" fordel fra avspillingen af musikken, radiostationen gjorde det mere " +"sandsynligt at nogle villes købe hendes plader. Dermed fik pladeartisten " +"noget, selv om det kun er indirekte. Sandsynligvis har denne argumentation " +"mindre at gøre med resultatet end magten til radiostationerne. Deres " +"lobbyister var ganske gode til at stoppe enhver indsats som forsøgte at fÃ¥ " +"Kongressen til at kræve kompensationen til pladeartisterne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " +"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " +"across the Internet, not across the ether of radio spectrum. Thus, I can " +"<quote>tune in</quote> to an Internet radio station in Berlin while sitting " +"in San Francisco, even though there's no way for me to tune in to a regular " +"radio station much beyond the San Francisco metropolitan area." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ kom Internet-radio. Som normal radio er Internet-radio en teknologi som " +"sender indhold fra en udsender til en lytter. Kringkastingen farer over " +"Internet, og ikke gennem radiospektret æter. Dermed kan jeg <quote>pejle " +"mig ind til</quote> en Internet-radiostation i Berlin mens jeg sidder i San " +"Francisco, selv om det ikke er muligt for mig at pejle mig ind pÃ¥ en normal " +"radiostation pÃ¥ særligt større afstand end byomrÃ¥det til San Francisco." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " +"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " +"to using her computer, whereas under the existing architecture for broadcast " +"radio, there is an obvious limit to the number of broadcasters and clear " +"broadcast frequencies. Internet radio could therefore be more competitive " +"than regular radio; it could provide a wider range of selections. And " +"because the potential audience for Internet radio is the whole world, niche " +"stations could easily develop and market their content to a relatively large " +"number of users worldwide. According to some estimates, more than eighty " +"million users worldwide have tuned in to this new form of radio." +msgstr "" +"Denne egenskab i arkitekturen til Internet-radio betyder at det potentielt " +"er et ubegrænset antal radiostationer som en bruge kan pejle sig ind pÃ¥ ved " +"hjælp af sin computer, mens med den eksisterende arkitekturen for " +"kringkastingsradio er det en Ã¥penbar begrænsning nÃ¥r det gælder antal " +"kringkastere og klare kringkastingsfrekvenser. Internet-radio kan dermed " +"blive mere konkurranseutsatt end normal radio, den kan tilbyde et bredere " +"spekter med valg. Og i og med at det potentielle publikummer for Internet-" +"radio er hele værdet, kan nichestationer enkelt udvikle og markedsføre sit " +"indhold til et relativt stort antal brugere over hele værdet. Ifølge nogle " +"estimater har mere end firs millioner brugere over hele værdet koblet sig op " +"til denne nye form for radio." + +#. PAGE BREAK 205 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " +"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " +"not only is the technology better, so, too, is the competition. Indeed, " +"there is a direct parallel between the fight to establish FM radio and the " +"fight to protect Internet radio. As one author describes Howard Armstrong's " +"struggle to enable FM radio," +msgstr "" +"Internet-radio er dermed for radio det FM var for AM. Det er man " +"forbedring som med potentielt større betydning end FM-forbedringen havde for " +"AM, siden ikke bare er teknologien bedre, men konkurrencen er ogsÃ¥ det. " +"Faktisk er det en direkte parallel mellem kampen for at etablere FM-radio, " +"og kampen for at beskytte Internet-radio. Som en forfatter beskrev Howard " +"Armstrongs kamp for at muliggjøre FM-radio:" + +#. f12. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lessing, 239." +msgstr "Lessing, 239 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " +"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " +"longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " +"limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " +"governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " +"mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " +"broken only when it became possible for men freely to acquire printing " +"presses and freely to run them. FM in this sense was as great an invention " +"as the printing presses, for it gave radio the opportunity to strike off its " +"shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det var muligt med næsten et ubegrænset antal FM-stationer pÃ¥ kortbølgerne, " +"som dermed afsluttede de unaturlige begrænsningerne pÃ¥ført radio i de " +"overbefolkede langbølgene. Hvis FM blev udviklet frit, villes antal " +"stationer kun være begrænset af økonomi og konkurrence i stedet for tekniske " +"begrænsninger. … Armstrong sammenlignede situationen som havde " +"vokset frem med radio, med den som opstod efter oppfinnelsen af " +"trykkepressen, da myndighederne og de styrende interesserne forsøgte at " +"kontrollere dette nye instrument for massekommunikation ved at pÃ¥føre den " +"begrænsende licenser. Dette tyranni blev knust først efter at det blev " +"muligt for folk at frit skaffe sig trykkepresser, og frit bruge dem. FM var " +"pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de en lige sÃ¥ fantastisk oppfinnelse som trykkepressene, da det " +"gav radio muligheden til at kvitte sig med linkene.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f13. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid., 229." +msgstr "Ibid., 229 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " +"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " +"<quote>vested interests, habits, customs and legislation</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing " +"technology." +msgstr "" +"Dette potentiale for FM-radio blev aldrig realiseret – ikke pÃ¥ grund " +"af at Armstrong tog fejl af teknologien, men fordi han undervurderede " +"kraften/kræfter i <quote>økonomiske interesser, vaner, sender og lovgiving</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> i at hæmme væksten af denne " +"konkurrerende teknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " +"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " +"stations. The only restrictions on Internet radio are those imposed by the " +"law. Copyright law is one such law. So the first question we should ask is, " +"what copyright rules would govern Internet radio?" +msgstr "" +"Akkurat den samme pÃ¥stand kan nu fremmes om Internet-radio. OgsÃ¥ denne " +"gang er det ingen tekniske begrænsninger som kan begrænse antallet Internet-" +"radioer. Den eneste begrænsningen for Internet-radio er de som bliver " +"pÃ¥lagt af lovværket. Opphavsrettsloven er en sÃ¥dan lov. SÃ¥ det første " +"spørgsmÃ¥let vi bør stille er, hvilke ophavretsregler bestemmer over Internet-" +"radio?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on radio" +msgstr "om radio" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Internet radio hampered by" +msgstr "Internet-radio hæmmede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on Internet radio fees" +msgstr "om Internet-radioafgifter" + +#. PAGE BREAK 206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " +"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " +"lobby, the RIAA. Thus when Congress considered the phenomenon of Internet " +"radio in 1995, the lobbyists had primed Congress to adopt a different rule " +"for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While " +"terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " +"it plays her hypothetical recording of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> on the " +"air, <emphasis>Internet radio does</emphasis>. Not only is the law not " +"neutral toward Internet radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio " +"more than it burdens terrestrial radio." +msgstr "" +"Men her er magten til lobbyistene modsat. Internet-radio er en ny industri. " +"Pladeartisterne derimod har en vældig mægtig lobby, RIAA. Dermed havde " +"lobbyistene forberedt Kongressen til at vedtage en anden regel for Internet-" +"radio end skrønerne som gælder for landbasert radio, da de vurderede " +"fænomenet Internet-radio i 1995 . Mens landbasert radio ikke mÃ¥, hypotetisk, " +"betale Marilyn Monroe nÃ¥r den, hypotetisk, spiller hendes optagelse af " +"<quote>Gratulerer med dagen</quote> pÃ¥ luften, <emphasis>sÃ¥ mÃ¥ Internet-" +"radio betale</emphasis>. Ikke bare er lovværket ikke nøytralt nÃ¥r det gælder " +"Internet-radio – lovværket belaster Internet-radio meget mere end det " +"belaster landbasert radio." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" +msgstr "CARP (Panel for opphavsrettsroyaltyvoldgift)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " +"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " +"Professor William Fisher. Conference Proceedings, iLaw (Stanford), 3 July " +"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted " +"testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan " +"Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral " +"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " +"analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, <quote>Copyright as " +"Entry Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,</quote> <citetitle>Antitrust " +"Bulletin</citetitle> (Summer/Fall 2002): 461: <quote>This was not confusion, " +"these are just old-fashioned entry barriers. Analog radio stations are " +"protected from digital entrants, reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, " +"this is done in the name of getting royalties to copyright holders, but, " +"absent the play of powerful interests, that could have been done in a media-" +"neutral way.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette eksempel blev avledet fra afgifter fastsat i det oprindelige høringen " +"i panelet for opphavsrettsroyaltyvoldgift (Copyright Arbitration Royalty " +"Panel, CARP), og udledt fra et eksempel fremmet af professor William Fisher. " +"Konferenceforedragsamling, iLaw (Stanford), 3 . juli 2003, arkiveret hos " +"forfatteren. Professorerne Fisher og Zittrain vidnede i CARP-høringen som " +"blev afvist til slutning. Se Johnathan Zittrain, Digital Performance right " +"in Sound Recordings and Ephemerial Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA " +"1 og 2, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#45</ulink>. For en udmærket analyse som fremmer et lignende argument, se " +"Randal C. Picker, <quote>Copyright as Entry Policy: The Case of Digital " +"Distribution,</quote> <citetitle>Antitrust Bulletin</citetitle> (Sommer/" +"sommer 2002): 461: <quote>Dette var ikke forvirret, dette var gode gamle " +"spærrer for nykommere. Analoge radiostationer beskyttes fra digitale " +"nykommere, og nykommere og variation reduceres. Ja, dette gøres for at " +"skaffe royalty-betaling til ophavsretindehavere, men, uden inngripen fra " +"mægtige interesse kunne dette været gjort pÃ¥ en medierne-nøytral mÃ¥de.</" +"quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " +"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " +"(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total " +"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station " +"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." +msgstr "" +"Den finansielle belastningen er ikke ubetydelig. SÃ¥dan juiceprofessor " +"William Fisher ved Harvard estimerede, hvis en Internet-radiostation " +"distribuerede reklamefri populærmusik til (i gennemsnit) ti tusind lyttere, " +"tjuefire timer i døgnet, sÃ¥ villes de totale utbetalingene til artister som " +"denne radiostation villes skylde være over en million dollar i Ã¥ret." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> En radiostation som udsender det " +"samme indhold villes ikke mÃ¥tte betale et tilsvarende beløb." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " +"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " +"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening " +"transaction</emphasis>:" +msgstr "" +"Byrden er ikke kun økonomisk. Ifølge det oprindelige forslag til skrøner, " +"mÃ¥tte man Internet-radiostation (men ikke en landbasert radiostation) samle " +"ind følgende information for <emphasis>hver eneste lytter-transaktion</" +"emphasis>:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "name of the service;" +msgstr "navn pÃ¥ tjenesten" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" +msgstr "kanalen til programmet (AM/FM-stationer bruger stations-ID)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" +msgstr "type program (fra arkivet / i løkke / direkte)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "date of transmission;" +msgstr "dato for sending" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "time of transmission;" +msgstr "tidspunkt for sending" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" +msgstr "tidssone til oprindelsen for sending" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" +msgstr "numerisk angivelse af placering for lydopptaket i programmet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" +msgstr "varigheten af sending (til nærmeste sekund)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "sound recording title;" +msgstr "lydinnspillingstittel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" +msgstr "ISRC-kode for optagelsen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " +"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " +"the track;" +msgstr "" +"utgivelsesÃ¥r for albummet i henhold til opphavsrettsmerking, og i tilfælde " +"samlealbum, utgivelsesÃ¥r for albummet og ophavsretdato for sporet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "featured recording artist;" +msgstr "spillende pladeartist" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "retail album title;" +msgstr "titel pÃ¥ album i butikker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "recording label;" +msgstr "pladeselskab" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" +msgstr "UPC-koden for albummet i butikker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "catalog number;" +msgstr "katalognummer" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright owner information;" +msgstr "information om ophavsretindehaver" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" +msgstr "musikgenre for kanal eller programmet (stationformat)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "name of the service or entity;" +msgstr "navn pÃ¥ tjenesten eller selskab" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "channel or program;" +msgstr "kanal eller program" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" +msgstr "dato og klokkeslæt da brugeren loggede pÃ¥ (i brugerens tidssone)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" +msgstr "dato og klokkeslæt da brugeren loggede ud (i brugerens tidssone)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" +msgstr "tidssone der hen signalet blev modtaget (bruge)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "unique user identifier;" +msgstr "unik bruger-identifikator" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." +msgstr "landet til brugeren som modtog sendingerne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " +"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " +"arbitration panel charged with setting rates. But the basic difference " +"between Internet radio and terrestrial radio remains: Internet radio has to " +"pay a <emphasis>type of copyright fee</emphasis> that terrestrial radio does " +"not." +msgstr "" +"Kongresbibliotekaren stoppede til slutning disse rapporteringskravene, i " +"pÃ¥vente af flere undersøgelser. Han ændrede ogsÃ¥ de oprindelige priserne " +"sad af voldgiftspanelet som fik opgaven med at fastsætte priserne. Men den " +"grundlæggende forskellen mellem Internet-radio og landbasert radio bestÃ¥r: " +"Internet-radio mÃ¥ betale <emphasis>en slags ophavsretafgift</emphasis> som " +"landbasert radio slipper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " +"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " +"the motive to protect artists against piracy?" +msgstr "" +"Hvorfor er det sÃ¥dan? Hvad begrunder denne forskel? Blev det gjort nogle " +"studier af de økonomiske konsekvenserne for Internet-radio som kan forsvare " +"disse forskelle? Var motivet at beskytte kunstnere mod piratvirksomhed?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Real Networks" +msgstr "Real Networks" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " +"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " +"Real Networks, told me," +msgstr "" +"I et sjældent oprigtigt øjeblik, indrømmet en RIAA-ekspert det som virkede " +"Ã¥benbaret for alle pÃ¥ den tiden. Dette fortalte Alex Alben, vicepræsident " +"med ansvar for offentlig politik ved Real Networks, mig:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 208 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " +"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " +"it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " +"perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … <quote>How do you come " +"up with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? " +"Because here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, " +"and that should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, " +"you're going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …</quote>" +msgstr "" +"RIAA, som repræsenterede pladeselskaberne, præsenterede nogle vitnesbyrder " +"om hvad de troede en villig køber villes betale til en villig sælger, og det " +"var meget højere. Det var ti gange højere end det radiostationer betaler " +"for at fremføre de samme sange i den samme tidsperiode. SÃ¥ advokaterne som " +"repræsenterede webcasterne spurgte RIAA, … <quote>Hvordan kommer du " +"op med en afsæt som er sÃ¥ meget højere? Hvorfor er det værd mere end " +"radio? Fordi her har vi hundredetusindvis af webcastere som ønsker at " +"betale, og det villes etablere markedraten, og hvis du sætter den afsættet " +"sÃ¥ højt , vil du tvinge de smÃ¥ webcasterne til at mÃ¥tte give op . …</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " +"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " +"industry with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate " +"and it's a stable, predictable market</emphasis>.</quote> (Emphasis added.)" +msgstr "" +"Og RIAA-eksperten svarede, <quote>Vel, vores model er ikke for en industri " +"med tusindvis af webcastere. <emphasis>Vi tror det bør blive en industri " +"med, du ved, fem eller syv store aktører som kan betale en høj afgift, og " +"sÃ¥dan fÃ¥ et stabilt og forutsigbart marked.</emphasis></quote> (min " +"utheving.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " +"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " +"diversity and range of content available to explode, would not cause pain to " +"the dinosaurs of old. There is no one, on either the right or the left, who " +"should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is practically no one, on " +"either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it." +msgstr "" +"Oversættelse: MÃ¥let er at bruge loven til at fjerne konkurrence, sÃ¥dan at " +"denne platform som potentielt muliggjør massiver konkurrence, og dermed " +"fører til en eksplosion i mangfoldighed og omfang af tilgængeligt indhold, " +"ikke forÃ¥rsager smerte for ældre tiders dinosaurer. Ingen, hverken pÃ¥ højre " +"eller venstresiden, burde bifalde denne brug af loven. Og alligevel er det " +"praktisk talt ingen, hverken pÃ¥ højre eller venstresiden, som har gjort " +"noget effektivt for at hindre det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Corrupting Citizens" +msgstr "Skader borgere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " +"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " +"for a democratic creativity that digital technology enables." +msgstr "" +"For meget regulering knebler kreativiteten. Den kvæler nyskabning. Den " +"giver dinosaurer vetoret over fremtiden. Den kaster væk den ekstraordinære " +"muligheden for en demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gør muligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " +"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " +"citizens and weakens the rule of law." +msgstr "" +"I tillæg til disse vigtige skader, sÃ¥ er det en til som var vigtigt for " +"vores forfædre, men som synes glemt i dag . For meget regulering skader " +"borgerne, og svækker respekten for loven." + +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " +"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet " +"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded " +"music files from the Internet by early 2001." +msgstr "" +"Mike Graziano og Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " +"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 . april 2001), tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew " +"Internet and American Life Project rapporterede at 37 millioner Amerikanere " +"havde lastet ned musikkfiler fra Internet føder starten af 2001 ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " +"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " +"of citizens. According to <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 43 " +"million Americans downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million " +"Americans is a felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent " +"of America into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only " +"the Napsters and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search " +"engines, and increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the " +"technologies for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal " +"use. It is an arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side " +"inviting a more extreme response by the other." +msgstr "" +"Krigen som føres i dag er en forbudkrig. Og som enhver forbudkrig, er den " +"rettet mod opførslen til et rigtigt stort antal borgere. Ifølge " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, lastede 43 millioner amerikanere " +"ned musik i maj 2002 .<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Ifølge RIAA " +"gør opførslen til disse 43 millionerne amerikanere dem til forbrytere. Vi " +"har dermed et sæt med skrøner som gør 20 procent af USA til kriminelle. " +"Mens RIAA sagsøger ikke bare Napsterne og Kazaaene i værdet, men studenter " +"som bygger søkemotorer, og i øgende grad normale brugere som laster ned " +"indhold, vil teknologierne for deling blive udviklet til at beskytte og " +"skjule ulovligt brug. Det er et vÃ¥benkapløb eller en borgerkrig, med " +"ekstremer pÃ¥ den ene siden som inviterer til en mere ekstrem respons fra den " +"andre." + +#. f16. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." +msgstr "" +"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Koloniseres RIAA Case,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 . september 2003, " +"Business." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " +"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " +"Jordan it had found a scapegoat, not a defendant. The threat of having to " +"pay either all the money in the world in damages ($15,000,000) or almost all " +"the money in the world to defend against paying all the money in the world " +"in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the " +"money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same " +"strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September " +"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl " +"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what " +"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these " +"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these " +"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for " +"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the " +"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an " +"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is " +"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." +msgstr "" +"Indholdindustrien taktik udnytter fejlene i USAs juridiske systemer. Da RIAA " +"sagsøgte Jesse Jordan, vidste de at Jordan var et offerlam, og ikke en som " +"kunne forsvare sig. Truslen om at enten mÃ¥tte betale alle pengeene i værdet " +"i erstatning (15 000 000 dollar), eller næsten alle pengeene i værdet for at " +"forsvare sig mod at betale alle pengeene i værdet i erstatning (250 000 " +"dollar i advokatudgifter) fik Jordan til at vælge at betale alle pengeene " +"han havde i værdet (12 000 dollar) for at blive kvit søgsmÃ¥let. Den samme " +"strategi driver RIAAs søgsmÃ¥l mod individuelle brugere. I september 2003 " +"sagsøgte RIAA 261 individer – inkluderet en tolv Ã¥r gammel pige som " +"boede i en kommunal lejlighed, og en halvfjerds Ã¥r gammel dame som ikke " +"havde noget idé om hvad fildeling var.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Som disse offerlam opdagede, vil det altid koste mere at forsvare " +"sig mod disse søgsmÃ¥l end det vil koste at ganske enkelt indgÃ¥ forlig. " +"(TolvÃ¥rige, for eksempel, betalte pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som Jesse Jordan, sine 2 000 " +"dollar i sparepenger for at indgÃ¥ forlig.) Vores retsystem er et grusomt " +"system for dem som skal forsvare sine rettigheder. Det sætter vores " +"tradition i forlegenhet. Og konsekvensen er at vores retsystem gør det " +"muligt for dem med magt at udnytte domstolene til at knuse enhver rettighed " +"de er imod." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "alkoholforbud" + +#. f17. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " +"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. " +"2 (1991): 242." +msgstr "" +"Jeffrey A. Miron og Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " +"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. " +"2 (1991): 242 ." + +#. f18. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " +"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. " +"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)." +msgstr "" +"National narkotikakontrolpolitik: Høring foran Kongressens komite for " +"myndighedreform, 108 . Kongres, 1 . session. (5 . marts 2003) (udtalelse fra " +"John P. Walters, direktør for National narkotikakontrolpolitik)." + +#. f19. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " +"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " +"(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)." +msgstr "" +"Se James Andreoni, Brian Erard, og Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax Compliance," +"</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): " +"818 (oversigt over litteratur om brug i henhold til lovværket)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " +"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " +"prohibition, at a time when the per capita consumption of alcohol was 1.5 " +"gallons per capita per year. The war against drinking initially reduced that " +"consumption to just 30 percent of its preprohibition levels, but by the end " +"of prohibition, consumption was up to 70 percent of the preprohibition " +"level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number " +"were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a " +"war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 " +"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of " +"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority " +"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system " +"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free society,</" +"quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our " +"society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate " +"at least some law." +msgstr "" +"Forbudkrige er ikke noget nyt i USA. Denne er bare noget mere ekstrem end " +"nogle andet vi har set tidligere . Vi eksperimenterede med alkoholforbud, i " +"en periode da alkoholforbrug pr. person var 5.7 lid pr. person pr. Ã¥r. " +"Krigen mod drikking reducerede i starten det forbruget til bare 30 procent " +"af niveauet føder forbuddet blev introduceret, men pÃ¥ slutningen af " +"forbudstiden var forbruget kommet op til 70 procent af oprindeligt niveau. " +"Amerikanere drak akkurat lige sÃ¥ meget som før, men nu var en stor andel af " +"dem kriminelle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Vi har sat i gang " +"en krig mod narkotika med mÃ¥l om at reducere forbruget af kontrollerede " +"rusmidler som 7 procent (eller 16 millioner) Amerikanere nu bruger." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Dette er en reduktion fra toppen i " +"1979 med 14 procent af befolkningen. Vi regulerer biler til et niveau der " +"det store flertal af amerikanere bryder loven hver dag. Vi har et sÃ¥ " +"komplekst skatsystem at flertallet af kontantbaserte bedrifter narrer " +"regelmæssigt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> Vi er stolte over at " +"leve i et <quote>frit samfund,</quote> men en endeløs række af normale " +"opførsler er reguleret i vores samfund. Som et resultat bryder en stor " +"andel af amerikanere regelmæssigt en eller anden lov." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "law schools" +msgstr "Jusstudier" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " +"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " +"about the importance of <quote>ethics.</quote> As my colleague Charlie " +"Nesson told a class at Stanford, each year law schools admit thousands of " +"students who have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and " +"sometimes drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven " +"cars. These are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. " +"And then we, as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave " +"ethically—how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or " +"honor a demand to disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. " +"Generations of Americans—more significantly in some parts of America " +"than in others, but still, everywhere in America today—can't live " +"their lives both normally and legally, since <quote>normally</quote> entails " +"a certain degree of illegality." +msgstr "" +"Denne situation er ikke helt uden konsekvenser. Det er et specielt " +"fremtrædende tema for lærere som mig, som har som job at lære juices-" +"studenter om vigtigheden af <quote>etik.</quote> Som min kollega Charlie " +"Nesson fortalte en klasse pÃ¥ Stanford, tager juicestudierne ind tusindvis af " +"studenter hvert Ã¥r som har lastet ned musik ulovligt, ulovligt brugt alkohol " +"og nogle gange narkotika, arbejdede ulovligt uden at betale skat, og kørt " +"ulovligt. Dette er unger der det at opføre sig i strid med loven i stadigt " +"større grad er normen. Og sÃ¥ skal vi, som juiceprofessorer, lære dem at " +"opføre sig etisk – hvordan si nej til bestikkelser, til at holde " +"strengt skille mellem egen og klienters penge, eller støtte et krav om at " +"udlevere et dokument som betyder at deres sag er over. Generationer af " +"amerikanere – mere betydeligt i nogle deler af USA end andre, men " +"likefullt over hele USA i dag – kan ikke leve sit liv bÃ¥de normalt og " +"lovlydigt, siden <quote>normalt</quote> indebærer en vis grad af lovbrud." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " +"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " +"that choice more rationally. Whether a law makes sense depends, in part, at " +"least, upon whether the costs of the law, both intended and collateral, " +"outweigh the benefits. If the costs, intended and collateral, do outweigh " +"the benefits, then the law ought to be changed. Alternatively, if the costs " +"of the existing system are much greater than the costs of an alternative, " +"then we have a good reason to consider the alternative." +msgstr "" +"Svaret pÃ¥ denne generelle lovløsheten er enten at hÃ¥ndhæve lovværket " +"strengere, eller at ændre loven. Vi som samfund mÃ¥ lære hvordan vi gør det " +"valget mere rasjonelt. Hvorvidt en lov giver mening er afhængigt af, delvis " +"i hvert fald, hvorvidt omkostningen til loven, bÃ¥de tiltænkt og utilsigtet, " +"vejer mere end fordelene. Hvis omkostningen, tiltænkt og utilsigtet, vejer " +"mere end fordelene, da bør loven ændres. Alternativt, hvis omkostningen til " +"det eksisterende systemer er meget større end omkostningen til et " +"alternativ, da har vi en god grund til at vurdere alternativet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 211 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " +"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " +"dramatically by legalizing murder on Wednesdays and Fridays. But that " +"wouldn't make any sense, since murder is wrong every day of the week. A " +"society is right to ban murder always and everywhere." +msgstr "" +"mit Pointe er ikke det idiotiske: Bare fordi folk bryder en lov bør vi " +"afskaffe den. Vi kunne naturligvis reducere mordstatistikken dramatisk ved " +"at gøre mord lovligt pÃ¥ onsdage og fredage. Men det giver overhovedet ikke " +"mening, da mord er galt hver eneste dag i ugen. Et samfund gør ret i at " +"altid bandlyse mord overalt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " +"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " +"obeying the law. The more often, and more repeatedly, we as citizens " +"experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in " +"most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't " +"care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and " +"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. " +"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the " +"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of " +"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of <quote>sharing.</" +"quote> We need to be able to call these twenty million Americans " +"<quote>citizens,</quote> not <quote>felons.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"mit Pointe er i stedet et som demokratier har forstÃ¥et i generationer, men " +"som vi nylig har lært at glemme. Respekt for loven er afhængig af at folk " +"følger loven. Jo oftere og des flere gange vi som borgere erfarer at bryde " +"loven, jo mindre respekterer vi loven. I de fleste tilfælde er Ã¥benbaret det " +"vigtige temaet loven, og ikke respekt for loven. Jeg generer mig ikke om en " +"voldtektsmann respekterer loven eller ikke. Jeg ønsker at han fanges og " +"bures inde . Men jeg generer mig om hvorvidt mine studenter respekterer " +"loven. Og jeg generer mig hvis lovværket sÃ¥r øgende respektmangel pÃ¥ grund " +"af de ekstreme reguleringene de pÃ¥fører. Tyve millioner amerikanere har " +"vokset til siden Internet introducerede denne nye idéen om <quote>deling.</" +"quote> Vi mÃ¥ være i stand til at kalde disse tyve millionerne amerikanere " +"<quote>borgere,</quote> ikke <quote>forbrytere.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " +"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " +"unauthorized by copyright holders, the first question we should be asking is " +"not how best to involve the FBI. The first question should be whether this " +"particular prohibition is really necessary in order to achieve the proper " +"ends that copyright law serves. Is there another way to assure that artists " +"get paid without transforming forty-three million Americans into felons? " +"Does it make sense if there are other ways to assure that artists get paid " +"without transforming America into a nation of felons?" +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r mindst førtitre millioner indbyggere laster ned indhold fra Internet, og " +"nÃ¥r de bruger værktøj for at kombinere det indholdet pÃ¥ mÃ¥der som ikke er " +"autoriseret af ophavsretindehaverne, sÃ¥ er ikke det første spørgsmÃ¥let vi " +"bør stille hvordan vi bedst involverer FBI. Det første spørgsmÃ¥let bør være " +"hvorvidt dette spesifikke forbuddet virkeligt er nødvendigt for at opnÃ¥ det " +"fornuftige mÃ¥let som ophavsreten sigter mod. Er det en anden mÃ¥de at sikre " +"at kunstnere fÃ¥r betalt uden at gøre førtitre millioner amerikanere til " +"forbrytere? Gear det mening hvis det findes andre mÃ¥der at sikre at " +"kunstnere fÃ¥r betalt uden at gøre USA til en nation af forbrytere?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." +msgstr "Dette abstrakte pointen kan gøres klarere med et bestemt eksempel." + +#. PAGE BREAK 212 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " +"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " +"protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright " +"infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store " +"and buy jazz records to replace them. That <quote>use</quote> of the " +"recordings is free." +msgstr "" +"Vi ejer alle CD-er. Mange af os ejer fortsat musikplader. Disse " +"plastikkbitene koder musik som vi i en vis forstand har købt. Retvæsenet " +"beskytter vores ret til at købe og sælge denne plastic. Det er ikke at " +"skælde ophavsreten hvis jeg sælger alle mine klassiske plader hos en " +"bruktplatehandel, og køber jazzplader for at erstatte dem. Det er frit frem " +"for denne <quote>brug</quote> af pladerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " +"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " +"copy-protection technologies, I am <quote>free</quote> to copy, or " +"<quote>rip,</quote> music from my records onto a computer hard disk. Indeed, " +"Apple Corporation went so far as to suggest that <quote>freedom</quote> was " +"a right: In a series of commercials, Apple endorsed the <quote>Rip, Mix, " +"Burn</quote> capacities of digital technologies." +msgstr "" +"Men som MP3-manien har demonstreret, er det en anden brug af musikplader som " +"ogsÃ¥ effektivt set er frit frem. Da disse plader blev fortaget uden " +"kopieringsbeskyttelsesteknologier, stÃ¥r jeg <quote>frit</quote> til at " +"kopiere, eller <quote>rippe</quote> musik fra mine plader ind til en " +"computerharddisk. Faktisk gik Apple Corporation sÃ¥ langt at de foreslog at " +"denne <quote>frihed</quote> var en rettighed: I en serie reklamefilm gik " +"Apple god for <quote>rip, miks, brænd</quote>-mulighederne til digitale " +"teknologier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Andromeda" +msgstr "Andromeda" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "mix technology and" +msgstr "mikseteknologi og" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " +"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " +"them in one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program " +"called Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, " +"Baroque, Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is " +"endless. And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies " +"help build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently " +"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own " +"right." +msgstr "" +"Denne <quote>brug</quote> af mine plader er helt klart værdifuld. Jeg har " +"begyndt en stor proces hjemme for at rippe (kopiere) alle mine og min kones " +"CD-er, og lagrer dem i et arkiv. Dermed kan vi, ved hjælp af iTunes fra " +"Apple, eller et praktfullt program ved navn Andromeda, bygge forskellige " +"spillelister for vores musik: Bach, Barok, Kærlighedsange, Kærlighedsange " +"til vores kære – potentialet er uendelig. Og ved at reducere " +"omkostningen med at fortage spillelister, har dirre teknologierne hjulpet " +"til med at bygge en kreativitet rundt spillelister som uafhængigt af dette " +"er værdifuld i sig selv. Samlinger af sange er kreative og meningsfylte pÃ¥ " +"egen hÃ¥nd." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " +"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " +"the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return " +"from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with " +"technologies to eliminate unprotected media. These technologies, for " +"example, would enable CDs that could not be ripped. Or they might enable spy " +"programs to identify ripped content on people's machines." +msgstr "" +"Denne brug er muliggjort af ubeskyttede medierne – enten CD-er eller " +"plader. Men ubeskyttede medier muliggjør ogsÃ¥ fildeling. Fildeling truer " +"(eller det tror i hvert fald indholdindustrien) muligheden skaberne har til " +"en rimelig indkomst fra sin kreativitet. Og dermed begynder mange at " +"eksperimentere med teknologier som fjerner ubeskyttede medier. Disse " +"teknologier villes, for eksempel, gøre det muligt at CD-er ikke kan rippes. " +" Eller de kan gøre det muligt for spionprogrammer at identificere rippet " +"indhold pÃ¥ folks maskiner." + +#. PAGE BREAK 213 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " +"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " +"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. " +"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you " +"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection " +"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The " +"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we " +"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a " +"massively complex <quote>digital rights management</quote> system." +msgstr "" +"Hvis disse teknologier tog af, sÃ¥ villes bygning af store arkiver med egen " +"musik blive ganske vanskeligt. Du kan hænge i hacker-miljøer og fÃ¥ tage i " +"teknologi som kobler ud teknologierne som beskytter indholdet. Å sælge og " +"købe sÃ¥danne teknologier er forbudt, men mÃ¥ske det ikke generer dig sÃ¥ " +"meget. Uanset vil dirre beskyttelseteknologierne for de fleste folk " +"effektivt set ødelægge mulighed for at arkivere CD-er. Teknologien villes " +"med andre ord tvinge os alle tilbage til en værdet der vi enten hører pÃ¥ " +"musik ved at rode med plastbiter, eller er del af et stort komplekst " +"<quote>digitalt rettighedstyringsystem.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " +"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " +"the freedom to move content would be justifiable. But what if there were " +"another way to assure that artists are paid, without locking down any " +"content? What if, in other words, a different system could assure " +"compensation to artists while also preserving the freedom to move content " +"easily?" +msgstr "" +"Hvis den eneste mÃ¥den at sikre at kunstnere fik betalt var at fjerne al " +"mulighed til at frit flytte indhold, sÃ¥ villes disse teknologier som griber " +"ind i friheden til at flytte indhold kunne forsvares. Men hvad hvis det " +"findes en anden mÃ¥de at sikre at kunstnere fik betalt, uden at lÃ¥se ned " +"ethvert indhold? Med andre ord, hvad om et andet system kunne sikre " +"kompensation til kunstnere som ogsÃ¥ beholdt friheden til at enkelt flytte " +"indhold?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " +"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " +"point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved " +"the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, " +"but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good " +"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in " +"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be " +"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." +msgstr "" +"Mit pointe nu er ikke at bevise at det eksisterer et sÃ¥dant system. Jeg " +"lægger frem en version af et sÃ¥dant system i det sidste kapitlet i denne " +"bog. Nu er det eneste pointen et relativt ukontroversielt et: Hvis et andet " +"system opnÃ¥ede samme legitime mÃ¥l som det eksisterende ophavsretsystemet " +"opnÃ¥r, men gav forbrukere og skabere meget mere frihed, sÃ¥ villes vi have en " +"vældig god grund til at forfølge dette alternativ – nemlig frihed. " +"Valget, med andre ord, villes ikke være mellem proprietær eller " +"piratvirksomhed. Valget villes være mellem forskellige proprietære systemer " +"og frihederne hver af dem tillader." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " +"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " +"alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing " +"and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast " +"majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer " +"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-" +"drawn buggy." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror det findes en mÃ¥de at sikre at kunstnere fÃ¥r betalt uden at gøre " +"forbrytere af førtitre millioner amerikanere. Men den fremtrædende " +"egenskaben til dette alternativ er at det vil føre til et stort anderledes " +"marked for at producere og distribuere kreativitet. De fÃ¥ dominerende " +"aktørerne, som i dag kontrollerer det aller meste af distributionen af " +"indhold i værdet, villes ikke længere udøve denne ekstreme kontrol. I " +"stedet villes det gÃ¥ med dem som med hestekjerrene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " +"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " +"of competition. For them the choice is between fortythree million Americans " +"as criminals and their own survival." +msgstr "" +"Det er bare det at denne generations kærreproducenter allerede har salet op " +"Kongressen og rider retvæsenet for at beskytte sig selv mod denne nye form " +"for konkurrence. For dem er valget mellem førtitre millioner amerikanere " +"som kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." + +#. PAGE BREAK 214 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " +"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " +"but not so charming as to justify giving up a tradition as deep and " +"important as our tradition of free culture." +msgstr "" +"Det er forstÃ¥eligt hvorfor de vælger som de gør. Det er ikke forstÃ¥eligt " +"hvorfor vi som demokrati fortsætter at vælge som vi gør. Jack Valenti er " +"charmerende, men ikke sÃ¥ charmerende at det begrunder at give slip pÃ¥ en " +"tradition sÃ¥ dyb og vigtigt som vores tradition for fri kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " +"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " +"directly from any war of prohibition. As Electronic Frontier Foundation " +"attorney Fred von Lohmann describes, this is the <quote>collateral damage</" +"quote> that <quote>arises whenever you turn a very large percentage of the " +"population into criminals.</quote> This is the collateral damage to civil " +"liberties generally." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er et andet</emphasis> aspekt ved denne skade " +"som er specielt vigtigt for borgerrettigheder, og som følger direkte fra " +"enhver forbudkrig. Som advokat Fred von Lohmann i Elektronisk Forpost-" +"stiftelsen beskriver det, dette er den <quote>utilsigtede skaden</quote> som " +"<quote>opstÃ¥r hver gang en gør en stor andel af befolkningen til kriminelle." +"</quote> Dette er den utilsigtede skaden til borgerrettighederne generelt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" +msgstr "hÃ¥b Lohmann, Fred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " +"Lohmann explains," +msgstr "" +"<quote>Hvis du kan behandle nogle som en antaget lovbryter,</quote> " +"forklarer von Lohmann:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " +"you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, <quote>Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a " +"lawbreaker.</quote> Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done " +"is turn a remarkable percentage of the American Internet-using population " +"into <quote>lawbreakers.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ afdamper pludseligt en række grundlæggende rettigheder for " +"borgerbeskyttelse helt eller delvis. … Hvis du bryder ophavsreten, " +"hvordan kan du hÃ¥be pÃ¥ ret til værn af privatsfæren? Hvis du bryder " +"ophavsreten, hvordan kan du hÃ¥be at være tryg mod beslag af din computer? " +"Hvordan kan du hÃ¥be pÃ¥ at fortsat have Internet-tilgang? … VÃ¥r " +"følsomhet ændres sÃ¥ snart vi tænker, <quote>Ã¥h, vel, den personen er en " +"kriminel, en lovbryter.</quote> Vel, det denne kampagne mod fildeling har " +"gjort er at gøre en bemerkelsesverdig procentandel af USAs Internet-brugende " +"befolkning til <quote>lovbrytere.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " +"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " +"effectively erase much of the privacy most would presume." +msgstr "" +"Konsekvensen af denne transformeringen af det amerikanske folket til " +"kriminelle er at det bliver trivielt, i trÃ¥d med god retpraksis, og " +"effektivt set tage væk meget af personværnet som de fleste tager for givet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " +"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " +"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. " +"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and " +"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user " +"is revealed." +msgstr "" +"Brugere pÃ¥ Internet begyndte at se dette generelt i 2003 da RIAA lancerede " +"sin kampagne for at tvinge Internet-leverandører til at overlevere navnene " +"pÃ¥ kunderne som RIAA troede brød opphavsrettsloven. Verizon kæmpede mod " +"dette krav og tabte. Men en enkel forespørgsel til en domme, og uden at " +"give besked til kunden i det hele taget, bliver identiteten til en Internet-" +"bruger afsløret." + +#. f20. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " +"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, " +"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; With the " +"Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software " +"from Home PCs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel " +"Tribune</citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording " +"Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 " +"September 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No " +"Snoop Fan, Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 " +"September 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> " +"<citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7." +msgstr "" +"Se Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " +"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 . september 2003, E1; Chris " +"Cobbs, <quote>Worried Parents Puld Plug on File <quote>Stealing</quote>; " +"With the Music Industry Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking " +"Software from Home Pcs to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando " +"Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 30 . august 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, " +"<quote>Recording Industry Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</" +"citetitle>, 15 . september 2003, 4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No " +"Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 25 . september 2003, C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a " +"Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto Star</citetitle>, 18 . september 2003, " +"P7 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " +"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " +"copyrighted music from file-sharing systems. But as we've seen, the " +"potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer " +"is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable " +"for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of " +"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"RIAA udvidede sÃ¥ denne kampagne ved at annoncere en generel strategi om at " +"sagsøge individuelle brugere af Internet som bliver anklaget for at have " +"lastet ned opphavsrettsbeskyttet musik fra fildelingssystemer. Men som vi " +"har set er de potentielle skaderne fra sÃ¥danne søgsmÃ¥l astronomiske: Hvis en " +"families computer bliver brugt til at laste ned musik tilsvarende en enkelt " +"CD, sÃ¥ kan familien risikere at mÃ¥tte betale 2 millioner dollar i " +"erstatning. Dette stoppede ikke RIAA fra at sagsøge et antal af disse " +"familier, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som de havde sagsøgt Jesse Jordan.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "recording industry tracking users of" +msgstr "indspilningindustrien sporing af brugerne til" + +#. f21. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " +"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " +"Ærefrygt,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #49</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " +"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " +"to track Napster users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Using a " +"sophisticated hashing algorithm, the RIAA took what is in effect a " +"fingerprint of every song in the Napster catalog. Any copy of one of those " +"MP3s will have the same <quote>fingerprint.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Selv dette undervurderer spioneringen som bliver gennemført af RIAA. I en " +"rapport fra CNN sent sidst sommer beskriver en strategi som RIAA har " +"adopteret for at spore Napster-brugere.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Ved at bruge en sofistikert hashings-algoritme tog RIAA det som " +"effektivt set er et fingeraftryk af hver eneste sang i Napster-katalogen. " +"Enhver kopi af disse MP3-ene vil have samme <quote>fingeraftryk.</quote>" + +#. f22. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; " +"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group " +"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students " +"<quote>Rip, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risk,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; " +"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; " +"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, " +"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, " +"<quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include " +"Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> <citetitle>San " +"Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; <quote>Raid, Letters " +"Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 26 " +"September 2000, 3D." +msgstr "" +"Se Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 . maj 2003, City Weekly, 1; " +"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group " +"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 4 . april 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students " +"<quote>Rids, Mix, Burn</quote> at Their Own Risiko,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</citetitle>, 2 . september 2003, 20; " +"Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, <quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; " +"Two Students Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 . juli 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, " +"<quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Gun on Universities,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 . januar 2003, tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny " +"Evangelista, <quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to " +"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 . august 2003, E11; " +"<quote>Raid, Farvers Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA " +"Today</citetitle>, 26 . september 2000, 3D." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " +"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " +"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where " +"these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She " +"then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and " +"if the college network is <quote>cooperating</quote> with the RIAA's " +"espionage, and she hasn't properly protected her content from the network " +"(do you know how to do that yourself ?), then the RIAA will be able to " +"identify your daughter as a <quote>criminal.</quote> And under the rules " +"that universities are beginning to deploy,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> your daughter can lose the right to use the university's computer " +"network. She can, in some cases, be expelled." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ se for dig det følgende ikke usannsynlige scenariet: Tænk at en ven giver " +"en CD til din datter – en samling med sange lig de kassettebÃ¥ndene du " +"fortog som barn. Hverken du eller din datter ved hvor disse sange kom fra . " +" Men hun kopierer disse sange ind pÃ¥ sin computer, og tager sÃ¥ maskinen med " +"sig til universitetet og kobler den pÃ¥ universitetnetværket. Hvis " +"universitetnettet <quote>samarbejder</quote> med RIAAs spionering, og hun " +"ikke har beskyttet sit indhold pÃ¥ rigtigt vis (ved du selv hvordan du gør " +"dette?), sÃ¥ vil RIAA kunne identificere din datter som en <quote>kriminel.</" +"quote> Og i henhold til de skrønerne som universiteter er i gang med at " +"rulle ud,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> sÃ¥ kan din datter miste " +"retten til at bruge universitetets datanetværk. Hun kan i nogle tilfælde " +"blive udvist." + +#. PAGE BREAK 216 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " +"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " +"she didn't know anything about the source of the songs or that they came " +"from Napster. And it may well be that the university believes her. But the " +"university might not believe her. It might treat this <quote>contraband</" +"quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have " +"already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of " +"wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann," +msgstr "" +"Nu har hun selvfølgelig ret til at forsvare sig selv. Du kan lede ind en " +"advokat til hende (til 300 dollar per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan " +"hævde at hun ikke vidste nogle ting om hvor sangene kom fra , eller at de " +"kom fra Napster. Og det kan godt hænde at universitetet tror hende. Men " +"det kan ogsÃ¥ godt hænde at universitetet ikke tror hende. Og som et antal " +"universitetstudenter allerede har lært, forsvinder vores antagelse om at " +"være uskyldigt indtil det modsatte er bevist nÃ¥r man er midt i en " +"forbudkrig. Denne krig er ikke anderledes. Som hÃ¥b Lohmann siger det:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " +"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " +"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. " +"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any " +"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful " +"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or " +"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, " +"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil " +"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, " +"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " +"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " +"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " +"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have " +"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " +"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r vi snakker om tal som fyrre til tres millioner amerikanere som i " +"essensen bryder ophavsreten, sÃ¥ skaber du en situation der hen " +"borgerrettighederne til disse folk i praksis stÃ¥r i fare for at forsvinde. " +"[Jeg] tror [ikke det findes nogle] tilsvarende tilfælde hvor du kan vælge en " +"tilfældig person pÃ¥ gaden og være tryg pÃ¥ at de har brudt loven pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de " +"som gør at de risikerer straffedom, eller at mÃ¥tte betale millioner af " +"dollar i civil erstatning. Vi kører alle for hurtigt, men at køre for " +"hurtigt er ikke den type handlinger hvor vi pÃ¥ rutine fratager folk " +"borgerrettigheder. Nogle folk bruger narkotika, og jeg tror det er den " +"nærmeste analogien, [men] mange har kommenteret at krigen mod narkotika har " +"raderet væk alle vores borgerrettigheder pÃ¥ grund af at det behandler sÃ¥ " +"mange amerikanere som kriminelle. Jeg tror det er rimeligt at sige at " +"fildeling gælder en størrelseorden flere amerikanere end brug af narkotika. " +"… Hvis fyrre til tres millioner amerikanere har blevet lovbrytere, " +"da er vi pÃ¥ glatisen der hen borgerrettighederne for alle disse fyrre til " +"tres personerne kan smutte væk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered <quote>criminals</" +"quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the same " +"objective— securing rights to authors—without these millions " +"being considered <quote>criminals,</quote> who is the villain? Americans or " +"the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own people or a concerted " +"effort through our democracy to change our law?" +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r fyrre til tres millioner amerikanere ifølge retvæsenet anses som " +"<quote>kriminelle,</quote> og nÃ¥r loven kunne opnÃ¥ det samme mÃ¥l – " +"sikre rettigheder til forfattere – uden at disse millioner anses at " +"være <quote>kriminelle,</quote> hvem er det da som er skurken? Amerikanerne " +"eller loven? Hvad er amerikansk, en konstant krig mod vores eget folk, " +"eller en fælles indsats i vores demokrati for at ændre vores lov?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Balances" +msgstr "Maktfordeling" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " +"the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " +"in part you helped start the fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. " +"Next to you is a bucket, filled with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put " +"the fire out." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>SÃ¥ her</emphasis> er billedet: Du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden af " +"vejen. din Bil stÃ¥r i brand. Du er sur og oprøret fordi du delvis bidrog til " +"at starte branden. Nu ved du ikke hvordan du slukker den. Ved siden af dig " +"er en bøtte, befolket med benzin. Benzin vil Ã¥benbaret ikke slukke branden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " +"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " +"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The " +"gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will " +"ignite is about to ignite everything around." +msgstr "" +"Mens du tænker over situationen, kommer nogle andre forbi. I panik griber " +"hun bøtten, og før du har haft chancen til at bede hende stoppe – " +"eller før hun forstÃ¥r hvorfor hun bør stoppe – er bøtten i svævede. " +"Benzinen er pÃ¥ tur mod den brændende bilen, og branden, som benzinen kommer " +"til at fyre op , vil straks sætte fyr pÃ¥ alt i omgivelserne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " +"around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " +"technologies threaten existing businesses. No doubt they may threaten " +"artists. But technologies change. The industry and technologists have " +"plenty of ways to use technology to protect themselves against the current " +"threats of the Internet. This is a fire that if let alone would burn itself " +"out." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>En krig</emphasis> om ophavsret pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt " +"– og vi fokuserer alle pÃ¥ forkerte ting. Det er ingen tvivl om at " +"dagens teknologier truer eksisterende virksomheder. Uden tvivl kan de true " +"artister. Men teknologier ændrer sig. Industrien og teknologer har en " +"række tilpasser at bruge teknologi til at beskytte dem selv mod dagens " +"trusler pÃ¥ Internet. Dette er en brand som overladet til sig selv vil " +"brænde ud." + +#. PAGE BREAK 219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " +"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " +"problem they perceive. But the problem they perceive is not the real threat " +"this culture faces. For while we watch this small fire in the corner, there " +"is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel er ikke beslutningstagere villigt til at lade denne brand i fred. " +" Lod med masse penge fra lobbyister er de lystne pÃ¥ at gÃ¥ imellem for at " +"fjerne problemet sÃ¥dan de opfatter det. Men problemet sÃ¥dan de opfatter det " +"er ikke den reelle truslen som vores kultur stÃ¥r med ansigtet mod. For " +"mens vi ser pÃ¥ denne lille brand i hjørnet, er det en massiv ændring i " +"hvordan kultur bliver skabt som foregÃ¥r over alt. " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " +"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " +"onto this fire." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ en eller anden mÃ¥de mÃ¥ vi klare at skrue opmærksomheden mod dette mere " +"vigtige og fundamentale problemet. Vi mÃ¥ finde en mÃ¥de at undgÃ¥ at hælde " +"benzin pÃ¥ denne brand." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " +"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " +"broadly, it is the simple, binary view that remains. We rubberneck to look " +"at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road." +msgstr "" +"Vi har ikke fundet denne mÃ¥de endnu. I stedet synes vi at være fanget i en " +"enklere sort-hvidt-tenkning. Uanset hvor mange folk som presser pÃ¥ for at " +"gøre labben for debatten lidt bredere, er det dette enkle sort-hvidt-synet " +"som bestÃ¥r. Vi kører stille forbi, og stirrer pÃ¥ branden nÃ¥r vi i stedet " +"burde holde øjnene pÃ¥ vejen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " +"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " +"efforts, so far failed, to find a way to refocus this debate. We must " +"understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require." +msgstr "" +"Denne udfordring har været mit liv de sidste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ været min " +"svipser. I de to næste kapitler, beskriver jeg en lille indsats, sÃ¥ langt " +"uden succes, pÃ¥ at finde en mÃ¥de at ændre fokus pÃ¥ denne debat. Vi mÃ¥ " +"forstÃ¥ disse mislykkede forsøg hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvad som kræves for at " +"lykkedes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Thirteen: Eldred" +msgstr "Kapitel tretten: Eldred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Eldred, Eric" +msgstr "Eldred, Eric" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" +msgstr "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " +"daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " +"such father, but at least one did something about it. Eric Eldred, a retired " +"computer programmer living in New Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the " +"Web. An electronic version, Eldred thought, with links to pictures and " +"explanatory text, would make this nineteenth-century author's work come " +"alive." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I 1995</emphasis> var en far frustreret over at hans " +"døtre ikke syntes at kunnelide Hawthorne. Det eksisterede uden tvivl mere " +"end en sÃ¥dan far, men i hvert fald en gjorde noget med det. Eric Eldred, en " +"pensioneret dataprogrammerer som boede i New Hampshire, bestemte sig for at " +"putte Hawthorne pÃ¥ nettet. En elektronisk version, tænkte Eldred, med links " +"til billeder og forklarende tekst, villes gøre denne nittenhundretallets " +"forfatters værk mere levende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "of public-domain literature" +msgstr "af allemannseid litteratur" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "library of works derived from" +msgstr "bibliotek af værk avledet fra" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " +"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " +"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public " +"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free." +msgstr "" +"Det virkede ikke – i hvert fald ikke pÃ¥ hans døtre. De fandt ikke " +"Hawthorne noget mere interessant end tidligere. Men Eldreds eksperiment gav " +"ophavet til en hobby, og hans hobby gav ophav til et kald: Eldred villes " +"fortage et bibliotek over værk i det fri ved at scanne disse og gøre dem " +"gratis tilgængeligt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 221 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " +"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " +"who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was " +"producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney " +"turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred " +"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—" +"technically accessible—today." +msgstr "" +"Biblioteket til Eldred var ikke bare en kopi af visse/vise værk i det fri, " +"selv om en kopi villes været af stor værdi for folk rundt om i værdet som " +"ikke kan fÃ¥ tilgang til papirudgaver af disse værker. I stedet fortog " +"Eldred avledede værk fra disse allemannseide værkerne. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som " +"Disney gjorde Grimm om til historie som var mere tilgængelige i det tyvende " +"Ã¥rhundredet, gjorde Eldred om pÃ¥ Hawthorne og mange anden, til noget mere " +"tilgængeligt – teknisk tilgængeligt – i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" +msgstr "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " +"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " +"into the public domain in 1907. It was free for anyone to take without the " +"permission of the Hawthorne estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press " +"and Penguin Classics, take works from the public domain and produce printed " +"editions, which they sell in bookstores across the country. Others, such as " +"Disney, take these stories and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes " +"successfully (<citetitle>Cinderella</citetitle>), sometimes not " +"(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure " +"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain " +"works." +msgstr "" +"Eldreds frihed til at gøre dette med Hawthornes værk kom fra samme kilde som " +"Disneys. Hawthornes <citetitle>Scarlet Farver</citetitle> havde henhørt i " +"det fri i 1907 . Alle havde frihed til at tage det uden tilladelse fra boet " +"efter Hawthorne eller nogle andre. Nogle, sÃ¥dan som Dover Press og Penguin " +"Classics, tager værk som er henhørt i det fri, og fortager papirudgaver som " +"de sælger i boghandler rundt om i landet. Andre, sÃ¥dan som Disney, tager " +"disse historie og gør dem om til tegnefilmer. Nogle gange med succes " +"(<citetitle>Askepott</citetitle>), og nogle gange uden (<citetitle>Ringeren " +"i Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure Planede</citetitle>). Alle " +"disse er kommercielle publiseringer af værk i det fri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "pornography" +msgstr "pornografi" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " +"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " +"phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial " +"pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were not making " +"money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class didn't " +"exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of distributing " +"porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got special attention " +"in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the Communications Decency " +"Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on noncommercial speakers " +"that the statute was found to exceed Congress's power. The same point could " +"have been made about noncommercial publishers after the advent of the " +"Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the Internet were extremely " +"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of " +"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Det er en parallel her til " +"pornografi som er lidt vanskeligt at beskrive, men som er rigtigt stærk. " +"Et fænomen som Internet skabte var en værdet af ikke-kommerciel pornografi " +"– folk som distribuerede porno men som ikke tjente penge direkte eller " +"indirekte fra denne distribution. Noget sÃ¥dant eksisterede ikke før Internet " +"dukket op , pÃ¥ grund af at omkostningen med at distribuere porno var sÃ¥ " +"høj. Alligevel fik denne nye klasse af distributører speciel opmærksomhed " +"fra Højesteret, da retten slog ned pÃ¥ Anstændig Kommunikations-loven fra " +"1996 . Det var delvis pÃ¥ grund af byrden pÃ¥ ikke-kommercielle talere at " +"loven blev fundet at gÃ¥ ud over Kongressens myndighed. Det samme pointe kan " +"siges at gælde for ikke-kommercielle utgivere efter at Internet dukkede op . " +" Alle Eric Eldred-ene i værdet føder Internettet var ekstremt fÃ¥. Alligevel " +"skulle en tro at det er mindst lige sÃ¥ vigtigt at beskytte alle Eldred-ene " +"i værdet som det er at beskytte ikke -kommercielle pornografer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " +"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " +"others. Hundreds of thousands from across the world have discovered this " +"platform of expression and now use it to share works that are, by law, free " +"for the taking. This has produced what we might call the " +"<quote>noncommercial publishing industry,</quote> which before the Internet " +"was limited to people with large egos or with political or social causes. " +"But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of individuals and groups " +"dedicated to spreading culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Internet skabte muligheden for ikke-kommerciel publisering af værk i det " +"fri. Eldreds publisering er bare et eksempel. Det findes bogstaveligt " +"talt tusindvis andre. Hundredetusindvis rundt om i værdet har opdaget denne " +"platform for at udtrykke sig, og bruge den til at dele værker som, i henhold " +"til loven, kan tages frit. Dette har skabt det vi kan kalde den <quote>ikke-" +"kommercielle forlagindustrien,</quote> hvilket føder Internet var begrænset " +"til folk med store egoer, eller med politiske eller sociale kald. Men med " +"Internet inkluderer det en lang række med individer og grupper som er " +"dedikeret til at brede kultur generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Frost, Robert" +msgstr "Frost, Robert" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" +msgstr "New Hampshire (Frost)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " +"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " +"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg sagde, bor Eldred i New Hapshire. I 1998 skulle digtsamlingen " +"<citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> af Robert Frost henhøre i det fri. " +"Eldred ønskede at publicere denne samling i sit frit og offentligt " +"tilgængelige biblioteker. Men Kongressen kom i vejen. Som jeg beskrev i " +"kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, " +"udvidede Kongressen for ellevte gang pÃ¥ fyrre Ã¥r, vernetiden for " +"eksisterende ophavsreter – denne gang med tyve Ã¥r. Eldred villes ikke " +" stÃ¥ frit til at lægge ind værk nyere end 1923 til sin samling før 2019 . " +"Faktisk vil ikke et eneste opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk henhøre i det fri før " +"det Ã¥ret (og ikke en gang da, hvis Kongressen udvider vernetiden igen). Som " +"kontrast villes mere end en million patenter henhøre i det fri i samme " +"periode." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bono, Mary" +msgstr "Bono, Mary" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bono, Sonny" +msgstr "Bono, Sonny" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "perpetual copyright term proposed by" +msgstr "uendeligt opphavsrettsvernetid foreslet af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> The full text is: " +"<quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to last forever. " +"I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the Constitution. I " +"invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our copyright laws in all of " +"the ways available to us. As you know, there is also Jack Valenti's proposal " +"for a term to last forever less one day. Perhaps the Committee may look at " +"that next Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> Hele teksten er: " +"<quote>Sonny [Bono] ønskede at vernetiden i ophavsreten skulle vare evigt. " +"Jeg er informeret af beskæftigede at en sÃ¥dan ændring villes være i strid " +"med Grunnloven. Jeg inviterer jer alle til at arbejde sammen med mig for at " +"vores styrke opphavsrettslover pÃ¥ alle mÃ¥der som er tilgængeligt for os. " +"Som I ved, er det ogsÃ¥ et forslag fra Jack Valenti om en vernetid som varer " +"evigt minus en dag. MÃ¥ske komiteen kan se pÃ¥ i næste periode.</quote> 144 " +"Kongr. Ref. H9946, 9951-2 (7 . oktober 1998)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " +"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " +"Mary Bono, says, believed that <quote>copyrights should be forever.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette var Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for ophavsret (CTEA), " +"lagt frem til minde om kongresrepræsentant og tidligere musiker Sonny Bony, " +"som ifølge hans enke Mari Bony mente at <quote>ophavsreten bør vare evigt.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" +msgstr "forbryterstraff for krenkelse af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" +msgstr "NET(Nejer til Elektronisk Tyveri)-loven (1998)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" +msgstr "Nej til Elektronisk Tyveri(NET)-loven (1998)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "felony punishments for" +msgstr "forbryterstraff for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " +"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " +"would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law " +"passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing " +"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a " +"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." +msgstr "" +"Eldred bestemte sig for at sloges mod denne lov. Han valgte først at " +"bekæmpe den gennem civil ulydighet. I en serie interviewer annoncerede " +"Eldred at han kom til at publicere som planlagt, pÃ¥ trods af CTEA. Men pÃ¥ " +"grund af en anden lov som blev vedtaget i 1998, NET-loven (Nej til " +"Elektronisk Tyveri), sÃ¥ villes det at publicere gøre Eldred til en kriminel " +"– uanset om nogle protesterer eller ikke. Dette var en farlig " +"strategi at gennemføre for en handicappet programmerer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "constitutional powers of" +msgstr "konstitusjonell magt til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Eldred case involvement of" +msgstr "Eldred-sagen involvering til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " +"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " +"interpretation. And though constitutional law courses never focus upon the " +"Progress Clause of the Constitution, it had always struck me as importantly " +"different. As you know, the Constitution says," +msgstr "" +"Det var her jeg blev involveret i Eldreds kamp. Jeg var en grundlovforsker " +"hvis første lidenskab var grundlovtolkning. Og selv om grundlovkurserne " +"aldrig fokuserer pÃ¥ <quote>Fremskridtbestemmelsen</quote> af Grunnloven, sÃ¥ " +"har det altid slÃ¥et mig at forskellen er vigtig. Som du ved siger " +"Grunnloven følgende," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" +msgstr "" +"Kongressen har myndighed til at fremme udviklingen af videnskab… ved " +"at sikre forfattere, i et begrænset tidsrum, … eksklusive rettigheder " +"til sine … skrifter. …" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " +"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " +"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " +"example, to regulate <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> or " +"<quote>declare War.</quote> But here, the <quote>something</quote> is " +"something quite specific—to <quote>promote … Progress</" +"quote>—through means that are also specific— by <quote>securing</" +"quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e., copyrights) <quote>for limited " +"Times.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Som jeg har beskrevet, er denne bestemmelse unik indenfor bestemmelserne som " +"deler ud myndighed i artikel I, sektion 8, af Grunnloven vores. Alle de " +"andre bestemmelser deler ud myndighed til Kongressen ved at ganske enkelt " +"sige at Kongressen har myndighed til at gøre noget – for eksempel til " +"at regulere <quote>handel mellem flere stater</quote> eller <quote>erklære " +"krig.</quote> Men her er dette <quote>noget</quote> ganske spesifikt " +"– at <quote>fremme udviklingen</quote> – gennem virkemidler som " +"ogsÃ¥ er ganske spesifikke – ved at <quote>sikre</quote> " +"<quote>eksklusive rettigheder</quote> (det vil sige ophavsreten) <quote>i et " +"begrænset tidsrum.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Jaszi, Peter" +msgstr "Jaszi, Peter" + +#. PAGE BREAK 223 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " +"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " +"Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's " +"requirement that terms be <quote>limited</quote> will have no practical " +"effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power " +"to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " +"forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as " +"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it." +msgstr "" +"I de sidste fyrre Ã¥rene har Kongressen lagt sig pÃ¥ en praksis med at udvide " +"eksisterende vernetid i ophavsreten. Det som gav mig hodebry var at hvis " +"Kongressen havde myndighed til at udvide eksisterende vernetid, da villes " +"Grunnlovens krav om at vernetiden skulle være <quote>begrænset</quote>, ikke " +"have nogle praktisk effekt. Hvis Kongressen havde myndighed til at udvide " +"vernetiden, hver gang vernetiden holder pÃ¥ at gÃ¥ ud, sÃ¥ kunne Kongressen " +"opnÃ¥ det Grunnloven tydelig forbyder – evigvarende vernetid <quote>pÃ¥ " +"avbetaling,</quote> som professor Peter Jaszi sÃ¥ pænt formulerede det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " +"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " +"of the question. No one had ever challenged Congress's practice of extending " +"existing terms. That failure may in part be why Congress seemed so " +"untroubled in its habit. That, and the fact that the practice had become so " +"lucrative for Congress. Congress knows that copyright owners will be willing " +"to pay a great deal of money to see their copyright terms extended. And so " +"Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going." +msgstr "" +"Som akademiker var min første reaktion at rette mig mod bøgerne. Jeg husker " +"at jeg sad pÃ¥ kontoret en aften og søgte gennem netdatabaser efter enhver " +"seriøs vurdering af spørgsmÃ¥let. Ingen havde nogensinde udfordret " +"Kongressens praksis med at udvide eksisterende verneperioder. Den fejlen " +"kan være dele af Ã¥rsagen til at Kongressen virkede sÃ¥ ubekymret i sin " +"praksis, det, og det faktum at denne praksis havde blevet sÃ¥ lukrativ for " +"Kongressen. Kongressen ved at ophavsretejere vil være villigt til at betale " +"meget penge for at se udvidelser i vernetiden for ophavsreten. Og dermed er " +"Kongressen ganske fornøjet med at fortsat kunne fÃ¥ disse farve pige pengeene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " +"<quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives are bribed. " +"Rather, <quote>corruption</quote> in the sense that the system induces the " +"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to " +"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress " +"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do—and those " +"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays." +msgstr "" +"For dette er kernen i korruptionen af vores nuværende styringsystem. " +"<quote>Korruption</quote> ikke i den forstand at repræsentanter bliver " +"bestukket, men i stedet <quote>korruption</quote> pÃ¥ den mÃ¥den at systemet " +"lægger op til at de som har fordele af det som gøres i Kongressen, skal " +"skaffe og give penge til Kongressen for at lægge op til at bestemte ting " +"bliver gjort. Det er begrænset med tid, og det er sÃ¥ meget Kongressen kan " +"gøre. Hvorfor ikke begrænse det den gør til de tingene den mÃ¥ gøre – " +"og de tingene som betaler sig? Å udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten betaler sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " +"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " +"hundred years after it was created. The Estate of Robert Frost is a good " +"example. Frost died in 1963. His poetry continues to be extraordinarily " +"valuable. Thus the Robert Frost estate benefits greatly from any extension " +"of copyright, since no publisher would pay the estate any money if the poems " +"Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det ikke er Ã¥benbaret for dig, vurder følgende: Lad os sige at du er en " +"af de heldige fÃ¥ ophavsretejerne hvis ophavsret fortsætter at skaffe penge " +"et hundrede Ã¥r efter at den blev tildelt. Boet efter Robert Frost er et " +"godt eksempel. Frost døde i 1963 . Hans poesi fortsætter at være vældig " +"værdifuld. Dermed har rettighetshaverne efter Robert Frost store fordele af " +"en udvidelse af ophavsreten, siden ingen utgiver villes betale arvingerne " +"penge hvis digtene Frost har skrevet kunne gives gratis ud af enhver." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " +"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. " +"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser " +"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:" +msgstr "" +"Tænk dig sÃ¥ at rettighetshaverne efter Robert Frost tjener 100 000 dollar " +"hvert Ã¥r fra tre af digtene til Frost. Og forestill dig sÃ¥ at disse digte " +"snart henhører i det fri. Du sidder i styret for boet efter Robert Frost. " +"Din økonomirÃ¥dgiver kommer til styremødet med en rigtigt dyster rapport:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 224 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " +"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " +"longer be receiving the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers " +"of those works.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Næste Ã¥r,</quote> kundgør rÃ¥dgiveren, <quote>vil værkerne A, B og C " +"henhøre i det fri. Det betyder at efter næste Ã¥r vil vi ikke længere " +"modtage den Ã¥rlige vederlagchecken pÃ¥ 100 000 dollar fra utgiverne af disse " +"værker.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " +"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " +"extend the terms of copyright by twenty years. That bill would be " +"extraordinarily valuable to us. So we should hope this bill passes.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Men det er et forslag i Kongressen,</quote> fortsætter hun, " +"<quote>som kan ændre dette. Nogle kongresrepræsentanter har lanceret et " +"lovforslag om at udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten med tyve Ã¥r. Det forslaget " +"vil være ekstremt værdifuldt for os. SÃ¥ vi bør hÃ¥be at den loven bliver " +"vedtaget.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " +"something about it?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>HÃ¥be?,</quote> siger en kollega i styret. <quote>Kan vi ikke gøre " +"mere end det?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " +"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " +"that they support the bill.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Vel, jo, selvfølgelig,</quote> svarer rÃ¥dgiveren. <quote>Vi kan " +"bidrage med valgkampstøtte til et antal repræsentanter for at forsøge at " +"sikre at de vil støtte lovforslaget.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " +"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " +"if this extension were passed?</quote> you ask the adviser. <quote>How much " +"is it worth?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Du hader politik. Du hader at bidrage til valgkampagner. SÃ¥ du ønsker at " +"vide hvorvidt denne motbydelige praksissen er værd det. <quote>Hvor mange " +"vil vi fÃ¥ hvis denne udvidelse bliver vedtaget?</quote> spørger du " +"rÃ¥dgiveren. <quote>Hvor mange er det værd?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " +"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " +"use the <quote>discount rate</quote> that we use to evaluate estate " +"investments (6 percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the " +"estate.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Vel,</quote> siger rÃ¥dgiveren og fortsætter, <quote>hvis du er sikker " +"pÃ¥ at du vil fortsætte at fÃ¥ mindst 100 000 dollar i Ã¥ret for disse " +"ophavsreter, og du bruger samme <quote>diskonteringssats</quote> som vi " +"bruger for at vurdere ejendominvesteringer (6 procent), sÃ¥ vil denne lov " +"være værd 1 146 000 dollar for boet.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " +"conclusion:" +msgstr "" +"Du bliver lidt chockeret over tallet, men du kommer raskt frem til rigtig " +"konklusion:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " +"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " +"contributions would assure that the bill was passed?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>SÃ¥ du siger at det vil være værd det for os at betale mere end " +"1 000 000 dollar i valgkampbidrag hvis vi var trygge pÃ¥ at disse bidrag " +"villes sikre at loven blev vedtaget?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " +"you to contribute up to the <quote>present value</quote> of the income you " +"expect from these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Ultimatum,</quote> svarer rÃ¥dgiveren. <quote>Det er værd det hvis du " +"bidrager med op til dagens værdi af indkomsterne du forventer fra disse " +"ophavsreter. Hvilket for os betyder over 1 000 000 dollar.</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " +"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " +"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they " +"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit " +"greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to " +"expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term " +"extended." +msgstr "" +"Du tager raskt pointen – du som styremedlem samt, regner jeg med, du " +"som læser. Hver gang ophavsreten holder pÃ¥ at løbe ud, har hver eneste " +"mottaker i samme position som arvingerne efter Robert Frost det samme valg: " +"Hvis de bidrager til at fÃ¥ en lov vedtaget som udvider ophavsreten, sÃ¥ vil " +"de have stor nytte af den udvidelsen. SÃ¥ hver eneste gang ophavsreten er i " +"færd med at løbe ud, sÃ¥ er det en massiv lobbyvirksomhed for at fÃ¥ " +"opphavsrettsvernetiden udvidet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " +"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " +"buy further extensions of copyright." +msgstr "" +"Dermed har vi en kongressbasert evighedmaskine: SÃ¥ længe lovgiving kan købes " +"(rigtig nok indirekte), sÃ¥ vil det være alle incentiver i værdet for at købe " +"yderstere udvidelser af ophavsreten." + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " +"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." +msgstr "" +"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " +"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 . oktober 1998, 22 ." + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,</" +"quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +"ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " +"Ærefrygt,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #49</ulink>." + +#. f5. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 . august 1990, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " +"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved real. " +"Ten of the thirteen original sponsors of the act in the House received the " +"maximum contribution from Disney's political action committee; in the " +"Senate, eight of the twelve sponsors received contributions.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The RIAA and the MPAA are estimated to have " +"spent over $1.5 million lobbying in the 1998 election cycle. They paid out " +"more than $200,000 in campaign contributions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Disney is estimated to have contributed more than $800,000 to " +"reelection campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I lobbyvirksomheden som førte til at Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om " +"vernetiden for ophavsret blev vedtaget, blev denne <quote>teori</quote> om " +"incentiver bevist at være rigtigt. Ti af de tretten originale sponsorerne " +"til loven i Overhuset modtog maksimale bidrag fra Disneys politiske " +"handlingkomite. I Senatet modtog otte af de tolv sponsorerne bidrag." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> RIAA og MPAA er estimeret at have " +"brugt mere end 1,5 millioner dollar til lobbyvirksomhed i 1998-valgperioden. " +" De betalte ud mere end 200 000 dollar i kampagnebidrag.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Disney er estimeret at have bidraget med mere " +"end 800 000 dollar i gjenvelgelseskampanjer den perioden.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " +"the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " +"complaint, this reality about the never-ending incentives to increase the " +"copyright term was central to my thinking. In my view, a pragmatic court " +"committed to interpreting and applying the Constitution of our framers would " +"see that if Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then there " +"would be no effective constitutional requirement that terms be " +"<quote>limited.</quote> If they could extend it once, they would extend it " +"again and again and again." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Forfatningret</emphasis> er ikke uvitende om det " +"Ã¥benbare. Eller det behøver ikke være det. SÃ¥ da jeg vurderede klagen fra " +"Eldred, sÃ¥ var denne virkelighed om de ubegrænsede incentivene for at øge " +"opphavsrettsvernetiden central i min tenking. Efter min mening villes en " +"pragmatisk domstol som var forpligtet til at tolke og anvende Grunnloven " +"givet af vores grundlovforsamling, se at hvis Kongressen havde myndighed " +"til at udvide eksisterende vernetid, sÃ¥ villes det ikke være noget " +"grunnlovsmessig krav om at vernetiden skulle være <quote>begrænset.</quote> " +"Hvis de kunne udvide den en gang, sÃ¥ kunne de udvide den igen og igen og " +"igen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 226 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " +"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " +"Court's work knows, this Court has increasingly restricted the power of " +"Congress when it has viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power " +"granted to it by the Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most " +"famous example of this trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to " +"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools." +msgstr "" +"Det var ogsÃ¥ min vurdering at <emphasis>denne</emphasis> Højesteret ikke " +"villes tillade Kongressen at udvide den eksisterende vernetiden. Som alle " +"som kender Højesterets arbejde ved, har denne domstol i stadigt større grad " +"begrænset magten til Kongressen nÃ¥r den har vurderet at Kongressens " +"vedtagelse gÃ¥r ud over myndigheden tildelt dem i Grunnloven. Blandt " +"grundlovforskere var det mest berømte eksemplet pÃ¥ denne trend afgørelsen " +"fra Højesteret i 1995 om at slÃ¥ ned pÃ¥ en lov som forbød besittelse af vÃ¥ben " +"nær skoler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "commerce, interstate" +msgstr "handel, mellomstatlig" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "interstate commerce" +msgstr "mellomstatlig handel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " +"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " +"only <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> (aka <quote>interstate " +"commerce</quote>), the Supreme Court had interpreted that power to include " +"the power to regulate any activity that merely affected interstate commerce." +msgstr "" +"Siden 1937 havde Højesteret tolket Kongressens tildelte myndighed vældig " +"bredt. SÃ¥ mens Grunnloven giver Kongressen myndighed til at kun regulere " +"<quote>handel mellem stater</quote> (ogsÃ¥ kendt som <quote>mellomstatlig " +"handel</quote>), sÃ¥ havde Højesteret tolket den myndigheden til at indeholde " +"myndigheden til at regulere enhver aktivitet som kun berører mellomstatlig " +"handel." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " +"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " +"considered on a national scale, affects interstate commerce. A Constitution " +"designed to limit Congress's power was instead interpreted to impose no " +"limit." +msgstr "" +"EfterhÃ¥nden som økonomien voksede, betød denne standard i stadigt større " +"grad at det ikke var nogle grænser for Kongressens myndighed til at " +"regulere, siden stort set hver eneste aktivitet, nÃ¥r man vurderede det pÃ¥ " +"national skala, pÃ¥virker mellomstatlig handel. En grundlov udformede for at " +"begrænse Kongressens myndighed blev i stedet tolket til at ikke have nogen " +"grænse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rehnquist, William H." +msgstr "Rehnquist, William H." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "United States v. Lopez" +msgstr "USA mod Lopez" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " +"government had argued that possessing guns near schools affected interstate " +"commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, crime lowers property values, " +"and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief Justice asked the government " +"whether there was any activity that would not affect interstate commerce " +"under the reasoning the government advanced. The government said there was " +"not; if Congress says an activity affects interstate commerce, then that " +"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government " +"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress." +msgstr "" +"Højesteret ændrede, under ledelse af højesteretsjustitiarius Rehnquist, det " +"i <citetitle>United States</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. " +"Staten havde argumenteret med at at bære vÃ¥ben nær skoler pÃ¥virket " +"mellomstatlig handel. VÃ¥ben nær skoler øger kriminalitet, kriminalitet " +"reducerede ejendomværdier, og sÃ¥ videre. I den mundtlige argumentationen " +"spurgte høyesterettsjustitiariusen staten om det fandtes nogle aktivitet som " +"ikke villes pÃ¥virke mellomstatlig handel i henhold til begrundelsen som " +"staten fremførte. Staten sagde at det fandtes ikke . Hvis Kongressen sagde " +"at en aktivitet pÃ¥virket mellomstatlig handel, sÃ¥ pÃ¥virkede den aktiviteten " +"mellomstatlig handel. Staten sagde at Højesteret ikke var i position til at " +"efterprøve Kongressen." + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U." +"S. 549, 564 (1995)." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U." +"S. 549, 564 (1995)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "United States v. Morrison" +msgstr "USA mod Morrison" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " +"U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, " +"529 U.S. 598 (2000). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,</" +"quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If " +"anything Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered " +"interstate commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The " +"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed five years later in " +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Vi tager en pause for at vurdere implikationerne fra regeringens " +"argumenter,</quote> skræv høyesterettsjustitiariusen.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvis alt Kongressen siger er mellomstatlig " +"handel dermed mÃ¥ anses at være mellomstatlig handel, sÃ¥ findes det ingen " +"begrænsninger i Kongressens myndighed. Afgørelsen i <citetitle>Lopez</" +"citetitle> blev bekræftet fire Ã¥r senere i <citetitle>United States</" +"citetitle> mod <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " +"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " +"the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government " +"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the " +"limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in " +"the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's " +"interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate " +"copyrights—the limitation to <quote>limited times</quote> " +"notwithstanding." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det er et princip om opplistede kompetencer, sÃ¥ bør dette princippet " +"kunne overføres fra en opplistet kompetence til den næste. Det " +"utslagsgivende pointen nÃ¥r det galdt handelbestemmelsen, var at tolkningen " +"staten kom med , villes give staten ubegrænset kompetence til at regulere " +"handel – pÃ¥ trods af begrænsningen om mellomstatlig handel. OgsÃ¥ i " +"denne sammenehengen villes statens tolkning give staten ubegrænset " +"kompetence til at regulere ophavsret – pÃ¥ trods af begrænsningen om " +"<quote>et begrænset tidsrum.</quote>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 227 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " +"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should " +"yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If " +"Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no " +"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power over terms, though the " +"Constitution expressly states that there is such a limit. Thus, the same " +"principle applied to the power to grant copyrights should entail that " +"Congress is not allowed to extend the term of existing copyrights." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det er et princip som anvendes her , sÃ¥ bør det være lige sÃ¥ gyldigt " +"for Fremskridtbestemmelsen som for Handelbestemmelsen.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og hvis det anvendes pÃ¥ Fremskridtbestemmelsen, " +"bør princippet føre til konklusionen at Kongressen ikke kan udvide en " +"eksisterende vernetid. Hvis Kongressen kan udvide en eksisterende vernetid, " +"sÃ¥ findes det intet <quote>endepunkt</quote> for Kongressens myndighed over " +"vernetiden, selv om grundloven klart siger at det findes en sÃ¥dan grænse. " +"Dermed, hvis det samme princip anvendes pÃ¥ myndigheden til at dele ud " +"ophavsreter, burde det gøre at Kongressen ikke fÃ¥r lov til at udvide " +"vernetiden til eksisterende ophavsreter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Supreme Court restraint on" +msgstr "Højesteretbegrænsninger pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " +"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for politics—a " +"conservative Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its " +"power over Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I " +"rejected that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after " +"the decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the <quote>fidelity</quote> " +"in such an interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme " +"Court decides cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily " +"boring. I was not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if " +"these nine Justices were going to be petty politicians." +msgstr "" +"Dette stemmer <emphasis>hvis</emphasis> princippet lagt frem i " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> var et princip. Mange mente afgørelsen i " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> var politisk – en konservativ Højesteret, " +"som troede pÃ¥ staternes rettigheder, brugte sin myndighed over Kongressen " +"til at fremme sine egen personlige politiske præferencer. Men jeg afviste " +"det synet pÃ¥ afgørelsen fra Højesteret. Jeg havde til og med skrævet en " +"artikel lige sÃ¥ efter afgørelsen som demonstrerede hvor <quote>trÃ¥dte mod " +"ophavet</quote> en sÃ¥dan tolkning var mod Grunnloven. Idéen om at " +"Højesteret afgjorde sager baseret pÃ¥ sin politiske overbevisning, slog mig " +"som usædvanligt kedeligt. Jeg kom ikke til at dedikere mit liv til at lære " +"væk forfatningret hvis disse ni dommerne kun skulle være smÃ¥lige politikere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " +"we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " +"about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously " +"Eldred was not endorsing piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was " +"fighting a kind of piracy—piracy of the public domain. When Robert " +"Frost wrote his work and when Walt Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum " +"copyright term was just fifty-six years. Because of interim changes, Frost " +"and Disney had already enjoyed a seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. " +"They had gotten the benefit of the bargain that the Constitution envisions: " +"In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they created new " +"work. But now these entities were using their power—expressed through " +"the power of lobbyists' money—to get another twenty-year dollop of " +"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public domain. " +"Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Lad os nu tage et øjebliks pause</emphasis> for at " +"være sikker pÃ¥ at vi forstÃ¥r hvad argumentet i <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " +"ikke handlede om. Ved at insistere pÃ¥ Grunnlovens begrænsning pÃ¥ " +"ophavsreten, sÃ¥ gik selvsagt ikke Eldred god for piratvirksomhed. Faktisk " +"sloges han, pÃ¥ en Ã¥penbar mÃ¥de, mod en slags piratvirksomhed – røving " +"af allemannseiet. Da Robert Frost skrev sine værk, og nÃ¥r Walt Disney " +"skabte Mikke Mus, sÃ¥ var den maksimale vernetiden bare femtiseks Ã¥r. PÃ¥ " +"grund af ændringer i mellemtiden har Forst og Disney allerede nyt godt af " +"syttifem Ã¥rs monopol pÃ¥ sine værker. De har fÃ¥et fordelen i aftalen som " +"Grunnloven ser for sig: I bytte for et monopol beskyttede i femtiseks Ã¥r, sÃ¥ " +"skabte de nye værker. Men nu brugte disse aktører sin magt – udtrykt " +"gennem strømmen af lobbyvirksomheden penge – til at fÃ¥ tyve Ã¥rs " +"forlængelse af monopolet. Denne forlængelse vil blive taget fra " +"allemannseiet. Eric Eldred sloges mod piratvirksomhed som pÃ¥virker os alle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" +msgstr "Nashville sangforfatterforening" + +#. f9. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. " +"01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #51</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Indlæg fra Nashville sangforfatterforening, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " +"mod <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n." +"10, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " +"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " +"domain is nothing more than <quote>legal piracy.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in " +"our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " +"Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " +"pirate's charter." +msgstr "" +"Nogle folk ser pÃ¥ allemannseiet med foragt. I indlægget de sendt til " +"Højesteretten, skræv Nashville sangforfatterforening at allemannseiet ikke " +"var noget andet end <quote>lovlig piratvirksomhed.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Men det er ikke piratvirksomhed nÃ¥r loven " +"tillader det. Og i vores konstituelle system kræver loven dette. Nogle kan " +"mÃ¥ske lide ikke paragrafferne i Grunnloven vores, men det gør ikke " +"Grunnloven til en piratkodeks." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " +"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " +"development and distribution of our culture. Yet, as Eric Eldred discovered, " +"we have set up a system that assures that copyright terms will be repeatedly " +"extended, and extended, and extended. We have created the perfect storm for " +"the public domain. Copyrights have not expired, and will not expire, so long " +"as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again." +msgstr "" +"Som vi har set, kræver vores konstitusjonelle systemer begrænsninger pÃ¥ " +"ophavsreten som en mÃ¥de at sikre at ophavsretindehavere ikke fÃ¥r for stærk " +"pÃ¥virking pÃ¥ udviklingen og distributionen af vores kultur. Alligevel, som " +"Eric Eldred opdagede, har vi sat op et system som sikrer at " +"opphavsrettsvernetiden igen vil blive udvidet, og udvidet, og udvidet. Vi " +"har skabt den perfekte storm for allemannseiet. Ophavsreterne har ikke gÃ¥et " +"ud pÃ¥ dato, og vil aldrig gÃ¥ ud pÃ¥ dato, sÃ¥ længe Kongressen stÃ¥r frit til " +"at lade sig købe for at udvide dem igen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " +"responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " +"Blue.</quote> These works are too valuable for copyright owners to ignore. " +"But the real harm to our society from copyright extensions is not that " +"Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. " +"Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have continuing " +"commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from these " +"famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not " +"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er værdifuld</emphasis> ophavsret som er " +"ansvarligt/ansvarlig for at verneperiodene bliver udvidet. Mikke Mus og " +"<quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> Disse værker er for værdifulde til at " +"opphavsrettseierene kan ignorere dem. Men den reelle skaden fra " +"ophavsretudvidelser for vores samfund er ikke at Mikke Mus forbliver " +"Disneys. Glem Mikke Mus. Glem Robert Frost. Glem alle værk fra 1920-" +"tallet og 1930-tallet som fortsat har kommerciel værdi. Den reelle skaden " +"fra udvidelse af vernetiden kommer ikke fra disse berømte værker. Den " +"reelle skaden er fra de værkerne som ikke er berømte, ikke kommercielt " +"udnyttet, og dermed heller ikke længere tilgængeligt." + +#. f10. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " +"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " +"See Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Tallet 2 procent er en ekstrapolering fra en undersøgelse gjort af " +"Kongressens forskningtjeneste, med baggrund i de estimerede " +"fornyelsespennene. Se Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " +"mod <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " +"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " +"work has any continuing commercial value. It was the copyright holders for " +"that 2 percent who pushed the CTEA through. But the law and its effect were " +"not limited to that 2 percent. The law extended the terms of copyright " +"generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Hvis du ser pÃ¥ arbejder holdet i de første tyve Ã¥rene (1923 til 1942) " +"pÃ¥virkede af Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for ophavsret, sÃ¥ " +"har 2 procent af disse værker fortsat kommercielle værdi. Det var " +"ophavsretindehaverne for disse 2 procenterne som fik igennem CTEA. Men loven " +"og dens effekt var ikke begrænset til disse 2 procenterne. Loven udvidede " +"vernetiden til ophavsreten generelt.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " +"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " +"10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in " +"print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available " +"to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you " +"have to do?" +msgstr "" +"Tænk praktisk over konsekvensen af denne udvidelse – praktisk som en " +"forretningsmand, ikke som en advokat ivrigt efter mere juridisk arbejde. I " +"1930 blev 10047 bøge publiceret. I 2000 var 174 af disse bøge fortsat " +"tilgængeligt fra forlaget. Lad os antage at du var Brewster Kahle, og du " +"ønsket at gøre de resterende 9873 tilgængeligt for værdet i dit iArkiv-" +"projekt. Hvad villes du mÃ¥tte gøre?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " +"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-" +"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and " +"authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal " +"records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still " +"under copyright." +msgstr "" +"Vel, først mÃ¥ du finde ud hvilke af disse 9873 bøgene som fortsat er værnet " +"af ophavsreten. Det kræver at du gÃ¥r til biblioteket (den informationen er " +"ikke tilgængeligt pÃ¥ nettet) og bladrer igennem haller med bøger mens du " +"kryds-tjekker titler og forfatterne af disse 9873 bøgene med " +"ophavsretregistreringerne og fornyingsmeldingene for værk publiceret i 1930 " +". Dette vil give en liste med bøger som fortsat er værnet af ophavsreten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " +"current copyright owners. How would you do that?" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥, for bøgerne som fortsat er værnet af ophavsreten, mÃ¥ en finne de " +"nuværende ophavsretejere. Hvordan vil du gøre det?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " +"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " +"thousands of government monopolies without there being at least a list?" +msgstr "" +"De fleste folk tænker at det mÃ¥ være en liste over disse ophavsret ejerne en " +"eller anden plads. Praktiske folk tænker sÃ¥dan . Hvordan kan det være " +"tusinder pÃ¥ tusinder af monopoler delt ud af myndighederne uden at det i " +"hvert fald findes en liste?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " +"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " +"how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such " +"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily " +"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" +msgstr "" +"Men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og derefter i 1959, " +"for personen som registrerede ophavsreten. Men bare tænkt rundt hvor " +"utroligt vanskeligt det vil være at praktisk spore op tusindvis af sÃ¥danne " +"arkivoppføringer – specielt siden personen som er registreret ikke " +"nødvendigvis er den nuværende ejer. Og vi snakker kun om 1930!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " +"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " +"copyright owners?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Men det er ikke generelt en liste over hvem som ejer ejendom</quote> " +"svarer forsvarerne af systemet. <quote>Hvorfor skulle det findes en liste " +"over ophavsretejere?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " +"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " +"to cars. And where there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty " +"good at suggesting who the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in " +"your backyard is probably yours.) So formally or informally, we have a " +"pretty good way to know who owns what tangible property." +msgstr "" +"Vel, egentligt, nÃ¥r du tænker pÃ¥ det, sÃ¥ <emphasis>findes</emphasis> det " +"mange lister over hvem som ejer hvilken ejendom. Tænk pÃ¥ sammenføjninger " +"for huse, eller hvem som ejer biler. Og der det ikke findes en liste, sÃ¥ er " +"skrønerne for den virkelige værdet ganske dygtige til at foreslÃ¥ hvem som " +"ejer en bidder ejendom (en gynge placeret i bakhagen din er sandsynligvis " +"din). SÃ¥ bÃ¥de formelt og uformelt har vi en ganske god mÃ¥de at vide hvem som " +"ejer hvilken konkrede ejendom." + +#. PAGE BREAK 230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " +"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " +"ordinarily a license plate that will link the owner to the car. If you see a " +"bunch of children's toys sitting on the front lawn of a house, it's fairly " +"easy to determine who owns the toys. And if you happen to see a baseball " +"lying in a gutter on the side of the road, look around for a second for some " +"kids playing ball. If you don't see any kids, then okay: Here's a bit of " +"property whose owner we can't easily determine. It is the exception that " +"proves the rule: that we ordinarily know quite well who owns what property." +msgstr "" +"Dermed: Du vandrer ned en gade og ser et huse. Du kan vide hvem som ejer " +"huset ved at slÃ¥ op i kommunehusets ejendomregister. Hvis du ser en bil, " +"sÃ¥ er det normalt et bilskilt som vil knytte ejeren til bilen. Hvis du ser " +"en høj med barnlæger som ligger pÃ¥ plænen forran et huse, sÃ¥ er det rimeligt " +"enkelt at finde ud hvem som ejer lægerne. Og hvis du tilfældigvis ser en " +"baseball som ligger i grøftede ved siden af vejen, sÃ¥ ser du dig rundt et " +"øjeblik efter unger som spiller bal. Hvis du ikke ser nogle barn, sÃ¥ ok: " +"her er det en bidder ejendom hvis ejer vi ikke enkelt kan spore op . Dette " +"er undtagelsen som bekræfter reglen: at vi normalt ved rigtigt godt hvem som " +"ejer hvilken ejendom." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " +"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " +"described, there's no list of copyright owners. There are authors' names, of " +"course, but their copyrights could have been assigned, or passed down in an " +"estate like Grandma's old jewelry. To know who owns what, you would have to " +"hire a private detective. The bottom line: The owner cannot easily be " +"located. And in a regime like ours, in which it is a felony to use such " +"property without the property owner's permission, the property isn't going " +"to be used." +msgstr "" +"Sammenlign denne historie med immateriell ejendom. Du gÃ¥r ind i et " +"bibliotek. Biblioteket ejer bøgerne. Men hvem ejer ophavsreten? Som jeg " +"allerede har nævnt, sÃ¥ findes det ingen liste med ophavsretejere. Det er " +"navnene til forfattere, naturligvis, men deres ophavsret kan have blevet " +"overført, eller blevet arvet til et boer lig bedstemors gamle smykke. For " +"at vide hvem som ejer hvad sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du hyre en privatdetektiv. Det man sidder " +"igen med er at ejeren ikke enkelt kan findes. Og med et regime som vores, " +"der det er en forbrydelse at bruge sÃ¥dan ejendom uden tilladelse fra ejeren " +"af ejendommen, sÃ¥ vil ejendommen ikke blive brugt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " +"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " +"creative works is much more dire." +msgstr "" +"Konsekvensen for gamle bøger er at de ikke vil blive digitaliseret, og " +"dermed ganske enkelt vil rÃ¥dne væk pÃ¥ hylde. Men konsekvensen for andre " +"kreative arbejder er meget mere alvorlig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Agee, Michael" +msgstr "Agee, Michael" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "Hal Roach Studios" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" +msgstr "Helan og Halvan-filmene" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lucky Dog, The" +msgstr "Lucky Dog, The" + +#. f11. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " +"Streitfeld, <quote>Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court " +"Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down Copyright Extension,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002." +msgstr "" +"Se David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 . oktober 2002, David " +"Streitfeld, <quote>Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stage; Supreme Court " +"Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down Copyright Extension,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 . oktober 2002 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " +"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " +"beneficiary of the Bono Act. The Laurel and Hardy films were made between " +"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</" +"citetitle>, is currently out of copyright. But for the CTEA, films made " +"after 1923 would have begun entering the public domain. Because Agee " +"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal " +"of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 " +"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent films.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se pÃ¥ historie til Michael Agee, styreleder ved Haller Roach Studios, som " +"ejer ophavsreterne for Helan- og Halvan-filmene. Agee har dermed direkte " +"fordel af Bono-loven. Helan og Halvan-filmene blev fortaget mellem 1921 og " +"1951 . Kun en af disse film, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</citetitle>, har sÃ¥ " +"langt henhørt i det fri. Men havde det ikke været for CTEA, villes filmer " +"holdet efter 1923 begyndt at henhøre i det fri. Da Agee kontrollerer de " +"eksklusive rettighederne for disse populære film, sÃ¥ tjener han en god del " +"penge. Ifølge et estimat, <quote>har Roach solgt omtrent 60 000 " +"videokassettebÃ¥nd og 50 000 DVD-er af filmene til denne stumfilmduoen.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " +"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " +"the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act will, if left standing, destroy " +"a whole generation of American film." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel gik Agee mod CTEA. Hans begrundelse er en sjælden dyd i denne " +"kultur: uselviskhet. Han argumenterede i sit indlæg foran Højesteretten at " +"Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for ophavsret vil, hvis den blev " +"stÃ¥ende, ødelægge en hel generation med amerikansk film." + +#. PAGE BREAK 231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " +"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " +"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work " +"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of " +"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " +"must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution." +msgstr "" +"hans Argument er enkelt. En lille brøkdel af disse værker har vedvarende " +"kommerciel værdi. Resten – i den grad de overlever i det hele taget " +"– ligger i et hvælv og samler støv. Det kan være at nogle af disse " +"værker som nu ikke er kommercielt værdifulde, vil blive vurderet at være " +"værdifulde af ejerne af hvælvene. For at det skal ske, mÃ¥ den kommercielle " +"gevinsten fra værkerne overstige omkostningen med at gøre virket " +"tilgængeligt for distribution." + +#. f12. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " +"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</" +"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See also Brief of Amicus " +"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Brief of Haller Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting " +"the Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</" +"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12 . Se ogsÃ¥ Brief of Amicus " +"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " +"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " +"technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " +"$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " +"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of 8 mm film.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Vi kan ikke vide gevinsten, men vi ved meget om omkostningerne. For det " +"meste af filmhistorie har omkostningen med at restaurere film været rigtigt " +"høj. Digital teknologi har reduceret disse omkostninger betydeligt. Mens " +"det i 1993 kostede mere end 10 000 dollar for at restaurere en " +"nittiminutters sort-hvidt-film, sÃ¥ kan det nu koste sÃ¥ lidt som 100 dollar " +"at digitalisere en times 8-millimeterfilm.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " +"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " +"addition to preserving the film, a distributor needs to secure the rights. " +"And to secure the rights for a film that is under copyright, you need to " +"locate the copyright owner." +msgstr "" +"Restaureringteknologien er ikke den eneste omkostningen, og heller ikke den " +"vigtigste. Advokater er ogsÃ¥ en omkostning, og i stadigt større grad, en " +"rigtigt vigtig del. I tillæg til at bevare filmen, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ en distributør " +"sikre sig rettighederne. Og for at sikre sig rettighederne til en film som " +"er værnet af ophavsreten, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du finde ophavsretejeren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " +"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " +"a single person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as " +"many as can hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large " +"number. Thus the costs of clearing the rights to these films is " +"exceptionally high." +msgstr "" +"Eller for at være mere præcis, <emphasis>ejere</emphasis>. Som vi har set " +"er det ikke bare en enkelt ophavsret tilknyttet en film. Det er mange. Det " +"er ikke en enkelt person som du kan kontakte om disse ophavsreter. Det er " +"lige sÃ¥ mange som det er ophavsreter knyttet til den, hvilket viser sig at " +"være et ekstremt højt antal. Dermed bliver omkostningen med at klarere " +"rettighederne for disse film eksepsjonelt høj." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " +"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " +"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she " +"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have " +"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be " +"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you " +"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you " +"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to " +"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Men kan du ikke bare restaurere filmen, distribuere den, og sÃ¥ betale " +"ophavsretejeren nÃ¥r hun dukker op ?</quote> Jovisst, hvis du ønsker at gøre " +"dig selv til kriminel. Og selv om du ikke er bekymret over at begÃ¥ en " +"forbrydelse, sÃ¥ vil hun nÃ¥r hun dukker op , have ret til at sagsøge dig for " +"al fortjeneste du har haft. SÃ¥ hvis du lykkes, sÃ¥ kan du være rimeligt " +"sikker pÃ¥ at du fÃ¥r besøg fra nogen advokat. Og hvis du ikke lykkes, sÃ¥ vil " +"du ikke have tjent nok til at dække omkostningen for din egen advokat. " +"Uanset vil du være nødt til at snakke med en advokat. Og det at sige at du " +"mÃ¥ snakke med en advokat er ofte det samme som at sige at du ikke vil tjene " +"nogle penge." + +#. PAGE BREAK 232 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " +"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " +"outweigh the legal costs. Thus, for the vast majority of old films, Agee " +"argued, the film will not be restored and distributed until the copyright " +"expires." +msgstr "" +"For nogle film kan det hænde gevinsten fra at give ud filmen vil overskride " +"disse omkostninger. Men for de aller fleste af dem er det ingen mulighed " +"for at gevinsten vil oppveie de juridiske omkostningerne. Dermed vil de " +"aller fleste gamle film, argumenterede Agee, ikke blive restaureret og " +"distribueret føder ophavsreten løber ud." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " +"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " +"dissolves over time. They will be gone, and the metal canisters in which " +"they are now stored will be filled with nothing more than dust." +msgstr "" +"Men inden ophavsreten for disse film er utløpt, vil filmen have gÃ¥et tabt. " +"Disse film blev produceret pÃ¥ nitratbaserte filmruller, og nitratfilm gÃ¥r i " +"opløsning over tid. De vil være borte, og metalæskerne der de nu bliver " +"lagret vil kun indeholde støv." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " +"humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " +"tiny fraction, the copyright is a crucially important legal device. For that " +"tiny fraction, the copyright creates incentives to produce and distribute " +"the creative work. For that tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an " +"<quote>engine of free expression.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Af alle de</emphasis> kreative værker produceret af " +"mennesker i værdet, sÃ¥ er det kun en lille brøkdel som fortsætter at have " +"kommerciel værdi. For denne lille brøkdel er ophavsreten et vigtigt og " +"kritisk juridisk virkemiddel. For denne lille brøkdel skaber ophavsreten " +"incentiver til at producere og distribuere kreativt arbejde. For denne " +"lille brøkdel fungerer ophavsret som en <quote>kraftkraft for udtrykfrihed.</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " +"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " +"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. " +"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative " +"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial " +"life ends." +msgstr "" +"Men selv for denne lille brøkdel, sÃ¥ er den reelle tiden som det kreative " +"værket har et kommercielt liv ekstremt kort. Som jeg insinuerede tidligere " +"bliver de fleste bøge udsolgt fra forlaget inden et Ã¥r. Det samme er " +"tilfældet for musik og film. Kommerciel kultur er som et rovdyr. Den mÃ¥ " +"fortsætte at bevæge sig. Og nÃ¥r et kreativt værk ikke længere fÃ¥r " +"goodwillen fra en kommerciel distributør, sÃ¥ tager dens kommercielle epoke " +"slutning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " +"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " +"have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending " +"Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 " +"news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and " +"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for " +"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have " +"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel betyder ikke dette at livet til det kreative værket er over. Vi " +"har ikke biblioteker for at konkurrere med Barnes & Noble, og vi har " +"ikke filmarkiver fordi vi forventer at folk skal vælge mellem at tilbringe " +"fredagsaftenen med at se nye film, eller tilbringe fredagsaftenen med at se " +"en nyhetsdokumentar fra 1930 . Det ikke-kommercielle epoken til kulturen er " +"vigtigt og værdifuldt – som underholdning men ogsÃ¥, og vigtigere, for " +"kundskab. For at forstÃ¥ hvem vi er, hvor vi kom fra og hvordan vi gjorde " +"de fejl vi har gjort, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi have tilgang til denne historie." + +#. PAGE BREAK 233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " +"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " +"context do no good." +msgstr "" +"Ophavsreten i denne sammenhæng udgør ikke en kraftkraft for udtrykfrihed. " +"I denne sammenhæng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rettighed. " +"Ophavsreten i denne sammenhæng bidrager ikke positivt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " +"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " +"<emphasis>copyright-related use</emphasis> that would be inhibited by an " +"exclusive right. When a book went out of print, you could not buy it from a " +"publisher. But you could still buy it from a used book store, and when a " +"used book store sells it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the " +"copyright owner anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its " +"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law." +msgstr "" +"Men for det meste af vores historie gjorde den lille skade. For det meste " +"af vores historie, nÃ¥r den kommercielle epoken til et værk tog slutning, sÃ¥ " +"var det ikke noget <emphasis>opphavsrettsrelatert brug</emphasis> som villes " +"blive blokeret af en eksklusiv ret. NÃ¥r en bog blev udsolgt fra forlaget, " +"sÃ¥ kunne du ikke købe det fra et forlag. Men du kunne fortsat købe den fra " +"en bruktbokhandel. Og nÃ¥r man bruktbokhandel sælger den, i hvert fald i " +"USA, sÃ¥ er det ikke nødvendigt at betale noget til ophavsretejeren. Dermed " +"var den normale brugen af en bog efter at den kommercielle epoken tog " +"slutning, en brug som var uafhængigt af opphavsrettslov." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " +"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " +"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains " +"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its " +"commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end " +"of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer." +msgstr "" +"Det samme var praktisk set tilfælde ogsÃ¥ for film. PÃ¥ grund af at " +"omkostningerne med at restaurere en film – de egentlige økonomiske " +"omkostningerne, ikke advokatomkostningerne – var sÃ¥ høje, sÃ¥ var det " +"aldrig praktisk muligt at opbevare, eller restaurere film. Omtrent som med " +"resterne efter en flot middag, nÃ¥r den er over, sÃ¥ er den over. NÃ¥r den " +"kommercielle epoken til en film var over, sÃ¥ kan den have blevet arkiveret " +"en stund, men det var slutningen pÃ¥ filmens liv sÃ¥ længe markedet ikke havde " +"noget mere at tilbyde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " +"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " +"their commercial value. Long copyrights for these works would not have " +"interfered with anything." +msgstr "" +"Med andre ord, selv om ophavsretbeskyttelsen har været relativt kort for det " +"meste af vores historie, sÃ¥ villes ikke lang ophavsretbeskyttelse gjort " +"noget forskel for arbejder som har mistet sin kommercielle værdi. Lang " +"ophavsretbeskyttelse for disse værker villes ikke kommet i vejen for noget." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "But this situation has now changed." +msgstr "Men denne situation er nu ændret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " +"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " +"technologies now make it possible to preserve and give access to all sorts " +"of knowledge. Once a book goes out of print, we can now imagine digitizing " +"it and making it available to everyone, forever. Once a film goes out of " +"distribution, we could digitize it and make it available to everyone, " +"forever. Digital technologies give new life to copyrighted material after it " +"passes out of its commercial life. It is now possible to preserve and assure " +"universal access to this knowledge and culture, whereas before it was not." +msgstr "" +"En rigtigt vigtig konsekvens af fremvæksten af digitale teknologier er at " +"muliggjøre arkivet som Brewster Kahle drømmer om. Digitale teknologier gør " +"det nu muligt at opbevare og give tilgang til alle typer kundskab. NÃ¥r en " +"bog er udsolgt fra forlaget, sÃ¥ kan vi forestille os at digitalisere den og " +"gøre den tilgængeligt for alle, til evig tid. NÃ¥r en film ikke længere er " +"tilgængeligt fra distributør, kan vi digitalisere den og gøre den " +"tilgængelig for alle, til evig tid. Digitale teknologier giver nyt liv til " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale efter at den kommercielle epoke er over. " +"Det er nu muligt at opbevare og sikre universell tilgang til denne kundskab " +"og kulturen, mens det tidligere ikke var muligt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " +"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " +"copyright. To digitize a book is to copy it. To do that requires permission " +"of the copyright owner. The same with music, film, or any other aspect of " +"our culture protected by copyright. The effort to make these things " +"available to history, or to researchers, or to those who just want to " +"explore, is now inhibited by a set of rules that were written for a " +"radically different context." +msgstr "" +"Men nu kommer opphavsrettsloven i vejen. Hvert steg som trænges for at " +"producere dette digitale arkiv over vores kultur skælder den eksklusive " +"retten i ophavsreten. Å digitalisere en bog er at kopiere den. For at gøre " +"det mÃ¥ man have tilladelse fra ophavsretejeren. Det samme gælder musik, " +"film og ethvert andet aspekt af vores kultur som er beskyttet af " +"ophavsreten. Indsatsen som trænges for at gøre disse ting tilgængeligt for " +"fremtiden, eller til forskere, eller for dem som bare ønsker at udforske " +"den, er nu hindret af det set med skrøner som blev skrevet for en radikalt " +"anden sammenhæng." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " +"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " +"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful <emphasis>copyright</" +"emphasis> purpose, for the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial " +"market that spreads culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has " +"lived its commercial life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose " +"<emphasis>at all</emphasis> related to the spread of knowledge. In this " +"context, copyright is not an engine of free expression. Copyright is a brake." +msgstr "" +"Her er kernen i den skaden som kommer fra at udvide verneperiodene: Nu som " +"teknologi gør det muligt for os at genopbygge biblioteket i Alexandria, " +"kommer loven i vejen. Og den kommer ikke i vejen pÃ¥ grund af et nyttig " +"<emphasis>ophavsrets</emphasis>formÃ¥l, som jo er at gøre det muligt for det " +"kommercielle markedet at brede kultur. Nej, vi snakker om kultur efter at " +"den har levet sin kommercielle epoke. I denne sammenhæng har ikke " +"ophavsreten noget formÃ¥l <emphasis>i det hele taget</emphasis>, relateret " +"til spredning af kundskab. I denne sammenhæng er ikke ophavsret en " +"kraftkraft for udtrykfrihed. Ophavsret er en bremseklods." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " +"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " +"won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading culture widely?" +"</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Du kan godt spørge, <quote>Men hvis digitale teknologier reducerer " +"omkostningen for Brewster Kahle, sÃ¥ reducerer de ogsÃ¥ omkostningerne for " +"Random House (USAs største bokforlag). Vil ikke Random House da brede " +"kultur lige sÃ¥ vidt som Brewster Kahle?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " +"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " +"to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need " +"for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve " +"what <quote>the market</quote> would demand. But if you think the role of a " +"library is bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive " +"culture, whether there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or " +"not—then we can't count on the commercial market to do our library " +"work for us." +msgstr "" +"Muligt det. En eller anden dag. Men det findes intet som tyder pÃ¥ at " +"utgivere vil blive lige sÃ¥ komplette som biblioteker. Hvis Barnes & " +"Noble tilbød udlÃ¥ning af bøger fra sine dagsværker til en lavere pris, " +"villes det eliminere behovet for biblioteker? Kun hvis du mener at den " +"eneste rollen et bibliotek skal tjene, er den <quote>markedet</quote> " +"efterspørger. Men hvis du mener bibliotekrollen er større en dette – " +"hvis du mener dets rolle er at arkivere kultur, uafhængigt af om det er en " +"efterspørgsel efter en bestemt bid af den kulturen eller ikke – da kan " +"vi ikke basere os pÃ¥ at det kommercielle markedet vil gøre bibliotekjobbet " +"for os." + +#. f13. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> " +"Theory,</quote> 20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright <quote>Chaos</quote> " +"Theory,</quote> 20 . december 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " +"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " +"message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not " +"doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the " +"gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " +"films, books, and music produced between 1923 and 1946 is not commercially " +"available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " +"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg er blandt de første til at være enigt/enig i at markedet skal gøre sÃ¥ " +"meget som det kan: Vi bør basere os pÃ¥ markedet sÃ¥ meget som muligt for at " +"brede og gøre kultur muligt. Mit budskab er absolut ikke imod markedet. " +"Men der vi ser at markedet ikke gør jobbet bør vi tillade kræfter udenfor " +"markedet friheden til at befolke hulerne. Man forsker beregnet for " +"amerikansk kultur at 94 procent af film, bøger og musik produceret mellem " +"1923 og 1946, ikke er kommercielt tilgængeligt. Uanset hvor mange du elsker " +"markedet, sÃ¥ er 6 procent en svigt hvis tilgang er et mÃ¥leparameter." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " +"Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " +"the court to declare the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act " +"unconstitutional. The two central claims that we made were (1) that " +"extending existing terms violated the Constitution's <quote>limited Times</" +"quote> requirement, and (2) that extending terms by another twenty years " +"violated the First Amendment." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I januar 1999</emphasis> anlagde vi sag pÃ¥ vegne af " +"Eric Eldred ved den føderale regiondomstolen i Washington, D.C., og bad " +"retten om at erklære Sonny Bono udvidelse af Loven om vernetiden for " +"ophavsret i strid med Grunnloven. De to centrale pÃ¥standene vi kom med var " +"(1) at at udvide eksisterende vernetid, var i strid med Grunnlovens krav om " +"<quote>et begrænset tidsrum,</quote> og (2) at at udvide vernetiden med tyve " +"nye Ã¥r, var i strid med første grundlovtillæg." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " +"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " +"claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at " +"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. " +"That dissent gave our claims life." +msgstr "" +"Regiondomstolen afviste vores krav uden en gang at høre pÃ¥ noget " +"argumentation. Et kammer i ankedomstolen for D.C.-kredsen afviste ogsÃ¥ " +"vores krav, denne gang efter at have hørt en omfattende argumentation. Men " +"den afgørelsen havde i det mindste en dissens, fra en af de mest " +"konservative dommerne i den domstolen. Denne dissens gav liv til vores krav." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " +"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " +"was simple: If Congress can extend existing terms, then there is no " +"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power under the Copyright " +"Clause. The power to extend existing terms means Congress is not required to " +"grant terms that are <quote>limited.</quote> Thus, Judge Sentelle argued, " +"the court had to interpret the term <quote>limited Times</quote> to give it " +"meaning. And the best interpretation, Judge Sentelle argued, would be to " +"deny Congress the power to extend existing terms." +msgstr "" +"Dommer David Sentelle sagde at CTEA kun brød med kravet om at ophavsret " +"skal gives for <quote>et begrænset tidsrum.</quote> Hans argument var lige " +"sÃ¥ elegant som det var enkelt. Hvis Kongressen kan udvide eksisterende " +"vernetid, sÃ¥ findes det ikke noget <quote>endepunkt</quote> for Kongressens " +"myndighed ifølge ophavsretbestemmelsen. Myndigheden til at udvide " +"vernetiden betyder at Kongressen ikke er nødt til at dele ud vernetider som " +"er <quote>begrænset.</quote> Dermed argumenterede domme Sentelle at retten " +"mÃ¥tte tolke begrebet <quote>begrænset tidsrum</quote> for at det skulle have " +"mening. Og domme Sentelle argumenterede at den bedste tolkningen villes " +"være at nægte Kongressen myndighed til at udvide eksisterende vernetid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " +"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " +"cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where " +"the court will sit <quote>en banc</quote> to hear the case." +msgstr "" +"Vi spurgte ankedomstolen for D.C. ankekredsen i sin helhed om at tage op " +"sagen. Sager tages normalt op i et kammer med tre deltagere, med undtagelse " +"af vigtige sager, eller sager som tager op tema som er spesifikt for kredsen " +"som helhed, der domstolen vil samles <quote>i plenum</quote> for at tage op " +"sagen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Tatel, David" +msgstr "Tatel, David" + +#. PAGE BREAK 236 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " +"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. " +"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal " +"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds." +msgstr "" +"Ankedomstolen afviste forÃ¥r anmodning om at tage op sagen i plenum. Denne " +"gang fik domme Sentelle følge af det mest liberale medlemmet af ankekredsen " +"i D.C., domme David Tatel. BÃ¥de den mest konservative og den mest liberale " +"dommerne i ankekredsen i D.C. mente kongressen havde gÃ¥et over sine grænser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was here that most expected <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> would die, for the Supreme Court rarely " +"reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one hundred " +"cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it practically " +"never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other court has yet " +"reviewed the statute." +msgstr "" +"Det var her de fleste forventet at <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> mod " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle> villes dø, for Højesteret tager sjælden op " +"en afgørelse gjort af en ankedomstol. (Den tager op omtrent hundrede sager " +"i Ã¥ret, ud af mere end fem tusind suk.) Og den revurderer praktisk talt " +"aldrig en afgørelse som opretholder en regel nÃ¥r ingen anden domstol sÃ¥ " +"langt har revurderet reglen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " +"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " +"2002. The summer would be spent writing briefs and preparing for argument." +msgstr "" +"Men i februar 2002 overrasket Højesteret værdet ved at innvilge vores " +"forespørgsel om at tage op igen afgørelsen fra D.C.-kredsen. " +"Argumentationen blev fastsat til oktober 2002 . Sommeren blev tilbrakt med " +"at skrive indlæg og forberede os pÃ¥ argumentationen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " +"words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " +"this story, you know that we lost the appeal. And if you know something more " +"than just the minimum, you probably think there was no way this case could " +"have been won. After our defeat, I received literally thousands of missives " +"by well-wishers and supporters, thanking me for my work on behalf of this " +"noble but doomed cause. And none from this pile was more significant to me " +"than the e-mail from my client, Eric Eldred." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er mere</emphasis> end et Ã¥r senere nÃ¥r jeg " +"skriver disse ord. Det er fortsat utroligt vanskeligt. Hvis du ved noget " +"om denne historie, sÃ¥ ved du at vi tabte sukket. Og hvis du ved noget mere " +"end bare lidt, sÃ¥ tror du sikkert at det var ingen mÃ¥de at vinde denne sag " +"pÃ¥. Efter vores nederlag fik jeg bogstaveligt talt tusindvis af hilsner fra " +"støttespillere og folk som villes ønske mig lykke til, som takkede mig for " +"min indsats pÃ¥ vegne af denne noble, men fortabte sag. Og ingen fra denne " +"bunke var vigtigere for mig end e-posten fra min klient, Eric Eldred." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. " +"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story " +"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." +msgstr "" +"Men min klient, og disse venner tog fejl. Denne sag kunne været vundet. Den " +"burde have været vundet. Og uanset hvor hÃ¥rdt jeg prøver at fortælle den " +"historie til mig selv, kan jeg aldrig slippe fra troen pÃ¥ at det er min fejl " +"at vi ikke vandt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" +msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)" +msgstr "Jones, Day, Reavis og Pogue (Jones Day)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " +"became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " +"very beginning by an extraordinary lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law " +"firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great " +"deal of heat from its copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. " +"They ignored this pressure (something that few law firms today would ever " +"do), and throughout the case, they gave it everything they could." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Fejlen</emphasis> blev gjort tidlig, skønnet det " +"blev først Ã¥benbaret pÃ¥ slutningen. vores Sag havde haft støtte hos en " +"ekstraordinær advokat, Geoffrey Stewart, helt fra starten, og hos " +"advokatfirmaet han havde flyttet til, Jones, Day, Reavis og Pogue. Jones Day " +"modtog meget pres fra sine opphavsrettsbeskyttende klienter pÃ¥ grund af sin " +"støtte til os. De ignorerede dette presset (noget rigtigt fÃ¥ advokatfirmaer " +"nogensinde ville gøre), og gav alt de havde gennem hele sagen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ayer, Don" +msgstr "Ayer, Don" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bromberg, Dan" +msgstr "Brombjerg, Dan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " +"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " +"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would " +"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the " +"issue seem <quote>important</quote> to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as " +"if dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, " +"they would never vote against <quote>the most powerful media companies in " +"the world.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det var tre vigtige advokater pÃ¥ sagen fra Jones Day. Geoff Stewart var den " +"første, men siden blev Dan Brombjerg og Don Ayer ganske involveret. " +"Brombjerg og Ayer specielt, havde en fælles opfattelse om hvordan denne sag " +"villes blive vundet: vi villes bare vinde, fortalte de gentagne gange til " +"mig, hvis vi fik problemet til at virke <quote>vigtigt</quote> for " +"Højesteret. Det mÃ¥tte synes som om dramatisk skade blev gjort pÃ¥ " +"ytringsfriheden og fri kultur, ellers villes de aldrig stemme mod <quote>de " +"mægtigste mediaselskapene i værdet.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " +"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " +"is. But the idea that the Supreme Court decides the law based on how " +"important they believe the issues are is just wrong. It might be " +"<quote>right</quote> as in <quote>true,</quote> I thought, but it is " +"<quote>wrong</quote> as in <quote>it just shouldn't be that way.</quote> As " +"I believed that any faithful interpretation of what the framers of our " +"Constitution did would yield the conclusion that the CTEA was " +"unconstitutional, and as I believed that any faithful interpretation of what " +"the First Amendment means would yield the conclusion that the power to " +"extend existing copyright terms is unconstitutional, I was not persuaded " +"that we had to sell our case like soap. Just as a law that bans the " +"swastika is unconstitutional not because the Court likes Nazis but because " +"such a law would violate the Constitution, so too, in my view, would the " +"Court decide whether Congress's law was constitutional based on the " +"Constitution, not based on whether they liked the values that the framers " +"put in the Constitution." +msgstr "" +"Jeg hader dette syn pÃ¥ retvæsenet. Selvfølgelig mente jeg at Sonny Bono-" +"loven udgjorde en dramatisk skade pÃ¥ ytringsfriheden og fri kultur. Det " +"mener jeg stadig. Men idéen om at Højesteret afgør rettilstanden, baseret " +"pÃ¥ hvor vigtigt de mener problemerne er, bliver bare galt. Det er mÃ¥ske " +"<quote>rigtigt</quote> i betydningen <quote>sandt,</quote> mente jeg, men " +"det er <quote>galt</quote> som i <quote>det burde ikke være sÃ¥dan .</quote> " +" Eftersom jeg troede at enhver trofast tolkning af det vores " +"grundlovforfattere gjorde, villes føre til konklusionen om at CTIA var i " +"strid med Grunnloven, og eftersom jeg troede at enhver trofast tolkning af " +"hvad første grundlovtillæg mener, villes føre til konklusionen om at " +"myndigheden til at udvide opphavsrettslovens vernetid er i strid med " +"Grunnloven, var jeg ikke overbevist om at vi mÃ¥tte sælge vores sag som sæbe. " +" PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som loven som forbød solkorset var i strid med Grunnloven, " +"ikke fordi domstolene kanlide nazister men fordi en sÃ¥dan lov villes være i " +"strid med Grunnloven, sÃ¥ villes ogsÃ¥ , efter mit syner, domstolene bestemme " +"hvorvidt Kongressens lov var i trÃ¥d med Grunnloven baseret pÃ¥ Grunnloven, " +"ikke baseret pÃ¥ om de kunnelide værdierne som grundlovforfatterne skrev ind " +"i Grunnloven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " +"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " +"reason to hear the case in the Supreme Court if they weren't convinced that " +"this regulation was harmful. So in my view, we didn't need to persuade them " +"that this law was bad, we needed to show why it was unconstitutional." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tænkte uanset at domstolen allerede mÃ¥ se fædrene og skaderne forÃ¥rsaget " +"af denne type lov. Hvorfor skulle de ellers gÃ¥ med pÃ¥ at tage op sagen? " +"Det var ingen grund til at tage op sagen i Højesteret hvis de ikke var " +"overbevist om at dette lovværk var skadeligt/skadelig. Dermed var det efter " +"mit syner ikke nødvendigt at overbevise den om at denne lov var ilde . Vi " +"behøvede at vise dem hvorfor den var forfatningsstridig." + +#. PAGE BREAK 238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " +"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " +"would not hear our arguments if it thought these were just the arguments of " +"a group of lefty loons. This Supreme Court was not about to launch into a " +"new field of judicial review if it seemed that this field of review was " +"simply the preference of a small political minority. Although my focus in " +"the case was not to demonstrate how bad the Sonny Bono Act was but to " +"demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument " +"against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " +"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in " +"<emphasis>law</emphasis> and not politics, then, we tried to gather the " +"widest range of credible critics—credible not because they were rich " +"and famous, but because they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law " +"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." +msgstr "" +"Det var derimod en mÃ¥de der jeg følte at politik villes betyde noget, og " +"hvor jeg tænkte en appel var hensigtsmæssigt. Jeg var overbevist om at " +"domstolen ikke villes høre pÃ¥ vores argumenter hvis den mente at de bare var " +"argumenter fra en gruppe med venstrevridde gærninger. Denne Højesteret kom " +"ikke til at falde ind i et nyt juridisk vurderingfelt hvis det virkede som " +"om dette felt kun var interessant for en lille politisk minoritet. Selv om " +"mit fokus i sagen ikke var at demonstrere hvor ilde Sonny Bono-loven var, " +"men at demonstrere at den var i strid med Grunnloven, sÃ¥ var det mit hÃ¥b at " +"argumentere for dette mod en baggrund af indlæg som dækkede hele spektret af " +"politiske stÃ¥steder. For at vise at denne pÃ¥stand mod CTEA var funderet i " +"<emphasis>lovværket</emphasis> og ikke i politikken, forsøgte vi derfor at " +"samle den videste rækken af troverdige kritikere – ikke troverdige " +"fordi de var rige og berømte, men fordi de, samlede set, demonstrerede at " +"denne lov var i strid med Grunnloven uafhængigt af ens politiske syner." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Eagle Forum" +msgstr "Ørneforumet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" +msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " +"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. " +"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she " +"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing " +"the law to pass. As she wrote, <quote>Do you sometimes wonder why bills that " +"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through " +"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general " +"public seem to get bogged down?</quote> The answer, as the editorial " +"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's " +"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not " +"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, " +"Schlafly argued." +msgstr "" +"Det første skridtet skete helt af sig selv. Organisationen til Phyllis " +"Schlafly, Ørneforumet, havde været modstande af CTEA helt fra begyndelsen. " +"Frue Schlafly sÃ¥ pÃ¥ CTEA som at Kongressen havde solgt sig. Hun skrev en " +"skarp leder i november 1998 som angreb den republikanske Kongressen for at " +"tillade at loven blev vedtaget. Der skrev hun <quote>Du lurer nogle gange " +"pÃ¥ hvorfor lovforslag som skaber finansiel medvind til smale særinteresser, " +"glider sÃ¥ enkelt gennem den intrikate lovgivende processen, mens lovforslag " +"som giver fordele til allmennheten generelt ser ud til at stoppe op ?</" +"quote> Svaret, sÃ¥dan lederartiklen dokumenterede, er pengeenes magt. " +"Schlafly listede op bidrag fra Disney til centrale aktører i komiteerne. " +"Det var penge, ikke retfærdighed, som gav Disney kontrol over Mikke Mus i " +"tyve Ã¥r ekstra, hævdet Schlafly." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " +"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " +"the Supreme Court: If Congress can extend the term of existing copyrights, " +"there is no limit to Congress's power to set terms. That strong " +"conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle." +msgstr "" +"I ankedomstolen var Ørneforumet ivrigt efter at sende ind et indlæg som " +"støttede vores position. Deres indlæg kom med argumentet som blev " +"kernekravet i Højesteret: Hvis Kongressen kunne udvide vernetiden i " +"ophavsreten, sÃ¥ fandtes det ingen begrænsninger i Kongressens myndighed til " +"at fastsætte vernetider. Dette stærkt konservative argumentet overbeviste " +"en stærk og konservativ dommer, Domme Sentelle." + +#. PAGE BREAK 239 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " +"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " +"Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/Linux possible). They " +"included a powerful brief about the costs of uncertainty by Intel. There " +"were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First " +"Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " +"world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " +"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments." +msgstr "" +"I Højesteret var indlæggene som støttede vores side sÃ¥ forskellige som de " +"kunne blive. De inkluderede et ekstraordinært historisk indlæg fra Free " +"Software Foundation (ophavet til GNU-projektet som gjorde GNU/Linux muligt). " +" De inkluderede et stærkt indlæg fra Intel om omkostningene ved usikkerhet. " +"Det var indlæg fra to juiceprofessorer, et fra en opphavsrettsakademiker, og " +"et fra Første grundlovtillæg-akademikere. Det var et udtømmende og " +"uomtvistet indlæg fra værdets ekspert pÃ¥ historie til " +"Fremskridtbestemmelsen. Og naturligvis var det et indlæg fra Ørneforumet, " +"som gentog og styrkede sit argument." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" +msgstr "Amerikansk forening for juices-biblioteker" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "National Writers Union" +msgstr "National skribentunion" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " +"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " +"the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " +"National Writers Union." +msgstr "" +"Disse indlæg fremmede et juridisk argument. Og til støtte for det juridiske " +"argumentet var det en række stærke indlæg fra biblioteker og arkiver, " +"inkluderet Internet-arkivet, den amerikanske forening for juices-biblioteker " +"og den nationale skribentunionen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " +"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " +"was struck, a whole generation of American film would disappear. The other " +"made the economic argument absolutely clear." +msgstr "" +"Men to indlæg formidlede argumentet om klog politik bedst. Et støttet " +"argumentet jeg allerede har beskrevet: Et indlæg fra Haller Roach Studios " +"argumenterede med at med mindre loven blev droppet, villes en hel generation " +"amerikansk film forsvinde. Det andre gjorde det økonomiske argumentet helt " +"klart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Akerlof, George" +msgstr "Akerlof, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" +msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Buchanan, James" +msgstr "Buchanan, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Coase, Ronald" +msgstr "Coase, Ronald" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Friedman, Milton" +msgstr "Friedman, Milton" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " +"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " +"Friedman, Kenneth Arrow, and George Akerlof. The economists, as the list of " +"Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their " +"conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the " +"terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to " +"create. Such extensions were nothing more than <quote>rent-seeking</" +"quote>—the fancy term economists use to describe special-interest " +"legislation gone wild." +msgstr "" +"Indlægget fra økonomerne var underskrevet af sytten økonomer, deraf fem " +"nobelprisvindere, inkluderet Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton Friedman, " +"Kenneth Arrow, og George Akerlof. Økonomerne, sÃ¥dan listen med " +"nobelprisvindere demonstrerer, bredte sig over hele det politiske spektrum. " +"Deres konklusion var stærk: Det fandtes ingen troverdig pÃ¥stand om at at " +"udvide vernetiden for eksisterende ophavsret, villes øge incentivene for at " +"skabe. SÃ¥dan udvidelse var intet mere end at <quote>tilkarringsvirksomhet</" +"quote> (pÃ¥ engelsk <quote>rent-seeking</quote>) – det fancy begrebet " +"økonomer bruger for at beskrive særinteresselovgivning pÃ¥ vildspor." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fried, Charles" +msgstr "Fried, Charles" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "Morrison, Alan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "Public Citizen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Reagan, Ronald" +msgstr "Reagan, Ronald" + +#. PAGE BREAK 240 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " +"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " +"the start. But when the case got to the Supreme Court, we added three " +"lawyers to help us frame this argument to this Court: Alan Morrison, a " +"lawyer from Public Citizen, a Washington group that had made constitutional " +"history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending " +"individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " +"many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " +"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried." +msgstr "" +"Den samme balancerede fremstilling blev reflekteret i den juridiske gruppen " +"vi samlet for at forfatte vores indlæg i sagen. Advokaterne fra Jones Day " +"havde været med os fra starten. Men da sagen kom til Højesteret, lagde vi " +"til tre advokater for at hjælpe os at forme dette argument til domstolen. " +"Den ene var Alan Morrison, en advokat fra Washington-grupperingen Public " +"Citizen, en gruppe som havde fortaget konstitusjonell historie med en række " +"banebrytende sejre i Højesteret som forsvarede individuelle rettigheder. " +"Den anden var min kollega og fakultetleder, Kathleen Sullivan, som havde " +"lagt frem mange sager for domstolen, og som tidligt havde givet os rÃ¥d om en " +"Første grundlovtillægstrategi. Til sidst, tidligere regeringsadvokat " +"Charles Fried." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Commerce Clause of" +msgstr "Handelbestemmelsen i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " +"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " +"companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only " +"one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he " +"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. " +"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the " +"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in " +"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause " +"was a vote of confidence in our argument." +msgstr "" +"Fried var en speciel sejr for vores side. Alle de andre tidligere " +"regeringsadvokater var hyret ind af den andre side for at forsvare " +"Kongressens ret til at give mediaselskaper den specielle gunsten med " +"udvidede opphavsrettsvernetid. Fried var den eneste som havde takket nej " +"til den lukrative opgaven for at stÃ¥ for noget han troede pÃ¥. Han havde " +"været Ronald Reagens bossadvokat i Højesteret. Han havde bidraget med at " +"formulere den rækken af sager som havde begrænset Kongressens myndighed i " +"forbindelse med Handels-bestemmelsen. Og selv om han havde argumenteret " +"mange positioner i Højesteret som jeg personligt var uenigt/uenig i, var det " +"at han blev med i sagen et tillitsvotum for vores argumenter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " +"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " +"historians or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were " +"written exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright " +"holders." +msgstr "" +"Regeringen havde, i sit forsvar af lovendringen, ogsÃ¥ sin egen samling " +"venner. Det er værd at mærke sig at ingen af disse <quote>venner</quote> " +"inkluderede historikere eller økonomer. Indlæggene pÃ¥ den andre side af " +"sagen var skrevet eksklusivt af store mediumselskaber, kongresmedlemmer og " +"ophavsretindehavere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " +"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " +"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power " +"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders " +"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control " +"who did what with content they wanted to control." +msgstr "" +"Mediumselskaberne overraskede ikke . De havde mest at tjene pÃ¥ loven. " +"Kongresmedlemmerne var heller ikke overraskende – de forsvarede sin " +"magt og, indirekte, de farvepige pengeene som denne magt førte til. Og det " +"var naturligvis ikke overraskende at ophavsretindehaverne villes forsvare " +"idéen om at de skulle fortsætte at have retten til at kontrollere hvem som " +"gjorde hvad med indhold de ønskede at kontrollere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Gershwin, George" +msgstr "Gershwin, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Porgy and Bess" +msgstr "Porgy and Bess" + +#. f14. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." +msgstr "" +"Indlæg fra Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et avl., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " +"v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19 ." + +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " +"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " +"1998, B7." +msgstr "" +"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royaltyer? Even Mickey Mouse " +"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 . marts " +"1998, B7 ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 241 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " +"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " +"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this " +"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to " +"<quote>glorify drugs or to create pornography.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, " +"which defended its <quote>protection</quote> of the work of George Gershwin. " +"They refuse, for example, to license <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> " +"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American " +"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect " +"that control." +msgstr "" +"Repræsentanter for Dr. Seuss argumenterede for eksempel med at det var " +"bedre at rettighetshaverne efter Dr. Seuss kontrollerede hvad som skete med " +"værkerne til Dr. Seuss – bedre end at lade de henhøre i det fri " +"– pÃ¥ grund af at hvis dette kreative arbejdet var allemannseie, sÃ¥ " +"villes folk bruge det til at <quote>forherlige narkotika og skabe pornografi." +"</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Dette var ogsÃ¥ motivet " +"til rettighetshaverne efter Gershwin, som forsvarede sin <quote>beskyttelse</" +"quote> af værkerne til George Gershwin. De afviste for eksempel at " +"licensiere ud <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> til enhver som nægtede " +"at bruge afrikansk-amerikanere i rollelisten.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Det var deres syner pÃ¥ hvordan denne del af amerikansk kultur " +"burde blive kontrolleret, og de ønskede hjælp fra denne lov til at " +"effektuere denne kontrol." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " +"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " +"making a choice about which speakers it will favor. Famous and beloved " +"copyright owners, such as the Gershwin estate and Dr. Seuss, come to " +"Congress and say, <quote>Give us twenty years to control the speech about " +"these icons of American culture. We'll do better with them than anyone else." +"</quote> Congress of course likes to reward the popular and famous by giving " +"them what they want. But when Congress gives people an exclusive right to " +"speak in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is " +"traditionally meant to block." +msgstr "" +"Dette argument gjorde klart et tema som sjælden bliver lagt mærke til i " +"denne debat. NÃ¥r Kongressen beslutter at forlænge vernetiden til " +"eksisterende ophavsreter, sÃ¥ gør Kongressen et valg om hvilke stemmer de " +"giver fordele. Berømte og elskede ophavsretejere, sÃ¥dan som Gershwin-boet " +"og Dr. Seuss, kommer til Kongressen og siger <quote>Give os tyve Ã¥r ekstra " +"til at kontrollere ytringene om disse Amerikanske kultur-ikonerne. Vi " +"kommer til at gøre en bedre job end nogle andre.</quote> Kongressen kan " +"naturligvis lide at belønne de populære og berømte ved at give dem det de " +"ønsker. Men nÃ¥r Kongressen giver folk en eksklusiv ret til at snakke pÃ¥ en " +"bestemt mÃ¥de, sÃ¥ er det akkurat det Første grundlovtillæg traditionelt er " +"ment at blokere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " +"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—" +"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean " +"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through " +"copyright, with who has the right to speak." +msgstr "" +"Vi hævdede det samme i et afsluttende indlæg. Ikke bare villes det at " +"opretholde CTEA betyde at det ikke fandtes nogle grænse for Kongressens " +"myndighed til at udvide vernetiden – udvidelser som yderstere villes " +"snævre ind markedet. Det villes ogsÃ¥ betyde at det ikke var nogle " +"begrænsninger i Kongressens mulighed til at favorisere enkeltaktører, ved " +"hjælp af ophavsreten, og styre hvem som havde lov til at ytre sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " +"little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " +"strategy." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Mellem februar</emphasis> og oktober gjorde jeg lidt " +"andet end at forberede mig for denne sag. Som jeg nævnede tidligere , " +"bestemte jeg strategien tidligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kennedy, Anthony" +msgstr "Kennedy, Anthony" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" +msgstr "O'Connor, Sandra Day" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Thomas, Clarence" +msgstr "Thomas, Clarence" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Scalia, Antonin" +msgstr "Scalia, Antonin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "congressional actions restrained by" +msgstr "Kongressens handlinger begrænsede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "factions of" +msgstr "fraktioner i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " +"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</" +"quote> The Conservatives included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, " +"Justice Scalia, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the " +"most consistent in limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had " +"supported the <citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle> line of cases that said " +"that an enumerated power had to be interpreted to assure that Congress's " +"powers had limits." +msgstr "" +"Højesteretten var delt i to vigtige grupper. En gruppe kaldte vi <quote>de " +"konservative.</quote> Den andre kaldte vi <quote>resten.</quote> De " +"konservative inkluderede højesteretsjustitiarius Rehnquist, domme O'Connor, " +"domme Scalia, domme Kennedy og domme Thomas. Disse fem havde været mest " +"konsistente i at begrænse Kongressens magt. Disse var de fem som havde " +"støttet <citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle>-rækken af sager som sagde at " +"en opplistet kompetence mÃ¥tte tolkes sÃ¥dan at den sikrede at Kongressens " +"kompetence havde begrænsninger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Breyer, Stephen" +msgstr "Breyer, Stephen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" +msgstr "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" + +#. PAGE BREAK 242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " +"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " +"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the " +"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement " +"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's " +"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices " +"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they " +"were also the votes that we were least likely to get." +msgstr "" +"Resten var de fire dommerne som stærkt modsatte sig at begrænse Kongressens " +"myndighed. Disse fire – domme Stevens, domme Souter, domme Ginsburg " +"og domme Breyer – havde gentagne gange argumenteret med at Grunnloven " +"giver Kongressen vældig bredt skøn til at bestemme hvordan den skal bedst " +"bruge sin myndighed. I sag efter sag havde dirre dommerne argumenteret at " +"domstolens rolle skulle være at overlade denne vurdering til andre. Selv om " +"voteringen til disse fire dommerne var voteringene jeg personligt havde " +"været mest konsekvent enigt/enig med, sÃ¥ var de ogsÃ¥ stemmerne det var " +"mindst sandsynligt at vi villes fÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " +"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " +"involved), she had been particularly deferential in the context of " +"intellectual property protections. She and her daughter (an excellent and " +"well-known intellectual property scholar) were cut from the same " +"intellectual property cloth. We expected she would agree with the writings " +"of her daughter: that Congress had the power in this context to do as it " +"wished, even if what Congress wished made little sense." +msgstr "" +"Specielt lille sandsynligt var stemmen til domme Ginsburg. I tillæg til " +"hendes generelle syner om at overlade vurderingen til Kongressen (undtagen " +"der hen tema om køn var involveret), sÃ¥ havde hun været specielt klar pÃ¥ at " +"overlade vurderingen til Kongressen i forbindelse med beskyttelse af " +"intellektuell ejendom. Hun og hendes datter (en glimrende og velkendt " +"akademiker inden immateriell ejendom) var to avlen af samme immaterielle " +"ejendomstykke. Vi forventede at hun villes være enig med skrifterne til " +"datteren: at Kongressen havde myndighed i denne sammenhæng til at gøre som " +"den ønskede, selv om det Kongressen ønskede ikke gav mening." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " +"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " +"deference to Congress, as did Justice Breyer. But both were also very " +"sensitive to free speech concerns. And as we strongly believed, there was a " +"very important free speech argument against these retrospective extensions." +msgstr "" +"Tæt bag domme Ginsburg var to dommere som vi ogsÃ¥ sÃ¥ pÃ¥ som usannsynlige " +"allierede, men vi kunne blive overrasket. Domme Souter favoriserede stærkt " +"at lade Kongressen bestemme, og det samme gjorde domme Breyer. Men begge " +"var ogsÃ¥ vældig følsomme for ytringsfrihetsbekymringer. Og vi troede " +"stærkt at det var vigtige ytringsfrihedargumenter mod disse tilbakevirkende " +"udvidelserne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. " +"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this " +"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple " +"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for " +"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly " +"confident he would recognize limits here." +msgstr "" +"Den eneste stemmen vi kunne være tryg pÃ¥ var den til domme Stevens. " +"Historie viser at domme Stevens er en af de største dommerne i denne " +"domstol. Hans stemmer har været konsistent eklektisk, hvilket bare betyder " +"at ikke nogle enkel ideologi forklarer hvordan han vil stille sig. Men han " +"havde konsistent argumenteret for begrænsninger i sammenhæng med immateriell " +"ejendom generelt. Vi var rimeligt sikre pÃ¥ at han villes kende igen " +"begrænsningerne her." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " +"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " +"these five and get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single " +"overriding argument that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' " +"most important jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge " +"Sentelle had relied upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must " +"be interpreted so that its enumerated powers have limits." +msgstr "" +"Denne analyse af <quote>resten</quote> viste tydeligst hvor forÃ¥r fokus " +"mÃ¥tte være: pÃ¥ de konservative. For at vinde denne sag mÃ¥tte vi fortage en " +"sprække mellem disse fem, og fÃ¥ i hvert fald et flertal over pÃ¥ vores lave. " +"Dermed blev det ene overstyrende argument som gav liv til vores pÃ¥stand " +"hvilende pÃ¥ de konservatives vigtigste rettsvitenskapelige nyskabning " +"– argumentet som domme Sentelle havde baseret sig pÃ¥ i ankedomstolen, " +"at Kongressens kompetence mÃ¥tte tolkes sÃ¥dan at kompetencerne som var listet " +"op havde begrænsninger." + +#. PAGE BREAK 243 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " +"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, under the government's argument here, " +"Congress would always have unlimited power to extend existing terms. If " +"anything was plain about Congress's power under the Progress Clause, it was " +"that this power was supposed to be <quote>limited.</quote> Our aim would be " +"to get the Court to reconcile <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> with " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was " +"limited, then so, too, must Congress's power to regulate copyright be " +"limited." +msgstr "" +"Dette var dermed kernen i vores strategi – en strategi som jeg er " +"ansvarlig for. Vi villes fÃ¥ retten til at se at akkurat som i " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-sagen, sÃ¥ villes Kongressen ifølge regeringens " +"argumentation altid have ubegrænset magt til at udvide eksisterende " +"vernetider. Hvis noget var klart om Kongressens magt i henhold til " +"Fremskridtbestemmelsen, sÃ¥ var det at magten var ment at være " +"<quote>begrænset.</quote> VÃ¥r mÃ¥lsetting villes være at fÃ¥ retten til at " +"forene <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> med <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: Hvis " +"Kongressens myndighed til at regulere handel var begrænset, sÃ¥ mÃ¥tte ogsÃ¥ " +"Kongressens myndighed til at regulere ophavsreten være begrænset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " +"came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " +"it again. The government claimed that from the very beginning, Congress has " +"been extending the term of existing copyrights. So, the government argued, " +"the Court should not now say that practice is unconstitutional." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Argumentet</emphasis> pÃ¥ regeringens side kogte ned " +"til dette: Kongressen har gjort det før, og bør fÃ¥ lov til at gøre det igen. " +" Regeringen hævdede at helt fra starten har Kongressen udvidet vernetiden " +"til eksisterende ophavsret. Derfor, argumenterede regeringen, burde ikke " +"domstolen nu sige at praksissen var forfatningsstridig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " +"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " +"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—" +"eleven times in forty years." +msgstr "" +"Det var noget sandt i regeringens pÃ¥stand, men ikke meget. Vi var helt " +"klart enigt/enig i at Kongressen havde udvidet verntiden i 1831 og i 1909 . " +"Og selvfølgelig i 1962, da Kongressen begyndte at regelmæssigt udvide " +"eksisterende vernetid – elleve gange pÃ¥ fyrre Ã¥r." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " +"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " +"then extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare " +"extensions are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing " +"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was " +"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " +"expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where " +"Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it " +"couldn't intervene here." +msgstr "" +"Men denne <quote>konsistens</quote> bør man se pÃ¥ i perspektiv. Kongressen " +"udvidede gældende vernetid en gang de første hundrede Ã¥rene af republikken. " +"Derefter udvidede de den gældende vernetid endnu en gang i løbet af de næste " +"halvtreds. Disse sjældne udvidelser stÃ¥r i kontrast til dagens praksis om " +"at regelmæssigt udvide gældende vernetid. Uanset hvad slags selvbeherskelse " +"Kongressen havde tidligere , sÃ¥ er denne selvbeherskelsen nu borte. " +"Kongressen var nu i en cyklus med udvidelser, og det var ingen grund til at " +"forvente at denne cyklus kom til at tage slutning. Denne domstol havde ikke " +" drysset med at gribe ind nÃ¥r Kongressen var i lignende udvidelses-" +"cyklusser. Det var ingen grund til at de ikke kunne gribe ind her." + +#. PAGE BREAK 244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " +"week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " +"those two weeks, I was repeatedly <quote>mooted</quote> by lawyers who had " +"volunteered to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically " +"practice rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Mundtlig argumentation</emphasis> var fastsat til " +"første uge i oktober. Jeg ankom D.C. to uger føder dette. I løbet af disse " +"to ugerne blev jeg gang pÃ¥ gang <quote>drillet</quote> af advokater som " +"havde meldt sig frivilligt til at hjælpe til i sagen. SÃ¥danne " +"<quote>opponeringsøkter</quote> er i essensen øvelserunder hvor de som vil " +"være dommere fyrer af spørgsmÃ¥l mod de som vil vinde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " +"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " +"power to set terms. Going with the government would mean that terms would be " +"effectively unlimited; going with us would give Congress a clear line to " +"follow: Don't extend existing terms. The moots were an effective practice; I " +"found ways to take every question back to this central idea." +msgstr "" +"Jeg var overbevist om at for at vinne, mÃ¥tte jeg holde domstolen fokuseret " +"pÃ¥ et enkelt pointe: hvis denne udvidelse blev accepteret, sÃ¥ villes det " +"ikke være nogle grænser for myndigheden til at vedtage vernetider. Å være " +"enigt/enig med regeringen villes betyde at vernetider effektivt set vilde " +"være ubegrænset. Å være enigt/enig med os villes give Kongressen en klar " +"linje at følge: Ikke udvid eksisterende vernetider. Opponeringsøktene var " +"effektiv træning. Jeg fandt tilpasser at bringe hvert eneste spørgsmÃ¥l " +"tilbage til den centrale idéen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " +"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " +"Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review " +"of the moot, he let his concern speak:" +msgstr "" +"En opponeringsøkt var foran advokaterne hos Jones Day. Pusl Ayer var " +"skeptikeren. Han havde tjenestegjort i Justitsdepartementet under Reagen " +"med regeringsadvokat Charles Fried. Han havde præsenteret mange sager foran " +"Højesteret. Og i sin oppsummering af opponeringsøkten kom han med sin " +"bekymring:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " +"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " +"consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the " +"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see " +"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>Jeg er bare bange for at med mindre de virkeligt ser skaden, sÃ¥ vil " +"de ikke være villige til at bryde denne praksis som regeringen siger har " +"været konsistent praksis i to hundrede Ã¥r. Du mÃ¥ fÃ¥ dem til at se skaden " +"– eftertrykkeligt fÃ¥ dem til at se skaden. Hvis de ikke ser den, sÃ¥ " +"har vi ingen chance til at vinde.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " +"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " +"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law " +"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the " +"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I " +"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his " +"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the " +"politicians learn to see that it was also good." +msgstr "" +"Han havde mÃ¥ske lagt frem mange sager foran denne domstol, tænkte jeg, men " +"han havde ikke forstÃ¥et deres sjel. Som en funktionær havde jeg set " +"dommerne gøre det rigtige – ikke pÃ¥ grund af politik, men fordi det " +"var rigtigt. Som en juiceprofessor havde jeg brugt livet pÃ¥ at lære mine " +"studenter at denne domstol gør det som er rigtigt – ikke pÃ¥ grund af " +"politik, men fordi det var rigtigt. Mens jeg hørte pÃ¥ Ayers lidenskabelige " +"bøn om politisk pres, forstod jeg hans pointe, og jeg forkastede det. Vores " +"argument var rigtigt. Det var nok . Lagde politikerne lære at det ogsÃ¥ var " +"godt ." + +#. PAGE BREAK 245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " +"people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " +"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in " +"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the " +"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Natten føder</emphasis> argumentationen begyndte en " +"kø af folk at dukke op foran Højesteret. Sagen havde fÃ¥et opmærksomhed fra " +"presset og Fri kultur-bevægelsen. Hundredevis stod pÃ¥ række for at fÃ¥ en " +"chance til at se forhandlingen. Flokkevis tilbrakte natten pÃ¥ trappen til " +"Højesteret for at sikre sig et sæde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " +"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " +"parents, for example.) Members of the Supreme Court bar can get a seat in a " +"special section reserved for them. And senators and congressmen have a " +"special place where they get to sit, too. And finally, of course, the press " +"has a gallery, as do clerks working for the Justices on the Court. As we " +"entered that morning, there was no place that was not taken. This was an " +"argument about intellectual property law, yet the halls were filled. As I " +"walked in to take my seat at the front of the Court, I saw my parents " +"sitting on the left. As I sat down at the table, I saw Jack Valenti sitting " +"in the special section ordinarily reserved for family of the Justices." +msgstr "" +"Alle mÃ¥tte ikke vente i kø. Folk som kender dommerne kan bede om pladser " +"de kontrollerer. (Jeg bad domme Scalias kontor om plads til mine forældre, " +"for eksempel.) Medlemmer med møderet i Højesteret kan bede om en plads i en " +"speciel del forbeholdt dem. Og senatorer og kongresmedlemmer har en speciel " +"plads der de ogsÃ¥ kan sidde. Og til slutning har naturligvis presset et " +"galleri pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som kontorpersonel som arbejder for dommerne i " +"domstolen. Da vi ankom den morgenen, var det ingen pladser som var ledigt. " +"Dette var en diskussion om immaterialrett, og alligevel var hallerne helt " +"fulde. Da jeg gik ind for at tage min plads foran domstolen, sÃ¥ jeg mine " +"forældre siddende pÃ¥ venstre side. Da jeg satte mig ned ved bordet, sÃ¥ jeg " +"Jack Valenti siddende i den specielle delen normalt forbeholdt familien til " +"dommerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " +"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " +"was a case about enumerated powers, I said, and whether those enumerated " +"powers had any limit." +msgstr "" +"Da høyesterettsjustitiariusen bad mig om at starte pÃ¥ min argumentation, " +"begyndte jeg der jeg planlagde at holde mig: ved spørgsmÃ¥let om " +"begrænsningerne i Kongressens magt. Dette var en sag om de opplistede " +"kompetencerne, sagde jeg, og hvorvidt disse opplistede kompetencerne har " +"grænser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " +"was bothering her." +msgstr "" +"Domme O'Connor stoppede mig før det jeg var kommet et minut ind i " +"Ã¥bningforedraget mit. Historie plagede hende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " +"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " +"of time? I mean, this seems to be a practice that began with the very first " +"act." +msgstr "" +"Dommer O'Connor: Kongressen har gennem tiden udvidet vernetiden sÃ¥ mange " +"gange. Hvis du har ret , risikerer vi ikke at forstyrre tidligere " +"udvidelser af vernetiden? Jeg mener, dette virker at være en praksis som " +"startede med den aller første lovendringen?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " +"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " +"to emphasize limits on Congress's power." +msgstr "" +"Hun var ganske villig til at indrømme <quote>at dette gÃ¥r ret i synet pÃ¥ " +"det grundlovforfatterne havde i tankene.</quote> Men min respons igen og " +"igen var at understrege begrænsningerne i Kongressens myndighed." + +#. PAGE BREAK 246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " +"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " +"effect to what they had in mind, and the answer is yes." +msgstr "" +"Herre Lessig: Vel, hvis det gÃ¥r ret i synet pÃ¥ det grundlovforfatterne havde " +"i tankene sÃ¥ er spørgsmÃ¥let, er det en mÃ¥de at tolke deres ord som giver " +"effekten de havde i tankene, og svaret er jaer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " +"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," +msgstr "" +"Det var to pointer i dette argument der jeg burde have set hvor retten var " +"pÃ¥ vej. Det første var et spørgsmÃ¥l fra domme Kennedy, som observerede:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " +"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " +"because of the disruption, is that for all these years the act has impeded " +"progress in science and the useful arts. I just don't see any empirical " +"evidence for that." +msgstr "" +"Dommer Kennedy: Vel, jeg antager at det er implisitt i argumentet at " +"ændringen fra 1976 ogsÃ¥ bør blive kendt ugyldigt, og at vi kan lade den være " +"for at undgÃ¥ forstyrrelsen, er at i alle disse Ã¥r som loven har hæmmet " +"fremgang i videnskab og nyttige kunstarter, sÃ¥ ser jeg intet empirisk bevis " +"for dette." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " +"answered," +msgstr "" +"Her følger min Ã¥benbare fejl. Som en professor som korrigerer en student, " +"svarede jeg:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " +"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " +"impeding progress. Our only argument is this is a structural limit necessary " +"to assure that what would be an effectively perpetual term not be permitted " +"under the copyright laws." +msgstr "" +"Herre Lessig: Domme, det er ikke en empirisk pÃ¥stand i det hele taget. " +"Ingenting i pÃ¥standen om vores ophavsretbestemmelse baserer sig pÃ¥ den " +"empiriske antagelsen om at hindre fremgang. Vores eneste argument er at " +"dette er en strukturell begrænsning som er nødvendigt for at sikre at det " +"som i praksis villes være en evigvarende vernetid ikke bliver tilladt i " +"opphavsrettsloven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " +"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " +"briefs had been written about it. He wanted to hear it. And here was the " +"place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a softball; my answer " +"was a swing and a miss." +msgstr "" +"Det var et rigtigt svar, men det var ikke det rigtige svaret. Det rigtige " +"svaret var i stedet at skaden var Ã¥penbar og dyptgripende. En række indlæg " +"var blevet skrevet om den. Han ønskede at høre det. Og det var her rÃ¥det " +"fra Don Ayer burde have haft betydning. Dette var en farve pasning, og mit " +"svar bummet fuldstændig ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " +"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, " +"and we hoped that he would see this case as its second cousin." +msgstr "" +"Det andre kom fra høyesterettsjustitiariusen, som hele sagen havde blevet " +"udformet for. For høyesterettsjustitiariusen havde udformet " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-afgørelsen og vi hÃ¥bet at han villes se at " +"denne sag var deres tremenning." + +#. PAGE BREAK 247 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " +"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" +msgstr "" +"Det var klart allerede et sekund ind i hans spørgsmÃ¥l at han overhovedet " +"ikke havde sympati med os. For ham var vi en gruppe med anarkister. Han " +"spurgte derefter :" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " +"verbatim other people's books, don't you?" +msgstr "" +"Højesteretsjustitiarius: Vel, men du ønsker mere end det. Du ønsker at have " +"lov til at ordrett kopiere andre folks bøger, gør du ikke?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " +"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " +"cannot be justified under ordinary First Amendment analysis or under a " +"proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause." +msgstr "" +"Herre Lessig: Vi ønsker retten til at ordrett kopiere værk som bør være " +"allemannseie, og villes været allemannseie havde det ikke været for man " +"lovpraksis som ikke kan begrundes med normal analyse af det første " +"grundlovtillæg, eller med korrekt lesning af begrænsningerne som er bygget " +"ind i ophavsretbestemmelsen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Olson, Theodore B." +msgstr "Olson, Theodore B." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " +"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " +"General Olson," +msgstr "" +"Ting gik bedre for os da regeringen præsenterede sit Ã¥bningforedrag. For nu " +"tog retten tag i kernen i vores pÃ¥stande. Domme Scalia spurgte " +"regeringsadvokat Olson:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " +"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " +"argument that's being made by petitioners here, that a limited time which is " +"extendable is the functional equivalent of an unlimited time." +msgstr "" +"Domme Scalia: Du siger at den funksjonelle ækvivalenten til en ubegrænset " +"vernetid villes være i strid [med Grunnloven], men det er jo nøjagtigt det " +"argumentet som fremmes af saksøkerne her, at man begrænsede vernetid som er " +"utvidbar er den funksjonelle ækvivalenten til en ubegrænset vernetid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " +"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " +"academic, not the practical. The government was arguing as if this were the " +"first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause " +"power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the " +"long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking " +"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the " +"Court to my side." +msgstr "" +"Da Olson var færdigt, var det min tur til at give et afsluttende motinnlegg. " +" Olsons overhøvling havde vækket mit sind. Men mit sind var fortsat rettet " +"mod det akademiske, ikke det praktiske. Regeringen argumenterede som om " +"dette var den første gang nogensinde domstolene vurderede at begrænse " +"Kongressens myndighed over ophavsret og patenter. Som altid som en " +"professor og ikke en talsmand, afsluttede jeg med at pege pÃ¥ domstolens " +"lange historie med at introducere begrænsninger i Kongressens myndighed over " +"ophavsret og patentbestemmelsen i Grunnloven – faktisk var det første " +"tilfældet der hen en lov fra Kongressen blev fundet at gÃ¥ ud over en " +"spesifikk opplistet kompetence baseret pÃ¥ ophavsret og patentbestemmelsen. " +"Helt sandt, men det kom ikke til at vinde domstolen over pÃ¥ min side." + +#. PAGE BREAK 248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " +"there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " +"questions I wished I had answered differently. But one way of thinking about " +"this case left me optimistic." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Da jeg afgik</emphasis> fra retten den dagen, vidste " +"jeg det var hundredevis af ting jeg skulle ønske jeg havde gjort pÃ¥ nyt. " +"Det var hundredevis af spørgsmÃ¥l jeg skulle ønske jeg havde svaret " +"anderledes . Men en mÃ¥de at tænke pÃ¥ denne sag gjorde mig optimistisk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " +"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " +"answer I wanted the Court to hear. For I could not imagine how the Court " +"could understand that the government believed Congress's power was unlimited " +"under the terms of the Copyright Clause, and sustain the government's " +"argument. The solicitor general had made my argument for me. No matter how " +"often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that " +"Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the " +"Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe " +"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in " +"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the " +"rule of law that it had established elsewhere." +msgstr "" +"Regeringen havde blevet spurgt om og om igen, hvor er grænsen? Og igen og " +"igen havde den svaret at det var ingen grænse. Det var netop svaret jeg " +"ønsket at retten skulle høre. For jeg kunne ikke forestille mig hvordan " +"retten kunne forstÃ¥ at regeringen mente Kongressens myndighed var ubegrænset " +"under betingelsene i opphavsrettbestemmelsen, og opretholde regeringens " +"argument. Regeringsadvokaten havde fremmet mit argument for mig. Uanset " +"hvor mange jeg forsøgte, kunne jeg ikke forstÃ¥ hvordan retten kunne komme " +"til at Kongressens myndighed ifølge handelbestemmelsen var begrænset mens " +"den under ophavsretbestemmelsen var ubegrænset. I de sjældne øjeblikke der " +"jeg lod mig selv tro at vi havde nÃ¥et frem, var det pÃ¥ grund af at jeg " +"oplevede at denne domstol – specielt de konservative – villes se " +"at de selv blev ramt af begrænsningerne af den retpraksis den allerede havde " +"etableret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " +"five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " +"Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the message, I could tell in an instant " +"that she had bad news to report.The Supreme Court had affirmed the decision " +"of the Court of Appeals. Seven justices had voted in the majority. There " +"were two dissents." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>PÃ¥ morgenen</emphasis> 15 . januar 2003 var jeg fem " +"minutter for sent til kontoret, og gik glipp af 07:00-oppringingen fra " +"retskriveren i Højesteret. Jeg forstod øjeblikkeligt, bare ved at høre pÃ¥ " +"meldingen pÃ¥ telefonsvareren, at hun kom med dÃ¥rlige nyheder. Højesteretten " +"havde bekræftet afgørelsen fra ankedomstolen. Syv dommere havde udgjort " +"flertallet, og det var to dissenser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " +"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " +"had been wrong in my reasoning." +msgstr "" +"Nogle fÃ¥ sekunder senere ankom domsavsigelsen via e-post. Jeg tog " +"telefonrøret af krogen, lagde ud en kunngjøring pÃ¥ bloggen forÃ¥r, og satte " +"mig sÃ¥ ned for at se hvor jeg havde taget fejl i min argumentation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " +"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " +"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning." +msgstr "" +"Min <emphasis>argumentation</emphasis>. Her var en sag som satsede al " +"værdets penge pÃ¥ at <emphasis>argumentation</emphasis> villes tabe. Og her " +"sad den sidste naive juiceprofessoren og trawlede gennem siderne pÃ¥ jagt " +"efter argumentation." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " +"principle in this case from the principle in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. " +"The argument was nowhere to be found. The case was not even cited. The " +"argument that was the core argument of our case did not even appear in the " +"Court's opinion." +msgstr "" +"Først trawlede jeg domsavsigelsen for at finne hvordan domstolen villes " +"skille princippet i denne sag fra princippet i <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. " +" Jeg fandt ikke argumentet noget sted. Sagen var ikke en gang citeret. " +"Argumentet som var kerneargumentet i vores sag var ikke en gang til " +"præsentere i domstolens domsavsigelsen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " +"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " +"Congress's power not limited here." +msgstr "" +"Domme Ginsburg ignorerede ganske enkelt argumentet om opplistede " +"kompetencer. Konsistent med hendes syner om at Kongressens magt ikke var " +"begrænset generelt, havde hun konkluderet med at Kongressens myndighed ikke " +"var begrænset her ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " +"Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too much to " +"expect them to write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the " +"doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat." +msgstr "" +"Hendes betenkning var helt rimeligt – for hende og for domme Souter. " +"Ingen af dem tror pÃ¥ <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. Det villes være for " +"meget at forvente at de skulle skrive en rettsbetenkning som anerkendte, " +"langt mindre forklarede, den doktrinen som de havde arbejdet sÃ¥ hÃ¥rdt for " +"at bekæmpe." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " +"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " +"powers with the Commerce Clause and unlimited powers with the Progress " +"Clause. It had never even occurred to me that they could reconcile the two " +"simply <emphasis>by not addressing the argument</emphasis>. There was no " +"inconsistency because they would not talk about the two together. There was " +"therefore no principle that followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " +"case: In that context, Congress's power would be limited, but in this " +"context it would not." +msgstr "" +"Men efterhÃ¥nden som jeg indsÃ¥ hvad som havde sket, sÃ¥ kunne jeg ikke helt " +"tro det jeg læste. Jeg havde sagt at det ikke var muligt for domstolen at " +"forene begrænset myndighed for Handelbestemmelsen og ubegrænset myndighed " +"for Fremskridtbestemmelsen. Det havde aldrig slÃ¥et mig at de kunne forene " +"disse to ved at ganske enkelt at <emphasis>ikke tage hensyn til argumentet</" +"emphasis>. Det skabte ikke inkonsistens ganske enkelt fordi de lod være at " +"omtale de to sammen. Det var dermed ikke noget princip som fulgte fra " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-sagen: I den sammenhængen var Kongressens " +"myndighed begrænset, men i denne sammenhæng var den ikke begrænset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " +"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " +"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values " +"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I " +"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was " +"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a " +"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it " +"will respect, that is the system we have." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel, med hvilken ret fÃ¥r de vælge hvilke af grundlovforfatterne " +"værdier de skulle respektere? Med hvilken ret fik de – de tause fem " +"– vælge hvilken del af Grunnloven de villes hÃ¥ndhæve baseret pÃ¥ " +"værdierne de mente var vigtige? Vi var helt tilbage til det argumentet som " +"jeg sagde jeg hadede i starten: Jeg havde fejlet i at overbevise dem om at " +"problemet her var vigtigt, og jeg havde fejlet i at indse at uanset hvor " +"mange jeg hader et system der domstolen kan vælge hvilke konstitusjonelle " +"værdier den vil respektere, sÃ¥ er det systemet vi har." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " +"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " +"intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of " +"terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the " +"context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the " +"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress " +"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether " +"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's " +"charge go unanswered." +msgstr "" +"Dommerne Breyer og Stevens skræv vældig stærke dissenser. Stevens betenkning " +"var udformet baseret pÃ¥ lovværket: Han argumenterede med at traditionen til " +"immateriallretten ikke burde støtte denne uberettigede udvidelsen af " +"vernetiden. Han baserede sit argument pÃ¥ en parallel analyse som havde " +"styret i patentsammenhæng (sÃ¥dan vi gjorde). Men resten af domstolen " +"afviste denne parallel – uden at forklare hvordan nøjagtigt de samme " +"ord i Fremskridtbestemmelsen kunne betyde noget helt andet afhængigt af " +"hvorvidt de handlet om patenter eller ophavsret. Domstolen lod domme " +"Stevens anklage stÃ¥ ubesvaret." + +#. PAGE BREAK 250 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " +"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " +"become so long as to be effectively unlimited. We had said that under the " +"current term, a copyright gave an author 99.8 percent of the value of a " +"perpetual term. Breyer said we were wrong, that the actual number was " +"99.9997 percent of a perpetual term. Either way, the point was clear: If the " +"Constitution said a term had to be <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing " +"term was so long as to be effectively unlimited, then it was " +"unconstitutional." +msgstr "" +"Domme Breyers betenkning, mÃ¥ske den bedste betenkningen han nogensinde har " +"skrevet, var uafhængigt af Grunnloven. Han argumenterede med at vernetiden " +"i ophavsreten havde blevet sÃ¥ lang at den effektivt set var ubegrænset. Vi " +"havde sagt at under de nuværende vilkÃ¥rene gav ophavsreten en forfatter 99," +"8 procent af værdien til en uendelig vernetid. Breyer sagde vi tog fejl, at " +"det faktiske tallet var 99,9997 procent af en uendelig vernetid. Uanset var " +"pointen klart: Hvis Grunnloven sagde at vernetiden mÃ¥tte være " +"<quote>begrænset,</quote> og den eksisterende vernetiden var sÃ¥ lang at den " +"i praksis var ubegrænset, sÃ¥ var den grunnlovstridig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " +"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " +"willing to push it as a reason to reject this extension. The case was " +"decided without anyone having addressed the argument that we had carried " +"from Judge Sentelle. It was <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> without the Prince." +msgstr "" +"Disse to dommerne forstod alle argumenterne vi havde kommet med . Men fordi " +"ingen af dem troede pÃ¥ <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>-sagen, var ingen af dem " +"villigt til at bruge den som en grund til at afvise denne udvidelse. Sagen " +"var afgjort uden at nogle tog tag i argumentet vi havde taget med fra domme " +"Sentelle. Det var <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> uden prinsen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " +"a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " +"but it didn't cure the depression. This anger was of two sorts." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Tab giver depression</emphasis>. De siger det er et " +"sunnhetstegn nÃ¥r depression mÃ¥ vige for vrede. Mit vrede kom raskt, men det " +"kurerede ikke depressionen. Sindet gik i to retninger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "originalism" +msgstr "orginalisme" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " +"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> didn't apply in this case. That wouldn't have " +"been a very convincing argument, I don't believe, having read it made by " +"others, and having tried to make it myself. But it at least would have been " +"an act of integrity. These justices in particular have repeatedly said that " +"the proper mode of interpreting the Constitution is <quote>originalism</" +"quote>—to first understand the framers' text, interpreted in their " +"context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. That method had " +"produced <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</" +"quote> rulings. Where was their <quote>originalism</quote> now?" +msgstr "" +"Det var først vrede mod de fem <quote>Konservative.</quote> Det villes " +"været en ting om de havde forklaret hvorfor princippet i <citetitle>Lopez</" +"citetitle> ikke skulle anvendes i dette tilfælde. Jeg tror ikke det villes " +"ikke været et rigtigt overbevisende argument, efter at have læst det " +"fremmet af andre, og forsøgt at fremføre det selv. Men det villes i hvert " +"fald været en handling med integritet. Specielt disse dommere havde gentagne " +"gange sagt at den rigtige mÃ¥den at tolke Grunnloven pÃ¥ var " +"<quote>originalisme</quote> – at først forstÃ¥ grundlovforfatterne " +"tekst, tolket i deres sammenhæng, i lys af strukturen i Grunnloven. Den " +"metoden havde ført til <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> og mange andre " +"<quote>originalistiske</quote> afgørelser. Hvor var deres " +"<quote>originalisme</quote> nu?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " +"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " +"an opinion that never once tried to explain how the structure of that clause " +"would affect the interpretation of Congress's power. And they joined an " +"opinion that didn't even try to explain why this grant of power could be " +"unlimited, whereas the Commerce Clause would be limited. In short, they had " +"joined an opinion that did not apply to, and was inconsistent with, their " +"own method for interpreting the Constitution. This opinion may well have " +"yielded a result that they liked. It did not produce a reason that was " +"consistent with their own principles." +msgstr "" +"Her havde de samlet sig om en betenkning som ikke en eneste gang forsøgte at " +"forklare hvad grundlovforfatterne havde ment ved at udforme " +"Fremskridtbestemmelsen sÃ¥dan de gjorde. De blev med pÃ¥ en betenkning som " +"aldrig forsøgte at forklare hvordan strukturerne til denne bestemmelse " +"villes pÃ¥virke tolkningen af Kongressens myndighed. Og de blev med pÃ¥ en " +"betenkning som ikke engang forsøger at forklare hvorfor denne tildeling af " +"myndighed kunne være ubegrænset, mens Handelbestemmelsen villes være " +"begrænset. Kort sagt, de havde blevet med pÃ¥ en betenkning som galdt for, " +"og var inkonsistent med, deres egen metode for at tolke Grunnloven. Denne " +"betenkningen gav mÃ¥ske et resultat som de kunnelide. Men den gav ikke en " +"begrundelse som var konsistent med deres egen principper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " +"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " +"it is." +msgstr "" +"Mit vrede mod de konservative gav raskt efter for sindet mod mig selv. For " +"jeg havde ladet en holdning til loven som jeg kunnelide forstyrre en " +"holdning til loven sÃ¥dan den er." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " +"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " +"much more pragmatic view. When Don Ayer said that this case would be won " +"based on whether I could convince the Justices that the framers' values were " +"important, I fought the idea, because I didn't want to believe that that is " +"how this Court decides. I insisted on arguing this case as if it were a " +"simple application of a set of principles. I had an argument that followed " +"in logic. I didn't need to waste my time showing it should also follow in " +"popularity." +msgstr "" +"De fleste advokater, og de fleste jussprofessesorer, har lille tÃ¥lmodighet " +"for idealisme om domstolene generelt, og denne Højesteret specielt. De " +"fleste har et mere pragmatisk syner. Da Don Ayer sagde at denne sag villes " +"vindes baseret pÃ¥ om jeg kunne overbevise dommerne om at grundlovforfatterne " +"værdier var vigtige, kæmpede jeg mod idéen, fordi jeg ikke ønskede at tro at " +"dette var hvordan denne domstol tog afgørelser. Jeg insisterede pÃ¥ at " +"argumentere for denne sag som om det var man enkel anvendelse af et sæt med " +"principper. Jeg havde et argument som fulgte af logikken. Jeg behøvede ikke " +" at kaste væk min tid ved at vise at det ogsÃ¥ burde følge af folkmeningen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 252 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " +"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " +"different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked " +"power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy " +"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. " +"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. " +"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I " +"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. " +"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my " +"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before " +"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort " +"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade " +"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court " +"should decide the issue." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r jeg igen læser igennem avskriften fra argumentationen i oktober, ser jeg " +"hundredevis af pladser hvor svarene kunne have taget samtalen i andre " +"retninger, hvor sandheden om skaden som denne ukontrollerte myndigheden vil " +"forÃ¥rsage kunne været klargjort for domstolen. Dommer Kennedy ønskede i god " +"tro at blive vist dette. Jeg, idiotisk nok, korrigerede hans spørgsmÃ¥l. " +"Domme Souter villes i god tro blive vist skaderne relateret til Første " +"grundlovtillæg. Jeg, som en mÃ¥ttelærer, omrammet spørgsmÃ¥let for at lægge " +"frem det logisk pointen. Jeg havde vist dem hvordan de kunne slÃ¥ ned pÃ¥ " +"denne lov hvis de ønskede det. Det var hundredevis af steder hvor jeg kunne " +"have hjulpet dem til at ønske det, men min vrangvilje, det at jeg aldrig gav " +"mig, hindrede mig. Jeg havde stÃ¥et foran hundredevis af publikum og forsøgt " +"at overtale dem. Jeg havde brugt lidenskab i mit forsøg pÃ¥ at overtale, men " +"jeg nægtede at stÃ¥ foran dette publikum og forsøge at overtale dem med den " +"lidenskaben jeg havde brugt andre steder. Det var ikke pÃ¥ et sÃ¥dant " +"grundlag en domstol burde afgøre denne sag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " +"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " +"Sullivan?" +msgstr "" +"Villes det gÃ¥et anderledes hvis jeg havde argumenteret lidt forskelligt? " +"Villes det have gÃ¥et anderledes hvis Don Ayer havde argumenteret? Eller " +"Charles Fried? Eller Kathleen Sullivan?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " +"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " +"a great deal more to show our society why our framers were right. And when " +"we do that, we will be able to show that Court." +msgstr "" +"Mine venner samlede sig rundt mig for at insistere pÃ¥ at det villes det " +"ikke. Domstolen var ikke klar, insisterede mine venner. Det var et tab " +"bestemt af skæbnen. Det villes kræve meget mere for at visse/vise vores " +"samfund hvorfor grundlovforsamlingen havde ret . Og nÃ¥r vi gør dette, sÃ¥ " +"vil vi være i stand til at vise det til denne domstol." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " +"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " +"reason to resist doing right. I can't help but think that if I had stepped " +"down from this pretty picture of dispassionate justice, I could have " +"persuaded." +msgstr "" +"Muligt det, men jeg tvivler. Disse dommere havde ingen økonomiske " +"interesser i at gøre noget andet end det som var rigtigt. De bliver ikke " +"udsat for lobbyvirksomhed. De har lille interesse i og undgÃ¥ at gøre det " +"som er rigtigt. Jeg klarer ikke lade være at tænke at om jeg havde givet " +"slip pÃ¥ mit pæne billede af juicen uden følelser, sÃ¥ havde jeg overbevist " +"dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " +"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual " +"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a " +"mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this issue " +"should not be raised until it is." +msgstr "" +"Men selv om jeg ikke kunne det, sÃ¥ undskylder dette ikke det som skete i " +"januar. For i starten af denne sag havde en af USAs ledende professorer " +"inden immaterialretten udtalt offentligt at jeg gjorde en fejl ved at fremme " +"denne sag. <quote>Domstolen er ikke klar</quote>, havde Peter Jaszi sagt, " +"og fulgte op med <quote>dette tema bør ikke tages op før den er det.</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " +"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " +"then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter " +"was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do " +"some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do " +"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I " +"had made four years before—was wrong." +msgstr "" +"Efter argumentationen og efter afgørelsen sagde Peter til mig, og " +"offentligt, at han tog fejl. Men hvis domstolen faktisk ikke kunne blive " +"overbevist, sÃ¥ er det alt bevis som trænges for at vide at her havde Peter " +"nok en gang ret. Enten var ikke jeg klar til at argumentere for denne sag " +"pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som villes bidrage positivt, eller sÃ¥ var de ikke klare for at " +"tage op denne sag pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som villes bidrage positivt. Uanset var " +"afgørelsen om at fremme denne sag – en afgørelse jeg havde taget fire " +"Ã¥r tidligere – fejl." + +#. PAGE BREAK 253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " +"itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " +"was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that extending the " +"term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over ideas. Where " +"the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had been skeptical " +"of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good thing, even if " +"it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was attacked, it was " +"attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. <citetitle>The " +"New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Mens reaktionen</emphasis> pÃ¥ Sonny Bono-loven selv " +"var næsten enstemmigt negativ, sÃ¥ var reaktionen pÃ¥ domstolens afgørelse " +"blandet. Ikke en eneste, i hvert fald i presset, forsøgte at sige at det " +"var en god idé at udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten. Vi havde vundet kampen " +"om idéen. Afgørelsen fik støtte fra aviser som havde været skeptisk til " +"domstolens aktivisme i andre sager. Å holde hÃ¥nd fra var en god ting, selv " +"om den lod en dum lov blive stÃ¥ende. Men der afgørelsen blev angrebet, sÃ¥ " +"blev den angrebet pÃ¥ grund af at den lod en dum og skadelig lov blive " +"stÃ¥ende. <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> skræv i sin leder:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " +"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " +"perpetuity. The public domain has been a grand experiment, one that should " +"not be allowed to die. The ability to draw freely on the entire creative " +"output of humanity is one of the reasons we live in a time of such fruitful " +"creative ferment." +msgstr "" +"Effekten er at beslutningen i Højesteret gør det sandsynligt at vi ser " +"starten pÃ¥ slutningen for allemannseie, og fødslen til evig ophavsret. " +"Allemannseie har været et storslÃ¥et eksperiment, som ikke bør fÃ¥ lov til at " +"dø. Evnen til at frit udnytte hele den kreative produktionen til " +"menneskeheden er en af grunderne til at vi lever i en tid med sÃ¥ " +"frugtoverskæg kreativt vækstmiljø." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Bolling, Ruben" +msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " +"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n" +"\" linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a " +"bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"De bedste responserne dukkede op i tegneserierne. Det var en høj rigtigt " +"morsomme tegninger – af Mikke i fængsel og dets lige sÃ¥. Det bedste " +"fra mit stÃ¥sted i sagen, var fra Ruben Bolling, gengivet i figur <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-18\"/>. Tekstlinjen om " +"<quote>mægtig og rig</quote> er lidt uretfærdig. Men slaget i ansigtet " +"føltes akkurat sÃ¥dan ud.<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" width=" +"\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/tom-the-dancing-bug.png\" align=\"center\" " +"width=\"100%\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand experiment</" +"quote> we call the <quote>public domain</quote> is over? When I can make " +"light of it, I think, <quote>Honey, I shrunk the Constitution.</quote> But I " +"can rarely make light of it. We had in our Constitution a commitment to free " +"culture. In the case that I fathered, the Supreme Court effectively " +"renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would have made them see " +"differently." +msgstr "" +"Billedet som for altid stÃ¥r inde i mit hoved er det som blev udløst af et " +"citat fra <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>. At <quote>det store " +"eksperimentet</quote> vi kalder <quote>allemannseie</quote> er over? NÃ¥r " +"jeg kan tage farve pÃ¥ det, sÃ¥ tænker jeg <quote>Kære, jeg krympede " +"Grunnloven.</quote> Men jeg klarer sjælden at tage let pÃ¥ det. Vi havde " +"i Grunnloven vores en forpligtelse til at frigøre kultur. I den sagen som " +"jeg havde ansvar for, gav Højesteret effektivt afkald pÃ¥ den forpligtelsen. " +"En bedre advokat villes fÃ¥et dem til at se anderledes pÃ¥ det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" +msgstr "Kapitel fjorten: Eldred II" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " +"decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " +"day the rehearing petition in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—" +"meaning the case was really finally over—fate would have it that I was " +"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly " +"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles " +"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-" +"ed piece." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Dagen</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> blev " +"afgjort, villes skæbnen at jeg skulle rejse til Washington, D.C. (Dagen da " +"en forespørgsel om ny høring for <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> blev afslÃ¥et " +"– som betød at sagen endeligt var færdigt – skæbnen gjorde at " +"jeg holdt en tale til teknologer ved Disney World.) Dette var en specielt " +"lang flytur til den byen jeg sætter mindst pris pÃ¥. Trafik forsinkede " +"køreturen fra Forkæles lufthavn til byen, sÃ¥ jeg Ã¥bnede min computeren og " +"skrev en kronik." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " +"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " +"advice from Don Ayer: You need to make them see why it is important. And " +"alternating with that command was the question of Justice Kennedy: " +"<quote>For all these years the act has impeded progress in science and the " +"useful arts. I just don't see any empirical evidence for that.</quote> And " +"so, having failed in the argument of constitutional principle, finally, I " +"turned to an argument of politics." +msgstr "" +"Jeg havde dÃ¥rlig samvittighed. Gennem hele flyturen fra San Francisco til " +"Washington havde jeg i mit indre ører hørt om og om igen det samme rÃ¥d fra " +"Don Ayer: Du mÃ¥ fÃ¥ dem til at forstÃ¥ hvorfor dette er vigtigt. Og " +"indimellem dette rÃ¥det var spørgsmÃ¥let fra domme Kennedy: <quote>I alle " +"disse Ã¥r som loven har hæmmet fremgang i videnskab og nyttige kunstarter, sÃ¥ " +"ser jeg intet empirisk bevis for dette.</quote> Og dermed, efter at have " +"fejlet i at argumentere med konstitusjonelle principper, forsøgte jeg at " +"argumentere politisk." + +#. PAGE BREAK 256 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " +"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " +"copyright owner would be required to register the work and pay a small fee. " +"If he paid the fee, he got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he " +"did not, the work passed into the public domain." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle> publicerede kronikken. I den foreslog " +"jeg en enkel fiks: Halvtreds Ã¥r efter at et værk har blevet publiceret, bør " +"ophavsretejeren være nødt til at registrere virket og betale en lille " +"afgift. Hvis han betalte afgiften, fik han fordelene af hele " +"opphavsrettsvernetiden. Hvis han ikke gjorde det, blev virket allemannseie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " +"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " +"early on, it won't get passed unless it has another name." +msgstr "" +"Vi kaldte dette Eldred-loven, men det var kun for at give det et navn. Eric " +"Eldred var snild nok til at lade sit navn bruges nok en gang, men han sagde " +"tidig at den ikke villes blive vedtaget med mindre den fik et andet navn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " +"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " +"Term Deregulation Act.</quote> Either way, the essence of the idea is clear " +"and obvious: Remove copyright where it is doing nothing except blocking " +"access and the spread of knowledge. Leave it for as long as Congress allows " +"for those works where its worth is at least $1. But for everything else, let " +"the content go." +msgstr "" +"Eller to andre navn. For afhængigt af synsvinkel, sÃ¥ er dette enten " +"<quote>Forbedring af allemannseieloven</quote> eller <quote>Avregulering af " +"opphavsrettsvernetidsloven.</quote> Uanset er essensen i idéen klar og " +"tydelig: Fjern ophavsreten der den ikke gør noget andet end at blokere for " +"tilgang og spredning af kundskab. Lad den eksistere sÃ¥ længe som " +"Kongressen tillader det for de værk der værdien er mindst en dollar. For " +"alt andet, slip indholdet fri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Forbes, Steve" +msgstr "Forbes, Steve" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Democratic Party" +msgstr "Demokratiske partier, det" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Republican Party" +msgstr "Repulikanske parti, det" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " +"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " +"support. When you focus the issue on lost creativity, people can see the " +"copyright system makes no sense. As a good Republican might say, here " +"government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and " +"creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is " +"blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, " +"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. " +"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." +msgstr "" +"Reaktionen pÃ¥ denne idéen var utroligt stærk. Steve Forbes gik god for den " +"i en leder, og jeg modtog et skred af støttende e-post og brev. NÃ¥r man " +"fokuserer temaet pÃ¥ tabt kreativitet, sÃ¥ ser folk at ophavsretsystemet ikke " +"giver mening. En god republikaner kunne sige at her kommer ganske enkelt " +"myndighetsregulering i vejen for nyskabning og kreativitet. Og en god " +"demokrat kunne sige at her blokerer myndighederne uden god overfladisk " +"tilgang til og spredning af kundskab. Det er faktisk ingen reel forskel " +"mellem demokrater og republikanere rundt dette tema. Enhver kan gjenkjenne " +"de idiotiske skaderne som dagens ordning giver." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " +"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " +"people who want to license content is that there is no obvious place to look " +"for the current copyright owners. Since registration is not required, since " +"marking content is not required, since no formality at all is required, it " +"is often impossibly hard to locate copyright owners to ask permission to use " +"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing " +"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified." +msgstr "" +"Faktisk ser mange de Ã¥benbare fordelene med registreringkravet. For en af " +"de vanskeligste/vanskeligeste tingene med dagens system for folk som ønsker " +"at licensiere indhold er at det ikke er nogle Ã¥penbare plads at slÃ¥ op " +"gældende ophavsretejere. Siden registrering ikke er pÃ¥krevd, sÃ¥ blokeres " +"ofte fremgangen pÃ¥ at spore op ophavsretejere for at bede om tilladelse til " +"at bruge eller licensiere deres værker. Dette system villes reduceret " +"sÃ¥danne omkostninger ved at etablere et register hvor opphavsrettseierene i " +"ihvertfald kan identificeres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" +msgstr "Berlinvedtaket (1908)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" +msgstr "Bern-konventionen (1908)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "German copyright law" +msgstr "Tysk Ã¥ndsverklov" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " +"Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " +"depend upon compliance with formalities such as registration, deposit, and " +"affixation of notice of the author's claim of copyright. However, starting " +"with the 1908 act, every text of the Convention has provided that <quote>the " +"enjoyment and the exercise</quote> of rights guaranteed by the Convention " +"<quote>shall not be subject to any formality.</quote> The prohibition " +"against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) of the Paris Text " +"of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose some form of " +"deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition of copyright. " +"French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of works in national " +"repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of books published in " +"the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British Library. The German " +"Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where the author's true " +"name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul " +"Goldstein, <citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and " +"Materials</citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>Før Berlin-revideringen af " +"Bernkonvensjonen i 1908, sÃ¥ hændte det at national opphavsrettslov gjorde " +"beskyttelsen afhængig af formaliteter som registrering, deponering og " +"merking af at forfatteren gjorde krav pÃ¥ kopibeskyttelse. Derimod har alle " +"revisioner efter 1908 forudsat at <quote>Nytelsen og udøvelsen</quote> af " +"rettigheder garanteret af konventionen <quote>er ikke betinget af at nogle " +"formalitet iakttas.</quote> Forbuddet mod formaliteter findes i dag som " +"paragraf 5(2) af Bernkonvensjonen – Paristeksten. Mange lande " +"fortsætter at kræve en eller anden form for deponering eller registrering, " +"men ikke som et krav til ophavsret. Fransk lov, for eksempel, kræver et " +"eksemplardepositum til nationale oppbevaringsteder, hovedsageligt " +"Nasjonalmuseet. Kopier af bøger publiceret i Storbritannia mÃ¥ deponeres til " +"det Britiske Biblioteket. Den tyske opphavsrettsloven sørger for et " +"forfatterregister der hen forfatterens officielle navne kan blive befolket " +"ind for anonyme og pseudonyme værk. Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>International " +"Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials</citetitle> (New York: " +"Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when " +"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before " +"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a <quote>natural right.</quote> " +"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" +"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " +"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " +"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " +"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/> blev formaliteter fjernet fra opphavsrettsloven i " +"1976, da kongressen fulgte efter europeerne i at afskaffe alle formelle krav " +"før ophavsreten blev innvilget.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"Europeerne siges at anse ophavsret som en <quote>naturlig rettighed.</quote> " +" Naturlige rettigheder behøver ingen formaliteter for at eksistere. " +"Angloamerikanske, og liggende, traditioner har krævet at ophavsretejere mÃ¥ " +"følge visse/vise formaliteter for at deres rettigheder skal blive beskyttet, " +"mens europeerne mente at sÃ¥dant ikke tilstrækkeligt respekterede " +"forfatterens værdighed. Mine rettigheder som skaber stammer fra min " +"kreativitet, og er ikke noget som deles ud af myndighederne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " +"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " +"without formalities harms the creator. The ability to spread <quote>Walt " +"Disney creativity</quote> is destroyed when there is no simple way to know " +"what's protected and what's not." +msgstr "" +"Det er flot retorik, og det høres vidunderligt romantisk ud. Men det er " +"absurd ophavsretpolitik. Det er absurd specielt for forfattere, fordi en " +"værdet uden formaliteter skader den som skaber. Muligheden til at brede " +"<quote>Walt Disney-kreativitet</quote> forsvinder nÃ¥r det ikke er nogle " +"enkel mÃ¥de at vide hvad som er beskyttet, og hvad som ikke er det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " +"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " +"to require copyright terms of life plus fifty years, as well as the " +"abolition of copyright formalities. The formalities were hated because the " +"stories of inadvertent loss were increasingly common. It was as if a Charles " +"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an " +"<citetitle>i</citetitle> or cross a <citetitle>t</citetitle> resulted in the " +"loss of widows' only income." +msgstr "" +"Kampen mod formaliteter opnÃ¥ede sin første virkelige sejer i Berlin i 1908 . " +" Internationale ophavsretadvokater fik pÃ¥ plads et tillæg i Bernkonvensjonen " +"i 1908 som krævede opphavsrettsvernetid ud forfatterens liv plus halvtreds " +"Ã¥r, i tillæg til at afskaffe ophavsretformaliteter. Formaliteterne var " +"hadet pÃ¥ grund af historie om utilsigtet tab som blev mere og mere normale. " +"Det var som om en karakter fra Charles Dickens drev alle " +"ophavsretkontorerne, og det at glemme at sætte prikken over en <citetitle>i</" +"citetitle> eller glemme at strege gennem en <citetitle>t</citetitle> førte " +"til at en enke mistede sin eneste indtægt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " +"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " +"always have ways of forgiving innocent mistakes. There is no reason " +"copyright law couldn't, as well. Rather than abandoning formalities totally, " +"the response in Berlin should have been to embrace a more equitable system " +"of registration." +msgstr "" +"Disse klager var reelle og fornuftige. Og det var absurd hvor strengt " +"formaliteterne blev hÃ¥ndhævet, specielt i USA. Loven bør altid have mÃ¥der " +"at tilgive uskyldige fejl. Det er ingen grund til at ikke ogsÃ¥ " +"Ã¥ndsverksloven skulle kunne det. I stedet for at droppe formaliteter helt, " +"sÃ¥ burde responsen i Berlin været at omfavne et mere rettverdig " +"registreringsystem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " +"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " +"hassle. The abolishment of formalities promised not only to save the " +"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden " +"imposed upon creators." +msgstr "" +"Selv det villes fÃ¥et modstand, pÃ¥ grund af at registrering fortsat var " +"kostoverskæg og plagsomt i det nittende og tyvende Ã¥rhundredet. Avviklingen " +"af formaliteter lovede ikke bare at redde sultende enker, men ogsÃ¥ det at " +"reducere en unødvendig regulatorirsk belastning som var pÃ¥tvunget skabere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " +"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-" +"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the " +"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a " +"property right over the table <quote>naturally,</quote> and he can assert " +"that right against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has " +"informed the government of his ownership of the table." +msgstr "" +"I tillæg til de praktiske klagerne fra forfatterne i 1908, sÃ¥ fandtes det " +"ogsÃ¥ moralske innsigelser. Det var ingen grund til at kreative " +"ejendomrettigheder skulle være en annenrangs type ejendom. Hvis en snedker " +"fortager et bord, sÃ¥ er ikke hans rettigheder over dette bordet afhængigt " +"af at han sender ind et skema til myndighederne. Han har en " +"<quote>naturgivet</quote> ejendomret til bordet, og kan hævde denne ret mod " +"enhver som forsøger at stjæle bordet, uanset om han har informeret " +"myndighederne om sit eierskap til bordet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " +"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " +"being second-class property. The argument in favor of formalities turns upon " +"the special problems that creative property presents. The law of " +"formalities responds to the special physics of creative property, to assure " +"that it can be efficiently and fairly spread." +msgstr "" +"Dette argument er rigtigt, men dets implikationer er misvisende. For " +"argumenter i favør af formaliteter er ikke afhængigt af at kreativ ejendom " +"er annenrangs ejendom. Argumentet i favør af formaliteter kredse rundt de " +"specielle problemerne som kreativ ejendom giver os. Loven om formaliteter er " +"et resultat af de specielle fysiske egenskaberne til kreativ ejendom, for at " +"sikre at den kan bredes effektivt og retfærdigt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " +"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " +"effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because " +"you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both " +"of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure " +"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and " +"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration " +"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. " +"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a " +"registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a " +"registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A " +"slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a " +"much better system of protection for property generally." +msgstr "" +"For eksempel er det ingen som mener at landomrÃ¥der er annenrangs ejendom kun " +"fordi du mÃ¥ tinglyse et skøde hvis dit salg af land skal fÃ¥ effekt. Og fÃ¥ " +"mener at en bil er annenklasses ejendom bare pÃ¥ grund af at du mÃ¥ registrere " +"bilen hos Biltilsynet, og mærke den med et bilskilt. I begge disse tilfælde " +"ser alle at det er vigtige grunder til at kræve registrering – bÃ¥de pÃ¥ " +"grund af at det gør markedet mere effektivt, og pÃ¥ grund af at det bedre " +"sikrer rettighederne til ejeren. Uden et registreringsystem for landomrÃ¥der " +"mÃ¥tte landejere hele tiden vogte sin ejendom. Med registrering kan de " +"ganske enkelt vise politiet et skøde. Uden et registreringsystem for biler " +"villes biltyveri være meget enklere. Med et registreringsystem bliver det " +"meget vanskeligere for tyven at fÃ¥ solgt den stjÃ¥lne bilen. En lille byrde " +"bliver lagt pÃ¥ ejendomejeren, men disse byrder giver et generelt sæt meget " +"bedre system for at beskytte ejendom." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " +"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " +"makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative " +"property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion " +"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. " +"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " +"confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author " +"and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without " +"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions " +"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er lignende specielle fysiske egenskaber som gør formaliteter vigtigt i " +"opphavsrettslovgiving. I modsætning til en snedkers bord, er det ingenting " +"i naturen som gør det relativt Ã¥benbaret hvem som kan eje en bestemt bid af " +"kreativ ejendom. Et optagelse af Lyle Lovetts sidste album kan eksistere en " +"milliard steder uden at noget nødvendigvis peger det tilbage til en bestemt " +"ejer. Og pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som en bil, er det ingen mÃ¥de at være tryg ved køb " +"og salg af kreativ ejendom med mindre det findes en enkel mÃ¥de at bekræfte " +"hvem som er skaberen, og hvilke rettigheder han har. Enkle transaktioner " +"bliver umulige i en værdet uden formaliteter. Komplicerede, dyre, " +"<emphasis>advokat</emphasis>-transaktioner træder ind i stedet. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " +"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't <quote>get.</" +"quote> Because we live in a system without formalities, there is no way " +"easily to build upon or use culture from our past. If copyright terms were, " +"as Justice Story said they would be, <quote>short,</quote> then this " +"wouldn't matter much. For fourteen years, under the framers' system, a work " +"would be presumptively controlled. After fourteen years, it would be " +"presumptively uncontrolled." +msgstr "" +"Dette var forstÃ¥elsen af problemet med Sonny Bono-loven som vi forsøgte at " +"demonstrere for retten. Dette var den delen som den ikke <quote>skønnede.</" +"quote> Fordi vi lever i et system uden formaliteter, sÃ¥ er det ikke nogle " +"enkel mÃ¥de at bygge pÃ¥, eller bruge kulturen fra vores fortid. Hvis " +"vernetiden i ophavsreten var, sÃ¥dan domme Story sagde den villes være, " +"<quote>kort,</quote> da villes ikke dette betyde stort . I fjorten Ã¥r, " +"ifølge systemet til de som skrev grundloven, villes et værk kunne antages at " +"være kontrolleret. Efter fjorten Ã¥r kunne man antage at det ikke var " +"kontrolleret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " +"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " +"burden on the creative process. If the only way a library can offer an " +"Internet exhibit about the New Deal is to hire a lawyer to clear the rights " +"to every image and sound, then the copyright system is burdening creativity " +"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no " +"formalities</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"Men nu nÃ¥r ophavsreten kan vare næsten et Ã¥rhundrede, sÃ¥ er den manglende " +"evnen til at vide hvad som er beskyttet og hvad som ikke er beskyttet " +"blevet en stor og Ã¥penbare byrde pÃ¥ den kreative processen. Hvis den eneste " +"mÃ¥den et bibliotek kan lægge frem en Internet-udstilling om New Deal, er ved " +"at hyre ind en advokat til at klarere rettighederne til hvert eneste billede " +"og hver eneste lydinnspilling, sÃ¥ belaster ophavsretsystemet kreativiteten " +"pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som aldrig før er observeret, <emphasis>fordi det ikke findes " +"nogle formaliteter</emphasis>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " +"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. " +"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your " +"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an " +"extended copyright term." +msgstr "" +"Eldred-loven var udformet for at svare pÃ¥ akkurat dette problem. Hvis det er " +"værd en dollar for dig, sÃ¥ registrer virket dit, og du kan fÃ¥ længere " +"vernetid. Andre vil vide hvordan de skal kontakte dig, og dermed hvordan de " +"kan fÃ¥ din tilladelse hvis de ønsker at bruge dit værk. Og du vil fÃ¥ " +"fordelen af en udvidet opphavsrettslig vernetid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " +"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " +"monopoly over that work either. The work should pass into the public domain " +"where anyone can copy it, or build archives with it, or create a movie based " +"on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det ikke er værd det for dig at registrere værket for at fÃ¥ fordelene " +"af en udvidede vernetid, sÃ¥ bør det heller ikke være værd det for " +"myndighederne at forsvare dit monopol over det samme værk. Værket bør blive " +"allemannseie sÃ¥dan at enhver kan kopiere det, eller fortage arkiver med det, " +"eller fortage en film baseret pÃ¥ det. Det bør frigøres hvis det ikke er " +"værd en dollar for dig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " +"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " +"$1? Isn't that the real problem with registration?" +msgstr "" +"Nogle bekymrer sig over byrden pÃ¥ forfattere. Fodrer ikke byrden med at " +"registrere værket at beløbet 1 dollar egentligt er misvisende? Er ikke " +"ekstraarbejdeet værd mere end 1 dollar? Er ikke dette det virkelige " +"problemet med registrering?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " +"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " +"because they are terribly funded) in enabling simple and cheap " +"registrations. Any real solution to the problem of formalities must address " +"the real problem of <emphasis>governments</emphasis> standing at the core of " +"any system of formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That " +"solution essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was " +"Amazon that ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click " +"registration. The Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration " +"fifty years after a work was published. Based upon historical data, that " +"system would move up to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that " +"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. " +"What do you think?" +msgstr "" +"Det stemmer. Ekstraarbejdeet er forfærdeligt. Systemet som findes nu er " +"grufullt. Jeg er helt enigt/enig i at ophavsretkontoret har gjort en " +"forfærdelig job (uden tvivl pÃ¥ grund af at de har forfærdeligt dÃ¥rligt " +"finansiering) i at gøre registrering enkelt og billigt. En skikkelig " +"løsning pÃ¥ problemet med formaliteter mÃ¥ adressere det egentlige problemet " +"med <emphasis>myndigheder</emphasis> som befinder mig/befinder dig/befinder " +"sig/befinder os/befinder jer i kernen af ethvert system med formaliteter. I " +"denne bog lægger jeg frem en sÃ¥dan løsning. Løsningen gør i essensen om pÃ¥ " +"ophavsretkontoret. Forestill dig at registrering kun kræver et klik. " +"Eldred-loven foreslog en enkel, ettklikks-registrering, halvtreds Ã¥r efter " +"at et værker var publiceret. Baseret pÃ¥ historiske data villes dette system " +"fÃ¥ op mod 98 procent af kommercielle værker, kommercielle værker som ikke " +"længere har et kommercielt liv, til at blive allemannseie efter halvtreds " +"Ã¥r. Hvad tror du?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " +"in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " +"representatives who might be willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had " +"a few who directly suggested that they might be willing to take the first " +"step." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Da Steve Forbes</emphasis> støttede idéen, begyndte " +"enkelte i Washington at følge med . Mange kontaktede mig med tips til " +"repræsentanter som kan være villigt til at introducere en Eldred-lov, og jeg " +"havde nogle fÃ¥ som foreslog direkte at de kan være villige til at tage det " +"første skridtet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" +msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " +"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " +"imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " +"2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on " +"the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general " +"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here." +msgstr "" +"En repræsentant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gik sÃ¥ langt som at fÃ¥ " +"lovforslaget udarbejdet. Udkastet løste nogle problemer med international " +"lov. Det pÃ¥lagde de enklest mulige forudsætninger pÃ¥ indehaverne af " +"ophavsreter. I maj 2003 sÃ¥ det ud som om loven kom til at blive " +"introduceret. 16 . maj postede jeg pÃ¥ Eldred Act-bloggen, <quote>vi er nær ." +"</quote> Det opstod en generel reaktion i blog-samfundet om at noget godt " +"kunne ske her ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Eldred Act opposed by" +msgstr "Eldred-loven modarbejdede af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " +"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " +"the MPAA. Aided by his lawyer, as Valenti told me, Valenti informed the " +"congresswoman that the MPAA would oppose the Eldred Act. The reasons are " +"embarrassingly thin. More importantly, their thinness shows something clear " +"about what this debate is really about." +msgstr "" +"Men pÃ¥ dette stadium begyndte lobbyister at bryde ind. Jack Valenti og " +"MPAAs bossjurist kom til kongresrepræsentantens kontor for at give MPAAs " +"syner pÃ¥ sagen. Vejledte af sin advokat, sÃ¥dan Valenti har fortalte mig, " +"informerede Valenti kongresrepræsentanten om at MPAA villes modsætte sig " +"Eldred-loven. Begrundelsen var pinligt knap. Endnu vigtigere er det at " +"deres knaphed viser noget klart om hvad denne debat egentligt handler om." + +#. PAGE BREAK 261 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " +"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " +"was true, but irrelevant, as Congress's <quote>firm rejection</quote> had " +"occurred long before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. " +"Second, they argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—" +"apparently those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that " +"Congress had determined that extending a copyright term would encourage " +"restoration work. Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered " +"by copyright law that is still commercially valuable, but again this was " +"irrelevant, as the proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the " +"$1 fee was not paid. Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose " +"<quote>enormous</quote> costs, since a registration system is not free. True " +"enough, but those costs are certainly less than the costs of clearing the " +"rights for a copyright whose owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about " +"the risks if the copyright to a story underlying a film were to pass into " +"the public domain. But what risk is that? If it is in the public domain, " +"then the film is a valid derivative use." +msgstr "" +"MPAAs første argument var at Kongressen <quote>bestemt havde afvist det " +"centrale konceptet i lovforslaget</quote> – om at ophavsreter skal " +"fornyes. Det er rigtigt, men irrelevant, efter som Kongressen " +"<quote>bestemt havde afvist</quote> dette længe føder Internet gjorde " +"pÃ¥følgende brug meget mere sandsynligt. Det andre argument var at forslaget " +"villes skade fattige ophavsretejere – tilsyneladende de som ikke har " +"rÃ¥d til en afgift pÃ¥ en dollar. Det tredje argumentet var at Kongressen " +"havde konkluderet med at at udvide vernetiden i ophavsreten, villes " +"opmuntre til at restaurere værk. Det kan stemme for den lille " +"procentandelen værk værnede af Ã¥ndsverkloven, og som fortsat er kommercielt " +"værdifulde. Men dette er ogsÃ¥ irrelevant, eftersom forslaget ikke villes " +"fjerne den udvidede vernetiden med mindre afgiften pÃ¥ en dollar ikke blev " +"betalt. Det fjerde argumentet fra MPAA var at forslaget villes pÃ¥føre " +"<quote>enorme</quote> omkostninger, eftersom et registreringsystem ikke er " +"gratis. Sandt nok, men disse omkostninger er helt klart lavere end " +"omkostningerne med at klarere rettigheder for en ophavsret der ejeren er " +"ukendt. Det femte argumentet var at de var bekymret over risikoen hvis " +"ophavsreten til en historie som lÃ¥ til grund for en film skulle blive " +"allemannseie. Men hvad slags risiko er dette? Hvis den er allemannseie, sÃ¥ " +"er filmen gyldig avledet brug." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " +"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " +"copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether " +"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial " +"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not " +"likely to." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning hævdet MPAA at eksisterende lovværk gjorde det muligt for " +"ophavsretejere at gøre dette hvis de ønskede det. Men hele pointen er at " +"det er tusindvis af ophavsretejere som ikke engang ved at de har en " +"ophavsret at give væk. Hvorvidt de stÃ¥r frit til at give væk ophavsreten " +"eller ikke – som i og for sig er en kontroversiel pÃ¥stand – sÃ¥ " +"med mindre de ved om en ophavsret, sÃ¥ er det lille sandsynligt at de vil " +"gøre det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " +"stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " +"sense prevailed. In the other, common sense was delayed. The difference " +"between the two stories was the power of the opposition—the power of " +"the side that fought to defend the status quo. In both cases, a new " +"technology threatened old interests. But in only one case did those " +"interest's have the power to protect themselves against this new competitive " +"threat." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I begyndelsen</emphasis> af denne bog fortalte jeg " +"to historie om hvordan loven reagerede pÃ¥ ændringer i teknologien. I den " +"ene vandt sund fornuft frem. I den andre blev sund fornuft forsinket. " +"Forskellen mellem de to historie er styrken til oppositionen – styrken " +"til den siden som sloges for at forsvare status quo. I begge tilfældene " +"truede ny teknologi gamle interesser. Men i kun et af tilfældene havde " +"dirre interesserne nok magt til at beskytte sig mod denne nye " +"konkurransemessige truslen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " +"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " +"here, too, we should ask, is the law following or resisting common sense? If " +"common sense supports the law, what explains this common sense?" +msgstr "" +"Jeg brugte disse to tilfældene som en mÃ¥de at ramme ind krigen som denne bog " +"har handlet om. For her er det ogsÃ¥ en ny teknologi som tvinger loven til " +"at reagere. Og her bør vi ogsÃ¥ spørge, er loven i trÃ¥d med, eller i strid " +"med, sund fornuft. Hvis sund fornuft støtter loven, hvad forklarer denne " +"sunde fornuft?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " +"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " +"law should work to eliminate it. When the issue is p2p sharing, it is easy " +"to understand why the law backs the owners still: Much of this sharing is " +"wrong, even if much is harmless. When the issue is copyright terms for the " +"Mickey Mouses of the world, it is possible still to understand why the law " +"favors Hollywood: Most people don't recognize the reasons for limiting " +"copyright terms; it is thus still possible to see good faith within the " +"resistance." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r problemet er piratvirksomhed, sÃ¥ er det rigtigt at loven støtter " +"ophavsretejerne. Den kommercielle piratvirksomheden som jeg har beskrevet " +"er urigtigt og skadeligt/skadelig, og loven bør arbejde for at eliminere " +"den. NÃ¥r problemet er p2p-deling, sÃ¥ er det enkelt at forstÃ¥ hvorfor loven " +"fortsat støtter ejerne. Meget af denne delingen er urigtig, selv om meget er " +"harmløst. NÃ¥r problemet er opphavsrettsvernetiden for Mikke Mus-ene i " +"værdet, sÃ¥ er det fortsat muligt at forstÃ¥ hvorfor loven favoriserer " +"Hollywood: De fleste kender ikke igen grunder til at begrænse vernetiden " +"for ophavsreten. Det er dermed fortsat muligt at se god tro i modstanden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kelly, Kevin" +msgstr "Kelly, Kevin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " +"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " +"driving this war. This act would free an extraordinary range of content that " +"is otherwise unused. It wouldn't interfere with any copyright owner's desire " +"to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate " +"what Kevin Kelly calls the <quote>Dark Content</quote> that fills archives " +"around the world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should " +"ask one simple question:" +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r ophavsretejere modsætter sig et forslag som Eldred-loven, sÃ¥ er det " +"endeligt et eksempel som eksponerer den nøgne egeninteressen som holder " +"denne krig i gang. Dette lovforslag villes frigøre en ekstraordinær serie " +"med indhold som ellers villes forblive ubrukt. Det villes ikke forstyrre " +"nogen ophavsretejer trang til at udøve fortsat kontrol over sit indhold. " +"Det villes ganske enkelt frigøre det som Kevin Kelly kalder det " +"<quote>mørke indhold</quote> som befolker arkiverne rundt om i værdet. SÃ¥ " +"nÃ¥r krigerene modsætter sig en sÃ¥dan ændring, sÃ¥ bør vi stille et enkelt " +"spørgsmÃ¥l:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "What does this industry really want?" +msgstr "Hvad ønsker denne industri egentlig?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " +"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an " +"effort to assure that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is " +"another step to assure that the public domain will never compete, that there " +"will be no use of content that is not commercially controlled, and that " +"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require " +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first." +msgstr "" +"Med vældig lille indsats kunne krigerene beskytte sit indhold. SÃ¥ indsatsen " +"for at blokere noget tilsvarende Eldred-loven er ikke egentlig om at " +"beskytte <emphasis>deres</emphasis> indhold. Indsatsen for at blokere " +"Eldred-loven er en indsats for at sikre at ingenting nyt bliver " +"allemannseie. Det er et nyt skridt for at sikre at allemannseiet aldrig vil " +"konkurrere, at det ikke vil være noget brug af indhold som ikke er " +"kommercielt kontrolleret, og at det ikke vil være noget kommerciel brug af " +"indhold som ikke først kræver <emphasis>deres</emphasis> tilladelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " +"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " +"the protection of <quote>property</quote> but the rejection of a tradition. " +"Their aim is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to " +"assure that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"Modstanden mod Eldred-loven afslører hvor ekstrem den andre side er. Den " +"mægtigste, sexy og højt elskede af lobbyvirksomhederne har som mÃ¥l ikke at " +"beskytte <quote>ejendom</quote>, men at blive hvidt en tradition. Deres mÃ¥l " +"er ikke bare at beskytte det som er deres. <emphasis>Deres mÃ¥l er at sikre " +"at alt som findes er det som er deres.</emphasis>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " +"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " +"tied to the Internet could somehow be quashed. Just as RCA feared the " +"competition of FM, they fear the competition of a public domain connected to " +"a public that now has the means to create with it and to share its own " +"creation." +msgstr "" +"Det er ikke vanskeligt at forstÃ¥ hvorfor krigerene har dette syn. Det er " +"ikke vanskeligt at se hvordan det vil give dem fordele hvis konkurrencen " +"fra allemannseiet bylten til Internet pÃ¥ en eller manden mÃ¥de kunne knuses. " +"PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som RCA frygtede konkurrencen fra FM, frygter de konkurrencen " +"fra allemannseiet bylten til en befolkning som nu har mulighed til at skabe " +"med den, og dele sine egen værk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " +"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " +"demands that their remote and useless property rights be respected, so that " +"these remote and forgotten copyright holders might block the progress of " +"others." +msgstr "" +"Det som er vanskeligt at forstÃ¥ er hvorfor folket har dette syn. Det er som " +"om loven gjorde at flymaskiner tog sig ind pÃ¥ anden mands ejendom. MPAA " +"stÃ¥r side om side med Causbyene og kræver at deres fjerne og ubrukelige " +"ejerrettigheder bliver respekteret, sÃ¥dan at disse fjerne og glemmte " +"ophavsretindehaverne kan blokere fremgangen til andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " +"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " +"and so long as it does, the assaults will rain down upon the technologies of " +"the Internet. The consequence will be an increasing <quote>permission " +"society.</quote> The past can be cultivated only if you can identify the " +"owner and gain permission to build upon his work. The future will be " +"controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past." +msgstr "" +"Alt dette ser ud til at let følge fra at ukritisk acceptere <quote>ejendoms</" +"quote>bidden af immateriell ejendom. Sund fornuft støtter det, og sÃ¥ længe " +"den gør det vil teknologierne pÃ¥ Internet være under angreb. Konsekvenserne " +"vil være mere og mere et <quote>tilladelsesamfund.</quote> Fortiden kan kun " +" kultiveres hvis du kan finde ejeren og bede om tilladelse til at bygge pÃ¥ " +"hans værker. Fremtiden vil blive kontrolleret af denne døde (og ofte " +"bortfalne) hÃ¥nd fra fortiden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Conclusion" +msgstr "Konklusion" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" +msgstr "Afrika, medisinering for HIV-patienter i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "AIDS medications" +msgstr "AIDS-mediciner" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "antiretroviral drugs" +msgstr "antiretrovirale lægemiddel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" +msgstr "udviklingsland, udenlandske patentomkostninger i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "drugs" +msgstr "lægemidler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "pharmaceutical" +msgstr "farmasøytisk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" +msgstr "HIV/AIDS-behandlinger" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " +"with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-" +"Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million " +"Africans is proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More " +"importantly, it is seventeen million Africans." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det er mere</emphasis> end trettifem millioner " +"mennesker over hele værdet med AIDS-virusset. Tjuefem millioner af dem bor i " +"Afrika syd for Sahara. Sytten millioner har allerede død. Sytten " +"millioner afrikanere er procentvis proporsjonalt med syv millioner " +"amerikanere. Vigtigere er det at dette er 17 millioner afrikanere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " +"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " +"had a dramatic effect. In the United States, AIDS patients who regularly " +"take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to " +"twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible." +msgstr "" +"Det findes ingen kur for AIDS, men det findes lægemidler som kan hæmme " +"sygdommens udvikling. Disse antiretrovirale terapierne er fortsat " +"eksperimentelle, men de har haft en dramatisk effekt allerede. I USA øger " +"levealderen til AIDS-patienter, som regelmæssigt tager en cocktail af disse " +"lægemidler, med ti til tyve Ã¥r. For nogle gør lægemidlerne sygdommen næsten " +"usynlig." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. " +"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, " +"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive " +"them—and half of them are in Brazil." +msgstr "" +"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</" +"ulink>. Ifølge en pressemelding fra værdets sundhedsorganisation sendt ud 9 " +". juli 2002, modtager kun 230 000 af de 6 millioner som behøver lægemidler " +"i udviklingsland pengeene de behøver – og halvdelen af dem er i Brasil." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " +"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " +"some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation " +"can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is " +"thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these " +"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse lægemidler er dyre. Da de først blev introduceret i USA, kostet de " +"mellem 10 000 og 15 000 dollar per person hvert Ã¥r. I dag koster nogle af " +"dem 25 000 dollar per Ã¥r. Med sÃ¥danne priser har, selvfølgelig, ingen " +"afrikansk stat rÃ¥d til lægemidlerne for det store flertal af sine " +"indbyggere: 15 000 dollar er tredive gange brutto nationalprodukt per " +"indbygger i Zimbabwe. Med sÃ¥danne priser er disse lægemidlerne fuldstændig " +"utilgjengelig.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on pharmaceuticals" +msgstr "om lægemidler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "pharmaceutical patents" +msgstr "farmasøytiske patenter" + +#. PAGE BREAK 265 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " +"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " +"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a " +"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to " +"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to " +"keep the prices high." +msgstr "" +"Disse priser er ikke høje fordi ingredienserne til lægemidlerne er dyre. " +"Disse priser er høje fordi lægemidlerne er beskyttet af patenter. " +"Farmaciselskaberne som producerer disse livreddende blandingerne nyder " +"mindst tyve Ã¥rs monopol pÃ¥ sine oppfinnelser. De bruger denne monopol " +"magten til at hente ud sÃ¥ meget de kan fra markedet. Ved hjælp af denne " +"magt holder de priserne høje." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " +"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " +"patents, drug research is, in my view, the clearest case where patents are " +"needed. The patent gives the drug company some assurance that if it is " +"successful in inventing a new drug to treat a disease, it will be able to " +"earn back its investment and more. This is socially an extremely valuable " +"incentive. I am the last person who would argue that the law should abolish " +"it, at least without other changes." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, specielt patenter pÃ¥ lægemiddel. " +"Det er ikke jeg. Faktisk af alle forskningomrÃ¥der som kan være støttet af " +"patenter, er forskning pÃ¥ lægemidler, efter min mening, det klareste " +"tilfælde der patenter er nødvendigt. Patenter giver et farmasøytisk firma en " +"vis forsikring om at hvis det lykkes i at finde op et nyt medikament som kan " +"behandle en sygdom, vil det kunne tjene tilbage investeringen, og vel sÃ¥ " +"det. Dette er socialt set et ekstremt værdifuldt incentiv. Jeg er den sidste " +"personen som vil argumentere for at loven skal afskaffe dette, i det mindste " +"uden andre ændringer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " +"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " +"began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was bringing, they started " +"looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the " +"market price." +msgstr "" +"Men det er en ting at støtte patenter, selv patenter pÃ¥ lægemidler. Det er " +"en anden ting at afgøre hvordan en bedst skal hÃ¥ndtere en krise. Og i det " +"afrikanske ledere begyndte at erkende ødeleggelsen AIDS bragte, begyndte de " +"at se efter mÃ¥der at importere HIV-mediciner til omkostninger betydeligt " +"lavere end markedspris." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "international law" +msgstr "international lov" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "parallel importation" +msgstr "parallelimport" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" +msgstr "Syd-Afrika, Republikken, farmasøytisk import til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Braithwaite, John" +msgstr "Braithwaite, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " +"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who " +"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37 " +". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " +"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " +"nation's market with the consent of the patent owner. For example, if the " +"drug was sold in India, it could be imported into Africa from India. This is " +"called <quote>parallel importation,</quote> and it is generally permitted " +"under international trade law and is specifically permitted within the " +"European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I 1997 forsøgte Syd-Afrika sig pÃ¥ en tilnærmelse. Landet vedtog en lov som " +"tillod import af patenterede lægemidler som havde blevet produceret og solgt " +"i en anden nations marked med godkendelse fra patentejeren. For eksempel, " +"hvis lægemidler var solgt i India, sÃ¥ kunne de blive importeret ind til " +"Afrika fra India. Dette kaldes <quote>parallelimport</quote> og er stort " +"set tilladt i international handelbestemmelser, og spesifikt tilladt indad " +"den europæiske unionen.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" +msgstr "USAs handelrepresentant (USTR)" + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over " +"South Africa, see Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug " +"Policy, and Human Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., " +"1st sess., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James " +"Love)." +msgstr "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For en førstehÃ¥nds beskrivelse af " +"kampen om Syd-Afrika, se Høring foran underkomiteen for kriminalomsorg, " +"medikamentregelsæt og menneskelige ressourcer, House Committee on Government " +"Reform, H. Rep., 1 . øget., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 . juli 1999), 150–57 " +"(udtalelse fra James HÃ¥ndflade)." + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." +msgstr "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " +"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " +"characterized it, <quote>The U.S. government pressured South Africa … " +"not to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " +"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" +"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " +"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty " +"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to " +"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by " +"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the " +"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its " +"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular " +"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these " +"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa " +"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any " +"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men USA var imod lovendringen. Og de nøjede sig ikke med at være imod. Som " +"International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserede det, " +"<quote>Myndighederne i USA pressede Syd-Afrika … til at ikke tillade " +"tvungen lisensiering eller parallelimport.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Gennem kontoret til USAs handelrepræsentant " +"(USTR), bad myndighederne Syd-Afrika om at ændre loven – og for at " +"lægge pres bag den forespørgslen, listede USTR i 1998 op Syd-Afrika som et " +"land som burde vurderes for handelrestriktioner. Samme Ã¥r gik mere end " +"fyrre farmaciselskaber til retten for at udfordre myndighedernes handlinger. " +"USA fik selskab af andre myndigheder fra EU. Deres pÃ¥stand, og pÃ¥standen " +"til farmaciselskaberne, var at Syd-Afrika brød sine internationale " +"forpligtelser ved at diskriminere mod en bestemt type patenter – " +"farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse myndigheder, med USA i spissen, " +"var at Syd-Afrika skulle respektere disse patenter pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som alle " +"andre patenter, uafhængigt af eventuel effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen af AIDS i Syd-" +"Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " +"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " +"drugs. Poverty and the total absence of an effective health care " +"infrastructure matter more. But whether patents are the most important " +"reason or not, the price of drugs has an effect on their demand, and patents " +"affect price. And so, whether massive or marginal, there was an effect from " +"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa." +msgstr "" +"Vi bør sætte USAs indblanding i sammenhæng. Det er ingen tvivl om at " +"patenter ikke er den vigtigste Ã¥rsagen til at afrikanere ikke har tilgang " +"til lægemidler. Fattigdom og den totale mangel pÃ¥ effektivt helbredvæsen " +"betyder mere. Men uanset om patenter er den vigtigste grunden eller ikke, sÃ¥ " +"har prisen pÃ¥ lægemidler en effekt pÃ¥ efterspørgslen, og patenter pÃ¥virker " +"prisen. SÃ¥ uanset hvor stor eller lille effekten var, sÃ¥ havde det effekt " +"nÃ¥r vores myndigheder greb ind for at stoppe strømmen af lægemidler til " +"Afrika." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " +"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " +"like wheat (if they eat it, we can't); instead, the flow that the United " +"States intervened to stop was, in effect, a flow of knowledge: information " +"about how to take chemicals that exist within Africa, and turn those " +"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives." +msgstr "" +"Ved at stoppe strømmen af HIV-behandlinger til Afrika, sikret ikke " +"myndighederne i USA lægemidler til USAs borgere. Dette er ikke som hvede " +"(hvis de spiser det, sÃ¥ kan ikke vi spise det). Det som USA i praksis " +"intervenerede for at stoppe, var strømmen af kundskab: Information om " +"hvordan man kan tage kemikaliummer som findes i Afrika, og gøre disse kemi " +"kaliummene om til lægemidler som kan redde 15 til 30 millioner liv." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " +"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " +"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the " +"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too " +"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel " +"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. " +"companies." +msgstr "" +"Indblandingen fra USA villes heller ikke beskytte fortjenesten til " +"lægemiddelselskaberne i USA – i hvert fald ikke betydeligt. Det var " +"jo ikke sÃ¥dan at disse lande havde mulighed til at købe lægemidlerne til de " +"priserne som lægemiddelselskaberne forlangte. Igen var afrikanerne for " +"fattige til at have rÃ¥d til disse lægemidler til de tilbudte priserne. Å " +"blokere for parallelimport af disse lægemidler villes ikke øge salget til " +"de amerikanske selskaberne betydeligt." + +#. f5. +#. PAGE BREAK 333 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " +"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " +"Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 May 1999, A1, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (<quote>compulsory licenses and " +"gray markets pose a threat to the entire system of intellectual property " +"protection</quote>); Robert Weissman, <quote>AIDS and Developing Countries: " +"Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,</quote> <citetitle>Foreign " +"Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); " +"John A. Harrelson, <quote>TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS " +"Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and " +"Compassion, a Synopsis,</quote> <citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</" +"citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." +msgstr "" +"Se Sabin Russel, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs " +"at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " +"Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 . maj 1999, A1, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (<quote>tvanglicenser " +"og grÃ¥markeder udgør en trussel for hele systemet for beskyttelse af " +"immateriell ejendom</quote>); Robert Weissman, <quote>AIDS and Developing " +"Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Foreign Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (august 1999), " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</" +"ulink> (beskriver USAs policy); John A. Harrelson, <quote>TRIPS, " +"Pharmaceutical Patents, Ã¥nd the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance " +"Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</citetitle> (forÃ¥ret 2001): 175 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " +"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " +"sanctity of property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It was " +"because <quote>intellectual property</quote> would be violated that these " +"drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance " +"of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors to " +"intervene against the South African response to AIDS." +msgstr "" +"I stedet var argumentet til fordel for restriktioner pÃ¥ denne flow af " +"information, som var nødvendigt for at bange millioner af liv, et argument " +"om ejendoms ukrenkelighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var " +"pÃ¥ grund af at <quote>intellektuell ejendom</quote> villes blive skældt, at " +"disse lægemidler ikke skulle strømme ind til Afrika. Det var princippet om " +"vigtigheden af <quote>intellektuell ejendom</quote> som fik dirre " +"myndighedaktørerne til at innblande sig mod Syd-Afrikas modtiltag mod AIDS." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " +"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " +"happen? How could we allow a policy to be pursued whose direct cost would be " +"to speed the death of 15 to 30 million Africans, and whose only real benefit " +"would be to uphold the <quote>sanctity</quote> of an idea? What possible " +"justification could there ever be for a policy that results in so many " +"deaths? What exactly is the insanity that would allow so many to die for " +"such an abstraction?" +msgstr "" +"Lad os tage et skridt tilbage for et øjeblik. En gang om tredive Ã¥r vil " +"vores barn se tilbage pÃ¥ os og spørge, hvordan kunne vi lade dette ske? " +"Hvordan kunne vi tillade at gennemføre en politik hvis direkte omkostning " +"var at fÃ¥ 15 til 30 millioner afrikanere til at dø raskere, og hvis eneste " +"virkelige fordel var at opretholde <quote>ukrenkeligheten</quote> til en " +"idé? Hvad slags berettigelse kan nogensinde eksistere for en politik som " +"resulterer i sÃ¥ mange døde? Hvad slags galskab er det egentligt som " +"tillader at sÃ¥ mange dør for en sÃ¥dan abstraktion?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" +msgstr "i farmasøytisk industri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " +"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " +"certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy " +"that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money " +"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a " +"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." +msgstr "" +"Nogle skylder pÃ¥ farmaciselskaberne. Det gør ikke jeg. De er selskaber, " +"og deres ledere er lovpÃ¥lagtt at tjene penge for sit selskabet. De presser " +"pÃ¥ for en bestemt patentpolitik, ikke pÃ¥ grund af idealer, men fordi det er " +"dette som gør at de tjener mest penge. Og dette gør kun at de tjener mest " +"penge pÃ¥ grund af en slags korruption i vores politiske systemer – en " +"korruption som farmaciselskaberne helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " +"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " +"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There " +"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back " +"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They " +"could be overcome." +msgstr "" +"Denne korruption er vores egen politikeres manglende integritet. For " +"lægemiddelproducenterne villes elske – siger de selv, og jeg tror dem " +"– at sælge sine lægemidler sÃ¥ billigt som de kan til land i Afrika og " +"andre steder. Det er udfordringer de mÃ¥ løse for at sikre at lægemidlerne " +"ikke kommer tilbage til USA. Men disse er bare teknologiske udfordring, og " +"sÃ¥danne kan bekæmpes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "of drug patents" +msgstr "af lægemiddelpatenter" + +#. PAGE BREAK 268 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " +"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " +"before a Senate or House hearing, and ask, <quote>How is it you can sell " +"this HIV drug in Africa for only $1 a pill, but the same drug would cost an " +"American $1,500?</quote> Because there is no <quote>sound bite</quote> " +"answer to that question, its effect would be to induce regulation of prices " +"in America. The drug companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first " +"step. They reinforce the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a " +"rational strategy in an irrational context, with the unintended consequence " +"that perhaps millions die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in " +"terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an idea called <quote>intellectual " +"property.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Et andet problem kan derimod ikke løses. Det er frygten for at en politiker " +"som skal vise sig, og kalder ind lederne hos lægemiddelproducenterne til " +"høring i Senatet eller repræsentanternes hus og spørger, <quote>hvordan har " +"det sig at du kan sælge HIV-medicinen i Afrika for bare 1 dollar per pille, " +"mens samme pille koster en amerikaner 1 500 dollar?</quote> Da det ikke " +"findes et <quote>hurtigt svar</quote> pÃ¥ det spørgsmÃ¥let, villes effekten " +"blive regulering af priser i Amerika. Lægemiddelproducenterne undgÃ¥r dermed " +" denne spiral ved at sikre at det første skridtet ikke tages. De forstærker " +"idéen om at ejerrettigheder skal være ukrenkelige. De lægger sig pÃ¥ en " +"rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell omgivelse, med den utilsigtede " +"konsekvens at mÃ¥ske millioner dør. Og den rasjonelle strategien rammes " +"dermed ind ved hjælp af dette ideal – ukrenkeligheten til en idé som " +"kaldes <quote>immaterielle rettigheder.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " +"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " +"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ nÃ¥r du bliver konfronteret med dit barns sunde fornuft, hvad vil du sige? " +" NÃ¥r den sunde fornuften hos en generation endeligt gør oprør mod hvad vi " +"har gjort, hvordan vil vi begrunde det? Hvad er argumentet?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " +"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " +"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a " +"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly " +"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a " +"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not " +"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other " +"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright " +"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." +msgstr "" +"En fornuftig patentpolitik kunne gÃ¥ god for, og give stærk støtte til " +"patentsystemet uden at mÃ¥tte nu alle overalt pÃ¥ nøjagtigt samme mÃ¥de. PÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥de som en fornuftig ophavsretpolitik kunne gÃ¥ god for, og give stærk " +"støtte til et ophavsretsystem uden at mÃ¥tte regulere spredningen af kultur " +"perfekt og for altid. En fornuftig patentpolitik kunne gÃ¥ god for, og give " +"stærk støtte til et patentsystem uden at mÃ¥tte blokere spredning af " +"lægemidler til et land som uanset ikke er rigt nok til at have rÃ¥d til " +"markedsprisen. En fornuftig politik kan man dermed sige kunne være en " +"balanceret politik. I det meste af vores historie har bÃ¥de ophavsret og " +"patentpolitikken i denne forstand været balanceret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " +"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " +"A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, " +"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave " +"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy " +"decision that we as a democracy will make." +msgstr "" +"Men vi som kultur har mistet denne følelse for balance. Vi har mistet det " +"kritiske blikket som hjælper os til at se forskellen mellem sandhed og " +"ekstremisme. En slags ejendomfundamentalisme, uden grundlag i vores " +"tradition, hersker nu i vores kultur – sært, og med konsekvenser mere " +"alvorligt for spredningen af idéer og kultur end næsten enhver anden " +"politisk enkeltavgjørelse vi som demokrati kan fatte." + +#. PAGE BREAK 269 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " +"cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " +"looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas that we " +"don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are " +"dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " +"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property " +"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. " +"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would " +"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this " +"common sense open its eyes." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>En enkel idé</emphasis> blender os, og under dække " +"af mørket sker meget som de fleste af os villes afvist hvis vi havde fulgt " +"med . SÃ¥ ukritisk accepterer vi idéen om eierskap til idéer at vi ikke " +"engang lægger mærke til hvor forfærdeligt det er at nægte tilgang til idéer " +"for et folk som dør uden dem. SÃ¥ ukritisk accepterer vi idéen om ejendom " +"til kulturen at vi ikke engang stiller spørgsmÃ¥l ved nÃ¥r kontrollen over " +"denne ejendom fjerner vores evne, som folk, til at udvikle vores kultur " +"demokratisk. Blindhet bliver vores sunde fornuft, og udfordringen for " +"enhver som vil gjenvinne retten til at dyrke vores kultur er at finde en " +"mÃ¥de at fÃ¥ denne sunde fornuft til at Ã¥bne sine øjne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " +"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " +"this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by " +"the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight <quote>piracy,</quote> " +"and devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of " +"<quote>creative property,</quote> while transforming real creators into " +"modern-day sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should " +"be balanced, even though each of the major players in this content war was " +"itself a beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a " +"city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, " +"complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the <quote>perfect storm</" +"quote> for free culture." +msgstr "" +"Hidtil sover sund fornuft. Det er intet oprør. Sund fornuft ser endnu " +"ikke hvad det er at gøre oprør mod. Ekstremismen som nu dominerer denne " +"debat, ræsonnerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er " +"forstærket af vores moderne RCA-er. De fører en panisk krig for at bekæmpe " +"<quote>piratvirksomhed</quote>, og knuser en kultur som tilrettelægger for " +"kreativitet i kryssilden. De forsvarer idéen om <quote>kreativt eierskap,</" +"quote> mens de ændrer ægte skabere til moderne leilendinger. De bliver " +"fornærmet af idéen om at rettigheder bør være balancerede, selv om hver af " +"hovedaktørerne i denne indhold krigen selv havde fordeler af et mere " +"balanceret ideal. Hykleriet rÃ¥der. Men i en by som Washington bliver ikke " +"hykleriet en gang lagt mærke til. Mægtige lobbyvirksomheder, komplicerede " +"problemer, og MTV-opmærksomhedspænd giver en <quote>perfekt storm</quote> " +"for fri kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "biomedical research" +msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "international organization on issues of" +msgstr "international organisation for sager om" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "IBM" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLoS (Offentlige Videnskabbiblioteket, det)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" +msgstr "Offentlige Videnskabbiblioteket, det (PLoS)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "public projects in" +msgstr "offentlige projekter i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" +msgstr "enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Wellcome Trust" +msgstr "Wellcome Fond" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" +msgstr "Værdets ophavsretorganisation (WIPO)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "World Wide Web" +msgstr "World Wide Web" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Global Positioning System" +msgstr "Globalt posisjoneringssystem" + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, " +"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir," +"</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 " +"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open Source</" +"quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, " +"<quote>Global Group's Shift on <quote>Open Source</quote> Meeting Spurs Stir," +"</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 . " +"august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #60</ulink>; William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes <quote>Open " +"Source</quote> Talks at WIPO,</quote> <citetitle>National Journal's " +"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 . august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." + +#. PAGE BREAK 270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " +"United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " +"Organization to cancel a meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"At the request of a wide range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a " +"meeting to discuss <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public " +"goods.</quote> These are projects that have been successful in producing " +"public goods without relying exclusively upon a proprietary use of " +"intellectual property. Examples include the Internet and the World Wide Web, " +"both of which were developed on the basis of protocols in the public domain. " +"It included an emerging trend to support open academic journals, including " +"the Public Library of Science project that I describe in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"c-afterword\"/>. It included a " +"project to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought " +"to have great significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project " +"comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and " +"technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, " +"Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, " +"IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global " +"Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it " +"included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I august 2003</emphasis> brød en kamp ud i USA om en " +"afgørelse fra Værdets ophavsretorganisation (WIPO) om at aflyse et møde." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> PÃ¥ forespørgsel fra en lang række " +"interessenter havde WIPO bestemt at afholde et møde for at diskutere " +"<quote>Ã¥bne og samarbejdende projekter for at skabte goder for fællesskabet." +"</quote> Disse projekter havde sluttes i at producere goder for " +"fællesskabet uden at basere sig eksklusivt pÃ¥ brugen af proprietære " +"immaterielle rettigheder. Eksempler inkluderer Internet og verdensveven, " +"begge udviklede pÃ¥ grundlag af protokoller i allemannseie. Agendaen " +"inkluderede den begyndende trend for at støtte Ã¥bne akademiske tidsskrifter " +"blandt andet Public Library of Science-projektet som jeg beskriver i kapitel " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"c-afterword\"/>.Den " +"inkluderede et projekt for at udvikle enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som " +"er antaget at fÃ¥ stor betydning i biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ikke-" +"kommercielle projektet bestod af et konsortium af Wellcome Fond og " +"farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaber, inkluderet Amersham Biosciences, " +"AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-Lagde Roche, " +"Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og Searle.) Den " +"inkluderede Globalt positionsystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen frigjorde tidligt " +" pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og den inkluderede <quote>Ã¥ben kildekode og fri software.</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " +"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " +"property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual property was " +"balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose limitations on the " +"way in which proprietary claims might be used." +msgstr "" +"FormÃ¥let med mødet var at vurdere denne række af projekter fra et fælles " +"perspektiv: at ingen af disse projekter havde som grundlag immateriell " +"ekstremisme. I stedet, hos alle disse, blev immaterielle rettigheder " +"balanceret med aftaler om at holde tilgang Ã¥ben, eller for at lægge " +"begrænsninger pÃ¥ hvordan proprietære krav kan blive brugt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" +msgstr "i international debat om immateriell ejendom" + +#. f7. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " +"meeting." +msgstr "Jeg bør nævne at jeg var en af folkene som bad WIPO om dette møde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " +"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved " +"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this " +"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with " +"intellectual property issues." +msgstr "" +"Dermed var, i forhold til perspektivet i denne bog, denne konference ideell." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Projekterne indenfor temaet var " +"bÃ¥de kommercielle og ikke-kommercielle værker. De involverede i hovedsag " +"videnskaben, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for " +"denne diskussion, siden WIPO var den fremstÃ¥ende internationale aktør som " +"drev med immaterielle rettighedspørgsmÃ¥l." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" +msgstr "Verdentopmødet om informationsamfundet (WSIS)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 271 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " +"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " +"conference for the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). At a " +"press conference before the address, I was asked what I would say. I " +"responded that I would be talking a little about the importance of balance " +"in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The " +"moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the " +"assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be " +"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. " +"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of " +"intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing " +"statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was " +"no way to talk about an <quote>Information Society</quote> unless one also " +"talked about the range of information and culture that would be free. My " +"talk did not make my immoderate moderator very happy. And she was no doubt " +"correct that the scope of intellectual property protections was ordinarily " +"the stuff of WIPO. But in my view, there couldn't be too much of a " +"conversation about how much intellectual property is needed, since in my " +"view, the very idea of balance in intellectual property had been lost." +msgstr "" +"Faktisk fik jeg en gang offentlig kæft for at ikke anerkende dette faktum om " +"WIPO. I februar 2003 holdt jeg et innledende foredrag pÃ¥ en forberedende " +"konference for Verdentopmødet om informationsamfundet (WSIS). PÃ¥ en " +"pressekonference føder indlægget, blev jeg spurgt hvad jeg skulle snakke om. " +" Jeg svarede at jeg skulle snakke lidt om vigtigheden af balance rundt " +"immaterielle værdier for udviklingen af informationsamfundet. Ordstyreren " +"pÃ¥ arrangementet afbrød mig da brat for at informere mig og journalisterne " +"til stede at ingen spørgsmÃ¥l rundt immaterielle værdier villes blive " +"diskuteret af WSIS, da sÃ¥danne spørgsmÃ¥l kun skulle diskuteres i WIPO. I " +"indlægget jeg havde forberedt var temaet om immaterielle værdier en " +"forholdsvis lille del af det hele. Men efter denne forbløffende udtalelse, " +"gjorde jeg immaterielle værdier til hovedfokus for mit indlæg. Det var ikke " +" muligt at snakke om et <quote>informationsamfund</quote> uden at man ogsÃ¥ " +"snakkede om andelen af information og kultur som ikke er værnet af " +"ophavsreten. Mit indlæg gjorde ikke min overivrige moderator rigtigt " +"solnedgang. Og hun havde uden tvivl ret i at omfanget til værn af " +"immaterielle rettigheder normalt hørte ind under WIPO. Men efter mit syner, " +"kunne det ikke blive for meget diskussion om hvor mange immaterielle " +"rettigheder som trænges, siden efter mit syner, havde selve idéen om en " +"balance rundt immaterielle rettigheder gÃ¥et tabt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " +"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " +"meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods</" +"quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ uanset om WSIS kan diskutere balance i intellektuell ejendom eller ikke, " +"sÃ¥ havde jeg troet det var taget for givet at WIPO kunne og burde. Og " +"dermed virkede mødet om <quote>Ã¥bne og samarbejdende projekter for at skabte " +"fællesgoder</quote> at passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Apple Corporation" +msgstr "Apple Corporation" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "on free software" +msgstr "om fri software" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " +"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free software." +"</quote> Microsoft in particular is wary of discussion of the subject. From " +"its perspective, a conference to discuss open source and free software would " +"be like a conference to discuss Apple's operating system. Both open source " +"and free software compete with Microsoft's software. And internationally, " +"many governments have begun to explore requirements that they use open " +"source or free software, rather than <quote>proprietary software,</quote> " +"for their own internal uses." +msgstr "" +"Men det er et projekt i listen som er vældig kontroversielt, i hvert fald " +"blandt lobbyistene. Dette projekt er <quote>Ã¥ben kildekode og fri software.</" +"quote> Microsoft specielt er skeptisk til diskussion om emnet. Fra deres " +"perspektiv, villes en konference for at diskutere Ã¥ben kildekode og fri " +"software være som en konference for at diskutere Apples operativsystem. " +"BÃ¥de Ã¥ben kildekode og fri software konkurrerer med Microsofts programvare. " +"Og internationalt har mange myndigheder begyndt at udforske krav om at de " +"skal bruge Ã¥ben kildekode eller fri software, i stedet for <quote>proprietær " +"software,</quote> til sine egen interne behov." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" +msgstr "<quote>copyleft</quote>-licenser" + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " +"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " +"<quote>open source</quote> software or software in the public domain. " +"Microsoft's principal opposition is to <quote>free software</quote> licensed " +"under a <quote>copyleft</quote> license, meaning a license that requires the " +"licensee to adopt the same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. " +"Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, " +"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. " +"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The " +"Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York University " +"Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Microsofts position om Ã¥ben kildekode og fri software er mere sofistikert. " +"De har flere gange forklaret at de har ikke noget problem med software som " +"er <quote>Ã¥ben kildekode</quote>, eller software som er allemannseie. " +"Microsofts principielle modstand er mod <quote>fri software</quote> " +"licensieret med en <quote>copyleft</quote>-licens, som betyder at licensen " +"kræver at de som licensierer skal adoptere samme vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet " +"værk. Se Bradford L. Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the " +"Marketplace to Decide,</quote> <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open " +"Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center " +"for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy " +"Research, 2002), 69, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #62</ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice " +"præsident, <citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskussion " +"ved New York University Stern School of Business (3 . maj 2001), " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " +"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. " +"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open " +"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly " +"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of " +"<quote>free software</quote>—and IBM is emphatically a commercial " +"entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free software</quote> is not " +"to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software " +"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg mener ikke at gÃ¥ ind i den debatten her. Det er vigtigt kun for at " +"gøre det klart at skillet ikke er mellem kommerciel og ikke-kommerciel " +"software. Det er mange vigtige selskaber som er fundamentalt afhængigt af " +"fri software, der IBM er den mest fremtrædende. IBM har i stadigt større " +"grad skiftet sit fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, den mest berømte " +"bidden af <quote>fri software</quote> – og IBM er helt klart en " +"kommerciel aktør. Dermed er det at støtte <quote>fri software</quote> ikke " +"at modsætte sig kommercielle aktører. Det er i stedet at støtte en mÃ¥de at " +"drive programvareudvikling som er forskelligt fra Microsofts.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "General Public License (GPL)" +msgstr "General Public License (GPL)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "GPL (General Public License)" +msgstr "GPL (General Public License)" + +#. PAGE BREAK 272 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " +"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " +"software</quote> is not software in the public domain. Instead, like " +"Microsoft's software, the copyright owners of free and open source software " +"insist quite strongly that the terms of their software license be respected " +"by adopters of free and open source software. The terms of that license are " +"no doubt different from the terms of a proprietary software license. Free " +"software licensed under the General Public License (GPL), for example, " +"requires that the source code for the software be made available by anyone " +"who modifies and redistributes the software. But that requirement is " +"effective only if copyright governs software. If copyright did not govern " +"software, then free software could not impose the same kind of requirements " +"on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does." +msgstr "" +"Mere vigtigt for vores formÃ¥l, er at at støtte <quote>Ã¥ben kildekode og fri " +"software</quote>, ikke er at modsætte sig ophavsret. <quote>Åben kildekode " +"og fri software</quote> er ikke software uden opphavsrettslig værn. I " +"stedet, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som software fra Microsoft, insisterer " +"ophavsretindehaverne af fri software ganske stærkt pÃ¥ at vilkÃ¥rene i deres " +"programvarelicens bliver respekteret af de som tager i brug fri software. " +"VilkÃ¥rene i den licensen er uden tvivl forskelligt fra vilkÃ¥rene i en " +"proprietær programvarelicens. For eksempel kræver fri software licensieret " +"med General Public License (GPL), at kildekoden for software gøres " +"tilgængeligt af alle som ændrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men " +"dette krav er kun effektivt hvis ophavsret rÃ¥der over software. Hvis " +"ophavsreten ikke rÃ¥der over software, sÃ¥ kunne ikke fri software pÃ¥lægge " +"sÃ¥danne krav pÃ¥ de som tager i brug programvaren. Den er dermed lige sÃ¥ " +"afhængig af Ã¥ndsverksloven som Microsoft." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "Krim, Jonathan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" +msgstr "WIPO-møde modarbejdede af" + +#. f9. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " +"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " +"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. " +"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to " +"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " +"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " +"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " +"the meeting was canceled." +msgstr "" +"Det er dermed forstÃ¥eligt at Microsoft, som udviklere af proprietær " +"software, gik imod et sÃ¥dant WIPO-møde, og lige sÃ¥ fuldt forstÃ¥eligt at de " +"bruger sine lobbyister til at fÃ¥ USAs myndigheder til at gÃ¥ imod mødet. Og " +"ganske rigtigt, det er akkurat dette som ifølge rapporter havde sket. I " +"følge Jonathan Krim i <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, lykkedes " +"Microsofts lobbyister i at fÃ¥ USAs myndigheder til at lægge ned veto mod et " +"sÃ¥dant møde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uden støtte fra USA " +"blev mødet aflyst." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " +"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " +"the law. There was nothing surprising about its lobbying here, and nothing " +"terribly surprising about the most powerful software producer in the United " +"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts." +msgstr "" +"Jeg klandrer ikke Microsoft for at gøre det de kan for at fremme sine egen " +"interesser i overensstemmelse med loven. Og lobbyvirksomhed mod " +"myndighederne er Ã¥benbaret i overensstemmelse med loven. Deres " +"lobbyvirksomhed er ikke overraskende i dette tilfælde, og der hen er ikke " +"ikke rigtigt overraskende at den mægtigste programvareproducenten i USA har " +"sluttes med sin lobbyvirksomhed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Boland, Lois" +msgstr "Boland, Lois" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." +msgstr "USAs patent og varemærkekontor (Patent and Trademark Office)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " +"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " +"international relations for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, explained " +"that <quote>open-source software runs counter to the mission of WIPO, which " +"is to promote intellectual-property rights.</quote> She is quoted as saying, " +"<quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such " +"rights seems to us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det som var overraskende var USAs regerings begrundelse for at være imod " +"mødet. Igen, citeret af Krim, forklarede Lois Boland, direktør for " +"internationale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemærkekontor, at " +"<quote>software med Ã¥ben kildekode gÃ¥r imod formÃ¥let til WIPO, som er at " +"fremme immaterielle rettigheder.</quote> Hun skal ifølge citatet have sagt, " +"<quote>Å holde et møde som har som formÃ¥l at fraskrive sig eller frafalle " +"sÃ¥danne rettigheder synes for os at være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.</" +"quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." +msgstr "Disse udsagn er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere niveauer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " +"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " +"<quote>copyright</quote>. Without it, restrictions imposed by those " +"licenses wouldn't work. Thus, to say it <quote>runs counter</quote> to the " +"mission of promoting intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary " +"gap in understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-" +"year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official " +"dealing with intellectual property issues." +msgstr "" +"For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke rigtige. Som jeg beskrev, er det " +"meste af Ã¥ben kildekode og fri software fundamentalt afhængigt af den " +"immaterielle retten kaldt <quote>ophavsret.</quote> Uden den vil " +"begrænsningerne defineret af disse licenser ikke fungere. Dermed er det at " +"sige at de <quote>gÃ¥r imod</quote> formÃ¥let om at fremme immaterielle " +"rettigheder at afsløre en ekstraordinær mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else – den " +"type fejl som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs jusstudent, men pinligt fra en " +"højt placeret stattjenestemand som hÃ¥ndterer udfordringer rundt immaterielle " +"rettigheder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "generic drugs" +msgstr "generiske lægemidler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</" +"quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the " +"preparatory conference of WSIS, WIPO is to consider not only how best to " +"protect intellectual property, but also what the best balance of " +"intellectual property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard " +"question in intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that " +"there should be limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. " +"Boland, are generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) " +"contrary to the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual " +"property? Would it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had " +"been patented?" +msgstr "" +"For det andre, hvem har nogensinde hævdet at WIPOs eksklusive mÃ¥l var at " +"<quote>fremme</quote> immaterielle rettigheder maksimalt? Som jeg fik kæft " +"for pÃ¥ den forberedende konferencen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere, ikke bare " +"hvordan bedst beskytte immaterielle rettigheder, men ogsÃ¥ hvad som er den " +"bedste balancen rundt immaterielle rettigheder. Som enhver økonom og " +"advokat ved, er det vanskelige spørgsmÃ¥let i immateriell rettighedjuice at " +"finde den balancen. Men at det skulle være en grænse, troede jeg, var " +"ubestridt. Man ønsker at spørge Frue Boland om hvorvidt generiske " +"lægemiddel (lægemidler baseret pÃ¥ lægemidler med patenter som er utløpt) er " +"i strid med WIPOs opgave? Svækker allemannseie immaterielle rettigheder? " +"Villes det været bedre om Internets protokoller havde været patenteret?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " +"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " +"are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with " +"those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</emphasis> rights. If " +"they want to <quote>waive</quote> or <quote>disclaim</quote> their rights, " +"that is, within our tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives " +"away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent " +"with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just " +"what a property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right " +"to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property." +msgstr "" +"For det tredje, selv om man tror at formÃ¥let med WIPO var at maksimere " +"immaterielle rettigheder, sÃ¥ indehaves immaterielle rettigheder, i vores " +"tradition, af individer og selskaber. De fÃ¥r bestemme hvad som skal gøres " +"med disse rettigheder, igen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som ejer " +"rettighederne. Hvis de ønsker at <quote>frafalle</quote> eller <quote>frasi</" +"quote> sig sine rettigheder, sÃ¥ er det helt efter bogen i vores tradition. " +"NÃ¥r Bill Gates gear væk mere end 20 milliarder dollar til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er " +"ikke det uforenelig med mÃ¥lene til ejendomsystemet. Det er heller tvært i " +"mod, akkurat hvad ejendomsystemet er ment at opnÃ¥, at individer har retten " +"til at bestemme hvad de vil gøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> ejendom." + +#. PAGE BREAK 274 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " +"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " +"she's saying that WIPO has an interest in interfering with the choices of " +"the individuals who own intellectual property rights. That somehow, WIPO's " +"objective should be to stop an individual from <quote>waiving</quote> or " +"<quote>disclaiming</quote> an intellectual property right. That the interest " +"of WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but that " +"they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r Frue Boland siger at det er noget galt med et møde <quote>som har som " +"sit formÃ¥l at fraskrive eller frafalle sÃ¥danne rettigheder,</quote> sÃ¥ siger " +"hun at WIPO har en interesse i at pÃ¥virke valgene til enkeltpersoner som " +"ejer immaterielle rettigheder. At pÃ¥ en eller anden mÃ¥de bør WIPOs opgave " +"være at stoppe individer fra at <quote>fraskrive</quote> eller " +"<quote>frafalle</quote> sig sine immaterielle rettigheder. At interessen " +"til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheder, men ogsÃ¥ at de " +"skal udøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktivt mulige mÃ¥den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "feudal system" +msgstr "føydalsystem" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "feudal system of" +msgstr "føydalsystem for" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " +"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " +"feudalism, not only was property held by a relatively small number of " +"individuals and entities. And not only were the rights that ran with that " +"property powerful and extensive. But the feudal system had a strong interest " +"in assuring that property holders within that system not weaken feudalism by " +"liberating people or property within their control to the free market. " +"Feudalism depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any " +"freedom that might interfere with that control." +msgstr "" +"Det er en historie om akkurat et sÃ¥dant eierskapssystem som er velkendt i " +"den anglo-amerikanske tradition. Det kaldes <quote>feudalisme.</quote> " +"Under feudalismen var ejendomme ikke bare kontrolleret af et relativt lille " +"antal individer og aktører. Men det føydale systemet havde en stærk " +"interesse i at sikre at landejere i systemet ikke svækkede feudalismen ved " +"at frigøre folkene og ejendommene som de kontrollerede til det frie " +"markedet. Feudalismen var afhængig af maksimal kontrol og konsentrering. " +"Det sloges mod enhver frihed som kunne forstyrre denne kontrol." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " +"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only " +"choice now is whether that information society will be <emphasis>free</" +"emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is toward the feudal." +msgstr "" +"Som Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite beskriver, dette er nøjagtigt det " +"valget vi nu gør om immaterielle rettigheder.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Vi kommer til at fÃ¥ et informationsamfund. SÃ¥ meget er sikkert. " +"Vores eneste valg nu er hvorvidt dette information samfundet skal være " +"<emphasis>frit</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er " +"mod det føydale." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " +"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " +"her comments made sense. But there was one comment that was particularly " +"depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote," +msgstr "" +"Da denne kamp brød ud, bloggede jeg om dette. En heftig debat brød ud i " +"kommentarfeltet. Frue Boland havde en række støttespillere som forsøgte at " +"vise hvorfor hendes kommentarer gav mening. Men det var specielt en " +"kommentar som gjorde mig trist. En anonym kommentator skrev:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " +"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " +"be to promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply " +"to promote intellectual property rights</quote>), not as it is. If we were " +"talking about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything " +"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. " +"Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours." +msgstr "" +"George, du misforstÃ¥r Lessig: Han snakker bare om værdet sÃ¥dan den burde " +"være (<quote>mÃ¥let til WIPO, og mÃ¥let til enhver regering, bør være at " +"fremme den rigtige balancen for immaterielle rettigheder, ikke bare at " +"fremme immaterielle rettigheder</quote>), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakkede " +"om værdet sÃ¥dan den er, sÃ¥ har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noget galt. " +"Men i værdet sÃ¥dan Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥benbaret at hun har " +"sagt noget galt. Man mÃ¥ altid være opmærksom pÃ¥ forskellen mellem Lessigs " +"og vores verden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " +"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " +"government should be doing. (Of course, my criticism of Ms. Boland was not " +"about whether she was seeking balance or not; my criticism was that her " +"comments betrayed a first-year law student's mistake. I have no illusion " +"about the extremism of our government, whether Republican or Democrat. My " +"only illusion apparently is about whether our government should speak the " +"truth or not.)" +msgstr "" +"Jeg gik glipp af ironien først gangen jeg læste den. Jeg læste den raskt, og " +"troede forfatteren støttet idéen om at det vores myndigheder burde gøre, var " +"at søge balance. (Min kritik af Frue Boland, selvfølgelig, var ikke om " +"hvorvidt hun søgte balance eller ikke; min kritik var at hendes kommentarer " +"afslørede en fejl kun en førsteÃ¥rs jusstudent burde kunne gøre. Jeg har " +"ingen illusioner nÃ¥r det gælder ekstremismen hos vores myndigheder, uanset " +"om de er republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsyneladende illusion " +"er hvorvidt vores myndigheder bør snakke sandt eller ikke.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " +"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the <quote>goal</" +"quote> of a government should be <quote>to promote the right balance</quote> " +"of intellectual property. That was obviously silly to him. And it obviously " +"betrayed, he believed, my own silly utopianism. <quote>Typical for an " +"academic,</quote> the poster might well have continued." +msgstr "" +"Det var derimod Ã¥benbaret at den som postede meldingen ikke støttet idéen. " +"I stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig værdet " +"skulle <quote>mÃ¥let</quote> til myndighederne være <quote>at fremme den " +"rigtige balance</quote> for immaterielle rettigheder. Det var Ã¥benbaret " +"tÃ¥beligt for ham. Og det afslørede Ã¥benbaret, troede han, min egen tÃ¥belige " +"utopisme. <quote>Typisk for man akademiker,</quote> kunne forfatteren lige " +"sÃ¥ gerne have fortsat ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " +"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " +"academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)." +msgstr "" +"Jeg forstÃ¥r kritikken af akademisk utopisme. Jeg mener ogsÃ¥ at utopisme er " +"tÃ¥beligt, og jeg vil være blandt de første til at gøre nar af de absurde " +"urealistiske idealer til akademikere gennem historie (og ikke bare i vores " +"eget lands historie)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " +"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " +"that means that this has become quite serious indeed. If it should be " +"obvious to everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the " +"government is simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the idea " +"of holding the government to a different standard is absurd, that the idea " +"of demanding of the government that it speak truth and not lies is just " +"naïve, then who have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, " +"become?" +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r det har blevet dumt at antage at rollen til vores myndigheder bør " +"være at <quote>opnÃ¥ balance,</quote> da kan du regne mig blandt de dumme, " +"for det betyder at dette faktisk har blevet ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør " +"være Ã¥benbaret for alle at myndighederne ikke søger at opnÃ¥ balance, at " +"myndighederne ganske enkelt er et værktøj for de mægtigste lobbyistene, at " +"idéen om at forvente bedre af myndighederne er absurd, at idéen om at kræve " +"at myndighederne snakker sandt og ikke lyver bare er naiv, hvad har da vi, " +"det mægtigste demokratiet i værdet, blevet?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 276 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " +"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " +"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to " +"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " +"tradition for most of our history—free culture." +msgstr "" +"Det kan være galskab at forvente at en mægtig myndighedperson skal sige " +"sandheden. Det kan være galskab at tro at myndighedernes politik skal gøre " +"mere end at tjene de mektigstes interesser. Det kan være galskab at " +"argumentere for at bevare en tradition som har været en del af vores " +"tradition for størstedelen af vores historie – fri kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." +msgstr "Hvis dette er galskab, sÃ¥ lagde det blive flere gærninger. Snart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Turner, Ted" +msgstr "Turner, Ted" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " +"struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " +"ownership rules, which would thereby further increase the concentration in " +"media ownership, an extraordinary bipartisan coalition formed to fight this " +"change. For perhaps the first time in history, interests as diverse as the " +"NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted Turner, and CodePink Women " +"for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC policy. An astonishing " +"700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more hearings and a " +"different result." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Det findes øjeblik</emphasis> af hÃ¥b i denne kamp. " +"Og øjeblik som overrasker. Da FCC vurderede mindre strenge eierskapsregler, " +"som villes yderstere koncentrere medieeierskap, dannede det sig en en " +"ekstraordinær koalition pÃ¥ tværs af partierne for at bekæmpe ændringen. For " +"mÃ¥ske første gang i historie organiserede interesser sÃ¥ forskellige som NRA, " +"ACLU, moveon.stjæle, William Safire, Ted Gymnasticerer og Codepink Women for " +"Piece sig for at protestere pÃ¥ denne ændring i FCC-skrønerne. SÃ¥ mange som " +"700 000 brev blev sendt til FCC med krav om flere høringer og et andet " +"resultat." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " +"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " +"that vote revealed just how powerful this movement had become. There was no " +"substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and " +"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media." +msgstr "" +"Disse protester stoppede ikke FCC, men lige sÃ¥ efter stemte en bred " +"koalition i Senatet for at reversere afgørelsen i FCC. De fiendtlige " +"høringerne som ledte til afstemningen afslørede hvor mægtigt denne " +"bevægelse havde blevet. Det var ingen betydningsfuld støtte for FCCs " +"afgørelse, mens det var bred og vedvarende støtte for at bekæmpe yderstere " +"konsentrering i medierne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " +"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " +"rich, or because there are only a handful of big players. The poor quality " +"of Big Macs or Quarter Pounders does not mean that you can't get a good " +"hamburger from somewhere else." +msgstr "" +"Men selv denne bevægelse gÃ¥r glipp af en vigtig brikke i puslespillet. Å " +"være stor er ikke ilde i sig selv. Frihed er ikke truet bare pÃ¥ grund af " +"at nogle bliver rigtigt rig, eller pÃ¥ grund af at det bare er en hÃ¥ndfuld " +"store aktører. Den dÃ¥rlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders " +"betyder ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en god hamburger andre steder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " +"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " +"copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies " +"that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this " +"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—" +"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " +"bigness bad." +msgstr "" +"Faren med mediekonsentrering kommer ikke fra selve konsentreringen, men " +"kommer fra feudalismen som denne konsentreringen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles " +"til ændringer i ophavsreten. Det er ikke kun det at nogle mægtige selskaber " +"styrer en stadig voksende andel af medierne. Det er det at denne " +"konsentreringen kan pÃ¥berÃ¥be man lige sÃ¥ oppsvulmet række rettigheder " +"– ejendomrettigheder i en historisk ekstrem form – som gør " +"størrelsen ilde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " +"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " +"bigness alone, it is not terribly surprising. We Americans have a long " +"history of fighting <quote>big,</quote> wisely or not. That we could be " +"motivated to fight <quote>big</quote> again is not something new." +msgstr "" +"Det er derfor betydningsfuldt at sÃ¥ mange vil kæmpe for at kræve " +"konkurrence og øget mangfoldighed. Alligevel, hvis kampagnen opfattes som om " +"den kun omhandler størrelse, sÃ¥ er ikke det rigtigt overraskende. Vi " +"amerikanere har en lang historie med at slÃ¥s mod <quote>stort,</quote> klogt " +"eller ikke. At vi kan være motiveret til at slÃ¥s mod <quote>det store</" +"quote>, er igen ikke noget nyt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " +"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " +"<quote>intellectual property.</quote> Not because balance is alien to our " +"tradition; indeed, as I've argued, balance is our tradition. But because the " +"muscle to think critically about the scope of anything called " +"<quote>property</quote> is not well exercised within this tradition anymore." +msgstr "" +"Det villes været noget nyt, og noget rigtigt vigtigt, hvis lige sÃ¥ mange kan " +"være med pÃ¥ en kampagne for at bekæmpe øgende ekstremisme byggede ind i " +"idéen om <quote>intellektuell ejendom.</quote> Ikke fordi balance er " +"fremmed for vores tradition. Jeg argumenterer for at balance er vores " +"tradition. Men fordi evnen til at tænke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget af alt som " +"kaldes <quote>ejendom</quote> ikke længere er godt dresseret i denne " +"tradition." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " +"tragedy." +msgstr "" +"Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ villes dette været vores hæl. Dette villes være " +"stedet for vores tragedie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Dylan, Bob" +msgstr "Dylan, Bob" + +#. f11. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " +"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers," +"</quote> CNN/Money, 8 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with " +"Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as " +"Sharers,</quote> <citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September " +"2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " +"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " +"<quote>Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,</quote> <citetitle>Wired News</" +"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " +"september 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. Lad Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers," +"</quote> CNN/Money, 8 . september 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman " +"sammen med Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Myldere-Old " +"Among 261 Cited as Sharers,</quote> <citetitle>New York Daily News</" +"citetitle>, 9 . september 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " +"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " +"Defendants,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 . september " +"2003, E1; Katie Dean, <quote>Schoolgirl Koloniseres with RIAA,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10 . september 2003, tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." + +#. f12. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</" +"quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</" +"quote> mtv.com, 17 . september 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." + +#. f13. +#. PAGE BREAK 334 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " +"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Bede Inspiration for " +"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 . juli 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " +"filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " +"individuals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been " +"sued for <quote>sampling</quote> someone else's music.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob Dylan <quote>stealing</quote> " +"from a Japanese author has just finished making the rounds.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from Hollywood—who insists he must " +"remain anonymous—reports <quote>an amazing conversation with these " +"studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use " +"but can't because they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores " +"of kids who could do amazing things with the content, but it would take " +"scores of lawyers to clean it first.</quote> Congressmen are talking about " +"deputizing computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the " +"law. Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to " +"share content." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Mens jeg skriver</emphasis> disse afsluttende ord, " +"er nyhederne befolket med historie om at RIAA sagsøger næsten tre hundrede " +"individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem har netop " +"blevet sagsøgt for at have <quote>samplet</quote> nogle andres musik." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historie om hvordan Bob Dylan har " +"<quote>stjÃ¥let</quote> fra en japansk forfatter har netop gÃ¥et værdet over." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En pÃ¥ innsiden i Hollywood " +"– som insisterer pÃ¥ at han mÃ¥ forblive anonym – rapporterer " +"<quote>en utrolig samtale med disse studio folkene. De har fantastisk " +"[gammelt] indhold som de villes elske at bruge, men det kan de ikke pÃ¥ grund " +"af at de først mÃ¥ klarere rettighederne. De har høje med ungdomme som kunne " +"gøre fantastiske ting med indholdet, men det vil først kræve høje med " +"advokater for at klarere det først.</quote> Kongresrepræsentanter snakker " +"om at give datavirus politimyndighed for at tage ned computere som antages " +"at bryde loven. Universiteter truer med at udvise ungdomme som bruger en " +"computer for at dele indhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "BBC" +msgstr "BBC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Brazil, free culture in" +msgstr "Brasil, fri kultur i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Creative Commons" +msgstr "Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Gil, Gilberto" +msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "public creative archive in" +msgstr "offentligt kreativt arkiv i" + +#. f14. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " +"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #70</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> pressemelding " +"fra BBC, 24 . august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #70</ulink>." + +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " +"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#71</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 . " +"august 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #71</ulink>." + +#. PAGE BREAK 278 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " +"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " +"can download BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, " +"himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to " +"release content and free licenses in that Latin American country." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth " +"is more mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin " +"to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free " +"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without " +"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some " +"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs " +"of our day into the Causbys." +msgstr "" +"Imens, pÃ¥ anden siden af Atlanteren, har BBC netop annonceret at de vil " +"bygge op et <quote>kreativt arkiv</quote> der hen britiske borgere kan laste " +"ned BBC-indhold, og rippe, mikse og brænde det.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, " +"i sig selv en folkehelt i brasiliansk musik, slÃ¥et sig sammen med Creative " +"Commons for at give ud indhold og frie licenser i dette latinamerikanske " +"landede.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk " +"historie. Sandheden er mere blandet. En teknologi har givet os mere " +"frihed. Stille begynder nogle at forstÃ¥ at denne frihed behøver ikke at " +"betyde anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med os fri kultur ind i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundrede, " +"uden at artister taber, og uden at potentialet for digital teknologi bliver " +"knust. Det vil kræve omtanke, og vigtigere, det vil kræve at nogle omformer " +"RCA-ene af i dag til Causbyere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 279 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " +"potential is ever to be realized." +msgstr "" +"Sund fornuft mÃ¥ gøre oprør. Den mÃ¥ reagere for at frigøre kulturen. Og " +"snart, hvis dette potentiale nogensinde skal blive realiseret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Afterword" +msgstr "Efterord" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" +msgstr "frivillig reformindsats rundt" + +#. PAGE BREAK 280 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " +"agree with me that something must be done to change where we are heading. " +"The balance of this book maps what might be done." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>I hvert fald</emphasis> nogle af de som har læst " +"helt herhen vil være enig med mig om at noget mÃ¥ gøres for at ændre " +"retningen vi holder. Balancen i denne bog kortlægger hvad som kan gøres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " +"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " +"draw from the history of remaking common sense, it is that it requires " +"remaking how many people think about the very same issue." +msgstr "" +"Jeg deler dette kort i to dele: det som enhver kan gøre nu , og det som " +"kræver hjælp fra lovgiverne. Hvis det er en lærdom vi kan trække fra " +"historie om at ændre pÃ¥ sund fornuft, sÃ¥ er det at det kræver at ændre " +"hvordan mange mennesker tænker pÃ¥ den aktuelle sagen. " + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " +"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " +"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own " +"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important." +msgstr "" +"Det betyder at denne bevægelse mÃ¥ starte i gaderne. Det mÃ¥ rekrutteres et " +"signifikant antal forældre, lærere, bibliotekarer, skabere, forfattere, " +"musikere, filmskabere, forskere – som alle mÃ¥ fortælle denne historie " +"med sine egen ord, og som kan fortælle sine naboer hvorfor denne kamp er sÃ¥ " +"vigtig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " +"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " +"matters. Not as much as it should, at least when an RCA stands opposed, but " +"still, it matters. And thus, in the second part below, I sketch changes that " +"Congress could make to better secure a free culture." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r denne bevægelse har haft sin effekt i gaderne, sÃ¥ er det et vidst hÃ¥b om " +"at det kan have effekt i Washington. Vi er fortsat et demokrati. Hvad folk " +"mener betyder noget. Ikke sÃ¥ meget som det burde, i hvert fald nÃ¥r man RCA " +"stÃ¥r imod, men alligevel, det betyder noget. Og dermed vil jeg skitsere, i " +"den andre del som her følger, ændringer som Kongressen kunne gøre for at " +"bedre sikre en fri kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Us, now" +msgstr "Os, nu" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " +"warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " +"a grand either/or: either property or anarchy, either total control or " +"artists won't be paid. If that really is the choice, then the warriors " +"should win." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Sund fornuft</emphasis> er pÃ¥ samme side som " +"ophavsretkrigerene pÃ¥ grund af at debatten sÃ¥ langt har været ramt ind " +"rundt yderpunkterne – som en stor enten/eller: enten ejendom eller " +"anarki, enten total kontrol, eller sÃ¥ fÃ¥r ikke kunstnerne betalt. Hvis " +"dette virkeligt var valget sÃ¥ burde krigerene vinde." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " +"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " +"believe in maximal copyright—<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote>— " +"and those who reject copyright—<quote>No Rights Reserved.</quote> The " +"<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe that you should ask " +"permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The " +"<quote>No Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do " +"with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." +msgstr "" +"Tabben her er fejlen med at udelukke den gyldne middelvej. Det er " +"yderpunkter i denne debat, men yderpunkterne er ikke det hele. Det er de " +"som tror pÃ¥ maksimal ophavsret – <quote>Alle rettigheder forbeholdt</" +"quote> – og de som afviser ophavsret – <quote>Ingen rettigheder " +"forbeholdt.</quote> <quote>Alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote>-typen mener " +"du bør søge om tilladelse føder du <quote>bruger</quote> et " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet værk pÃ¥ noget mÃ¥de. <quote>Ingen rettigheder " +"forbeholdt</quote>-typen mener du bør kunne gøre med indhold som du selv " +"ønsker uafhængigt af om du har tilladelse eller ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "initial free character of" +msgstr "oprindelige frie egenskaber ved" + +#. PAGE BREAK 282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " +"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " +"copied perfectly and cheaply; rights could not easily be controlled. Thus, " +"regardless of anyone's desire, the effective regime of copyright under the " +"original design of the Internet was <quote>no rights reserved.</quote> " +"Content was <quote>taken</quote> regardless of the rights. Any rights were " +"effectively unprotected." +msgstr "" +"Da Internet først opstod havde det en arkitektur som i praksis ikke lagde op " +"til hÃ¥ndheving af ophavrettigheder. Indhold kunne kopieres billigt og uden " +"kvalitetstap og rettigheder kunne ikke enkelt kontrolleres. Dermed var, " +"uafhængigt af hvad nogle ønskede, det effektive regimet for ophavsret under " +"den originale udformningen af Internet <quote>ingen rettigheder forbeholdt.</" +"quote> Indhold blev <quote>taget</quote> uafhængigt af rettighederne. Alle " +"rettigheder var effektivt ubeskyttet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " +"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " +"legislation, litigation, and changes to the network's design, copyright " +"holders have been able to change the essential character of the environment " +"of the original Internet. If the original architecture made the effective " +"default <quote>no rights reserved,</quote> the future architecture will make " +"the effective default <quote>all rights reserved.</quote> The architecture " +"and law that surround the Internet's design will increasingly produce an " +"environment where all use of content requires permission. The <quote>cut " +"and paste</quote> world that defines the Internet today will become a " +"<quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote> world that is a creator's " +"nightmare." +msgstr "" +"Denne oprindelige egenskab gav en reaktion (i modsat retning, men ikke helt " +"lig) fra ophavsretejerne. Den reaktionen har været tema for denne bog. " +"Gennem lovgiving, søgsmÃ¥l og ændringer i netværkets udformning har " +"ophavsretindehaverne været i stand til at ændre den grundlegende egenskaben " +"til omgivelsen for det originale Internet. Hvis den oprindelige " +"arkitekturen giver et effektivt udgangspunkt med <quote>ingen rettigheder " +"forbeholdt,</quote> sÃ¥ vil fremtidens arkitektur gøre det effektive " +"udgangspunktet til <quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt.</quote> Arkitekturen " +"og loven som omgiver Internets udformning vil i stadigt større grad give en " +"omgivelse hvor al bruge af indhold kræver tilladelse. <quote>Klip og " +"klistr</quote>-værdet som definerer Internet i dag vil blive man <quote>skaf " +"tilladelse til at klippe og lime</quote>-værdet som er en skabers mareridt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " +"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " +"<quote>some rights reserved</quote>— and thus a way to respect " +"copyrights but enable creators to free content as they see fit. In other " +"words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take " +"for granted before." +msgstr "" +"Det som trænges er en mÃ¥de at sige noget midt imellem – hverken " +"<quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote> eller <quote>ingen rettigheder " +"forbeholdt</quote>, men <quote>nogle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote> – " +"og dermed en mÃ¥de at respektere ophavsreter mens man gør det muligt for " +"skaberne at frigøre indhold nÃ¥r de ønsker det. Med andre ord, vi behøver en " +"mÃ¥de at genindføre sættet med friheder som vi kunne tage for givet tidligere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging af tidligere antagne friheder: Eksempler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" +msgstr "restaureringindsatser pÃ¥ tidligere facetter af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "privacy rights" +msgstr "personværnrettigheder" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " +"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " +"Internet, most of us didn't have to worry much about data about our lives " +"that we broadcast to the world. If you walked into a bookstore and browsed " +"through some of the works of Karl Marx, you didn't need to worry about " +"explaining your browsing habits to your neighbors or boss. The " +"<quote>privacy</quote> of your browsing habits was assured." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du træder tilbage fra slaget jeg har beskrevet her , sÃ¥ vil du kende " +"igen dette problem fra andre omgivelser. Tænk pÃ¥ personværn. Før Internet " +"behøvede de fleste af os ikke at bekymre os over hvor mange data om vores " +"liv som vi udsendede/udsendte til værdet. Hvis du gik ind i man boghandler " +"og kiggede pÃ¥ værkerne til Karl Marx, sÃ¥ behøvede du ikke bekymre dig for at " +"mÃ¥tte forklare hvad du bladrede i for dine naboer eller din boss. " +"<quote>Privatsfæren</quote> rundt hvad du bladrede i var sikret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "What made it assured?" +msgstr "Hvad gjorde at det var sikret?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting <quote>privacy</quote> in public places), and in " +"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " +"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +msgstr "" +"Vel, hvis vi tænker pÃ¥ begreberne til modaliteterne jeg beskrev i kapitel " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, sÃ¥ var dit " +"privatliv sikret pÃ¥ grund af en ineffektiv arkitektur for innsamling af " +"data, og dermed en markedbegrensning (omkostning) for enhver som ønskede at " +"samle disse data. Hvis du var en mistænkt spion for Nord-Korea som " +"arbejdede for CIA, sÃ¥ villes uden dit tvivl privatliv ikke være sikret. Men " +"det er pÃ¥ grund af at CIA villes (fure vi hÃ¥be) finne det værdifuldt nok at " +"bruge de titusenvis af kronerne som trængtes for at spore dig. Men for folk " +"flest (igen sÃ¥ kan vi hÃ¥be) lønnede det sig ikke at spionere pÃ¥ os. Denne " +"højst ineffektive arkitekturen til den virkelige værdet betyder at de fleste " +"af os kan nyde en rimelig robust mængde privatliv. Dette privatliv er " +"garanteret os pÃ¥ grund af friktion. Ikke fra lovværket (det er ingen lov " +"som beskytter <quote>privatlivet</quote> i det offentlige rom), og mange " +"pladser ikke af normer (kikking og sladder er bare hyggelige), men i stedet " +"fra omkostningerne som friktion pÃ¥fører enhver som ønsker at spionere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Amazon" +msgstr "Amazon" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "informationkapsler, Internet" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "privacy protection on" +msgstr "personværnbeskyttelse pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " +"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " +"pages, Amazon collects the data about what you've looked at. You know this " +"because at the side of the page, there's a list of <quote>recently viewed</" +"quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function " +"of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The " +"friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> protected by " +"the friction disappears, too." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ kommer Internet, hvor omkostningen med at spore, særligt det som bliver " +"bladret i, har blevet stort lille. Hvis du er en kunde af Amazon, sÃ¥ vil " +"Amazon samle information om hvad du har set pÃ¥ mens du bladrer pÃ¥ siden " +"jeres. Du ved dette pÃ¥ grund af at det i en spalte pÃ¥ siden vises en liste " +"med <quote>nylig viste</quote> sider. PÃ¥ grund af arkitekturen til nettet, " +"og hvordan informationkapsler fungerer pÃ¥ nettet, sÃ¥ er det enklere at samle " +"ind disse data end at lade være. Friktionen har forsvundet, og dermed " +"forsvinder ogsÃ¥ ethvert <quote>privatliv</quote> som var beskyttet af denne " +"friktion." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "privacy rights in use of" +msgstr "personværnrettigheder i brug af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " +"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " +"should have the <quote>right</quote> to browse in a library without the " +"government knowing which books you look at (I'm one of those lefties, too), " +"then this change in the technology of monitoring might concern you. If it " +"becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in electronic spaces, then " +"the friction-induced privacy of yesterday disappears." +msgstr "" +"Amazon er naturligvis ikke problemet. Men vi kan begynde at bekymre os for " +"biblioteker. Hvis du er en af disse sprø venstrevridde som mener at folk " +"bør have <quote>retten</quote> til at besøge et bibliotek, uden at " +"myndighederne fÃ¥r vide hvilke bøge du ser pÃ¥ (jeg er ogsÃ¥ en af disse " +"venstrevridde), da kan det hænde denne ændring i teknologien for overvÃ¥kning " +"angÃ¥r dig. Hvis det bliver enkelt at samle ind og sortere hvem som gør hvad " +"i det elektroniske rom, sÃ¥ forsvinder det friksjonsinduserte privatliv fra " +"tidligere tider." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " +"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " +"<citetitle>Stanford Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. " +"6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#72</ulink> (describing examples in which technology defines privacy " +"policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming " +"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: Random House, " +"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." +msgstr "" +"Se for eksempel Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " +"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " +"<citetitle>Stanford Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. 6–" +"18, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</" +"ulink> (beskriver eksempler der teknologi definerer skrøner rundt " +"privatliv). Se ogsÃ¥ Jeffrey Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming " +"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Ærefrygt</citetitle> (New York: Random " +"House, 2004) (kortlægger avveininger mellem teknologi og personværn)." + +#. PAGE BREAK 284 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</" +"quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove " +"what friction before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what " +"friction did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in " +"favor of those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We " +"must take affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively " +"provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in " +"privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." +msgstr "" +"Det er denne virkelighed som forklarer at mange gør en indsats for at " +"definere <quote>privatliv</quote> pÃ¥ Internet. Det er erkjennelsen om at " +"teknologi kan fjerne det friktion før gav os, som fÃ¥r mange til at bede om " +"hÃ¥ndflade som gør det friktionen gjorde.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Og uanset om du er for eller imod disse love, sÃ¥ er det mønsteret " +"som er det vigtige her. Vi mÃ¥ tage eksplisitte skridt for at sikre en slags " +"frihed som var passivt sikret tidligere . En ændring i teknologi tvinger nu " +" de som tror pÃ¥ privatlivets fred til at gøre eksplisitte handlinger der hen " +"hvor privatliv tidligere var givet som udgangspunkt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Data General" +msgstr "Data General" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " +"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " +"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You " +"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, " +"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." +msgstr "" +"En lignende historie kan fortælles om stiftelsen af Fri programvare-" +"bevægelsen. Da computere med software først blev gjort kommercielt " +"tilgængeligt, var programvaren – bÃ¥de kildekoden og programmerne " +"– frit tilgængeligt. Du kunne ikke køre et program skrævet for en " +"Data General-maskine pÃ¥ en IBM-maskine, sÃ¥ Data General og IBM generede sig " +"ikke meget om at kontrollere sin programvare." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Stallman, Richard" +msgstr "Stallman, Richard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " +"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " +"free to explore and tinker with the software that ran on machines. Being a " +"smart sort himself, and a talented programmer, Stallman grew to depend upon " +"the freedom to add to or modify other people's work." +msgstr "" +"Dette var værdet Richard Stallman blev født ind i, og som forsker ved MIT " +"lærte han at elske samfundet som udviklede sig nÃ¥r man var fri til at " +"udforske og rode med programvaren som kørte pÃ¥ computere. Som en af de " +"smarte typerne, i tillæg til at være en dygtig programmerer, begyndte " +"Stallman at basere sig pÃ¥ friheden han havde til bygge pÃ¥ eller ændre pÃ¥ " +"andres værk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " +"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " +"offered. If you thought you had a better way to prove a theorem, you could " +"take what someone else did and change it. In a classics department, if you " +"believed a colleague's translation of a recently discovered text was flawed, " +"you were free to improve it. Thus, to Stallman, it seemed obvious that you " +"should be free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This, " +"too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like anything " +"else?" +msgstr "" +"I hvert fald i akademierne er ikke dette en rigtigt radikal idé. Ved et " +"matematisk institut villes enhver have friheden til at rode med et bevis som " +"nogle andre lagde frem. Hvis du troede du havde en bedre mÃ¥de at bevise et " +"teorem, sÃ¥ kunne du tage det nogle andre havde gjort og ændre det. Ved et " +"institut for klassisk historie, hvis du mente en kollegas oversættelse af en " +"nylig opdaget tekst havde fejl, sÃ¥ havde du friheden til at forbedre den. " +"Dermed, for Stallman, virket det Ã¥benbaret at du burde stÃ¥ frit til at rode " +"med , og forbedre koden som kørte pÃ¥ en maskine. OgsÃ¥ dette var kundskab. " +"Hvorfor skulle det ikke være Ã¥bent for kritik pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som alt andet?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "proprietary code" +msgstr "proprietær kode" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " +"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " +"to another, it became economically attractive (at least in the view of some) " +"to hide the code of your program. So, too, as companies started selling " +"peripherals for mainframe systems. If I could just take your printer driver " +"and copy it, then that would make it easier for me to sell a printer to the " +"market than it was for you." +msgstr "" +"Ingen svarede pÃ¥ det spørgsmÃ¥let. I stedet ændrede arkitekturen for " +"indkomster i dataværdet sig. EfterhÃ¥nden som det blev muligt at importere " +"programmer fra et system til et andet, sÃ¥ blev det økonomisk attraktivt (i " +"hvert fald efter nogles syner) at skjule koden til programmet man fortaget. " +"I tillæg begyndte selskaber at sælge ekstrautstyr til stormaskiner. Hvis " +"jeg bare kunne tage din printerdriver og kopiere den, sÃ¥ villes det gøre det " +"enklere for mig end det var for dig at sælge man printer i markedet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 285 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " +"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " +"free software had been erased by a change in the economics of computing. And " +"as he believed, if he did nothing about it, then the freedom to change and " +"share software would be fundamentally weakened." +msgstr "" +"Dermed begyndte praksissen med proprietær kode at brede sig, og tidligt pÃ¥ " +"1980-tallet fandt Stallman at han var omringet af proprietær kode. Værdet af " +"fri software havde blevet fjernet af en ændring i økonomien rundt " +"databehandling. Og han troede at hvis han ikke gjorde noget med dette, sÃ¥ " +"villes friheden til at ændre og dele software blive fundamentalt svækket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Torvalds, Linus" +msgstr "Torvalds, Linus" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " +"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " +"the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's <quote>Linux</" +"quote> kernel was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Derfor, i 1984, startet Staldmand pÃ¥ et projekt for at bygge et frit " +"operativsystem, sÃ¥dan i hvert fald en flik af fri software skulle overleve. " +"Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-projektet, som <quote>Linux</quote>-kernen til " +"Linus Torvalds senere blev lagt til i for at producere GNU/Linux-" +"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " +"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " +"Foundation's GPL cannot be modified and distributed unless the source code " +"for that software is made available as well. Thus, anyone building upon " +"GPL'd software would have to make their buildings free as well. This would " +"assure, Stallman believed, that an ecology of code would develop that " +"remained free for others to build upon. His fundamental goal was freedom; " +"innovative creative code was a byproduct." +msgstr "" +"Stallmans teknik var at bruge Ã¥ndsverksloven til at bygge en værdet af " +"software som mÃ¥ forblive fri. Programvare licensieret med GPL fra Free " +"Software Foundation kan ikke ændres og distribueres uden at kildekoden for " +"den ændrede programvaren ogsÃ¥ bliver gjort tilgængeligt. Dermed mÃ¥ enhver " +"som bygger pÃ¥ software licensieret med GPL ogsÃ¥ frigøre sit bygværk. Dette " +"troede Stallman vilde sikre at et det udviklede sig et miljø af kode som " +"forblev frit for andre at bygge pÃ¥. Hans fundamentale mÃ¥l var frihed. " +"Nyskabende kreativ kode var et biprodukt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " +"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " +"for granted before. Through the affirmative use of licenses that bind " +"copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a space where free " +"software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been " +"passively guaranteed." +msgstr "" +"Stallman gjorde dermed for software det personvernforkjempere nu gør for " +"privatsfæren. Han søgte efter en mÃ¥de at genopbygge den type frihed som før " +"var taget for givet. Gennem aktiv brug af licenser som gælder for " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet kildekode, gjenerobret Stallman en arena der hen fri " +"software villes overleve. Han beskyttede aktivt det som før havde været " +"passivt garanteret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "scientific journals" +msgstr "videnskabelige tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " +"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " +"journals are produced." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning, lagde os se pÃ¥ et rigtigt nyt eksempel som ræsonnerer mere " +"direkte med historie i denne bog. Dette er overgangen for hvordan " +"akademiske og videnskabelige tidsskrifter bliver produceret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" +msgstr "Lexis and Westlaw" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "journals in" +msgstr "tidsskrifter i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "access to opinions of" +msgstr "tilgang til domstolsavgjørelser fra" + +#. PAGE BREAK 286 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " +"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " +"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. " +"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and " +"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-" +"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for " +"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case " +"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court " +"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read " +"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of " +"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective " +"services." +msgstr "" +"EfterhÃ¥nden som teknologien udviklede sig, bliver det Ã¥benbaret for mange at " +"at skrive ud tusindvis af kopier af tidsskrifter hver mÃ¥ned, og sende dem " +"til biblioteker mÃ¥ske ikke er den mest effektive mÃ¥den at brede kundskab pÃ¥. " +" I stedet bliver tidsskrifter mere og mere elektroniske, og biblioteker og " +"deres brugere gives tilgang til disse elektroniske tidsskrifter gennem " +"passordbeskyttede netsteder. Noget lignende har sket inden justitssektoren " +"i næsten tredive Ã¥r: Lexis og Westlaw har haft elektroniske versioner af " +"domstolafgørelser tilgængeligt for sine tjenesteabonnenter. Selv om man " +"høyesterettsdom ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og enhver stÃ¥r frit til at gÃ¥ " +"til et bibliotek og læse den, sÃ¥ stÃ¥r Lexis og Westlaw ogsÃ¥ frit til at " +"kræve betaling fra sine brugerne for at give tilgang til den samme " +"høyesterettsdommen gennem deres respektive tjenester." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "access fees for material in" +msgstr "tilgangafgifter for materiale i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "license system for rebuilding of" +msgstr "licenssystemet for gjenoppbygging af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " +"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " +"people to develop new and innovative ways to spread knowledge. The law has " +"agreed, which is why Lexis and Westlaw have been allowed to flourish. And if " +"there's nothing wrong with selling the public domain, then there could be " +"nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in " +"the public domain." +msgstr "" +"Det er stort set ingenting galt med dette, og muligheden til at tage betalt " +"for tilgang selv for allemannseid materiale er helt klaret et godt incentiv " +"for folk til at udvikle nye og nyskabende mÃ¥der for at brede kundskab. " +"Retpraksis har været enig, hvilket er det som gør at Lexis og Westlaw har " +"fÃ¥et lov til at blomstre. Og hvis det ikke er noget galt med at sælge det " +"som er allemannseie, sÃ¥ bør det i princippet ikke være noget galt i at sælge " +"tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " +"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " +"data except by paying for a subscription?" +msgstr "" +"Men hvad hvis den eneste mÃ¥den at fÃ¥ tilgang til sociale og videnskabelige " +"data var gennem proprietære tjenester? Hvad hvis ingen havde muligheden til " +"at bladre igennem disse datasæt uden at betale for et abonnement?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " +"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " +"libraries could make the journals available to anyone who had access to the " +"library. Thus, patients with cancer could become cancer experts because the " +"library gave them access. Or patients trying to understand the risks of a " +"certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available " +"articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the " +"institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals " +"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a " +"paper journal." +msgstr "" +"Som flere begynder at opdage, er dette stadig oftere virkeligheden med " +"videnskabelige tidsskrifter. Da disse tidsskrifter blev distribueret i " +"papirudgaven, kunne bibliotekerne gøre tidsskrifterne tilgængeligt for " +"enhver som havde tilgang til biblioteket. Dermed kunne patienter med kræft " +"blive kræfteksperter pÃ¥ grund af at biblioteket gav dem tilgang. Eller " +"patienter som forsøgte at forstÃ¥ risikoen med en bestemt behandling, kunne " +"forske pÃ¥ disse risici ved at læse alle tilgængelige artikler om den " +"behandlingen. Denne frihed var dermed et resultat af hvordan biblioteker " +"fungerede (normer) og teknologien til papirtidsskrifter (arkitektur) – " +"nemlig at det var rigtigt vanskeligt at kontrollere tilgang til et " +"papirtidsskrift." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " +"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " +"that the freedoms provided by print journals in public libraries begin to " +"disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with software, a changing technology " +"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." +msgstr "" +"EfterhÃ¥nden som tidsskrifter bliver elektroniske, kræver derimod utgiverne " +"at bibliotekerne ikke giver alle tilgang til tidsskrifterne. Dette betyder " +"at frihederne som papirtidsskrifter gav i offentlige biblioteker, begynder " +"at forsvinde. Dermed, pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som med personværn og software, krymper " +"ændringer i teknologien og markedet en frihed som vi tog for givet tidligere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 287 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " +"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " +"example, is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making scientific research " +"available to anyone with a Web connection. Authors of scientific work submit " +"that work to the Public Library of Science. That work is then subject to " +"peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " +"archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " +"version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." +msgstr "" +"Denne reducerede frihed har fÃ¥et mange til at tage aktive skridt for at " +"genetablere friheden som har gÃ¥et tabt. Et eksempel er Det Offentlige " +"Videnskabbiblioteket (PLoS), som er et ikke-kommercielt selskab dedikeret " +"til at gøre videnskabelig forskning tilgængeligt til alle som har en " +"netforbindelse. Forfattere af videnskabelige værker laster sit værk op til " +"Det Offentlige Videnskabbiblioteket. Dette virkede gÃ¥r sÃ¥ igennem " +"fagfællevurdering. Hvis det bliver accepteret, sÃ¥ bliver virket lagret i et " +"offentligt, elektronisk arkiv, og gjort gratis og permanent tilgængeligt. " +"PLoS sælger ogsÃ¥ trykkede udgaver af værkerne, men ophavsreten til " +"papirtidsskrifterne fratager ingen retten til at frit videredistribuere " +"værket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " +"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " +"doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and " +"their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But " +"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when " +"it helps spread knowledge and science." +msgstr "" +"Dette er en af mange sÃ¥danne indsatser for at genetablere en frihed som " +"tidligere blev taget for givet, men som nu er truet af ændringer i teknologi " +"og marked. Det er ingen tvivl om at dette alternativ konkurrerer med de " +"traditionelle forlagene og deres indsats for at tjene penge pÃ¥ den " +"eksklusive distributionen af indhold. Men konkurrence antages i vores " +"tradition for at være godt – specielt nÃ¥r det bidrager til at brede " +"kundskab og videnskab." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging af fri kultur: En idé" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " +"increasing control effected through law and technology." +msgstr "" +"Den samme strategi kan bruges pÃ¥ kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ den øgende " +"kontrollen som gennemføres gennem lov og teknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Stanford University" +msgstr "Stanford University" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " +"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " +"aim is to build a layer of <emphasis>reasonable</emphasis> copyright on top " +"of the extremes that now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to " +"build upon other people's work, by making it simple for creators to express " +"the freedom for others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied " +"to human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"Her kommer Creative Commons ind. Creative Commons er et ikke-kommercielt " +"selskab etableret i Massachusetts, men med sit hjem ved Stanford University. " +" Selskabets mÃ¥l er at bygge et hold af <emphasis>fornuftig</emphasis> " +"ophavsret pÃ¥ toppen af det ekstreme som nu regerer. Det gør dette ved at " +"gøre det enkelt for folk at bygge pÃ¥ andre folks værk, ved at gøre det " +"enkelt for skabere at udtrykke friheden for andre til at tage og bygge pÃ¥ " +"deres værker. Dette gøres muligt med enkle marker, knyttede til " +"menneskelesbare beskrivelser, som igen er knyttet til vandtæte licenser." + +#. PAGE BREAK 288 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " +"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " +"attach to their content, Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content " +"that can easily, and reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to " +"machine-readable versions of the license that enable computers automatically " +"to identify content that can easily be shared. These three expressions " +"together—a legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-" +"readable tags—constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative " +"Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the " +"license, and more importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person " +"associated with the license believes in something different than the " +"<quote>All</quote> or <quote>No</quote> extremes. Content is marked with the " +"CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain " +"freedoms are given." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Enkelt</emphasis> – som betyder uden en mellommann, eller " +"uden en advokat. Ved at udvikle et frit sæt med licenser som folk kan " +"knytte til sit indhold, sigter Creative Commons at mærke en mængde indhold " +"som enkelt og pÃ¥lideligt kan bygges pÃ¥. Disse mærker er sÃ¥ lænket til " +"maskinlesbare versioner af licensen som gør det muligt for computere at " +"automatisk identificere indhold som enkelt kan deles. Denne samling af tre " +"udtryk – en juridisk licens, en menneskelesbar beskrivelse og et " +"maskinlesbart mærke – udgør en Creative Commons-licens. En Creative " +"Commons-licens udgør man tildeling af frihed til enhver som har tilgang til " +"licensen. Og vigtigere, et udtryk for at personen som bruger licensen tror " +"pÃ¥ noget andet end <quote>Alle</quote>- eller <quote>Ingen</quote>-" +"ytterkantene. Indhold mærket med CC-mærket betyder ikke at man har sagt " +"fra sig ophavsreten, men derimod at enkelte friheder er givet væk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " +"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " +"license that permits any use, so long as attribution is given. She can " +"choose a license that permits only noncommercial use. She can choose a " +"license that permits any use so long as the same freedoms are given to other " +"uses (<quote>share and share alike</quote>). Or any use so long as no " +"derivative use is made. Or any use at all within developing nations. Or any " +"sampling use, so long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any " +"educational use." +msgstr "" +"Disse friheder gÃ¥r ud over friheden som loves af rimeligt brug. Frihedernes " +"præcise omrids er avhenging af valgene som skaberen gør. Skaberen kan vælge " +"en licens som tillader enhver bruge, sÃ¥ længe ophavpersonen navngis. Hun " +"kan vælge en licens som kun tillader ikke -kommerciel brug. Hun kan vælge " +"en licens som tillader enhver bruge sÃ¥ længe de samme friheder gives videre " +"til andre brugere (<quote>del, og del pÃ¥ lige vilkÃ¥r</quote>). Eller enhver " +"bruge sÃ¥ længe ingen bearbeidelse bliver gjort. Eller enhver bruge i " +"udviklingsland. Eller enhver bruge som <quote>smagsprøve,</quote> sÃ¥ længe " +"det ikke fortages komplette kopier. Og til slutning, enhver bruge til " +"oplæring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " +"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " +"use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that " +"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. " +"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer " +"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of " +"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content " +"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." +msgstr "" +"Disse valg etablerer dermed en række friheder som gÃ¥r ud over " +"Ã¥ndsverkslovens udgangspunkt. De muliggjør ogsÃ¥ friheder som gÃ¥r ud over " +"traditionel rimeligt brug. Og det vigtigste er at de udtrykker disse " +"friheder pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som de pÃ¥følgende brugerne kan bruge og basere sig pÃ¥ " +"uden at hyre ind en advokat. Creative Commons sigter dermed mod at bygge " +"et hold af indhold, styrt af et hold af fornuftigt Ã¥ndsverkslov, som andre " +"kan bygge pÃ¥. Frivilligt valg fra individer og skabere vil gøre dette " +"indhold tilgængeligt. Og dette indhold vil sÃ¥ gøre det muligt for os at " +"genetablere allemannseiet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Garlick, Mia" +msgstr "Garlick, Mia" + +#. PAGE BREAK 289 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " +"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " +"freedoms. But the point that distinguishes the Creative Commons from many is " +"that we are not interested only in talking about a public domain or in " +"getting legislators to help build a public domain. Our aim is to build a " +"movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content conducers,</" +"quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the public domain " +"and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public domain to other " +"creativity." +msgstr "" +"Dette er bare et af mange projekter inden Creative Commons. Og Creative " +"Commons er naturligvis ikke den eneste organisationen som bidrager til " +"sÃ¥danne friheder. Men det som skiller Creative Commons fra mange andre er " +"at vi er ikke bare interesseret i at snakke om et allemannseie, eller i at " +"fÃ¥ lovgiverne til at bidrage til at bygge et allemannseie. Vores mÃ¥l er at " +"bygge en bevægelse af forbrugere og producenter af indhold " +"(<quote>innholdskondusenter,</quote> som advokat Mia Garlick kalder dem) som " +"hjælper til at bygge allemannseie og demonstrerer med sine egen værker hvor " +"vigtigt allemannseiet er for anden kreativitet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " +"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " +"culture are produced by insane and unintended consequences of laws written " +"centuries ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have " +"imagined. The rules may well have made sense against a background of " +"technologies from centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the " +"background of digital technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, " +"expressed in ways so that humans without lawyers can use them—are " +"needed. Creative Commons gives people a way effectively to begin to build " +"those rules." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let er ikke at sloges mod <quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote>-" +"folkene. MÃ¥let er at udfylde dem. Problemerne som loven skaber for os som " +"kultur, er skabt af sprø og utilsigtede konsekvenser af hÃ¥ndflade skrævet " +"for flere Ã¥rhundreder siden, anvendt pÃ¥ en teknologi som kun Jefferson kunne " +"have forestilt sig. Skrønerne kan godt at givet mening da baggrunden var " +"teknologierne som var tilgængeligt for hundredevis af Ã¥r siden, men de giver " +"ikke mening nÃ¥r baggrunden er digitale teknologier. Nye skrøner – " +"med andre friheder, udtrykkt sÃ¥dan at mennesker uden advokater kan bruge dem " +"– trænges. Creative Commons giver folk en effektiv mÃ¥de at begynde at " +"fortage disse skrøner." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " +"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " +"fiction author. His first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, was released on-line and for free, under a Creative " +"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores." +msgstr "" +"Hvorfor ønsker skabere at angive i at give slip pÃ¥ total kontrol? Nogle " +"angiver for at øge spredningen af sit indhold. Et eksempel er Cory Doctorow " +"som er man science fiction-forfatter. Hans første roman, <citetitle>Down " +"and Out in the Magic Kingdom</citetitle>, blev sluppet gratis pÃ¥ nettet med " +"en Creative Commons-licens, samme dag som den blev lagt ud for salg i " +"boghandler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " +"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " +"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may never " +"hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the Internet. " +"Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. Call them " +"bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and then " +"decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods than bad-" +"(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably " +"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book." +msgstr "" +"Hvorfor ville en utgiver nogensinde gÃ¥ med pÃ¥ dette? Jeg mistænker at hans " +"utgiver tænkte som dette: Det er to grupper af mennesker der ude: (1) de som " +"vil købe Corys bog uanset om den er pÃ¥ Internet eller ikke, og (2) de som " +"mÃ¥ske aldrig hører om Corys bog hvis den ikke bliver gjort tilgængeligt " +"gratis pÃ¥ Internet. En del af (1) vil laste ned Corys bog i stedet for at " +"købe den. Vi kan kalde dem slemme-(1). En del af (2) vil laste ned Corys " +"bog, lige sÃ¥ den, og derefter bestemme sig for at købe den. Vi kan kalde " +"dem gode(2). Hvis det er flere gode(2) end det er slemme-(1), sÃ¥ vil " +"strategien med at give ud Corys bog gratis pÃ¥ nettet sikkert <emphasis>øge</" +"emphasis> salget af Corys bog." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " +"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " +"expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success." +msgstr "" +"Faktisk støtter erfaringerne fra hans utgiver helt klart denne konklusion. " +"Førsteutgaven af bogen var udsolgt flere mÃ¥neder tidligere end utgiveren " +"havde forventet. Denne første roman til en science fiction-forfatter var en " +"total succes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" +msgstr "Free for Al (Wayner)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Wayner, Peter" +msgstr "Wayner, Peter" + +#. PAGE BREAK 290 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " +"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " +"book about the free software movement titled <citetitle>Free for All</" +"citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " +"Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " +"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well." +msgstr "" +"Idéen om at gratis indhold kan øge værdien for ikke-gratis indhold, blev " +"bekræftet af et eksperiment gennemført af en anden forfatter. Peter Wayner, " +"som skrev en bog om Fri programvare-bevægelsen med titlen <citetitle>Free " +"For Al</citetitle>, gjorde en elektronisk udgave af bogen gratis " +"tilgængeligt pÃ¥ nettet med en Creative Commons-licens efter at bogen var " +"udsolgt fra forlaget. Han fulgte derefter med pÃ¥ prisen for bogen i " +"bruktbokhandler. Som udsigt, efterhÃ¥nden som antal nedlastinger steg, steg " +"ogsÃ¥ brugtprisen pÃ¥ bogen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Leaphart, Walter" +msgstr "Leaphart, Walter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Public Enemy" +msgstr "Public Enemy" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "rap music" +msgstr "opstød-musik" + +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " +"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " +"Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " +"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produceret af Jed Horovitz, instrueret af " +"Greg Hittelman, en produktion af Fiat Lucre, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " +"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " +"are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use " +"the <quote>sampling license</quote> do so because anything else would be " +"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial " +"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they " +"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to " +"others. This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from " +"others. Because the <emphasis>legal</emphasis> costs of sampling are so high " +"(Walter Leaphart, manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born " +"sampling the music of others, has stated that he does not <quote>allow</" +"quote> Public Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs are so " +"high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into " +"the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that their " +"form of creativity might grow." +msgstr "" +"Dette er eksempler pÃ¥ brug af Creative Commons for at bedre brede " +"proprietært indhold. Jeg mener at dette er en nydelig og almindelig brug af " +"allemannseie. Det er andre som bruger Creative Commons-licenser af andre " +"grunde. Mange som bruger <quote>sampling-licensen</quote> gør det pÃ¥ grund " +"af at alt andet villes være hyklerisk. Sampling-licensen siger at andre " +"stÃ¥r frit til, for kommercielle eller ikke-kommercielle formÃ¥l, at bruge " +"bidder af indhold fra det licensierede værket. De har bare ikke friheden " +"til at gøre hele indholdet tilgængeligt for andre. PÃ¥ grund af at den " +"<emphasis>juridiske</emphasis> omkostningen med sampling er sÃ¥ høj (Walter " +"Leaphart, manager for ræb-gruppen Public Enemy, som blev skabt ved at sample " +"musikken til andre, har udtalt at han ikke <quote>tillader</quote> Public " +"Enemy at sample mere, pÃ¥ grund af at den juridiske omkostningen er sÃ¥ " +"høj<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), slipper disse artister " +"indhold ud i det kreative miljøet som andre kan bygge videre pÃ¥, sÃ¥dan at " +"deres form for kreativitet kan vokse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " +"license just because they want to express to others the importance of " +"balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you " +"are effectively saying you believe in the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> " +"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate " +"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description " +"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The " +"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of <quote>Some Rights " +"Reserved,</quote> and gives many the chance to say it to others." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning er det mange som mærker sit indhold med en Creative Commons-" +"licens kun fordi de ønsker at udtrykke til anden hvor vigtigt de synes " +"balance er i denne debat. Hvis du bare accepterer systemet sÃ¥dan det er, sÃ¥ " +"siger du faktisk at du tror pÃ¥ <quote>alle rettigheder forbeholdt</quote>-" +"modellen. Fint for dig, men mange gør ikke det. Mange tror at uanset hvor " +"rigtigt den reglen er for Hollywood og særlinge, sÃ¥ er den ikke en rigtig " +"beskrivelse af hvordan de fleste skaberne ser pÃ¥ rettighederne knyttet til " +"sit indhold. Creative Commons-licensen udtrykker begrebet <quote>nogle " +"rettigheder forbeholdt,</quote> og giver mange muligheden til at sige det " +"til andre." + +#. PAGE BREAK 291 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " +"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " +"partnerships with middleware content providers to help them build into their " +"technologies simple ways for users to mark their content with Creative " +"Commons freedoms. Then the next step is to watch and celebrate creators who " +"build content based upon content set free." +msgstr "" +"I de første seks mÃ¥nederne af Creative Commons-eksperimentet, blev over en " +"million objekter licensieret med disse fri kultur-licenserne. Næste skridt " +"er partnerskap med mellomvaretilbyderne af indhold for at hjælpe dem at " +"bygge enkle mÃ¥der ind i teknologierne de fortager, sÃ¥dan at brugerne kan " +"mærke indholdet med friheden givet med Creative Commons. Derefter er næste " +"skridt at holde øje med, og fejre skaberne som fortager nyt indhold baseret " +"pÃ¥ frigjort indhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " +"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " +"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. " +"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. " +"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible." +msgstr "" +"Dette er de første skridtene for at genopbygge et allemannseie. De er ikke " +"kun argumenter, de er handlinger. Å bygge allemannseiet er første skridt " +"for at visse/vise folk hvor vigtigt dette er for kreativitet og nyskabning. " +"Creative Commons baserer sig pÃ¥ frivillige skridt for at fÃ¥ til denne " +"gjenoppbyggingen. De vil føre til en værdet hvor mere end frivillige skridt " +"er muligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " +"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " +"project does not compete with copyright; it complements it. Its aim is not " +"to defeat the rights of authors, but to make it easier for authors and " +"creators to exercise their rights more flexibly and cheaply. That " +"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily." +msgstr "" +"Creative Commons er bare et eksempel pÃ¥ frivillig indsats fra " +"enkeltpersoner og skabere for at ændre blandingen af rettigheder som nu " +"styrer det kreative omrÃ¥det. Projektet konkurrerer ikke med ophavsreten. " +"Den udfylder den. Dets mÃ¥l er ikke at bekæmpe rettighederne til " +"forfatterne, men at gøre det enklere for forfattere og skabere at udøve sine " +"rettigheder mere fleksibelt og billigere. Den forskellen, tror vi, vil gøre " +"det muligt for kreativiteten at brede sig lettere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Them, soon" +msgstr "Dem, snart" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " +"individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " +"have a long way to go before the politicians will listen to these ideas and " +"implement these reforms. But that also means that we have time to build " +"awareness around the changes that we need." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis role='strong'>Vi vil</emphasis> ikke vinde tilbage en fri kultur " +"kun ved individuelle handlinger. Det trænges ogsÃ¥ vigtige lovreformer. Vi " +"har en lang vej at gÃ¥ før politikerne vil lytte til disse idéene, og " +"implementere disse reformer. Men det betyder ogsÃ¥ at vi har tid til at " +"bygge op bevidstheden rundt ændringerne som trænges." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " +"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " +"step, not an end. But any of these steps would carry us a long way to our " +"end." +msgstr "" +"I dette kapitel skitserer jeg fem typer ændringer: fire som er generelle og " +"en som er spesifikk for den mest ophedede kampen for tiden, musik. Hver af " +"dem er et skridt, ikke et mÃ¥l. Men hver af disse skridt vil føre os et godt " +"stykke mod vores mÃ¥l." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "1. More Formalities" +msgstr "1 . Flere formaliteter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " +"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " +"you buy a car, you get a bill of sale and register the car. If you buy an " +"airplane ticket, it has your name on it." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du køber et huse, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du registrere salget i et skøde. Hvis du køber " +"ejendom for at bygge et huse, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ du registrere købet i et skøde. Hvis du " +"køber en bil sÃ¥ fÃ¥r du en ejerskiftemelding og registrerer bilen. Hvis du " +"køber en flybillet, sÃ¥ har den dit navn pÃ¥ den." + +#. PAGE BREAK 293 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " +"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." +msgstr "" +"Disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til ejendom. De er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " +"forholde os til hvis vi ønsker at vores ejendom skal blive beskyttet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " +"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " +"register. You don't even have to mark your content. The default is control, " +"and <quote>formalities</quote> are banished." +msgstr "" +"Dette stÃ¥r i kontrast til gældende Ã¥ndsverkslov, der du automatisk fÃ¥r " +"ophavsret uafhængigt af om du overholder nogle formaliteter eller ikke. Du " +"behøver ikke at registrere den. Du behøver ikke en gang mærke dit " +"indhold. Udgangspunktet er kontrol, og <quote>formaliteter</quote> er " +"bandlyst." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Why?" +msgstr "Hvorfor?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In " +"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on " +"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law " +"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect " +"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg foreslog i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"property-i\"/>, var motivationen for at afskaffe formaliteterne " +"god. I værdet føder digitale teknologier, lagde formaliteterne en byrde pÃ¥ " +"ophavsretindehaverne uden at det gav nævneværdige fordele. Dermed var det " +"en fremgang da loven slækkede op pÃ¥ de formelle kravene som ophavsretejeren " +"mÃ¥tte opfylde for at beskytte og sikre sit værk. Disse formaliteter kom i " +"vejen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " +"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. " +"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must " +"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no " +"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know " +"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of " +"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that " +"builds upon our past. And thus, the <emphasis>lack</emphasis> of formalities " +"forces many into silence where they otherwise could speak." +msgstr "" +"Men Internet ændrer alt dette. Formaliteter behøver i dag ikke være en " +"byrde. I stedet er det sÃ¥dan at en værdet uden formaliteter, er en værdet " +"som hæmmer kreativiteten. I dag er det ingen enkel mÃ¥de at vide hvem som " +"ejer hvad , og hvem man mÃ¥ gøre aftale med for at kunne bruge eller bygge pÃ¥ " +"det kreative værket til andre. Det er intet register, og det er intet " +"system for at spore – det er ingen enkel mÃ¥de at vide hvordan man fÃ¥r " +"tilladelse. Og alligevel er det, givet den massive øgningen i omfanget for " +"ophavsretens skrøner, et nødvendigt skridt at fÃ¥ tilladelse for ethvert værk " +"som baserer sig pÃ¥ vores fortid. Og dermed tvinger <emphasis>fraværet</" +"emphasis> af formaliteter mange til at være stille der de ellers villes talt." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " +"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " +"by other countries as well." +msgstr "" +"Forslaget jeg fremmer her vilde kun gælde for amerikanske værker. Jeg tror " +"naturligvis at det villes være en fordel om samme idé blev adopteret ogsÃ¥ " +"af andre land." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " +"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a " +"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these " +"formalities." +msgstr "" +"Loven burde derfor ændre dette krav<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> – men den bør ikke ændres ved at gÃ¥ tilbage til det gamle ødelagte " +"systemet. Vi bør kræve formaliteter, men vi bør etablere et system som vil " +"skabe incentivene for at minimere byrden disse formaliteter pÃ¥fører." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " +"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " +"these three was something the copyright owner did; the second two were " +"something the government did. But a revised system of formalities would " +"banish the government from the process, except for the sole purpose of " +"approving standards developed by others." +msgstr "" +"Det er tre vigtige formaliteter: mærke opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk, " +"registrere ophavsret, og fornye krav om ophavsret. Traditionelt var den " +"første af disse tre noget ophavsretindehaveren gjorde, og de anden to var " +"noget myndighederne gjorde. Men et revideret system med formaliteter bør " +"fjerne myndighederne fra processen, med undtagelse af det ene formÃ¥let med " +"at godkende standarder udviklet af andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Registration and renewal" +msgstr "Registrering og fornying" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " +"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " +"registration, the copyright owner paid a fee. As with most government " +"agencies, the Copyright Office had little incentive to minimize the burden " +"of registration; it also had little incentive to minimize the fee. And as " +"the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the " +"office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who " +"know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their " +"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to " +"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office." +msgstr "" +"I det gamle systemet mÃ¥tte en ophavsretejer sende ind en registrering til " +"ophavsretkontoret for at registrere eller fornye ophavsreten. NÃ¥r man " +"sendte ind registreringen, mÃ¥tte ophavsretejeren betale en afgift. Som med " +"de fleste offentlige kontorer havde ophavsretkontoret lidt incentiv til at " +"minimere belastningen som registreringen gav. Det havde ogsÃ¥ lidt incentiv " +"til at minimere afgiften. Og eftersom ophavsretkontoret ikke var et " +"hovedmÃ¥l for regeringens politik, har kontoret historisk været rigtigt " +"underfinansiert. Dermed, nÃ¥r folk som kender til processen hører denne " +"idéen om formaliteter, sÃ¥ er deres første reaktion panik – ingenting " +"kan være værre end at tvinge folk at forholde sig til det virvaret som " +"hedder ophavsretkontoret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " +"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " +"innovatively about how governmental functions can be designed. Just because " +"there is a public purpose to a government role, it doesn't follow that the " +"government must actually administer the role. Instead, we should be creating " +"incentives for private parties to serve the public, subject to standards " +"that the government sets." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel har det altid overrasket mig at vi, som kommer fra en tradition " +"med ekstraordinær nyskabning inden myndighedudformning, ikke længere kan " +"være nyskabende om hvordan myndighedfunktioner kan udformes. Det at det er " +"et offentligt formÃ¥l i en styringrolle, betyder ikke at myndighederne er de " +"eneste som kan administrere rollen. I stedet burde vi skabe incentiver for " +"at private aktører tilbyder tjenesten til offentligheten, ifølge standarder " +"som myndighederne definerer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "domain names" +msgstr "domenenavn" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "domain name registration on" +msgstr "domenenavnregistrering pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of" +msgstr "Netsteder, domenenavnregistrering af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " +"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " +"owners for these Web sites have to pay a fee to keep their registration " +"alive. In the main top-level domains (.com, .org, .net), there is a central " +"registry. The actual registrations are, however, performed by many competing " +"registrars. That competition drives the cost of registering down, and more " +"importantly, it drives the ease with which registration occurs up." +msgstr "" +"I en registreringsammenhæng er Internet en oplagt model. Det findes mindst " +"32 millioner netsteder registreret rundt om i værdet. Ejere af domenenavnene " +"til disse net stederne mÃ¥ betale en afgift for at beholde sin registrering. " +"For de vigtigste topniveau-domenene (.com, .stjæle, .net) er det et centralt " +"register. Selve registreringerne er derimod gennemført af mange " +"konkurrerende registrarer. Denne konkurrence presser ned " +"registreringomkostningerne, og endnu vigtigere sÃ¥ bidrager dette til at gøre " +"hver enkelt registrering enklere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 295 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " +"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " +"it should not be in the registrar business. Instead, it should establish a " +"database, and a set of standards for registrars. It should approve " +"registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with " +"one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and " +"renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden " +"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that " +"would facilitate the licensing of content." +msgstr "" +"Vi burde tage i brug en lignende model for registrering og fornying af " +"ophavsreter. Ophavsretkontoret kan godt fungere som det centrale " +"registeret, men de burde ikke drive registrarvirksomhet. I stedet burde " +"det etablere en database, og et sæt med standarder for registrarer. Det bør " +"godkende registrarer som følger disse standarder. Disse registrarene villes " +"dermed konkurrere med hinanden om at levere det billigste og enkleste " +"systemet for at registrere og fornye ophavsreter. Denne konkurrence villes " +"reducere betydeligt belastningen som denne formalitet giver – mens det " +"giver en database over registreringer som kan forenkle lisensiering af " +"indhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Marking" +msgstr "Merking" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " +"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " +"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death " +"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, " +"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this " +"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to " +"be enforced uniformly across all media." +msgstr "" +"Det at ikke mærke kreative værker med ophavsretinformation førte tidligere " +"til at man mistede ophavsreten. Det var en rigtig streng straf for at ikke " +"overholde en regulatorisk regel – omtrent som at dømme nogle til " +"dødsstraff for at have parkeret ulovlig i den kreative rettighedværdet. Her " +"er det heller ikke nogle grund til at markeringkravene behøver at blive " +"hÃ¥ndhævet pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥de. Og vigtigere er at det ikke er nogle grund til at " +"merkingskravene behøver at hÃ¥ndhæves ligeligt pÃ¥ tværs af alle medier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " +"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " +"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let med merkingen er at signalere til offentligheten at dette værket er " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker at hÃ¥ndhæve sine " +"rettigheder. Mærkede gør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt at spore op en ophavsretejer for at " +"skaffe tilladelse til at bruge værket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " +"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " +"how or where a statue was to be marked, or a record, or a film. A new " +"marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the " +"differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as " +"technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the " +"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the " +"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first." +msgstr "" +"Et af problemerne som ophavsretsystemet konfronterede tidligt var at " +"forskellige opphavsrettsbeskyttede værk mÃ¥tte markeres forskelligt. Det var " +"ikke klart hvordan og hvor en statue skulle mærkes, eller en plade, eller " +"en film. Et nyt merkingskrav kan løse disse problemer ved at anerkende " +"forskellene i medierne, og ved at tillade merkingssystemet til at udvikle " +"sig efterhÃ¥nden som teknologien muliggjør det. Systemet kan muliggjøre/" +"aktivere et specielt signal nÃ¥r man ikke mærker – ikke at miste " +"ophavsreten, men at miste retten til at straffe nogle for at ikke have " +"skaffet sig tilladelse først." + +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " +"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " +"than is justified by the marginal incentive it creates." +msgstr "" +"En komplicerende faktor er avledede værker, og den har jeg ikke løst her . " +"Efter mit syner skaber loven rundt avledede værker et mere kompliceret " +"system end det som kan begrundes ud fra de marginale incentivene dette giver." + +#. PAGE BREAK 296 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " +"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " +"not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that " +"anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains " +"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work " +"would therefore be <quote>use unless someone complains.</quote> If someone " +"does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any " +"new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. " +"This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." +msgstr "" +"Lad os starte med det sidste pointen. Hvis en ophavsretindehaver tillader " +"at hans værk bliver publiceret uden opphavsrettsmerking, sÃ¥ behøver ikke " +"konsekvensen være at ophavsreten er tabt. Konsekvensen kan i stedet være " +"at enhver da har ret til at bruge dette værk indtil ophavsretindehaveren " +"klager og demonstrerer at det er hans værker, og at han ikke giver " +"tilladelse.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> ForstÃ¥elsen af et " +"umerket værk villes dermed være <quote>brug sÃ¥fremt ingen klager.</quote> " +"Hvis nogle klager, sÃ¥ er forpligtelsen at man mÃ¥ slutte at bruge værket i " +"ethvert nyt værk fra da af, selv om det ikke er nogle strafreaktion knyttet " +"til eksisterende brug. Dette vil skabe et stærkt incentiv for " +"ophavsretejere til at mærke sine værker." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " +"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " +"to ensure that the system evolves is to limit the Copyright Office's role to " +"that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted " +"elsewhere." +msgstr "" +"Dette i sin tur rejser spørgsmÃ¥let om hvordan et værk bedst bør mærkes. Her " +"mÃ¥ systemet igen justeres efterhÃ¥nden som teknologierne udvikler sig. Den " +"bedste mÃ¥den at sikre at systemet udvikler sig, er at begrænse " +"ophavsretkontoret rolle til at godkende standarder for at mærke indhold som " +"har været udviklet af andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "copyright marking of" +msgstr "opphavsrettsmerking af" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " +"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " +"Office would hold a hearing, at which other proposals could be made. The " +"Copyright Office would then select the proposal that it judged preferable, " +"and it would base that choice <emphasis>solely</emphasis> upon the " +"consideration of which method could best be integrated into the registration " +"and renewal system. We would not count on the government to innovate; but we " +"would count on the government to keep the product of innovation in line with " +"its other important functions." +msgstr "" +"For eksempel, hvis en pladeindustriforening kommer op med en metode for at " +"mærke CD-er, sÃ¥ villes den foreslÃ¥ dette til ophavsretkontoret. " +"Ophavsretkontoret villes sÃ¥ holde en høring, hvor andre forslag kunne " +"lægges frem. Ophavsretkontoret villes sÃ¥ vælge det forslaget som det " +"vurderede som det bedste, og det villes basere valget <emphasis>udelukkende</" +"emphasis> pÃ¥ vurderingen om hvilken metode som bedst kunne integreres ind i " +"registrering og fornyingssystemet. Vi villes ikke basere os pÃ¥ at " +"myndighederne fortog noget nyt, men vi villes basere os pÃ¥ at myndighederne " +"sikrede de nye produkterne pÃ¥ linje med dets andre vigtige funktioner." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " +"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " +"not to allow a photographer to reregister, for example, all photographs " +"taken in a particular year in one quick step. The aim of the formality is " +"not to burden the creator; the system itself should be kept as simple as " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning vil klart markeret indhold gøre registreringkravene enklere. " +"Hvis fotografier var mærket med forfatter og Ã¥r, sÃ¥ villes det være lille " +"grund til at ikke tillade en fotograf til at fornye for eksempel alle " +"fotografier taget i et bestemt Ã¥r, samtidig. MÃ¥let med formaliteten er ikke " +" at belaste skaberne. Systemet selv bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som muligt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " +"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " +"unclear." +msgstr "" +"FormÃ¥let med formaliteter er at gøre ting mere klart. Det eksisterende " +"systemet gør ingenting for at gøre ting mere klart. Det virker heller som " +"om det er udformet for at gøre ting mindre klart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " +"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " +"would be simple to identify what content is presumptively free; it would be " +"simple to identify who controls the rights for a particular kind of content; " +"it would be simple to assert those rights, and to renew that assertion at " +"the appropriate time." +msgstr "" +"Hvis formaliteter sÃ¥dan som registrering blev genindført, sÃ¥ villes en af de " +"mest vanskelige siderne med at stole pÃ¥ allemannseie blive fjernet. Det " +"villes blive enkelt at identificere hvilket indhold som kan antages at være " +"frit tilgængeligt. Det villes være enkelt at identificere hvem som " +"kontrollerer rettighederne for et bestemt type indhold. Det villes være " +"enkelt at hævde disse rettigheder, og at fornye denne hevden pÃ¥ rigtigt " +"tidspunkt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "2. Shorter Terms" +msgstr "2 . Kortere vernetid" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " +"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " +"authors." +msgstr "" +"Vernetiden i ophavsreten har gÃ¥et fra fjorten Ã¥r til nittifem Ã¥r der selskab " +"har forfatterskabet, og livstiden til forfatteren plus halvfjerds Ã¥r for " +"individuelle forfattere." + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " +"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #74</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " +"(25 . januar 2003): 15, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #74</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" +"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " +"every five years. That seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, the " +"proposals became even more radical. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> " +"endorsed a proposal for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others have proposed tying the term to the term for " +"patents." +msgstr "" +"I <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> foreslog jeg syttifemÃ¥rs " +"vernetid, tildelt i femÃ¥rsbolker med et krav om at fornye hvert femte Ã¥r. " +"Dette virkede radikalt nok pÃ¥ den tiden. Men efter at vi tabte " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> mod <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, blev " +"forslaget endnu mere radikalt. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> " +"anbefalede et forslag om fjorten Ã¥rs vernetid.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Andre har foreslÃ¥et at knytte vernetiden til vernetiden for " +"patenter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " +"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " +"that are important to keep in mind about copyright terms." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er enigt/enig med dem som tror vi behøver en radikal ændring i " +"ophavsretens levetid. Men hvorvidt den er fjorten Ã¥r eller syttifem, sÃ¥ er " +"det fire principper som det er vigtigt at tænke pÃ¥ nÃ¥r det gælder varigheten " +"til ophavsreten." + +#. (1) +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " +"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " +"protections for authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from " +"publishers), rights to the same work (not derivative works) might be " +"extended further. The key is not to tie the work up with legal regulations " +"when it no longer benefits an author." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Hold den kort:</emphasis> Længden bør være sÃ¥ lang at den giver " +"nødvendigt incentiv til at skabe, men ikke længere. Hvis den er knyttet op " +"til stort stærk beskyttelse for forfattere (sÃ¥dan at forfattere er i stand " +"til at fÃ¥ tilbage rettigheder fra utgiverne), sÃ¥ kan rettigheder til samme " +"værk (ikke avledede værk) blive yderstere udvidet. Nøglen er at ikke binde " +"værk op med juridiske reguleringer nÃ¥r det ikke længere giver fordele til en " +"forfatter." + +#. (2) +#. PAGE BREAK 298 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " +"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " +"<quote>fair use,</quote> and the distinction between <quote>ideas</quote> " +"and <quote>expression.</quote> That kind of law gives them lots of work. But " +"our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected versus unprotected. The " +"value of short terms is that there is little need to build exceptions into " +"copyright when the term itself is kept short. A clear and active " +"<quote>lawyer-free zone</quote> makes the complexities of <quote>fair use</" +"quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Gør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellem værk uden " +"opphavsrettslig værn, og indhold som er beskyttet mÃ¥ forblive klart. " +"Advokater kanlide uklarheten som <quote>rimeligt brug</quote> og forskellen " +"mellem <quote>idéer</quote> og <quote>udtryk</quote> har. Denne type " +"lovværk giver dem en masse arbejde. Men de som skrev Grunnloven havde en " +"enklere idé: værnet eller ikke værnede. Værdien af korte vernetider er at " +"det er lidt behov for at bygge ind undtagelse i ophavsreten nÃ¥r vernetiden " +"holdes kort. En klar og aktiv <quote>advokatfri zone</quote> gør " +"kompleksiteten af <quote>rimelig brug</quote> og <quote>idé/udtryk</quote> " +"mindre nødvendigt at hÃ¥ndtere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "veterans' pensions" +msgstr "krigsveteranpensioner" + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" +"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" +"el Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgængeligt fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " +"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " +"required to signal periodically that he wants the protection continued. This " +"need not be an onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly " +"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes " +"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't " +"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single form." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Gør det aktivt:</emphasis> Man bør være nødt til at fornye " +"ophavsretbeskyttelsen. Specielt hvis den maksimale varigheten er lang, sÃ¥ " +"bør ophavsretejeren være nødt til at signalere regelmæssigt at han ønsker at " +"beskyttelsen fortsætter. Dette behøver ikke være en enorm belastning, men " +"det er ingen grund til at denne monopol beskyttelsen mÃ¥ deles ud gratis. I " +"snit tager det halvfems minutter for en krigsveteran at søge om pension." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hvis vi belaster veteraner med sÃ¥ " +"meget, sÃ¥ ser jeg ikke hvorfor vi ikke kan kræve at forfattere bruger ti " +"minutter hvert halvtredsindstyvende Ã¥r for at befolke ud et enkelt skema." + +#. (4) +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " +"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " +"given should not be extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the " +"law to offer authors only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's " +"possible. If it was a mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer " +"authors to create in 1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct " +"that mistake today by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we " +"will not increase the number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can " +"increase the reward that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase " +"the copyright burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But " +"increasing their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's " +"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Gør det for fremtiden:</emphasis> Uanset hvad længden pÃ¥ " +"vernetiden i ophavsreten bør være, sÃ¥ er den klareste lærdommen økonomierne " +"kan lære os er at en levetid nÃ¥r den er givet, aldrig bør blive udvidet. " +"Det kan have været en tabbe i 1923 at loven kun tilbød forfattere en " +"varighet pÃ¥ femtisyv Ã¥r. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er muligt. Hvis det " +"var man tabbe, sÃ¥ var konsekvensen at vi fik færre forfattere som skrev i " +"1923 end vi ellers villes haft. Men vi kan ikke korrigere den fejlen i dag " +"ved at udvide vernetiden. Uanset hvad vi gør i dag , sÃ¥ kan vi ikke øge " +"antallet forfattere som skrev i 1923 . Vi kan naturligvis øge belønningen " +"for dem som skriver nu (eller alternativt, øge ophavsretbyrden som kvæler " +"mange værker som i dag er usynlige. Men at øge deres belønning vil ikke " +"øge deres kreativitet i 1923 . Det som ikke blev gjort blev ikke gjort, og " +"det er ingenting vi kan gøre med det nu." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " +"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " +"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." +msgstr "" +"Disse ændringer vil sammen give en <emphasis>gennemsnitlig</emphasis> " +"opphavsrettslig vernetid som er meget kortere end den gældende vernetiden. " +"Frem til 1976 var gennemsnitligt vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. Vores mÃ¥l bør være " +"det samme." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " +"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " +"recommended was longer than the term under Richard Nixon. How " +"<quote>radical</quote> can it be to ask for a more generous copyright law " +"than Richard Nixon presided over?" +msgstr "" +"Uden tvivl vil ekstremisterne kalde disse idéene <quote>radikale.</quote> " +"(Trods alt, sÃ¥ kalder jeg dem <quote>ekstremister.</quote>) Men igen, " +"vernetiden jeg anbefalede var længere end vernetiden under Richard Nixon. " +"Hvor <quote>radikalt</quote> kan det være at bede om en mere sjenerøs " +"ophavrettighed end da Richard Nixon var præsident?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" +msgstr "3 . Fri brug versus rimeligt brug" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " +"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " +"heavens. The airplane came along. The scope of property rights quickly " +"changed. There was no fuss, no constitutional challenge. It made no sense " +"anymore to grant that much control, given the emergence of that new " +"technology." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg observerede i starten af denne bog, gav ejendomretten oprindeligt " +"landejere retten til at kontrollere sin ejendom fra markerne og helt op til " +"himlen. SÃ¥ kom flymaskiner, og omfanget af ejendomretter blev raskt ændret. " +" Det var intet opstyr, ingen konstituell udfordring. Det gav ikke mening " +"længere at give væk sÃ¥ meget kontrol, givet fremvæksten af denne nye " +"teknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " +"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " +"an exclusive right to <quote>their writings</quote> plus any derivative " +"writings (made by others) that are sufficiently close to the author's " +"original work. Thus, if I write a book, and you base a movie on that book, I " +"have the power to deny you the right to release that movie, even though that " +"movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Vores Grundlov giver Kongressen myndighed til at tildele forfattere " +"<quote>eksklusive ret</quote> til <quote>deres skrifter.</quote> Kongressen " +"har givet forfattere en eksklusiv ret til <quote>deres skrifter</quote> plus " +"alle avledede skrifter (holdet af andre) som er tilstrækkeligt nær " +"forfatterens oprindelige værker. Dermed, hvis jeg skriver en bog, og du " +"baserer en film pÃ¥ den bogen, sÃ¥ har jeg myndighed til at nægte dig at give " +"ud den filmen, selv om den filmen ikke er <quote>min skrifter.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin" + +#. f5. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." +msgstr "" +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " +"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " +"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. " +"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, " +"Judge Benjamin Kaplan." +msgstr "" +"Kongressen støttede ophavet til denne ret i 1870, da den udvidede den " +"eksklusive retten i ophavsreten til at indeholde retten til at kontrollere " +"oversættelser og dramatiseringer af et værk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Domstolene har udvidet denne stille gennem lovfortolkninger siden " +"da. Denne udvidelse har været kommenteret af en af juiceværdet bedste " +"dommere, domme Benjamin Kaplan." + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid., 56." +msgstr "Ibid., 56 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " +"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " +"accepting such an enlargement of copyright while yet intoning the " +"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Vi har blevet sÃ¥ tiltusket til udvidelsen af monopolet til en lang række " +"med sÃ¥kaldte avledede værker at vi ikke længere ser hvor mærkeligt det er " +"at acceptere en sÃ¥dan udvidelse af ophavsreten, mens vi nynner pÃ¥ " +"abrakadabraen rundt idéer og udtryk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " +"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. " +"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a " +"copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider " +"each limitation in turn." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror det er pÃ¥ tide at anerkende at det er flymaskiner pÃ¥ dette " +"betænket, og at udvidelser af rettigheder for avledede værk ikke længere " +"giver mening. Mere præcist giver de ikke mening for hele verneperioden til " +"ophavsreten. Og de giver ikke mening som tildeling uden begrænsning. Lad " +"os vurdere hver begrænsning for sig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " +"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " +"John Grisham's right to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at " +"least I'm willing to assume it does); but it does not make sense for that " +"right to run for the same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative " +"right could be important in inducing creativity; it is not important long " +"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Vernetid:</emphasis> Hvis Kongressen ønsker at tildele avledede " +"rettigheder, da bør den rettigheden have meget kortere vernetid. Det giver " +"mening at beskytte John Grishams ret til at sælge filmrettighederne til hans " +"sidste roman (eller i det mindste er jeg villig til at antage at det giver " +"mening), men det giver ikke mening at denne rettighed skal vare lige sÃ¥ " +"længe som vernetiden til den underliggende ophavsreten. Den avledede " +"rettigheden kan være vigtig for at bidrage til kreativitet, men den er ikke " +"vigtigt længe efter at det kreative værket er færdigt. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " +"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " +"important. Those should be specified. But the law should draw clear lines " +"around regulated and unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all " +"<quote>reuse</quote> of creative material was within the control of " +"businesses, perhaps it made sense to require lawyers to negotiate the lines. " +"It no longer makes sense for lawyers to negotiate the lines. Think about all " +"the creative possibilities that digital technologies enable; now imagine " +"pouring molasses into the machines. That's what this general requirement of " +"permission does to the creative process. Smothers it." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Omfang:</emphasis> PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de bør omfanget for avledede værk " +"snævres ind. Her igen er det nogle tilfælde der avledede rettigheder er " +"vigtige. Disse bør specificeres. Men loven bør skille klart mellem " +"reguleret og uregulert brug af opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Da al " +"<quote>genbrug</quote> af kreativt materiale var kontrolleret af bedrifter, " +"sÃ¥ gav det mÃ¥ske mening at kræve advokater for at forhandle om hvor grænsen " +"gik. Det giver ikke længere mening at lade advokater forhandle om hvor " +"grænserne gÃ¥r. Tænk pÃ¥ alle de kreative mulighederne som digitale " +"teknologier muliggjør. Forestill dig sÃ¥ at hælde sirup ind i maskinerne. " +"Det er hvad dette generelle krav om tilladelse gør med den kreative " +"processen. Det kvæler den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " +"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " +"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a " +"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the " +"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." +msgstr "" +"Dette var pointen som Alben kom med da han beskrev hvordan han fortog Clint " +"Eastwood-CD-en. Mens det giver mening at kræve forhandlinger for " +"overskuelige avledede rettigheder – at fortage en film af en bog, " +"eller et noteark af et digt – sÃ¥ giver det ikke mening at kræve " +"forhandlinger for det uforutsigbare. Her giver en lovfæstet ret mere mening." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Goldstein, Paul" +msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216 . <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " +"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " +"reverse of the recommendation of my colleague Paul Goldstein.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His view is that the law should be written so " +"that expanded protections follow expanded uses." +msgstr "" +"I hver af disse tilfælde burde loven markere hvilke brugsomrÃ¥der som er " +"beskyttet, og en bør sÃ¥ kunne antage at andre brugsomrÃ¥der ikke er " +"beskyttet. Dette er det modsatte af anbefalingen fra min kollega Paul " +"Goldstein.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Hans syner er at loven " +"bør skrives sÃ¥dan at beskyttelsen udvides nÃ¥r brugsomrÃ¥derne udvides." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " +"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " +"Internet, the uncertainty about the scope of protection, and the incentives " +"to protect existing architectures of revenue, combined with a strong " +"copyright, weaken the process of innovation." +msgstr "" +"Analysen til Goldstein giver absolut mening hvis omkostningerne ved dette " +"ret systemet var lave. Men som vi nu ser i sammenhæng med Internet, giver " +"usikkerhet rundt omfanget af beskyttelse, og incentivet til at beskytte den " +"eksisterende arkitektur for indkomster kombineret med en stærk ophavsret, en " +"svækket nyskabningproces." + +#. PAGE BREAK 301 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " +"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " +"conditions. Either way, the effect would be to free a great deal of culture " +"to others to cultivate. And under a statutory rights regime, that reuse " +"would earn artists more income." +msgstr "" +"Loven kan motvirke dette problem enten ved at fjerne beskyttelsen ud over de " +"delene som er eksplisitt nævnt, eller ved at tillade genbrugretter pÃ¥ visse/" +"vise lovbestemte betingelser. For hver af disse alternativer villes " +"effekten være at frigøre en stor del af kulturen sÃ¥dan at andre kan fÃ¥ den " +"til at vokse. Og under et lovbestemmt rettighedregime, sÃ¥ villes sÃ¥dan " +"genbrug give kunstnerne flere indkomster." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" +msgstr "4 . Frigør musikken – igen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " +"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " +"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better " +"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of " +"music." +msgstr "" +"Slaget som startede hele denne krig var om musik, sÃ¥ det villes ikke være " +"rimeligt at afslutte denne bog uden at tage op problemet som er mest " +"presserende for de fleste – musik. Det er ingen andre policy-tema som " +"bedre forklarer hvad man kan lære i denne bog end slagene om deling af musik." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " +"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " +"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in " +"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand " +"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for " +"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network." +msgstr "" +"Appellen til fildeling var det som satte fart i Internets vækst. Det drev " +"behovet for tilgang til Internet kraftigere end noget andet " +"enkeltbruksomrÃ¥de. Det var Internets <quote>killer app</quote> – " +"mÃ¥ske i to betydninger af ordet. Det var uden tvivl det brugsomrÃ¥det som " +"drev efterspørgslen efter bÃ¥ndbredde. Det kan godt ende op med at være " +"brugsomrÃ¥det som driver igennem krav om reguleringer som til slutning dræber " +"nyskabning pÃ¥ nettet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " +"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " +"and, most importantly, spread. The law does this by giving an exclusive " +"right to a composer to control public performances of his work, and to a " +"performing artist to control copies of her performance." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let med ophavsret, bÃ¥de generelt og for musik specielt, er at skabe " +"incentiver for at komponere, fremføre og aller vigtigst, brede, musik. " +"Loven gør dette ved at give en eksklusiv ret til en komponist til at " +"kontrollere offentlige fremføringer af sit værker, og til en udøvende artist " +"til at kontrollere eksemplarer af sine fremføringer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " +"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different " +"kinds of sharing:" +msgstr "" +"Fildelingsnettverk komplicerer denne model ved at gøre det muligt at brede " +"indhold uden at udøveren har fÃ¥et betalt. Men dette er naturligvis ikke " +"alt et fildelingsnettverk gør. Som jeg beskrev i kapitel <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, sÃ¥ muliggjør de fire " +"forskellige former for deling:" + +#. A. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " +"CDs." +msgstr "" +"Det er nogle som bruger delingsnettverk som erstatning for at købe CD-er." + +#. B. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " +"purchasing CDs." +msgstr "" +"Det er ogsÃ¥ nogle som bruger delingsnettverk for at prøvelytte, mens de " +"vurderer hvad slags CD-er de vil købe." + +#. PAGE BREAK 302 +#. C. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " +"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " +"too cumbersome to buy off the Net." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som bruger fildelingsnettverk for at fÃ¥ tilgang til indhold som " +"ikke længere er i salg, men fortsat er værnet af ophavsret, eller som villes " +"have været alt for vanskeligt at fÃ¥ købt via nettet." + +#. D. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " +"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " +"endorses." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som bruger fildelingsnettverk for at fÃ¥ tilgang til indhold som " +"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for at fÃ¥ tilgang som " +"ophavsretindehaveren Ã¥benbaret gÃ¥r god for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " +"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " +"with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon " +"the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is " +"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened." +msgstr "" +"Enhver reform af loven mÃ¥ have dirre forskellige brugsomrÃ¥derne i fokus. " +"Den mÃ¥ undgÃ¥ at belaste type-D-deling selv om den tager sigte pÃ¥ at fjerne " +"type A. Hvor ivrigt loven søger at fjerne type-A-deling, bør videre være " +"afhængigt af størrelsen pÃ¥ type-B-deling. Som med videospillere, hvis " +"nettoeffekten af deling ikke er specielt skadelig, sÃ¥ er behovet for " +"regulering betydeligt svækket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy" +"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes " +"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other " +"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the " +"dominant use of sharing networks." +msgstr "" +"Som jeg sagde i kapitel <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " +"linkend=\"piracy\"/>, er det kontroversielt om delingen forÃ¥rsager skade. " +"Men i dette kapitel vil jeg antage at skaden er reel. Jeg antager, med " +"andre ord, at type-A-deling er betydeligt større end type-B, og er den " +"dominerende brugen af delingsnettverk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " +"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." +msgstr "" +"Uanset, det er et afgørende faktum om den gældende teknologiske sammenhængen " +"som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " +"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " +"content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of " +"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and " +"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at " +"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. " +"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across " +"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of " +"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." +msgstr "" +"I dag er fildeling vanedannende. Om ti Ã¥r vil det ikke være det. Det er " +"avhengighetsskapende i dag pÃ¥ grund af at det er den enkleste mÃ¥den at fÃ¥ " +"tilgang til et bredt spekter af indhold. Det vil ikke være den enkleste " +"mÃ¥den at fÃ¥ tilgang til et bredt spekter af indhold om ti Ã¥r. I dag er " +"tilgang til Internet knotete og trægt – vi i USA er heldige hvis vi " +"har en bredbÃ¥ndstjeneste med 1,5 MB/s, og vældig sjælden fÃ¥r vi tjenesten " +"med den hastigheden bÃ¥de op og ned. Selv om trÃ¥dløs tilgang vokser, mÃ¥ de " +"fleste af os fÃ¥ tilgang via kabler. De fleste fÃ¥r kun tilgang via en " +"maskine med et tastatur. Idéen om at altid være tilkoblet Internet er i " +"hovedsag bare en idé." + +#. PAGE BREAK 303 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " +"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " +"policy on the basis of technology in transition. They should make policy on " +"the basis of where the technology is going. The question should not be, how " +"should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what " +"law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly " +"becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is " +"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the " +"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the " +"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, " +"where with the flip of a device, you are connected." +msgstr "" +"Men det vil blive en realitet, og det betyder at mÃ¥den vi fÃ¥r tilgang til " +"Internet pÃ¥ i dag, er en teknologi i ændring. Beslutningstakere bør ikke " +"fortage skrøner baseret pÃ¥ teknologi i ændring. De bør fortage skrøner " +"baseret pÃ¥ hvor teknologien er pÃ¥ vej. SpørgsmÃ¥let bør ikke være om " +"hvordan loven skal regulere delingen sÃ¥dan værdet er nu . SpørgsmÃ¥let bør " +"være, hvad slags lov vil vi behøve nÃ¥r netværket bliver det netværket helt " +"klart er pÃ¥ vej mod. Det netværket er et hvor enhver maskine som bruger " +"strøm i essensen er pÃ¥ nettet. Uanset hvor du er – mÃ¥ske med " +"undtagelse af i ørkenen og fjerntliggende fjeldpartier – kan du " +"umiddelbart blive koblet til Internet. Forestill dig Internet sÃ¥ " +"allstedsnærværende som den bedste mobiltelefontjenesten, hvor du er " +"tilkoblet med et enkelt tryk pÃ¥ en bryder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" +msgstr "mobiltelefoner, musik streamet viede" + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. " +"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #76</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"For eksempel, se, <quote>Music Medierne Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. " +"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #76</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " +"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " +"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " +"point: When it is <emphasis>extremely</emphasis> easy to connect to services " +"that give access to content, it will be <emphasis>easier</emphasis> to " +"connect to services that give you access to content than it will be to " +"download and store content <emphasis>on the many devices you will have for " +"playing content</emphasis>. It will be easier, in other words, to subscribe " +"than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the download-" +"sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content services " +"will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge money for the " +"content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in Japan offer " +"music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs for " +"headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though " +"<quote>free</quote> content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I den værdet vil det være ekstremt enkelt at koble sig til en tjeneste som " +"giver dig direkte tilgang til indhold – sÃ¥dan som Internet-radio, " +"indhold som strømmes til brugeren nÃ¥r brugeren ønsker det. Her er dermed " +"det kritiske pointen: NÃ¥r det er <emphasis>ekstremt</emphasis> enkelt at " +"koble sig til tjenester som giver tilgang til indhold, sÃ¥ vil det være " +"<emphasis>enklere</emphasis> at koble sig til tjenester som giver dig " +"tilgang til indhold end det vil være at laste ned og lagre indhold " +"<emphasis>pÃ¥ de mange enhederne som du vil have for at vise frem indhold</" +"emphasis>. Det vil med andre ord være enklere at abonnere end det vil være " +"at være en databaseadministrator, hvilket enhver er i <quote>en last ned og " +"del</quote>-værdet som Napster-lignende teknologier i essensen er. " +"Indholdtjenester vil konkurrere med innholdsdeling, selv om tjenesterne " +"kræver penge for indholdet de giver tilgang til. Mobiltelefontjenester i " +"Japan tilbyder allerede musik (mod et gebyr) strømmede via mobiltelefoner " +"(forbedret med stik for øretelefoner). Japanerne betaler for dette indhold " +"selv om <quote>gratis</quote> indhold er tilgængeligt i form af MP3er via " +"nettet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 304 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " +"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " +"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that " +"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the " +"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today " +"to be <quote>solving</quote> this problem in light of a technology that will " +"be gone tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet " +"to eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The " +"question instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this " +"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-" +"first-century technologies." +msgstr "" +"Dette pointe om fremtiden er med at foreslÃ¥ et perspektiv om nÃ¥tiden: Det er " +"eftertrykkeligt midlertidigt. <quote>Problemet</quote> med fildeling " +"– i den grad det er et reelt problem – er et problem som mere og " +"mere vil forsvinde efterhÃ¥nden som det bliver enklere at koble sig pÃ¥ " +"Internet. Og dermed er det en stor fejl for beslutningstakere i dag at " +"<quote>løse</quote> dette problem baseret pÃ¥ en teknologi som vil være borte " +"i morgen. SpørgsmÃ¥let bør ikke være hvordan regulere Internet for at " +"fjerne fildeling (nettet vil udvikle sig sÃ¥dan at det problemet bliver " +"borte). SpørgsmÃ¥let bør i stedet være hvordan man sikrer at kunstnere fÃ¥r " +"betalt, gennem denne overgang fra forretningsmodellene i det tyvende " +"Ã¥rhundrede og til teknologierne i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundrede." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different <quote>problems</" +"quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted " +"content or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The " +"<quote>problem</quote> with this content is to make sure that the technology " +"that would enable this kind of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can " +"think of it this way: Pay phones are used to deliver ransom demands, no " +"doubt. But there are many who need to use pay phones who have nothing to do " +"with ransoms. It would be wrong to ban pay phones in order to eliminate " +"kidnapping." +msgstr "" +"Svaret begynder med at erkende at det er forskellige <quote>problemer</" +"quote> at løse her . Lad os starte med type-D-indhold – ikke " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold, eller opphavsrettsbeskyttet indhold som " +"kunstneren ønsker at fÃ¥ delt. <quote>Problemet</quote> med dette indhold er " +"at sikre at teknologien som muliggjør denne type deling ikke bliver gjort " +"ulovligt. Tænk pÃ¥ det sÃ¥dan: telefondÃ¥ser kan uden tvivl bruges til at " +"levere krav om løsepenger. Men det er mange som behøver at bruge " +"telefondÃ¥ser som ikke har noget med løsepenger at gøre. Det villes være " +"galt at forbyde telefondÃ¥ser for at eliminere kidnapping." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " +"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " +"unavailable because the artist is no longer valuable enough for the record " +"label he signed with to carry his work. Or it may be unavailable because the " +"work is forgotten. Either way, the aim of the law should be to facilitate " +"the access to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the " +"artist." +msgstr "" +"Type-C-indhold rejser et andet <quote>problem.</quote> Dette er indhold som " +"var publiceret, en gang i tiden, og ikke længere er tilgængeligt. Det kan " +"være utilgjengelig fordi kunstneren ikke længere er værdifuld nok for " +"pladeselskabet han har signeret med til at de vil formidle hans værker. " +"Eller det kan være utilgjengelig fordi værket er glemt. Uanset bør mÃ¥let " +"til loven være at muliggjøre tilgang til dette indhold, ideelt set pÃ¥ en " +"mÃ¥de som giver noget tilbage til kunstneren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " +"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " +"and used book stores don't pay the copyright owner when someone reads or " +"buys an out-of-print book. That makes total sense, of course, since any " +"other system would be so burdensome as to eliminate the possibility of used " +"book stores' existing. But from the author's perspective, this " +"<quote>sharing</quote> of his content without his being compensated is less " +"than ideal." +msgstr "" +"Igen, her er modellen bruktbokhandelen. Efter at en bog er udsolgt fra " +"forlaget, sÃ¥ kan den fortsat være tilgængeligt fra biblioteker og " +"bruktbokhandler. Men biblioteker og bruktbokhandler betaler ikke " +"ophavsretejeren nÃ¥r nogle læser eller køber en bog som er udsolgt fra " +"forlaget. Dette giver absolut mening, selvfølgelig, siden ethvert andet " +"system villes være sÃ¥ tungvint at det villes gøre det umuligt for " +"bruktbokhandler at eksistere. Men fra forfatterens synsvinkel er denne " +"<quote>delingen</quote> af hans indhold uden at han fÃ¥r kompensation ikke " +"helt ideell." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" +"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music " +"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be " +"free, under this rule, to <quote>share</quote> that content, even though the " +"sharing involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the " +"trade; in a context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music " +"should be as free as trading books." +msgstr "" +"Modellen for bruktbokhandler insinuerer at loven ganske enkelt kan anse " +"udsolgt-fra-forlaget-musik for frit vildt. Hvis utgiveren ikke gør udgaver " +"af musikken tilgængeligt for salg, sÃ¥ villes kommercielle og ikke-" +"kommercielle tilbydere stÃ¥ frit, under denne regel, til at <quote>dele</" +"quote> det indholdet, selv om delingen involverede at fortage en kopi. " +"Kopien her villes være teknisk detalje for at gennemføre handlen. I en " +"sammenhæng der hen kommerciel publisering er afsluttet, sÃ¥ burde friheden " +"til at handle med musik være lig den som gælder for bøger." + +#. PAGE BREAK 305 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " +"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " +"law set a low statutory rate for the commercial sharing of content that was " +"not offered for sale by a commercial publisher, and if that rate were " +"automatically transferred to a trust for the benefit of the artist, then " +"businesses could develop around the idea of trading this content, and " +"artists would benefit from this trade." +msgstr "" +"Alternativt kan loven oprette en lovbestemmt licens som villes sørge for at " +"kunstnere fÃ¥r noget fra handlen med deres værker. For eksempel, hvis loven " +"satte en lav lovbestemmt afsæt for kommerciel deling af indhold som ikke " +"blev tilbudt for salg fra en kommerciel utgiver, og hvis denne rate " +"automatisk blev overført til en tiltroet tredjedel til fordel for " +"kunstneren, sÃ¥ kunne selskaber udvikle sig rundt idéen om handel med dette " +"indhold mens kunstneren villes have fordel af denne handel." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " +"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " +"subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge " +"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. " +"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of " +"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying " +"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher." +msgstr "" +"Dette system villes ogsÃ¥ skabe et incentiv for utgivere at lade værk " +"forblive kommercielt tilgængeligt. Værk som er kommercielt tilgængeligt " +"villes ikke blive underlagt denne licens. Dermed kan utgiverne beskytte " +"retten til at tage betalt hvilket som hilst beløb for indhold hvis de holdt " +"det kommercielt tilgængeligt. Men hvis de ikke holdt det tilgængeligt, og " +"det i stedet var harddiskerne/harddiskene til tilhængere rundt omkring i " +"værdet som holdt det i live, da burde enhver licensbetaling for sÃ¥dan " +"kopiering være meget mindre end det man sædvanligvis villes skylde en " +"kommerciel utgiver." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " +"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " +"for gaining access to content change. The law's solution should be as " +"flexible as the problem is, understanding that we are in the middle of a " +"radical transformation in the technology for delivering and accessing " +"content." +msgstr "" +"De vanskelige tilfældene er indhold af type A og B. Og igen, disse tilfælde " +"er kun vanskelig fordi udstrækningen af problemet vil ændre sig over tid, " +"efterhÃ¥nden som teknologier for at fÃ¥ tilgang til indhold ændrer sig. " +"Lovens løsning bør derfor være lige sÃ¥ fleksibelt som problemet er, og " +"forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal ændring i teknologi for levering og " +"tilgang til indhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " +"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ her er en løsning som i første omgang kan virke rigtigt underligt for " +"begge sider i denne krig, men som jeg tror vil give mere mening nÃ¥r man fÃ¥r " +"tænkt sig om." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " +"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " +"set of rights that secure copyright. If those rights are to be protected, " +"then the content industry should be compensated for that harm. Just as the " +"technology of tobacco harmed the health of millions of Americans, or the " +"technology of asbestos caused grave illness to thousands of miners, so, too, " +"has the technology of digital networks harmed the interests of the content " +"industry." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r retorikken om ukrenkeligheten til ejendom er fjernet, er de " +"grundlæggende pÃ¥standen til indholdindustrien denne: En ny teknologi " +"(Internet) har skadet et sæt med rettigheder som sikrer ophavsreten. Hvis " +"disse rettigheder skal blive beskyttet, sÃ¥ bør indholdindustrien kompenseres " +"for denne skade. PÃ¥ samme mÃ¥de som tobakksteknologien skadede helbredet til " +"millioner af amerikanere, eller asbestteknologien forÃ¥rsaget alvorlig sygdom " +"hos tusindvis af gruvearbeidere, sÃ¥ har den digitale netværkteknologien " +"skadet interesserne til indholdindustrien." + +#. PAGE BREAK 306 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " +"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " +"And it suggests a fair response: Rather than seeking to destroy the " +"Internet, or the p2p technologies that are currently harming content " +"providers on the Internet, we should find a relatively simple way to " +"compensate those who are harmed." +msgstr "" +"Jeg elsker Internet, sÃ¥ jeg kan ikke lide at sammenligne det med tobak eller " +"asbest. Men analogien er rimelig nÃ¥r man ser det fra lovens perspektiv. Og " +"det foreslÃ¥r en rimelig respons: I stedet for at forsøge at ødelægge " +"Internet eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader indholdleverandører pÃ¥ " +"Internet, sÃ¥ bør vi finde en relativt enkel mÃ¥de at kompensere de som bliver " +"skadelidende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +msgstr "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Fisher, William" +msgstr "Fisher, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " +"revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to Keep: " +"Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) " +"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has " +"proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the " +"reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to balance " +"any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy " +"to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence " +"Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman " +"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate " +"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, " +"<citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</" +"citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose " +"to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May " +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</" +"ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, <quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE " +"Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright " +"Campaign,</quote> CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is " +"very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, " +"Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, though " +"more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is typical " +"with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a decade. " +"See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (sidst " +"revideret: 10 . oktober 2000), tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, <citetitle>Promises to " +"Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) " +"(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), kap. 6, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel " +"har foreslÃ¥et en relateret idé som villes gøre at ophavsreten ikke gælder " +"ikke -kommerciel deling fra og villes etablere kompensation til kunstnere " +"for at balancere eventuelle tab. Se Neil Weinstock Netanel, <quote>Impose a " +"Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,</quote> tilgængeligt " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For andre " +"forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's Holding Back Broadband?</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 . januar 2002, A17; Philip S. " +"Corwin pÃ¥ vegne af Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator Joseph R. Biden, " +"Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26 . februar. 2002, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</" +"ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for Intellectual Property " +"Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 . marts 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson Graham, " +"<quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> " +"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 . maj 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, " +"<quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 . juli 2002, " +"tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</" +"ulink>; Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET " +"News.com, 27 . august 2002, tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske " +"kunnetlide forslaget til Richard Stallman nÃ¥r det gælder DAT. I modsætning " +"til Fishers forslag, villes Staldmand forslag ikke betale kunstnere " +"proporsjonalt, selv om mere populære artister villes fÃ¥ mere betalt end " +"mindre populære. SÃ¥dan det er typisk med Stallman, lagde han frem sit " +"forslag omtrent ti Ã¥r føder dagens debat. Se <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " +"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the " +"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would " +"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to " +"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once " +"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to " +"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of " +"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would " +"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." +msgstr "" +"Idéen er baseret pÃ¥ et forslag lanceret af juiceprofessor William Fisher ved " +"Harvard.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Fisher foreslÃ¥r en rigtigt " +"lumsk mÃ¥de rundt den pÃ¥gÃ¥ende stillingkrigen pÃ¥ Internet. Ifølge hans plan " +"villes alt indhold som kan sendes digitalt (1) være markeret med et digitalt " +"vandmærke (ikke bekymre dig over hvor enkelt det villes være at undgÃ¥ disse " +"mærker, som du vil se er det ikke noget incentiv for at undgÃ¥ dem). NÃ¥r " +"indholdet er mærket, sÃ¥ villes entreprenører udvikle (2) systemer for at " +"registrere hvor mange enheder af hvert indhold som blev distribueret. PÃ¥ " +"grundlag af disse tal villes sÃ¥ (3) kunstnerne blive kompenseret. " +"Kompensationen kunne blive finansieret med (4) en passende skat." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " +"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. The modification that I would make " +"is relatively simple: Fisher imagines his proposal replacing the existing " +"copyright system. I imagine it complementing the existing system. The aim " +"of the proposal would be to facilitate compensation to the extent that harm " +"could be shown. This compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating " +"a transition between regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of " +"years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " +"supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " +"of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " +"old system of controlling access." +msgstr "" +"Forslaget til Fisher er grundigt og omfattende. Det rejser en million " +"spørgsmÃ¥l, de fleste af dem godt besvart i hans kommende bog, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. Ændringerne jeg vil gøre er " +"relativt enkle: Fisher ser for sig at hans forslag erstatter det " +"eksisterende ophavsretsystemet. Jeg ser for mig at det vil udfylde det " +"eksisterende systemet. MÃ¥let med forslaget vil være at gøre det enklere at " +"give kompensation i den grad skade kan pÃ¥vises. Denne kompensation villes " +"være midlertidig, med mÃ¥lsetning om at gøre overgangen lettere mellem to " +"regimer. Og det villes kræve fornying efter en periode pÃ¥ nogle Ã¥r. Hvis " +"det fortsat giver mening at forenkle gratis udveksling af indhold gennem et " +"skatsystem, sÃ¥ kan det videreføres. Hvis denne form for beskyttelse ikke " +"længere er nødvendig, sÃ¥ kan systemet foldes ind i det gamle systemet for at " +"kontrollere tilgang." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "semiotic democracy" +msgstr "semiotisk demokrati" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "semiotic" +msgstr "semiotisk" + +#. PAGE BREAK 307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " +"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " +"supports the widest range of <quote>semiotic democracy</quote> possible. But " +"the aims of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I " +"described were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative " +"uses. A system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden " +"semiotic democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to " +"do with the content itself." +msgstr "" +"Fisher villes steile over idéen om at tillade systemet til at henhøre væk. " +"Hans mÃ¥l er ikke bare at sikre at kunstnerne bliver betalt, men ogsÃ¥ at " +"sikre at systemet støtter størst muligt omfang af <quote>semiotisk " +"demokrati</quote>. Men mÃ¥let om semiotisk demokrati kan opfyldes hvis de " +"andre ændringer jeg beskriver kommer pÃ¥ plads – specielt begrænsninger " +"pÃ¥ avledet brug. Et system som ganske enkelt tager imod betaling for " +"tilgang vil ikke belaste semiotisk demokrati rigtigt hvis det var fÃ¥ " +"begrænsninger pÃ¥ hvad man fÃ¥r lov til at gøre med selve indholdet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "MusicStore" +msgstr "MusicStore" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "prices of" +msgstr "priser pÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " +"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " +"calculation would be outweighed by the benefit of facilitating innovation. " +"This background system to compensate would also not need to interfere with " +"innovative proposals such as Apple's MusicStore. As experts predicted when " +"Apple launched the MusicStore, it could beat <quote>free</quote> by being " +"easier than free is. This has proven correct: Apple has sold millions of " +"songs at even the very high price of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost " +"is the equivalent of a per-song CD price, though the labels have none of the " +"costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's move was countered by Real Networks, offering " +"music at just 79 cents a song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of " +"competition to offer and sell music on-line." +msgstr "" +"Uden tvivl vil det være vanskeligt at male nøjagtigt <quote>skaden</quote> " +"pÃ¥ en industri. Men vanskeligheden i at beregne dette vil vejes op af " +"fordelen ved at tilrettelægge for nyskabning. Dette baggrund systemet for at " +"kompensere villes heller ikke behøve at forstyrre nyskabende forslag som " +"Apples MusicStore. Som eksperter udsigte da Apple lancerede sin MusicStore, " +"sÃ¥ kan den slÃ¥ <quote>gratis</quote> ved at være enklere end det som gratis " +"er. Dette har vist sig at være rigtig: Apple har solgt millioner af sange " +"til selv den rigtigt høje prisen 99 cent per sang (til 99 cent er " +"omkostningen tilsvarende prisen per sang pÃ¥ en CD, selv om pladeselskaberne " +"ikke mÃ¥ betale nogle af omkostningerne knyttede til CD-produktion). Apples " +"lansering blev modarbejdet af Real Networks, som tilbød musik til kun 79 " +"cent per sang. Og uden tvivl vil det blive meget konkurrence rundt at " +"tilbyde og at sælge musik pÃ¥ nettet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "cable vs. broadcast" +msgstr "kabel-TV versus kringkasting" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" +msgstr "luksusbiografer mod video-piratvirksomhed i" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This competition has already occurred against the background of <quote>free</" +"quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known " +"for thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, " +"there is nothing impossible at all about <quote>competing with free.</quote> " +"Indeed, if anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and " +"better products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be " +"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " +"luxurious—with <quote>first class</quote> seats, and meals served " +"while you watch a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways " +"to compete with <quote>free.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Denne konkurrence er allerede pÃ¥ plads mod baggrunden med <quote>gratis</" +"quote> musik fra p2p-systemer. SÃ¥dan sælgerne af kabel-TV har vidst i " +"tredive Ã¥r, og de som sælger vand pÃ¥ flaske endnu længere, sÃ¥ er det slet " +"ikke umuligt at <quote>konkurrere med gratis.</quote> Faktisk vil " +"konkurrencen om ikke andet inspirere til at tilbyde nye og bedre produkter. " +"Det er nøjagtigt det et konkurrencedygtigt marked skulle handle om. Dermed " +"har en i Singapore, hvor piratkopiering er udbredt, ofte luksuriøse " +"kinosaler – med <quote>førsteklasses</quote> sæter, og mÃ¥ltider " +"serveret mens du ser pÃ¥ en film – mens de kæmper og lykkes i at finde " +"en mÃ¥de at konkurrere med <quote>gratis.</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " +"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " +"content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would " +"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a " +"right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and " +"barbarically severe punishments of the law." +msgstr "" +"Dette konkurrence regimet, med en sikringmekanisme for at sikre at kunstnere " +"ikke taber, villes bidrage meget til nyskabning inden levering af indhold. " +"Konkurrencen villes fortsætte at reducere type-A-deling. Det villes " +"inspirere en ekstraordinær række af nye innovatører – som villes have " +"retten til at bruge indhold, og ikke længere frygte usikre og barbariskt " +"strenge straffer fra loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" +msgstr "Opsummeret, sÃ¥ er dette mit forslag:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 308 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " +"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " +"interests affected by this technological change, while enabling, and " +"encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create." +msgstr "" +"Internet er i ændring. Vi bør ikke regulere en teknologi i ændring. Vi bør " +"i stedet regulere for at minimere skaden pÃ¥ført interesser som er berørt af " +"denne teknologiske ændringen, samtidig som vi muliggjør, og opmuntrer, den " +"mest effektive teknologien vi kan fortage." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" +msgstr "" +"Vi kan minimere skaden, og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovation ved at" + +#. 1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" +msgstr "garantere retten til at engagere sig i type-D-deling" + +#. 2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " +"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" +msgstr "" +"tillade ikke -kommerciel type-C-deling uden erstatningsansvar, og kommerciel " +"type-C-deling med en lav og lovfæstet pris" + +#. 3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " +"extent actual harm is demonstrated." +msgstr "" +"mens denne overgang pÃ¥gÃ¥r, beskatte og kompensere for type-A-deling, i den " +"grad faktisk skade kan pÃ¥vises." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " +"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " +"of consumers continue to <quote>take</quote> content for nothing? Should the " +"law do something then?" +msgstr "" +"Men hvad om <quote>piratvirksomheden</quote> ikke forsvinder? Hvad om det " +"findes et konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyder indhold til en lav " +"omkostning, men et signifikant antal af forbrukere fortsætter at " +"<quote>tage</quote> indhold uden at betale? Burde loven gøre noget da?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " +"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " +"is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real issue is its " +"effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology that is 95 " +"percent secure and produces a market of size <citetitle>x</citetitle>, or " +"(b) to have a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of " +"five times <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Less secure might produce more " +"unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a much bigger market " +"in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to assure artists' " +"compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may " +"well be appropriate to find ways to track down the petty pirates." +msgstr "" +"Ja, det bør den. Men, nok en gang, hvad den bør gøre afhænger hvordan " +"realiteterne udvikler sig. Disse ændringer fjerner mÃ¥ske ikke al type-A-" +"deling. Men det virkelige spørmÃ¥let er ikke om de eliminerer deling i " +"abstrakt betydning. Det virkelige spørgsmÃ¥let er hvilken effekt det har pÃ¥ " +"markedet. Er det bedre (a) at have en teknologi som er 95 procent sikker, " +"og giver et marked af størrelse <citetitle>x</citetitle>, eller (b) at have " +"en teknologi som er 50 procent sikker, og som giver et marked som er fem " +"gange større end <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Mindre sikker kan give mere " +"uautorisert deling, men det vil sandsynligvis ogsÃ¥ give et meget større " +"marked for autoriseret deling. Det vigtigste er at sikre kunstneres " +"kompensation uden at ødelægge Internet. NÃ¥r det er pÃ¥ plads, kan det hænde " +"det er rigtigt at finde mÃ¥der at spore op de smÃ¥lige piraterne." + +#. PAGE BREAK 309 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " +"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " +"ways to break the Internet. Our focus until we're there should be on how to " +"make sure the artists are paid, while protecting the space for innovation " +"and creativity that the Internet is." +msgstr "" +"Men vi er langt fra at reducere problemet ned til dette delsettet af type-A-" +"slette. Og vores fokus indtil vi er der hen, bør ikke være at finde mÃ¥der " +"at ødelægge Internet. Vores fokus indtil vi er der hen, bør være hvordan vi " +"sikrer at artister fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter det stedet for nyskabning " +"og kreativitet som Internet er." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" +msgstr "5 . Spark en masse advokater" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " +"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " +"not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at " +"the end that I would love to live." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever af at uddanne advokater. Jeg tror pÃ¥ " +"retvæsenet. Jeg tror pÃ¥ Ã¥ndsverksloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til at " +"arbejde med loven, ikke fordi det er meget penge at tjene, men fordi det " +"indebærer idealer som jeg elsker at leve op til." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " +"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " +"our profession has become too attuned to the client. And in a world where " +"the rich clients have one strong view, the unwillingness of the profession " +"to question or counter that one strong view queers the law." +msgstr "" +"Alligevel har meget af denne bog været kritik af advokater, eller rollen " +"advokater har spillet i denne debat. Loven taler om idealer, mens det er " +"min opfattelse at arbejdegruppen vores er blevet for bylten til klienten. " +"Og i en værdet der rige klienter har stærke synspunkter, vil uviljen hos " +"vores arbejdegruppe til at stille spørgsmÃ¥l med, eller protestere mod dette " +"stærke syn, ødelægge loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Nimmer, Melville" +msgstr "Nimmer, Melville" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" +msgstr "Højesterets udfordring af" + +#. f10. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. " +"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): " +"1057, 1069–70." +msgstr "" +"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. " +"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): " +"1057, 1069–70 ." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " +"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " +"I am advocating are precisely the positions of some of the most moderate and " +"significant figures in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for " +"example, thought crazy the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term " +"Extension Act. Yet just thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and " +"practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Beviserne for denne udvikling er overbevisende. Jeg er angrebet som en " +"<quote>radikaler</quote> af mange indenfor dette arbejdet, og alligevel er " +"meningerne jeg argumenterer for nøjagtigt de meningerne til mange af de mest " +"moderate og betydningsfulde personerne i historie til denne del af " +"lovværket. Mange troede for eksempel at vores udfordring til lovforslaget " +"om at udvide ophavsretens vernetid var galskab. Mens for bare tredive Ã¥r " +"siden mente den dominerende forelæser og udøver i ophavsretfeltet, Melville " +"Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " +"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " +"to actually reckon the costs of the law." +msgstr "" +"Min kritik af rollen som advokater har spillet i denne debat handler " +"imidlertid ikke bare om en professionel skjevhet. Det handler endnu mere " +"om vores manglende evne til at faktisk tage ind over os hvad loven koster." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " +"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " +"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially " +"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then " +"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view " +"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) " +"with Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</" +"quote> working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is " +"extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing technology. In " +"my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for " +"example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Et godt eksempel er arbejdet til professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz bør fÃ¥ " +"ros for sin omhyggeligt gennemgang af data om ophavsretbrud, som fik ham til " +"at stille spørgsmÃ¥l med sin egen udtalte position – to gange. I " +"starten forudsagde han at nedlasting vilde pÃ¥føre industrien væsentlig " +"skade. Han ændrede sÃ¥ sit syner i lys af dataene, og han har siden ændret " +"sit syner pÃ¥ nyt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the " +"Network Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</" +"citetitle> (New York: Amacom, 2002), (gik igennem hans originale syner men " +"udtrykte skepsis) med Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the " +"Record Industry?</quote> artikeludkast, juni 2003, tilgængeligt fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den omhyggelige " +"analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt værdifuld i sin estimering af effekten af " +"fildelingsteknologi. Efter mit syner underestimerer han for øvrigt " +"omkostningen til det juridiske systemer. Se, for eksempel, " +"<citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76 . <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " +"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " +"actually functions, simply assume that the transaction costs of the legal " +"system are slight.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They see a " +"system that has been around for hundreds of years, and they assume it works " +"the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works." +msgstr "" +"Økonomer er forventet at være gode til at forstÃ¥ udgifter og indkomster. " +"Men som oftest antager økonomerne uden peiling pÃ¥ hvordan det juridiske " +"systemet egentligt fungerer, at transaktionomkostningen i det juridiske " +"systemet er lav.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De ser et system " +"som har eksisteret i hundredevis af Ã¥r, og de antager at det fungerer sÃ¥dan " +"grundskolens samfundsfagundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." + +#. PAGE BREAK 310 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " +"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " +"corrupt. I don't think our legal system (at the federal level, at least) is " +"at all corrupt. I mean simply because the costs of our legal system are so " +"astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done." +msgstr "" +"Men det juridiske systemet fungerer ikke . Eller for at være mere nøjagtigt, " +"det fungerer kun for de med mest ressourcer. Det er ikke fordi systemet " +"er korrupt. Jeg tror overhovedet ikke vores juridisk system (pÃ¥ føderalt " +"niveau, i hvert fald) er korrupt. Jeg mener ganske enkelt at pÃ¥ grund af at " +"omkostningerne med vores juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rrejsende højt, vil man " +"praktisk talt aldrig opnÃ¥ retfærdighed." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " +"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " +"lawyer spend reading cases carefully, or researching obscure strands of " +"authority? The answer is the increasing reality: very little. The law " +"depended upon the careful articulation and development of doctrine, but the " +"careful articulation and development of legal doctrine depends upon careful " +"work. Yet that careful work costs too much, except in the most high-profile " +"and costly cases." +msgstr "" +"Disse omkostninger forstyrrer fri kultur pÃ¥ mange vis. En advokats tid " +"faktureres hos de største firmaerne for mere end 400 dollar pr. time. Hvor " +"mange tid bør en sÃ¥dan advokat bruge pÃ¥ at læse sagerne omhyggelige, eller " +"undersøge obskure retkilder. Svaret er i øgende grad: vældig lidt. Juicen " +"er afhængig af omhyggelige formulering og udvikling af doktrin, men " +"omhyggelige formulering og udvikling af doktrin er afhængig af nøjagtigt " +"arbejde. Men nøjagtigt arbejde koster for meget, bortset fra i de mest " +"høyprofilerte og kostbare sagerne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " +"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " +"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that " +"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent " +"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, " +"and hence radically more just." +msgstr "" +"Kostbarheten, klumsetheten og tilfeldigheten til dette system hÃ¥ner vores " +"tradition. Og advokater, sÃ¥vel som akademikere, bør se det som sin pligt at " +"ændre hvordan loven praktiseres – eller bedre, ændre loven sÃ¥dan at " +"den fungerer. Det er galt at systemet fungerer godt bare for den øverste 1-" +"procenten af klienterne. Det kan gøres radikalt mere effektivt, og billigt, " +"og dermed radikalt mere retfærdigt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " +"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " +"law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review." +msgstr "" +"Men indtil en sÃ¥dan reform er gennemført, bør vi som samfund holde hÃ¥ndflade " +"fra omrÃ¥der der vi ved den bare vil skade. Og det er netop det loven alt " +"for ofte vil gøre hvis for meget af vores kultur er lovreguleret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " +"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " +"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital " +"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. " +"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured " +"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission " +"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." +msgstr "" +"Tænk pÃ¥ de fantastiske dit ting barn kan gøre eller fortage med digital " +"teknologi – filmen, musikken, websiden, bloggen. Eller tænk pÃ¥ de " +"fantastiske dit ting fællesskab kunne fÃ¥ til med digital teknologi – " +"en wiki, oppsetting af lade, kampagne til at ændre noget. Tænk pÃ¥ alle de " +"kreative tingene, og tænk derefter pÃ¥ kold sirup helt ind i maskinerne. " +"Dette er hvad ethvert regime som kræver tilladelser fører til. Dette er " +"virkeligheden sÃ¥dan den var i Brezhnevs Rusland." + +#. PAGE BREAK 311 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " +"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " +"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic " +"question: <quote>Will it do good?</quote> When challenged about the " +"expanding reach of the law, the lawyer answers, <quote>Why not?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Loven bør regulere i visse/vise omrÃ¥der af kulturen – men det bør " +"regulere kultur bare der hen reguleringen bidrager positivt. Alligevel " +"tester advokater sjældent sin kraft, eller kraften/kræfter som de fremmer, " +"mod dette enkle pragmatisk spørgsmÃ¥let: <quote>vil det bidrage positivt?</" +"quote> NÃ¥r de bliver udfordret om den udvidede rækkevidden til loven, er " +"advokat-svaret, <quote>Hvorfor ikke?</quote>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " +"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " +"lawyers away." +msgstr "" +"Vi burde spørge: <quote>Hvorfor?</quote> Vis mig hvorfor din regulering af " +"kultur er nødvendig, og vis mig hvordan reguleringen bidrager positivt. Før " +"du kan vise mig begge, holde din advokater fra." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Notes" +msgstr "Notater" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. " +"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " +"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to " +"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each " +"link below, you can go to <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes\"/> and " +"locate the original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If " +"the original link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the " +"original link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate " +"reference for the material." +msgstr "" +"I denne tekst er det referencer til lænker pÃ¥ verdensveven. Og som alle som " +"har forsøgt at bruge nettet ved, sÃ¥ vil dirre linkene være stort ustabile. " +"Jeg har forsøgt at motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved at omdirigere læsere til " +"den originale kilden gennem en netside som hører til denne bog. For hver " +"lænke under, sÃ¥ kan du gÃ¥ til <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes\"/> " +"og finde den originale kilden ved at klikke pÃ¥ nummeret efter #-tegnet. " +"Hvis den originale lænken fortsat er i live, sÃ¥ vil du blive omdirigeret til " +"den lænken. Hvis den originale lænken har forsvundet, sÃ¥ vil du blive " +"omdirigeret til en passende reference til materialet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Acknowledgments" +msgstr "Tak til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " +"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " +"helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that " +"this book is dedicated." +msgstr "" +"Denne bog er produktet af en lang, og sÃ¥ langt , mislykket kamp som begyndte " +"da jeg læste om Eric Eldreds krig for at sørge for at bøge forblev frie. " +"Eldreds indsats bidrog til at lancere en bevægelse, Fri kultur-bevægelsen, " +"og denne bog er dedikeret ham." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " +"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " +"Kathleen Sullivan. And I received correction and guidance from many amazing " +"students at Stanford Law School and Stanford University. They included " +"Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher Guzelian, Erica " +"Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian Link, Ohad " +"Mayblum, Alina Ng, and Erica Platt. I am particularly grateful to Catherine " +"Crump and Harry Surden, who helped direct their research, and to Laura " +"Lynch, who brilliantly managed the army that they assembled, and provided " +"her own critical eye on much of this." +msgstr "" +"Jeg fik vejledning pÃ¥ forskellige steder fra venner og akademikere, " +"inkluderet Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark " +"Rose og Kathleen Sullivan. Og jeg fik korrektioner og vejledning fra mange " +"fantastiske studenter ved Stanford Law School og Stanford University. Det " +"inkluderer Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Pelses, Christopher Guzelian, " +"Erica Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian-Link, " +"Ohad Mayblum, Alina Ng og Erica Plat. Jeg er særligt taknemmeligt overfor " +"Catherine Crump og Harry Surden, som hjalp til med at styre deres forskning " +"og til Laura Lynch, som brilliant hÃ¥ndterede hæren de samlede, samt bidrog " +"med sit eget kritiske blikke pÃ¥ meget af dette." + +#. PAGE BREAK 337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " +"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " +"prepare this book: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, Michihiro " +"Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata, and Yoshihiro Yonezawa. I am " +"thankful as well as to Professor Nobuhiro Nakayama, and the Tokyo University " +"Business Law Center, for giving me the chance to spend time in Japan, and to " +"Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was " +"there." +msgstr "" +"Yuko Noguchi hjalp mig at forstÃ¥ lovene i Japan, sÃ¥ vel som Japans kultur. " +"Jeg er hende taknemmeligt, og til de mange andre i Japan som hjalp mig med " +"forundersøkelsene til denne bog: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, " +"Michihiro Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata og Yoshihiro Yonezawa. " +"Jeg er ogsÃ¥ taknemmeligt overfor professor Nobuhiro Nakayama og Tokyo " +"University Business Law Center, som gav mig muligheden til at bruge tid i " +"Japan, og Tadashi Shiraishi og Kiyokazu Yamagami for deres generøse hjælp " +"mens jeg var der hen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. " +"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice " +"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have " +"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the " +"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well " +"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my " +"argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik " +"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, " +"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James " +"Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan " +"McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, " +"Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, " +"Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko " +"Williams, <quote>Wink,</quote> Roger Wood, <quote>Ximmbo da Jazz,</quote> " +"and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have missed anyone; with computers come " +"glitches, and a crash of my e-mail system meant I lost a bunch of great " +"replies.)" +msgstr "" +"Dette er de traditionelle former for hjælp som akademikere regelmæssigt " +"trækker pÃ¥. Men i tillæg til dem, har Internet gjort det muligt at modtage " +"rÃ¥d og korrigering fra mange som jeg har aldrig modarbejdet. Blandt de som " +"har svaret med stort nyttige rÃ¥d efter forespørgsler om bogen pÃ¥ bloggen min " +"er Dr. Muhammed Avl-Ubaydli, David Gerstein og Peter Dimauro, i tillæg en " +"lang liste med dem som havde spesifikke idéer om mÃ¥der at udvikle mine " +"argumenter pÃ¥. De inkluderede Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik " +"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guidet, Elihu M. Gerson, " +"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James " +"Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mand, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan " +"McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, " +"Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kraven Sitaker, Chris Smith, " +"Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Tareminen, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko " +"Williams, <quote>Wink,</quote> Roger Wood, <quote>Ximmbo da Jazz,</quote> og " +"Richard Yanco. (jeg beklager hvis jeg gik glipp af nogle, med computere " +"kommer fejl, og en styrt i e-postsystemet mit gjorde at jeg mistede en høj " +"med flotte svar.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " +"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " +"see more clearly the significance of the regulation of derivitive works. And " +"Richard corrected an embarrassingly large number of errors. While my work is " +"in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important " +"places throughout this book." +msgstr "" +"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge læst udkast til hele bogen, og " +"hver af dem har bidraget med stort nyttige korrektioner og rÃ¥d. Michael " +"hjalp mig at se mere tydelig betydningen af regulering for avledede værk. " +"Og Richard korrigerede en pinligt stor mængde fejl. Selv om mit arbejde er " +"delvis inspireret af Stallmans, er han ikke enigt/enig med mig pÃ¥ " +"væsentlige steder i denne bog." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " +"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " +"always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual " +"patience and love." +msgstr "" +"Til slutning, og for evigt, er jeg Bettina taknemmeligt, som altid har " +"insisteret pÃ¥ at det villes være endeløs lykke borte fra disse kampe, og som " +"altid har haft ret . Denne træge elev er som altid taknemmeligt for hendes " +"evigvarende tÃ¥lmodighet og kærlighed." + +#. type: Attribute 'href' of: <book><xi:include> +#, fuzzy +msgid "freeculture-about-edition-en.xml" +msgstr "freeculture-about-edition-nb.xml" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " +"and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." +msgstr "" +"Fri kultur: Hvordan store mediumaktører bruger teknologi og retvæsenet til " +"at begrænse kulturen og kontrollere kreativiteten / Lawrence Lessig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." +msgstr "" +"Opphavsrettbeskyttet © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Nogle rettigheder forbeholdt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" +msgstr "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Published in 2015. First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." +msgstr "Udgivet i 2015 . Udgivet første gang i 2004 af The Penguin Press." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l edition was published by Petter " +"Reinholdtsen with help from many volunteers." +msgstr "" +"Denne udgave pÃ¥ engelsk og bogmÃ¥l er udgivet af Petter Reinholdtsen med " +"hjælp fra mange frivillige." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Typeset with <ulink url=\"http://dblatex.sourceforge.net\">dblatex</ulink> " +"using the font Crimson Text." +msgstr "" +"Typesatt ved hjælp af <ulink url=\"http://dblatex.sourceforge.net\">dblatex</" +"ulink> med skriftsnittet Crimson Text." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</" +"quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, 2003. " +"Copyright © 2003 by The New York Times Co. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" +"Uddrag fra lederartikel <quote>The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,</quote> " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 16 . januar 2003 . " +"Opphavsrettsbeskyttet © 2003 The New York Times Co. Gengivet med tilladelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-" +"handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, " +"Inc. All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." +msgstr "" +"Vitsetegningen i figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1711-" +"vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> er fortaget af Paul Conrad. Ophavsreten tilhører " +"Tribune Medierne Services, Inc. Alle rettigheder forbeholdt. Gengivet med " +"tilladelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-" +"modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, " +"Michael J. Copps." +msgstr "" +"Diagrammet i figur <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" linkend=\"fig-1761-" +"pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> kommer fra kontoret til FCC-" +"kommissionæren, Michael J. Copps." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." +msgstr "Omslag er fortaget af Petter Reinholdtsen ved hjælp af inkscape." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The quotes on the cover came from <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/" +"\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Citaterne pÃ¥ omslaget blev hentet fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"jacket/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " +"Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " +"<ulink url=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File" +"%3ALawrence_Lessig_(11014343366)_(cropped).jpg\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Portrættet pÃ¥ omslaget blev fortaget i 2013 af ActuaLitté og licensieret med " +"en Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0-licens. Det blev lastet ned " +"fra <ulink url=\"https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ALawrence_Lessig_" +"(11014343366)_(cropped).jpg\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Classifications:" +msgstr "Klassifiseringer:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" +msgstr "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "(UDK) 347.78" +msgstr "(UDK) 347.78 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" +msgstr "(USAs kongresbibliotek) KF2979 .L47 2004 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" +msgstr "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink url=\"http://www." +"nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." +msgstr "" +"Trykking blev sponsoreret af NUUG Foundation, <ulink url=\"http://www." +"nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Includes index." +msgstr "Inkluderer register." + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Docbook source is available from <ulink url=\"https://github.com/" +"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please report any issues with " +"the book there." +msgstr "" +"Docbook-kildekoden er tilgængeligt fra <ulink url=\"https://github.com/" +"petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Rapporter ethvert problem med " +"bogen derhen." + +#. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> +#, fuzzy +msgid "images/cc.svg" +msgstr "images/cc.svg" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Format / MIME-type" +msgstr "Format / MIME-type" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "ISBN" +msgstr "ISBN" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" +msgstr "US Trade-udgave fra lulu.com" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "978-82-690182-0-2" +msgstr "978-82-690182-3-3 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "application/pdf" +msgstr "application/pdf" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "978-82-690182-1-9" +msgstr "978-82-690182-4-0 " + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "application/epub+zip" +msgstr "application/epub+zip" + +#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +#, fuzzy +msgid "978-82-690182-2-6" +msgstr "978-82-690182-5-7 " + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Lawrence Lessig" +msgstr "Lawrence Lessig" + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote><citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is an entertaining and important " +"look at the past and future of the cold war between the media industry and " +"new technologies.</quote> — <emphasis>Marc Andreessen, cofounder of " +"Netscape</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"<quote><citetitle>Fri kultur</citetitle> er en adspredende og vigtig kig pÃ¥ " +"fortid og fremtid for den kolde krigen mellem mediaindustrien og nye " +"teknologier.</quote> – <emphasis>Marc Andreessen, medstifter af " +"Netscape</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote><citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> goes beyond illuminating the " +"catastrophe to our culture of increasing regulation to show examples of how " +"we can make a different future. These new-style heroes and examples are " +"rooted in the traditions of the founding fathers in ways that seem obvious " +"after reading this book. Recommended reading to those trying to unravel the " +"shrill hype around <quote>intellectual property.</quote></quote> — " +"<emphasis>Brewster Kahle, founder of the Internet Archive</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"<quote><citetitle>Fri kultur</citetitle> gÃ¥r videre fra at sætte fokus pÃ¥ " +"katastrofen øgende regulering er for vores kultur, og viser eksempler pÃ¥ " +"hvordan vi kan skabe en anderledes fremtid. Denne nye type helte og " +"eksempler er funderet i traditionen til grundlovforfatterne pÃ¥ en mÃ¥de som " +"virker oplagtt/oplagt efter at man har læst denne bog. Anbefales læst af " +"dem som forsøger at se forbi de høylydte overdrivelsene som omgiver " +"<quote>intellektuell ejendom.</quote></quote> – <emphasis>Brewster " +"Kahle, stifter af Internet-arkivet</emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>America needs a national conversation about the way in which so-" +"called <quote>intellectual property rights</quote> have come to dominate the " +"rights of scholars, researchers, and everyday citizens. A copyright cartel, " +"bidding for absolute control over digital worlds, music, and movies, now has " +"a veto over technological innovation and has halted most contributions to " +"the public domain from which so many have benefited. The patent system has " +"spun out of control, giving enormous power to entrenched interests, and even " +"trademarks are being misused. Lawrence Lessig's book is essential reading " +"for anyone who want to join this conversation. He explains how technology " +"and the law are robbing us of the public domain; but for all his educated " +"pessimism, Professor Lessig offers some solutions, too, because he " +"recognizes that technology can be the catalyst for freedom. If you care " +"about the future of innovation, read this book.</quote> — " +"<emphasis>Dan Gillmor, author of <citetitle>We the media</citetitle>, an " +"book on the collision of media and technology</emphasis>" +msgstr "" +"<quote>USA behøver en national diskussion om hvordan det som kaldes " +"<quote>intellektuelle ejendomretter</quote> har endt op med at dominere " +"rettighederne til akademikere, forskere og helt normale borgere. Et " +"ophavsretkartel, som ønsker total kontrol over de digitale verdener, musik " +"og film, har nu vetoret over teknologiske nyvindinger, og har stoppet de " +"fleste bidragene til allemannseiet som sÃ¥ mange har haft nytte af. " +"Patentsystemet har kommet ud af kontrol, og giver enorm magt til de " +"interesser som har befestet sig. Selv varemærker bliver misbrugt. Lawrence " +"Lessigs bog bør læses af alle som ønsker at angive i denne diskussion. Han " +"forklarer hvordan teknologi og retvæsenet røver allemannseiet fra os. Men " +"pÃ¥ trods af sin godt funderede pessimisme tilbyder professor Lessig ogsÃ¥ " +"nogle løsninger, da han forstÃ¥r at teknologi ogsÃ¥ kan være en katalysator " +"for frihed. Hvis du generer dig om fremtiden til nyskabning, læs denne bog.</" +"quote> – <emphasis>Dan Gillmor, forfatter af <citetitle>We the " +"medierne</citetitle>, en bog om sammenstøtet mellem medierne og teknologi</" +"emphasis>" + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Published by Petter Reinholdtsen." +msgstr "Udgivet af Petter Reinholdtsen." + +#. type: Content of: <chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +msgid "Photo: ActuaLitté CC BY-SA 2.0 from Wikimedia" +msgstr "Foto: ActuaLitté CC BY-SAGDE 2.0 fra Wikimedia"