From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Wed, 31 Jul 2013 22:24:48 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~895 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/d65c063dcc5019c703e0f6e578052e7789a31bf2?hp=d9d5a160f056ff3f0887fa8cd18c8481fbd4c0dc Update. --- diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 70e45a0..baf8e50 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-07-28 08:21+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2013-07-31 23:43+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -344,12 +344,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:313 freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:313 freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:314 freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13770 +#: freeculture.xml:314 freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:404 freeculture.xml:14793 +#: freeculture.xml:404 freeculture.xml:14798 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:4623 freeculture.xml:13672 freeculture.xml:14794 +#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:4623 freeculture.xml:13677 freeculture.xml:14799 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:14794 +#: freeculture.xml:405 freeculture.xml:14799 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:442 freeculture.xml:475 freeculture.xml:495 freeculture.xml:681 freeculture.xml:808 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:953 freeculture.xml:1001 freeculture.xml:9523 freeculture.xml:13088 freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:429 freeculture.xml:442 freeculture.xml:475 freeculture.xml:495 freeculture.xml:681 freeculture.xml:808 freeculture.xml:935 freeculture.xml:953 freeculture.xml:1001 freeculture.xml:9527 freeculture.xml:13093 freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:476 freeculture.xml:496 freeculture.xml:682 freeculture.xml:809 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:954 freeculture.xml:1002 freeculture.xml:9524 freeculture.xml:13089 freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:430 freeculture.xml:443 freeculture.xml:476 freeculture.xml:496 freeculture.xml:682 freeculture.xml:809 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:954 freeculture.xml:1002 freeculture.xml:9528 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:445 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:5114 freeculture.xml:14181 +#: freeculture.xml:445 freeculture.xml:4512 freeculture.xml:5114 freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -637,7 +637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:9531 freeculture.xml:10225 +#: freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:9535 freeculture.xml:10230 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -657,7 +657,7 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:4254 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:10132 +#: freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:4254 freeculture.xml:6789 freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "radio" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:1074 freeculture.xml:2325 freeculture.xml:2337 freeculture.xml:2421 freeculture.xml:2455 freeculture.xml:2481 freeculture.xml:2731 freeculture.xml:6673 freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7602 freeculture.xml:10131 freeculture.xml:13404 freeculture.xml:13964 freeculture.xml:13965 freeculture.xml:14039 +#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:1074 freeculture.xml:2325 freeculture.xml:2337 freeculture.xml:2421 freeculture.xml:2455 freeculture.xml:2481 freeculture.xml:2731 freeculture.xml:6673 freeculture.xml:7529 freeculture.xml:7602 freeculture.xml:10136 freeculture.xml:13409 freeculture.xml:13969 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:13404 freeculture.xml:13964 +#: freeculture.xml:701 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:13409 freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1018,7 +1018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:764 freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:2829 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:7761 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:9591 freeculture.xml:9865 freeculture.xml:9866 freeculture.xml:9867 freeculture.xml:9910 +#: freeculture.xml:764 freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:2829 freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:2857 freeculture.xml:2858 freeculture.xml:7761 freeculture.xml:9594 freeculture.xml:9595 freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:9871 freeculture.xml:9872 freeculture.xml:9915 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits" msgstr "" @@ -1059,7 +1059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1675 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:6446 freeculture.xml:14004 +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1675 freeculture.xml:5221 freeculture.xml:6446 freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1079,7 +1079,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:794 freeculture.xml:10115 +#: freeculture.xml:794 freeculture.xml:10120 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1212,7 +1212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:6937 freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:6984 freeculture.xml:7572 freeculture.xml:11118 freeculture.xml:11409 freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:6824 freeculture.xml:6937 freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:6984 freeculture.xml:7572 freeculture.xml:11123 freeculture.xml:11414 freeculture.xml:12060 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1222,7 +1222,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:887 freeculture.xml:1052 freeculture.xml:1159 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1572 freeculture.xml:1686 freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:4664 freeculture.xml:5265 freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6891 freeculture.xml:6971 freeculture.xml:6972 freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7317 freeculture.xml:7352 freeculture.xml:7466 freeculture.xml:7467 freeculture.xml:7528 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7667 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7740 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7839 freeculture.xml:9751 freeculture.xml:10104 freeculture.xml:11058 freeculture.xml:11103 +#: freeculture.xml:887 freeculture.xml:1052 freeculture.xml:1159 freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:1528 freeculture.xml:1572 freeculture.xml:1686 freeculture.xml:3089 freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4252 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:4664 freeculture.xml:5265 freeculture.xml:6448 freeculture.xml:6891 freeculture.xml:6971 freeculture.xml:6972 freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7287 freeculture.xml:7317 freeculture.xml:7352 freeculture.xml:7466 freeculture.xml:7467 freeculture.xml:7528 freeculture.xml:7562 freeculture.xml:7667 freeculture.xml:7681 freeculture.xml:7740 freeculture.xml:7741 freeculture.xml:7839 freeculture.xml:9756 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:11063 freeculture.xml:11108 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" @@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:889 freeculture.xml:899 freeculture.xml:15192 +#: freeculture.xml:889 freeculture.xml:899 freeculture.xml:15197 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1299,7 +1299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:937 freeculture.xml:13320 freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13573 +#: freeculture.xml:937 freeculture.xml:13325 freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:13578 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1495,7 +1495,7 @@ msgid "efficient content distribution on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:6674 freeculture.xml:11106 +#: freeculture.xml:1075 freeculture.xml:6674 freeculture.xml:11111 msgid "peer-to-peer (p2p) file sharing" msgstr "" @@ -1793,7 +1793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1462 freeculture.xml:1516 freeculture.xml:1657 freeculture.xml:1903 freeculture.xml:4499 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:10999 freeculture.xml:11412 +#: freeculture.xml:1245 freeculture.xml:1462 freeculture.xml:1516 freeculture.xml:1657 freeculture.xml:1903 freeculture.xml:4499 freeculture.xml:6191 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:11004 freeculture.xml:11417 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -1911,7 +1911,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1314 freeculture.xml:1473 freeculture.xml:2984 freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7532 freeculture.xml:15258 +#: freeculture.xml:1314 freeculture.xml:1473 freeculture.xml:2984 freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:7354 freeculture.xml:7532 freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -1984,7 +1984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1363 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:11000 +#: freeculture.xml:1363 freeculture.xml:1658 freeculture.xml:11005 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2041,17 +2041,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4717 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:4877 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:6642 freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:7013 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:7285 freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:7760 freeculture.xml:11057 freeculture.xml:11081 freeculture.xml:11410 freeculture.xml:11411 +#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4717 freeculture.xml:4783 freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:4877 freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:6642 freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:7013 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:7078 freeculture.xml:7201 freeculture.xml:7248 freeculture.xml:7285 freeculture.xml:7593 freeculture.xml:7760 freeculture.xml:11062 freeculture.xml:11086 freeculture.xml:11415 freeculture.xml:11416 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4877 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:11057 freeculture.xml:11411 +#: freeculture.xml:1408 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:4877 freeculture.xml:6941 freeculture.xml:6944 freeculture.xml:7039 freeculture.xml:11062 freeculture.xml:11416 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1409 freeculture.xml:1410 freeculture.xml:5153 freeculture.xml:7043 freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:8051 freeculture.xml:10991 freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:14198 freeculture.xml:14199 +#: freeculture.xml:1409 freeculture.xml:1410 freeculture.xml:5153 freeculture.xml:7043 freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:8051 freeculture.xml:10996 freeculture.xml:13413 freeculture.xml:14203 freeculture.xml:14204 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2742,7 +2742,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1904 freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:1904 freeculture.xml:9682 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -2813,7 +2813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1956 freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:1956 freeculture.xml:9923 msgid "Napster" msgstr "" @@ -2959,7 +2959,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2051 freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:15256 +#: freeculture.xml:2051 freeculture.xml:6749 freeculture.xml:15261 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -3904,7 +3904,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2725 freeculture.xml:2769 freeculture.xml:9593 +#: freeculture.xml:2725 freeculture.xml:2769 freeculture.xml:9597 msgid "Jordan, Jesse" msgstr "" @@ -3991,7 +3991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2770 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3689 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:13507 freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:2770 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3689 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:13512 freeculture.xml:13581 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4069,7 +4069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:9591 freeculture.xml:9867 +#: freeculture.xml:2828 freeculture.xml:9595 freeculture.xml:9872 msgid "in recording industry" msgstr "" @@ -4079,22 +4079,22 @@ msgid "against student file sharing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:9868 freeculture.xml:10279 freeculture.xml:10280 freeculture.xml:10281 freeculture.xml:10437 +#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:9873 freeculture.xml:10284 freeculture.xml:10285 freeculture.xml:10286 freeculture.xml:10442 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:9868 +#: freeculture.xml:2830 freeculture.xml:9873 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:9869 freeculture.xml:10282 freeculture.xml:10283 freeculture.xml:10435 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:2860 freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:10287 freeculture.xml:10288 freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:9869 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 freeculture.xml:9874 msgid "copyright infringement lawsuits filed by" msgstr "" @@ -4125,7 +4125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9590 freeculture.xml:9866 +#: freeculture.xml:2856 freeculture.xml:9594 freeculture.xml:9871 msgid "exaggerated claims of" msgstr "" @@ -4251,22 +4251,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:5509 freeculture.xml:5558 freeculture.xml:10177 freeculture.xml:10275 freeculture.xml:10436 freeculture.xml:10459 freeculture.xml:15157 freeculture.xml:15222 +#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:5509 freeculture.xml:5558 freeculture.xml:10182 freeculture.xml:10280 freeculture.xml:10441 freeculture.xml:10464 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15227 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:10177 freeculture.xml:10275 freeculture.xml:10436 freeculture.xml:10459 freeculture.xml:15157 freeculture.xml:15222 +#: freeculture.xml:2927 freeculture.xml:3311 freeculture.xml:4248 freeculture.xml:10182 freeculture.xml:10280 freeculture.xml:10441 freeculture.xml:10464 freeculture.xml:15162 freeculture.xml:15227 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:10279 freeculture.xml:10437 +#: freeculture.xml:2928 freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:10284 freeculture.xml:10442 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:10283 +#: freeculture.xml:2929 freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "lobbying power of" msgstr "" @@ -4407,12 +4407,12 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3032 freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4481 freeculture.xml:10325 +#: freeculture.xml:3032 freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:4481 freeculture.xml:10330 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3056 freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:10045 freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:3056 freeculture.xml:4480 freeculture.xml:10050 freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -4564,7 +4564,7 @@ msgstr "" #: freeculture.xml:3142 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " -"and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " +"and H.R. 19853 Before the (Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " "sess. (1906) (statement of Senator Alfred B. Kittredge, of South Dakota, " "chairman), reprinted in Legislative History of the Copyright " "Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South " @@ -4636,22 +4636,22 @@ msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:6951 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:10276 freeculture.xml:10277 freeculture.xml:10278 freeculture.xml:11056 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:12054 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:6951 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:10281 freeculture.xml:10282 freeculture.xml:10283 freeculture.xml:11061 freeculture.xml:11122 freeculture.xml:12059 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:10276 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:4250 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:7040 freeculture.xml:7154 freeculture.xml:10281 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:10278 +#: freeculture.xml:3179 freeculture.xml:4251 freeculture.xml:10283 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:10104 +#: freeculture.xml:3180 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:10109 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" @@ -4722,7 +4722,7 @@ msgid "compulsory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3224 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:10103 +#: freeculture.xml:3224 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:10108 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" @@ -4738,7 +4738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3233 freeculture.xml:14853 +#: freeculture.xml:3233 freeculture.xml:14858 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4758,7 +4758,7 @@ msgstr "" #: freeculture.xml:3260 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " -"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " +"H.R. 11794 Before the (Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " "217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " "Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, " "E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman " @@ -4828,7 +4828,7 @@ msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:10280 +#: freeculture.xml:3310 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:10285 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" @@ -4871,7 +4871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:9347 freeculture.xml:9821 freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:3346 freeculture.xml:9351 freeculture.xml:9826 freeculture.xml:12907 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4944,7 +4944,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:4272 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:15255 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 freeculture.xml:4272 freeculture.xml:8542 freeculture.xml:8581 freeculture.xml:15260 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5188,12 +5188,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:3632 freeculture.xml:3682 freeculture.xml:15257 +#: freeculture.xml:3552 freeculture.xml:3632 freeculture.xml:3682 freeculture.xml:15262 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3553 freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:9822 freeculture.xml:10677 freeculture.xml:14648 freeculture.xml:15239 +#: freeculture.xml:3553 freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:9827 freeculture.xml:10682 freeculture.xml:14653 freeculture.xml:15244 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5275,7 +5275,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3626 freeculture.xml:13194 freeculture.xml:13685 freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:3626 freeculture.xml:13199 freeculture.xml:13690 freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5312,7 +5312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3647 freeculture.xml:3921 freeculture.xml:15405 +#: freeculture.xml:3647 freeculture.xml:3921 freeculture.xml:15410 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5375,22 +5375,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:15258 +#: freeculture.xml:3683 freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:13505 freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:3684 freeculture.xml:13510 freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3685 freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:11986 freeculture.xml:13520 freeculture.xml:14147 +#: freeculture.xml:3685 freeculture.xml:3715 freeculture.xml:11991 freeculture.xml:13525 freeculture.xml:14152 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:11988 freeculture.xml:13521 freeculture.xml:14148 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3716 freeculture.xml:11993 freeculture.xml:13526 freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5431,12 +5431,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:4962 freeculture.xml:6449 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6658 freeculture.xml:7069 freeculture.xml:14179 +#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:4738 freeculture.xml:4962 freeculture.xml:6449 freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:6658 freeculture.xml:7069 freeculture.xml:14184 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:14179 +#: freeculture.xml:3704 freeculture.xml:14184 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5552,7 +5552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3782 freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:9752 +#: freeculture.xml:3782 freeculture.xml:3790 freeculture.xml:9757 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" @@ -5767,12 +5767,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:3947 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:14965 +#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:3947 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:10106 freeculture.xml:14970 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:10101 freeculture.xml:10102 freeculture.xml:14965 freeculture.xml:14966 +#: freeculture.xml:3938 freeculture.xml:4304 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8370 freeculture.xml:10106 freeculture.xml:10107 freeculture.xml:14970 freeculture.xml:14971 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -5987,12 +5987,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4662 freeculture.xml:6119 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:6176 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:7527 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:14351 freeculture.xml:15077 freeculture.xml:15078 +#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4662 freeculture.xml:6119 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:6176 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:7527 freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:14356 freeculture.xml:15082 freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:15078 +#: freeculture.xml:4102 freeculture.xml:4110 freeculture.xml:7140 freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6031,7 +6031,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:6119 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:15077 +#: freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:6119 freeculture.xml:6124 freeculture.xml:7141 freeculture.xml:15082 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6063,7 +6063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:14351 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:14356 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6651,7 +6651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4603 freeculture.xml:6410 freeculture.xml:14338 +#: freeculture.xml:4603 freeculture.xml:6410 freeculture.xml:14343 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -6746,7 +6746,7 @@ msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4666 freeculture.xml:13879 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" @@ -7142,7 +7142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:11081 +#: freeculture.xml:4923 freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5152 freeculture.xml:11086 msgid "in perpetuity" msgstr "" @@ -7265,7 +7265,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:15501 +#: freeculture.xml:5020 freeculture.xml:15506 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7946,7 +7946,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5499 freeculture.xml:5559 freeculture.xml:5744 freeculture.xml:10434 freeculture.xml:14868 +#: freeculture.xml:5499 freeculture.xml:5559 freeculture.xml:5744 freeculture.xml:10439 freeculture.xml:14873 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8429,7 +8429,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5856 freeculture.xml:9181 freeculture.xml:11499 freeculture.xml:11744 +#: freeculture.xml:5856 freeculture.xml:9181 freeculture.xml:11504 freeculture.xml:11749 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" @@ -8583,7 +8583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5959 freeculture.xml:6014 freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:5959 freeculture.xml:6014 freeculture.xml:10424 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" @@ -8598,7 +8598,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5963 freeculture.xml:10990 freeculture.xml:14050 freeculture.xml:14180 freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 freeculture.xml:10995 freeculture.xml:14055 freeculture.xml:14185 freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -8694,7 +8694,7 @@ msgid "" "the Library of Congress, Film Library " "Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; Anthony Slide, " "Nitrate Won't Wait: A History of Film Preservation in the United " -"States ( Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." +"States (Jefferson, N.C.: McFarland & Co., 1992), 36." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -8963,7 +8963,7 @@ msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:10178 +#: freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:10183 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" @@ -9267,7 +9267,7 @@ msgid "four modalities of constraint on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6447 freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:9753 freeculture.xml:9870 +#: freeculture.xml:6447 freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:9758 freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "regulation" msgstr "" @@ -9347,7 +9347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6495 freeculture.xml:6544 freeculture.xml:6636 freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:9762 freeculture.xml:9996 +#: freeculture.xml:6495 freeculture.xml:6544 freeculture.xml:6636 freeculture.xml:6675 freeculture.xml:9767 freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" @@ -9639,7 +9639,7 @@ msgid "Commerce, U.S. Department of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:9753 +#: freeculture.xml:6703 freeculture.xml:9758 msgid "as establishment protectionism" msgstr "" @@ -9747,12 +9747,12 @@ msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:15444 +#: freeculture.xml:6787 freeculture.xml:15449 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6790 freeculture.xml:13644 +#: freeculture.xml:6790 freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -9981,17 +9981,17 @@ msgid "on creative property" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:11409 +#: freeculture.xml:6938 freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 freeculture.xml:11123 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:11410 +#: freeculture.xml:6940 freeculture.xml:11415 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" @@ -10001,7 +10001,7 @@ msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6943 freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:6943 freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10298,12 +10298,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:7155 freeculture.xml:11061 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:11058 +#: freeculture.xml:7156 freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "term extensions in" msgstr "" @@ -10319,12 +10319,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7165 freeculture.xml:7200 freeculture.xml:11082 freeculture.xml:15362 +#: freeculture.xml:7165 freeculture.xml:7200 freeculture.xml:11087 freeculture.xml:15367 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:11062 +#: freeculture.xml:7166 freeculture.xml:11067 msgid "future patents vs. future copyrights in" msgstr "" @@ -10342,12 +10342,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:11061 freeculture.xml:11062 freeculture.xml:13149 freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:11066 freeculture.xml:11067 freeculture.xml:13154 freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:11061 +#: freeculture.xml:7177 freeculture.xml:11066 msgid "in public domain" msgstr "" @@ -10382,7 +10382,7 @@ msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:13303 +#: freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:13308 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" @@ -10925,7 +10925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:10132 +#: freeculture.xml:7601 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" @@ -11076,7 +11076,7 @@ msgid "Video Pipeline" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7721 freeculture.xml:15259 +#: freeculture.xml:7721 freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" @@ -11096,7 +11096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7729 freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:14005 +#: freeculture.xml:7729 freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:14010 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -11445,12 +11445,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7967 freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:7967 freeculture.xml:9808 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7968 freeculture.xml:9804 freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11166 freeculture.xml:13459 +#: freeculture.xml:7968 freeculture.xml:9809 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:11171 freeculture.xml:13464 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" @@ -11771,7 +11771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8206 freeculture.xml:10758 +#: freeculture.xml:8206 freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" @@ -12230,7 +12230,7 @@ msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8544 freeculture.xml:9913 +#: freeculture.xml:8544 freeculture.xml:9918 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" @@ -12240,7 +12240,7 @@ msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:8546 freeculture.xml:9920 +#: freeculture.xml:8546 freeculture.xml:9925 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" @@ -13037,20 +13037,25 @@ msgid "" "the scope of the interests protected by property. The very " "birth of copyright as a statutory right recognized those " "limits, by granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the " -"story of chapter 6). The tradition of fair use is animated by " -"a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of " -"exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of chapter " -"7). Adding statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another " -"familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter 8). And " -"granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of " -"property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul of a " -"culture (chapter 9). Free cultures, like free markets, are built with " -"property. But the nature of the property that builds a free culture is very " -"different from the extremist vision that dominates the debate today." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:9202 +"story of chapter ). The tradition of fair use is " +"animated by a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs " +"of exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of " +"chapter ). Adding statutory rights where markets might stifle " +"innovation is another familiar limit on the property right that copyright is " +"(chapter ). And granting archives and libraries a broad " +"freedom to collect, claims of property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of " +"guaranteeing the soul of a culture (chapter ). Free cultures, like free markets, " +"are built with property. But the nature of the property that builds a free " +"culture is very different from the extremist vision that dominates the " +"debate today." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:9206 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -13065,33 +13070,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9219 +#: freeculture.xml:9223 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9223 +#: freeculture.xml:9227 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9224 +#: freeculture.xml:9228 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9225 +#: freeculture.xml:9229 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9226 +#: freeculture.xml:9230 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9234 +#: freeculture.xml:9238 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -13100,7 +13105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9229 +#: freeculture.xml:9233 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -13115,7 +13120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9246 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -13130,7 +13135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9258 +#: freeculture.xml:9262 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -13144,7 +13149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9269 +#: freeculture.xml:9273 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -13154,14 +13159,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9275 +#: freeculture.xml:9279 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9279 +#: freeculture.xml:9283 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -13169,7 +13174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -13178,7 +13183,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9290 +#: freeculture.xml:9294 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -13188,7 +13193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9296 +#: freeculture.xml:9300 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -13200,7 +13205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9310 +#: freeculture.xml:9314 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -13211,7 +13216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9318 +#: freeculture.xml:9322 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -13228,7 +13233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9332 +#: freeculture.xml:9336 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -13241,7 +13246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9341 +#: freeculture.xml:9345 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -13253,7 +13258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9352 +#: freeculture.xml:9356 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -13265,7 +13270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9362 +#: freeculture.xml:9366 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -13275,22 +13280,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 freeculture.xml:9664 freeculture.xml:10759 +#: freeculture.xml:9382 freeculture.xml:9669 freeculture.xml:10764 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9409 +#: freeculture.xml:9413 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9410 freeculture.xml:10170 +#: freeculture.xml:9414 freeculture.xml:10175 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9382 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -13326,7 +13331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9369 +#: freeculture.xml:9373 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -13339,7 +13344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9416 +#: freeculture.xml:9420 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -13349,7 +13354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9423 +#: freeculture.xml:9427 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -13363,7 +13368,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9435 +#: freeculture.xml:9439 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -13374,7 +13379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9443 +#: freeculture.xml:9447 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -13388,14 +13393,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9456 +#: freeculture.xml:9460 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9460 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -13406,7 +13411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9477 +#: freeculture.xml:9481 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -13417,7 +13422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9467 +#: freeculture.xml:9471 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -13430,12 +13435,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9491 freeculture.xml:9864 +#: freeculture.xml:9495 freeculture.xml:9869 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9488 +#: freeculture.xml:9492 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -13443,7 +13448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9494 +#: freeculture.xml:9498 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -13451,12 +13456,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9502 +#: freeculture.xml:9506 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9504 +#: freeculture.xml:9508 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -13467,7 +13472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9512 +#: freeculture.xml:9516 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -13476,7 +13481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9518 +#: freeculture.xml:9522 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13485,7 +13490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9526 +#: freeculture.xml:9530 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -13495,7 +13500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9534 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -13505,12 +13510,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9541 +#: freeculture.xml:9545 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9543 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -13527,7 +13532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9558 +#: freeculture.xml:9562 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -13542,7 +13547,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9569 +#: freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -13552,7 +13557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9579 +#: freeculture.xml:9583 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -13566,17 +13571,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9589 freeculture.xml:9612 +#: freeculture.xml:9593 freeculture.xml:9617 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9596 msgid "doctors malpractice claims against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9607 +#: freeculture.xml:9612 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13587,12 +13592,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9628 +#: freeculture.xml:9633 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9619 +#: freeculture.xml:9624 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13606,34 +13611,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9595 +#: freeculture.xml:9599 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " "impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed and what's not, and at the " "same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The " -"four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 " -"was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search " -"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which " -"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in " -"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere " -"$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " -"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the " -"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in " -"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " -"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " -"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " -"negligently butchering a patient?" +"four students who were threatened by the RIAA (Jesse Jordan of chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"catalogs\"/> was just one) were " +"threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search engines that " +"permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which defrauded investors " +"of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market capitalization of " +"over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere $750 million.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed in Congress " +"right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an operation " +"would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and " +"suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense " +"recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading " +"two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently " +"butchering a patient?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9634 +#: freeculture.xml:9639 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9655 +#: freeculture.xml:9660 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13643,7 +13649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9636 +#: freeculture.xml:9641 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13663,7 +13669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9666 +#: freeculture.xml:9671 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13677,7 +13683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9679 +#: freeculture.xml:9684 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13691,7 +13697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9690 +#: freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13702,7 +13708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9701 +#: freeculture.xml:9706 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13715,7 +13721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9711 +#: freeculture.xml:9716 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13728,7 +13734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9722 +#: freeculture.xml:9727 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13741,13 +13747,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:9738 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9737 +#: freeculture.xml:9742 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13760,22 +13766,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:9755 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9751 +#: freeculture.xml:9756 msgid "innovation hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9752 +#: freeculture.xml:9757 msgid "industry establishment opposed to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9755 +#: freeculture.xml:9760 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13786,7 +13792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9764 +#: freeculture.xml:9769 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13799,7 +13805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9775 +#: freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13814,18 +13820,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9788 freeculture.xml:9909 freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9793 freeculture.xml:9914 freeculture.xml:9920 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9789 freeculture.xml:9921 +#: freeculture.xml:9794 freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "venture capitalists" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9791 +#: freeculture.xml:9796 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13840,7 +13846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9806 +#: freeculture.xml:9811 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13848,22 +13854,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9810 +#: freeculture.xml:9815 msgid "MP3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:9816 msgid "my.mp3.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9812 +#: freeculture.xml:9817 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9814 +#: freeculture.xml:9819 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13874,12 +13880,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9822 +#: freeculture.xml:9827 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9824 +#: freeculture.xml:9829 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13889,7 +13895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9831 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -13904,7 +13910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9843 +#: freeculture.xml:9848 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13914,7 +13920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9853 +#: freeculture.xml:9858 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13928,17 +13934,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9865 freeculture.xml:9910 +#: freeculture.xml:9870 freeculture.xml:9915 msgid "distribution technology targeted in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9870 +#: freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "outsize penalties of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9872 +#: freeculture.xml:9877 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -13950,12 +13956,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9882 +#: freeculture.xml:9887 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9885 +#: freeculture.xml:9890 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -13968,7 +13974,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9896 +#: freeculture.xml:9901 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -13980,43 +13986,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9911 +#: freeculture.xml:9916 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:9917 msgid "cars, MP3 sound systems in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9914 +#: freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9916 +#: freeculture.xml:9921 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9917 +#: freeculture.xml:9922 msgid "MP3 players" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:9923 msgid "venture capital for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9919 freeculture.xml:9965 +#: freeculture.xml:9924 freeculture.xml:9970 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9929 +#: freeculture.xml:9934 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -14029,7 +14035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -14049,7 +14055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9961 +#: freeculture.xml:9966 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -14059,7 +14065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9952 +#: freeculture.xml:9957 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -14071,7 +14077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9973 +#: freeculture.xml:9978 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -14083,7 +14089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9983 +#: freeculture.xml:9988 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -14099,7 +14105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9998 +#: freeculture.xml:10003 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -14114,7 +14120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10010 +#: freeculture.xml:10015 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -14133,7 +14139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10029 +#: freeculture.xml:10034 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -14143,7 +14149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10036 +#: freeculture.xml:10041 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14157,7 +14163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10056 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -14167,12 +14173,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10064 +#: freeculture.xml:10069 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10047 +#: freeculture.xml:10052 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -14190,7 +14196,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10073 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -14200,20 +14206,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10077 freeculture.xml:11987 +#: freeculture.xml:10082 freeculture.xml:11992 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10083 +#: freeculture.xml:10088 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10084 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -14223,7 +14229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10091 +#: freeculture.xml:10096 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -14231,7 +14237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10096 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -14240,12 +14246,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10114 +#: freeculture.xml:10119 msgid "Digital Copyright (Litman)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10112 +#: freeculture.xml:10117 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -14253,7 +14259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10106 +#: freeculture.xml:10111 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -14268,7 +14274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10125 +#: freeculture.xml:10130 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -14278,17 +14284,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10131 +#: freeculture.xml:10136 msgid "radio on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10136 +#: freeculture.xml:10141 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10136 +#: freeculture.xml:10141 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -14307,17 +14313,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10155 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10171 +#: freeculture.xml:10176 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10155 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -14338,7 +14344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10134 +#: freeculture.xml:10139 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -14350,7 +14356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10182 +#: freeculture.xml:10187 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -14364,7 +14370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10193 +#: freeculture.xml:10198 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -14377,7 +14383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10204 +#: freeculture.xml:10209 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14388,7 +14394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10213 +#: freeculture.xml:10218 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -14404,7 +14410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10229 +#: freeculture.xml:10234 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -14416,12 +14422,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10253 +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:10244 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -14439,12 +14445,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10263 +#: freeculture.xml:10268 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10258 +#: freeculture.xml:10263 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -14454,7 +14460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10268 +#: freeculture.xml:10273 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -14464,23 +14470,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10277 +#: freeculture.xml:10282 msgid "on radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10286 msgid "Internet radio hampered by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10282 freeculture.xml:10435 +#: freeculture.xml:10287 freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "on Internet radio fees" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10285 +#: freeculture.xml:10290 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14495,12 +14501,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10324 +#: freeculture.xml:10329 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10307 +#: freeculture.xml:10312 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -14522,7 +14528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10300 +#: freeculture.xml:10305 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -14533,7 +14539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10336 +#: freeculture.xml:10341 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -14542,57 +14548,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10344 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10350 +#: freeculture.xml:10355 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10353 +#: freeculture.xml:10358 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10356 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10359 +#: freeculture.xml:10364 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:10367 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10365 +#: freeculture.xml:10370 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10368 +#: freeculture.xml:10373 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10371 +#: freeculture.xml:10376 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10374 +#: freeculture.xml:10379 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -14600,77 +14606,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10377 +#: freeculture.xml:10382 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10380 +#: freeculture.xml:10385 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10383 +#: freeculture.xml:10388 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10386 +#: freeculture.xml:10391 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10389 +#: freeculture.xml:10394 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10392 +#: freeculture.xml:10397 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10395 +#: freeculture.xml:10400 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10398 +#: freeculture.xml:10403 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10401 +#: freeculture.xml:10406 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10404 +#: freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10412 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10410 +#: freeculture.xml:10415 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10418 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10416 +#: freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10421 +#: freeculture.xml:10426 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14681,7 +14687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10429 +#: freeculture.xml:10434 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14689,12 +14695,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10433 freeculture.xml:15238 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 freeculture.xml:15243 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10439 +#: freeculture.xml:10444 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14703,7 +14709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10450 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14717,7 +14723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10461 +#: freeculture.xml:10466 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14726,7 +14732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10473 +#: freeculture.xml:10478 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14737,12 +14743,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10489 +#: freeculture.xml:10494 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:10496 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14750,7 +14756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10497 +#: freeculture.xml:10502 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14759,7 +14765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10506 +#: freeculture.xml:10511 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14770,7 +14776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10502 +#: freeculture.xml:10507 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14788,7 +14794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10540 +#: freeculture.xml:10545 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14796,7 +14802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10527 +#: freeculture.xml:10532 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14818,13 +14824,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10551 +#: freeculture.xml:10556 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10563 +#: freeculture.xml:10568 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14833,7 +14839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10571 +#: freeculture.xml:10576 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14842,7 +14848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10581 +#: freeculture.xml:10586 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14850,7 +14856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10553 +#: freeculture.xml:10558 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -14873,12 +14879,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10589 +#: freeculture.xml:10594 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10591 +#: freeculture.xml:10596 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14897,7 +14903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10608 +#: freeculture.xml:10613 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14911,7 +14917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10621 +#: freeculture.xml:10626 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14921,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:10633 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -14938,7 +14944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10642 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -14952,13 +14958,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10654 +#: freeculture.xml:10659 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10657 +#: freeculture.xml:10662 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -14969,7 +14975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10668 +#: freeculture.xml:10673 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -14981,17 +14987,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10676 +#: freeculture.xml:10681 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10677 +#: freeculture.xml:10682 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10679 +#: freeculture.xml:10684 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -15005,7 +15011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#: freeculture.xml:10695 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -15018,7 +15024,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10700 +#: freeculture.xml:10705 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -15032,7 +15038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10715 +#: freeculture.xml:10720 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -15044,7 +15050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10724 +#: freeculture.xml:10729 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -15057,7 +15063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10735 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -15069,7 +15075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10744 +#: freeculture.xml:10749 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -15079,7 +15085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10750 +#: freeculture.xml:10755 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15088,7 +15094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10761 +#: freeculture.xml:10766 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -15100,19 +15106,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10769 freeculture.xml:10869 +#: freeculture.xml:10774 freeculture.xml:10874 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10771 +#: freeculture.xml:10776 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10781 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15126,7 +15132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10788 +#: freeculture.xml:10793 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -15134,7 +15140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10793 +#: freeculture.xml:10798 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -15146,7 +15152,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10811 +#: freeculture.xml:10816 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -15163,7 +15169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10802 +#: freeculture.xml:10807 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -15177,7 +15183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10829 +#: freeculture.xml:10834 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -15185,7 +15191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10825 +#: freeculture.xml:10830 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -15197,7 +15203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:10855 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -15220,7 +15226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#: freeculture.xml:10843 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -15238,7 +15244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10871 +#: freeculture.xml:10876 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15252,7 +15258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10886 +#: freeculture.xml:10891 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -15273,7 +15279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10906 +#: freeculture.xml:10911 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -15284,12 +15290,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10919 +#: freeculture.xml:10924 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10924 +#: freeculture.xml:10929 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -15299,7 +15305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10931 +#: freeculture.xml:10936 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -15309,7 +15315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10939 +#: freeculture.xml:10944 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -15322,7 +15328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10949 +#: freeculture.xml:10954 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -15332,7 +15338,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10957 +#: freeculture.xml:10962 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -15340,7 +15346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10962 +#: freeculture.xml:10967 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -15349,7 +15355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10968 +#: freeculture.xml:10973 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -15358,22 +15364,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10978 +#: freeculture.xml:10983 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10979 +#: freeculture.xml:10984 msgid "Eldred, Eric" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10980 +#: freeculture.xml:10985 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10982 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -15385,17 +15391,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10990 +#: freeculture.xml:10995 msgid "of public-domain literature" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10991 +#: freeculture.xml:10996 msgid "library of works derived from" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10993 +#: freeculture.xml:10998 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -15405,7 +15411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:11007 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -15417,12 +15423,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11012 +#: freeculture.xml:11017 msgid "Scarlet Letter, The (Hawthorne)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11014 +#: freeculture.xml:11019 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -15438,12 +15444,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11039 freeculture.xml:12086 +#: freeculture.xml:11044 freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11039 +#: freeculture.xml:11044 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -15462,7 +15468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11028 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -15477,17 +15483,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11059 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "Frost, Robert" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11060 +#: freeculture.xml:11065 msgid "New Hampshire (Frost)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11069 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -15503,17 +15509,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11079 freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11096 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11080 freeculture.xml:11092 +#: freeculture.xml:11085 freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11096 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -15526,7 +15532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11086 +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -15535,27 +15541,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11103 +#: freeculture.xml:11108 msgid "felony punishment for infringement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11104 +#: freeculture.xml:11109 msgid "NET (No Electronic Theft) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11105 +#: freeculture.xml:11110 msgid "No Electronic Theft (NET) Act (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11106 +#: freeculture.xml:11111 msgid "felony punishments for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -15566,17 +15572,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:12054 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 freeculture.xml:12059 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11120 freeculture.xml:11166 +#: freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:11171 msgid "Eldred case involvement of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -15586,7 +15592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11133 +#: freeculture.xml:11138 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -15594,7 +15600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11140 +#: freeculture.xml:11145 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -15608,13 +15614,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11152 freeculture.xml:12648 +#: freeculture.xml:11157 freeculture.xml:12653 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11154 +#: freeculture.xml:11159 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -15627,7 +15633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11168 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -15640,7 +15646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11179 +#: freeculture.xml:11184 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -15652,7 +15658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11188 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -15664,7 +15670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11198 +#: freeculture.xml:11203 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -15674,7 +15680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11205 +#: freeculture.xml:11210 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -15683,7 +15689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11213 +#: freeculture.xml:11218 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -15692,14 +15698,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11219 +#: freeculture.xml:11224 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11223 +#: freeculture.xml:11228 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15707,7 +15713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11233 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15716,7 +15722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11234 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15725,14 +15731,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11240 +#: freeculture.xml:11245 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11244 +#: freeculture.xml:11249 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15740,7 +15746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11250 +#: freeculture.xml:11255 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15749,7 +15755,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11256 +#: freeculture.xml:11261 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15761,7 +15767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11267 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15770,7 +15776,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11279 +#: freeculture.xml:11284 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15779,7 +15785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11286 +#: freeculture.xml:11291 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15788,7 +15794,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11294 +#: freeculture.xml:11299 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15796,7 +15802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11272 +#: freeculture.xml:11277 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15811,7 +15817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11301 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15826,7 +15832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11316 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15838,7 +15844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11329 +#: freeculture.xml:11334 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15848,7 +15854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11339 +#: freeculture.xml:11344 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15858,12 +15864,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 freeculture.xml:12135 +#: freeculture.xml:11350 freeculture.xml:12140 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11347 +#: freeculture.xml:11352 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -15879,7 +15885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11362 +#: freeculture.xml:11367 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15887,14 +15893,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11369 +#: freeculture.xml:11374 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11360 +#: freeculture.xml:11365 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15907,7 +15913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11376 +#: freeculture.xml:11381 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15922,7 +15928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11373 +#: freeculture.xml:11378 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15936,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11397 +#: freeculture.xml:11402 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -15952,7 +15958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11419 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -15972,13 +15978,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11431 +#: freeculture.xml:11436 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11439 +#: freeculture.xml:11444 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -15987,7 +15993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11433 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -15999,7 +16005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11449 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -16011,7 +16017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11461 +#: freeculture.xml:11466 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -16026,7 +16032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11479 +#: freeculture.xml:11484 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -16036,7 +16042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:11478 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -16048,7 +16054,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11488 +#: freeculture.xml:11493 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -16059,7 +16065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:11506 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -16070,14 +16076,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11509 +#: freeculture.xml:11514 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11513 +#: freeculture.xml:11518 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -16085,7 +16091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11520 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -16095,7 +16101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11529 +#: freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -16103,7 +16109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 +#: freeculture.xml:11539 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -16115,7 +16121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11543 +#: freeculture.xml:11548 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -16129,7 +16135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11558 +#: freeculture.xml:11563 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -16143,7 +16149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11575 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -16151,28 +16157,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11575 +#: freeculture.xml:11580 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11576 freeculture.xml:12011 +#: freeculture.xml:11581 freeculture.xml:12016 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11577 +#: freeculture.xml:11582 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11578 +#: freeculture.xml:11583 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11591 +#: freeculture.xml:11596 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -16182,7 +16188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11580 +#: freeculture.xml:11585 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -16197,7 +16203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11598 +#: freeculture.xml:11603 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -16207,7 +16213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11604 +#: freeculture.xml:11609 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -16219,7 +16225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11627 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -16231,7 +16237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11615 +#: freeculture.xml:11620 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -16242,7 +16248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11632 +#: freeculture.xml:11637 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -16252,7 +16258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11645 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -16263,7 +16269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11648 +#: freeculture.xml:11653 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -16278,7 +16284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11659 +#: freeculture.xml:11664 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -16288,7 +16294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11670 +#: freeculture.xml:11675 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -16297,7 +16303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -16308,7 +16314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11686 +#: freeculture.xml:11691 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -16319,7 +16325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11696 +#: freeculture.xml:11701 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -16333,7 +16339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11709 +#: freeculture.xml:11714 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -16341,7 +16347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11716 +#: freeculture.xml:11721 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -16354,7 +16360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11727 +#: freeculture.xml:11732 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -16365,7 +16371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11736 +#: freeculture.xml:11741 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -16374,12 +16380,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11746 +#: freeculture.xml:11751 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -16394,7 +16400,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11764 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -16407,7 +16413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11769 +#: freeculture.xml:11774 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -16421,7 +16427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11785 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -16430,7 +16436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11786 +#: freeculture.xml:11791 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16445,7 +16451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#: freeculture.xml:11815 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -16453,7 +16459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11798 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -16467,7 +16473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11817 +#: freeculture.xml:11822 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -16479,7 +16485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11826 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -16489,7 +16495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11833 +#: freeculture.xml:11838 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -16503,7 +16509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11844 +#: freeculture.xml:11849 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -16512,13 +16518,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11849 +#: freeculture.xml:11854 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11851 +#: freeculture.xml:11856 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -16528,7 +16534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11860 +#: freeculture.xml:11865 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -16538,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11867 +#: freeculture.xml:11872 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16546,7 +16552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11873 +#: freeculture.xml:11878 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16559,7 +16565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11884 +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16567,13 +16573,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 freeculture.xml:11903 +#: freeculture.xml:11894 freeculture.xml:11908 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11896 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16585,17 +16591,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 freeculture.xml:12264 freeculture.xml:12280 freeculture.xml:12377 freeculture.xml:12597 freeculture.xml:12628 freeculture.xml:12726 +#: freeculture.xml:11906 freeculture.xml:12269 freeculture.xml:12285 freeculture.xml:12382 freeculture.xml:12602 freeculture.xml:12633 freeculture.xml:12731 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11902 +#: freeculture.xml:11907 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11905 +#: freeculture.xml:11910 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16608,7 +16614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11915 +#: freeculture.xml:11920 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16630,7 +16636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11936 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16641,7 +16647,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11944 +#: freeculture.xml:11949 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16660,17 +16666,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11962 freeculture.xml:11989 +#: freeculture.xml:11967 freeculture.xml:11994 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11963 +#: freeculture.xml:11968 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:11970 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16687,7 +16693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11979 +#: freeculture.xml:11984 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16698,7 +16704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11991 +#: freeculture.xml:11996 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16711,17 +16717,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12003 +#: freeculture.xml:12008 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12004 +#: freeculture.xml:12009 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#: freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16730,7 +16736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12013 +#: freeculture.xml:12018 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16739,32 +16745,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12024 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12020 +#: freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12021 +#: freeculture.xml:12026 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12022 +#: freeculture.xml:12027 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12023 +#: freeculture.xml:12028 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:12030 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16778,28 +16784,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12035 freeculture.xml:12053 freeculture.xml:12266 freeculture.xml:12629 +#: freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12058 freeculture.xml:12271 freeculture.xml:12634 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:12041 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12037 +#: freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12038 freeculture.xml:12265 freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:12043 freeculture.xml:12270 freeculture.xml:13419 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12040 +#: freeculture.xml:12045 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16813,12 +16819,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:12060 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12057 +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16832,7 +16838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16842,7 +16848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:12081 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16853,18 +16859,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12085 +#: freeculture.xml:12090 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12095 +#: freeculture.xml:12100 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16872,7 +16878,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12103 +#: freeculture.xml:12108 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -16881,7 +16887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12088 +#: freeculture.xml:12093 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16898,7 +16904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12112 +#: freeculture.xml:12117 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16913,7 +16919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12124 +#: freeculture.xml:12129 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16923,7 +16929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12131 +#: freeculture.xml:12136 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -16931,12 +16937,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:12322 +#: freeculture.xml:12141 freeculture.xml:12327 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12143 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -16949,18 +16955,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12147 freeculture.xml:12172 freeculture.xml:12524 freeculture.xml:12536 +#: freeculture.xml:12152 freeculture.xml:12177 freeculture.xml:12529 freeculture.xml:12541 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12148 freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:12153 freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12150 +#: freeculture.xml:12155 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -16973,7 +16979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12162 +#: freeculture.xml:12167 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -16986,7 +16992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12174 +#: freeculture.xml:12179 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -16996,7 +17002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12183 +#: freeculture.xml:12188 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17007,7 +17013,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12191 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17020,7 +17026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12201 +#: freeculture.xml:12206 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17035,7 +17041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12215 +#: freeculture.xml:12220 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17045,7 +17051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12223 +#: freeculture.xml:12228 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17054,7 +17060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12230 +#: freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17069,7 +17075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12245 +#: freeculture.xml:12250 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17079,7 +17085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12255 +#: freeculture.xml:12260 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17090,7 +17096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12273 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17099,7 +17105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12274 +#: freeculture.xml:12279 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17109,7 +17115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12282 +#: freeculture.xml:12287 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17123,7 +17129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:12297 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17133,7 +17139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12302 +#: freeculture.xml:12307 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17149,7 +17155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12317 +#: freeculture.xml:12322 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17158,14 +17164,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12324 +#: freeculture.xml:12329 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12329 +#: freeculture.xml:12334 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17174,7 +17180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12336 +#: freeculture.xml:12341 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -17183,7 +17189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12342 +#: freeculture.xml:12347 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17191,14 +17197,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12350 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12356 +#: freeculture.xml:12361 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17208,14 +17214,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12364 +#: freeculture.xml:12369 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12370 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17225,7 +17231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12379 +#: freeculture.xml:12384 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17235,7 +17241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12386 +#: freeculture.xml:12391 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -17244,21 +17250,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12391 +#: freeculture.xml:12396 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12398 +#: freeculture.xml:12403 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12402 +#: freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17267,12 +17273,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12410 +#: freeculture.xml:12415 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12417 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17280,7 +17286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12418 +#: freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17289,7 +17295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12426 +#: freeculture.xml:12431 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17305,7 +17311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12439 +#: freeculture.xml:12444 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17314,7 +17320,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12448 +#: freeculture.xml:12453 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17331,7 +17337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12463 +#: freeculture.xml:12468 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17342,7 +17348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12471 +#: freeculture.xml:12476 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17350,7 +17356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12481 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -17358,7 +17364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12482 +#: freeculture.xml:12487 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17369,7 +17375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12492 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17377,7 +17383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12497 +#: freeculture.xml:12502 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -17386,7 +17392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12503 +#: freeculture.xml:12508 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17400,7 +17406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12514 +#: freeculture.xml:12519 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17413,7 +17419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 +#: freeculture.xml:12531 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17428,7 +17434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12539 +#: freeculture.xml:12544 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17442,7 +17448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12550 +#: freeculture.xml:12555 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -17453,7 +17459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12557 +#: freeculture.xml:12562 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17461,12 +17467,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12562 +#: freeculture.xml:12567 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12564 +#: freeculture.xml:12569 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17484,7 +17490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12577 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17499,7 +17505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12592 +#: freeculture.xml:12597 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17507,7 +17513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12604 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17522,7 +17528,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12610 +#: freeculture.xml:12615 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17541,7 +17547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12631 +#: freeculture.xml:12636 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17549,7 +17555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12636 +#: freeculture.xml:12641 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17558,7 +17564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17568,7 +17574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12650 +#: freeculture.xml:12655 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17578,7 +17584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12662 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17591,7 +17597,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12666 +#: freeculture.xml:12671 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17605,7 +17611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12681 +#: freeculture.xml:12686 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17616,12 +17622,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:12700 +#: freeculture.xml:12700 freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12690 +#: freeculture.xml:12695 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17632,19 +17638,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:12703 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12699 +#: freeculture.xml:12704 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12703 +#: freeculture.xml:12708 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -17657,12 +17663,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12714 +#: freeculture.xml:12719 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12716 +#: freeculture.xml:12721 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17675,7 +17681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12728 +#: freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17689,7 +17695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12738 +#: freeculture.xml:12743 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17699,7 +17705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12746 +#: freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17707,7 +17713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12751 +#: freeculture.xml:12756 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17719,12 +17725,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12759 freeculture.xml:12960 +#: freeculture.xml:12764 freeculture.xml:12965 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12761 +#: freeculture.xml:12766 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17738,7 +17744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12773 +#: freeculture.xml:12778 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17751,22 +17757,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12788 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12784 freeculture.xml:12825 +#: freeculture.xml:12789 freeculture.xml:12830 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17789,7 +17795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12787 +#: freeculture.xml:12792 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17804,7 +17810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 +#: freeculture.xml:12824 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17814,7 +17820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12827 +#: freeculture.xml:12832 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17827,7 +17833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12837 +#: freeculture.xml:12842 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17838,7 +17844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12850 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17849,7 +17855,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12853 +#: freeculture.xml:12858 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17861,7 +17867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12865 +#: freeculture.xml:12870 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17872,7 +17878,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12874 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17890,7 +17896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12895 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17905,7 +17911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12905 +#: freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17918,7 +17924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12915 +#: freeculture.xml:12920 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -17930,7 +17936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12924 +#: freeculture.xml:12929 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -17940,7 +17946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12931 +#: freeculture.xml:12936 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -17950,7 +17956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12938 +#: freeculture.xml:12943 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -17959,7 +17965,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12944 +#: freeculture.xml:12949 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -17977,7 +17983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12962 +#: freeculture.xml:12967 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -17987,12 +17993,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12970 +#: freeculture.xml:12975 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18003,7 +18009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12979 +#: freeculture.xml:12984 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18015,7 +18021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18037,7 +18043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13008 +#: freeculture.xml:13013 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18048,7 +18054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13021 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18061,7 +18067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13026 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18071,7 +18077,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13035 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18085,12 +18091,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13045 +#: freeculture.xml:13050 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13047 +#: freeculture.xml:13052 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18103,12 +18109,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13057 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13060 +#: freeculture.xml:13065 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18121,7 +18127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13071 +#: freeculture.xml:13076 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18132,7 +18138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13084 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18143,7 +18149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:13096 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18153,7 +18159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13098 +#: freeculture.xml:13103 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18165,47 +18171,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13110 +#: freeculture.xml:13115 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13111 +#: freeculture.xml:13116 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13112 +#: freeculture.xml:13117 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13113 +#: freeculture.xml:13118 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13114 +#: freeculture.xml:13119 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13115 freeculture.xml:13628 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 freeculture.xml:13633 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13115 freeculture.xml:13628 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 freeculture.xml:13633 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13116 +#: freeculture.xml:13121 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13123 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18215,7 +18221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13125 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18226,7 +18232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13140 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18237,7 +18243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13133 +#: freeculture.xml:13138 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18249,18 +18255,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13149 freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13150 +#: freeculture.xml:13155 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13153 +#: freeculture.xml:13158 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18271,7 +18277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13166 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18284,7 +18290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13172 +#: freeculture.xml:13177 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18294,27 +18300,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13178 +#: freeculture.xml:13183 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 +#: freeculture.xml:13184 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13180 +#: freeculture.xml:13185 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13193 freeculture.xml:13686 +#: freeculture.xml:13198 freeculture.xml:13691 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13191 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18323,7 +18329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13182 +#: freeculture.xml:13187 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18335,13 +18341,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13197 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13205 +#: freeculture.xml:13210 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18356,7 +18362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13232 +#: freeculture.xml:13237 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18365,7 +18371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13199 +#: freeculture.xml:13204 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18388,7 +18394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13239 +#: freeculture.xml:13244 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18400,7 +18406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13249 +#: freeculture.xml:13254 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18411,7 +18417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 +#: freeculture.xml:13262 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18425,7 +18431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13272 +#: freeculture.xml:13277 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18443,7 +18449,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13266 +#: freeculture.xml:13271 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18455,7 +18461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13294 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18468,12 +18474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13303 +#: freeculture.xml:13308 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13305 +#: freeculture.xml:13310 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18484,7 +18490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13313 +#: freeculture.xml:13318 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18495,13 +18501,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13320 +#: freeculture.xml:13325 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13322 +#: freeculture.xml:13327 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18518,7 +18524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13349 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18526,7 +18532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13350 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18540,7 +18546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13365 +#: freeculture.xml:13370 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18552,7 +18558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13379 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18567,7 +18573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13393 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18584,68 +18590,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13401 freeculture.xml:14171 +#: freeculture.xml:13406 freeculture.xml:14176 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13402 freeculture.xml:13415 +#: freeculture.xml:13407 freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13403 freeculture.xml:13573 +#: freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:13578 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13405 freeculture.xml:13522 freeculture.xml:14090 +#: freeculture.xml:13410 freeculture.xml:13527 freeculture.xml:14095 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13406 freeculture.xml:14237 +#: freeculture.xml:13411 freeculture.xml:14242 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13407 freeculture.xml:14238 +#: freeculture.xml:13412 freeculture.xml:14243 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13408 +#: freeculture.xml:13413 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13409 +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#: freeculture.xml:13415 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13411 freeculture.xml:13574 +#: freeculture.xml:13416 freeculture.xml:13579 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13412 +#: freeculture.xml:13417 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13413 +#: freeculture.xml:13418 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13420 +#: freeculture.xml:13425 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18661,7 +18667,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13417 +#: freeculture.xml:13422 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18686,7 +18692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13453 +#: freeculture.xml:13458 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18696,20 +18702,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13459 +#: freeculture.xml:13464 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13462 +#: freeculture.xml:13467 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#: freeculture.xml:13466 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18720,13 +18726,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 freeculture.xml:13627 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 freeculture.xml:13632 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13473 +#: freeculture.xml:13478 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18750,7 +18756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13497 +#: freeculture.xml:13502 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18759,17 +18765,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13506 freeculture.xml:15236 +#: freeculture.xml:13511 freeculture.xml:15241 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13507 +#: freeculture.xml:13512 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13509 +#: freeculture.xml:13514 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18783,13 +18789,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13519 +#: freeculture.xml:13524 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13535 +#: freeculture.xml:13540 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18810,7 +18816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13524 +#: freeculture.xml:13529 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18825,18 +18831,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13553 +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13554 +#: freeculture.xml:13559 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#: freeculture.xml:13561 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18854,25 +18860,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13575 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13581 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13591 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13578 +#: freeculture.xml:13583 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18885,7 +18891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18895,12 +18901,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13600 freeculture.xml:13658 +#: freeculture.xml:13605 freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 +#: freeculture.xml:13607 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18912,12 +18918,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 +#: freeculture.xml:13618 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13618 +#: freeculture.xml:13623 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18930,12 +18936,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13629 +#: freeculture.xml:13634 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13632 +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18951,7 +18957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13646 +#: freeculture.xml:13651 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18967,7 +18973,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13665 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -18981,17 +18987,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13671 +#: freeculture.xml:13676 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:13679 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19005,14 +19011,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13688 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19023,7 +19029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13702 +#: freeculture.xml:13707 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19033,7 +19039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13711 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19046,7 +19052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13728 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19059,7 +19065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13734 +#: freeculture.xml:13739 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19071,7 +19077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13742 +#: freeculture.xml:13747 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19079,7 +19085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:13753 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19094,7 +19100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13759 +#: freeculture.xml:13764 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19104,17 +19110,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13767 +#: freeculture.xml:13772 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13771 +#: freeculture.xml:13776 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13773 +#: freeculture.xml:13778 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19128,7 +19134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13784 +#: freeculture.xml:13789 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19138,7 +19144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#: freeculture.xml:13797 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19148,7 +19154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13799 +#: freeculture.xml:13804 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19160,7 +19166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19170,7 +19176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13816 +#: freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19181,20 +19187,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13824 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:13832 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13833 +#: freeculture.xml:13838 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19213,7 +19219,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13851 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19223,7 +19229,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13858 +#: freeculture.xml:13863 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19231,7 +19237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13829 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19251,33 +19257,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13880 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13876 +#: freeculture.xml:13881 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13877 freeculture.xml:14268 +#: freeculture.xml:13882 freeculture.xml:14273 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13878 +#: freeculture.xml:13883 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13879 +#: freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13884 +#: freeculture.xml:13889 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19286,7 +19292,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13893 +#: freeculture.xml:13898 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19295,7 +19301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13881 +#: freeculture.xml:13886 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19314,20 +19320,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13915 +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:13924 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19335,7 +19341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13924 +#: freeculture.xml:13929 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19344,7 +19350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13930 +#: freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19353,7 +19359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13942 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19363,12 +19369,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13951 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13948 +#: freeculture.xml:13953 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19378,7 +19384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:13960 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19391,13 +19397,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13965 +#: freeculture.xml:13970 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13967 +#: freeculture.xml:13972 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19409,7 +19415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13979 +#: freeculture.xml:13984 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19426,7 +19432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19437,22 +19443,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14008 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14004 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14006 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14008 +#: freeculture.xml:14013 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19464,12 +19470,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14018 +#: freeculture.xml:14023 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14022 +#: freeculture.xml:14027 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19487,22 +19493,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14037 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14038 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14039 +#: freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14041 +#: freeculture.xml:14046 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19515,12 +19521,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14055 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:14057 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19533,7 +19539,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14075 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19548,7 +19554,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14064 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19562,12 +19568,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14089 +#: freeculture.xml:14094 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14093 +#: freeculture.xml:14098 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19578,12 +19584,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14100 +#: freeculture.xml:14105 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14102 +#: freeculture.xml:14107 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19593,7 +19599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14115 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19607,12 +19613,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14121 +#: freeculture.xml:14126 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14123 +#: freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19625,7 +19631,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14132 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19635,12 +19641,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14141 +#: freeculture.xml:14146 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14143 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19651,7 +19657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14151 +#: freeculture.xml:14156 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19664,7 +19670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14162 +#: freeculture.xml:14167 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19675,12 +19681,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14177 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14174 +#: freeculture.xml:14179 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19688,23 +19694,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14178 +#: freeculture.xml:14183 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14181 +#: freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19721,17 +19727,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14203 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14199 +#: freeculture.xml:14204 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14201 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19743,7 +19749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14212 +#: freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19751,7 +19757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14218 +#: freeculture.xml:14223 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19766,7 +19772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14230 +#: freeculture.xml:14235 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19777,7 +19783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:14245 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19791,7 +19797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19802,24 +19808,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14267 +#: freeculture.xml:14272 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#: freeculture.xml:14275 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14275 +#: freeculture.xml:14280 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19833,7 +19839,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14286 +#: freeculture.xml:14291 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19852,7 +19858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14304 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19866,7 +19872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14315 +#: freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19879,13 +19885,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14325 +#: freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14327 +#: freeculture.xml:14332 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19899,7 +19905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19914,7 +19920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14353 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19924,7 +19930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14360 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19938,7 +19944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14372 +#: freeculture.xml:14377 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19946,18 +19952,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14377 +#: freeculture.xml:14382 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:14383 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14380 +#: freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19969,23 +19975,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14391 +#: freeculture.xml:14396 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14397 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14393 +#: freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14410 +#: freeculture.xml:14415 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19994,7 +20000,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14395 +#: freeculture.xml:14400 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20014,7 +20020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14419 +#: freeculture.xml:14424 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20029,7 +20035,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14431 +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20040,7 +20046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14441 +#: freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20051,7 +20057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14449 +#: freeculture.xml:14454 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20062,12 +20068,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14463 +#: freeculture.xml:14468 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14465 +#: freeculture.xml:14470 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20077,7 +20083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14472 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20086,12 +20092,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14479 +#: freeculture.xml:14484 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14481 +#: freeculture.xml:14486 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20101,14 +20107,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14488 +#: freeculture.xml:14493 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:14498 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20117,12 +20123,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14499 +#: freeculture.xml:14504 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14502 +#: freeculture.xml:14507 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20133,7 +20139,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:14516 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20148,7 +20154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14525 +#: freeculture.xml:14530 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20156,7 +20162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20166,7 +20172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14533 +#: freeculture.xml:14538 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20177,12 +20183,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14545 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14547 +#: freeculture.xml:14552 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20197,7 +20203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:14565 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20209,7 +20215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14569 +#: freeculture.xml:14574 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20222,7 +20228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14579 +#: freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20236,12 +20242,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14594 +#: freeculture.xml:14599 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14596 +#: freeculture.xml:14601 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20253,7 +20259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14606 +#: freeculture.xml:14611 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20261,7 +20267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14612 +#: freeculture.xml:14617 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20275,7 +20281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14629 +#: freeculture.xml:14634 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20284,7 +20290,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14622 +#: freeculture.xml:14627 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20300,7 +20306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14642 +#: freeculture.xml:14647 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20310,12 +20316,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14648 +#: freeculture.xml:14653 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14650 +#: freeculture.xml:14655 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20329,7 +20335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14662 +#: freeculture.xml:14667 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20340,7 +20346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14670 +#: freeculture.xml:14675 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20348,7 +20354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14675 +#: freeculture.xml:14680 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20359,12 +20365,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14687 +#: freeculture.xml:14692 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14689 +#: freeculture.xml:14694 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20373,7 +20379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14702 +#: freeculture.xml:14707 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20381,7 +20387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14694 +#: freeculture.xml:14699 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20394,7 +20400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14709 +#: freeculture.xml:14714 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20403,7 +20409,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14717 +#: freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20416,7 +20422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14726 +#: freeculture.xml:14731 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20430,13 +20436,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14738 +#: freeculture.xml:14743 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14749 +#: freeculture.xml:14754 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20444,7 +20450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14741 +#: freeculture.xml:14746 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20459,7 +20465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14760 +#: freeculture.xml:14765 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20476,7 +20482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14776 +#: freeculture.xml:14781 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20484,7 +20490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14782 +#: freeculture.xml:14787 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20494,12 +20500,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14792 +#: freeculture.xml:14797 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14796 +#: freeculture.xml:14801 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20510,7 +20516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14804 +#: freeculture.xml:14809 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20522,20 +20528,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14812 +#: freeculture.xml:14817 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14818 +#: freeculture.xml:14823 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14814 +#: freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20547,12 +20553,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14831 +#: freeculture.xml:14836 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14827 +#: freeculture.xml:14832 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20561,7 +20567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14836 +#: freeculture.xml:14841 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20571,7 +20577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:14848 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20583,7 +20589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14856 +#: freeculture.xml:14861 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20598,7 +20604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14870 +#: freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20608,12 +20614,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:14891 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14884 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20621,7 +20627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14878 +#: freeculture.xml:14883 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20631,7 +20637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14892 +#: freeculture.xml:14897 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20642,7 +20648,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14899 +#: freeculture.xml:14904 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20652,12 +20658,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14909 +#: freeculture.xml:14914 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14911 +#: freeculture.xml:14916 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20667,7 +20673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14918 +#: freeculture.xml:14923 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20678,7 +20684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14927 +#: freeculture.xml:14932 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20688,7 +20694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14934 +#: freeculture.xml:14939 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20699,7 +20705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14943 +#: freeculture.xml:14948 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20707,7 +20713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14948 +#: freeculture.xml:14953 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20716,7 +20722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14954 +#: freeculture.xml:14959 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20725,7 +20731,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14960 +#: freeculture.xml:14965 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20733,7 +20739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14968 +#: freeculture.xml:14973 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20744,7 +20750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14976 +#: freeculture.xml:14981 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20754,7 +20760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14984 +#: freeculture.xml:14989 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20762,7 +20768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14989 +#: freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20777,7 +20783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15001 +#: freeculture.xml:15006 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20793,13 +20799,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15015 +#: freeculture.xml:15020 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15035 +#: freeculture.xml:15040 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20807,7 +20813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15017 +#: freeculture.xml:15022 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20829,7 +20835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15042 +#: freeculture.xml:15047 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20845,7 +20851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15058 +#: freeculture.xml:15063 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20859,7 +20865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15069 +#: freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20871,7 +20877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15080 +#: freeculture.xml:15085 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20884,7 +20890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15090 +#: freeculture.xml:15095 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20897,7 +20903,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15101 +#: freeculture.xml:15106 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20909,7 +20915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15111 +#: freeculture.xml:15116 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20922,7 +20928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15121 +#: freeculture.xml:15126 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20933,14 +20939,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15129 +#: freeculture.xml:15134 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15133 +#: freeculture.xml:15138 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20954,7 +20960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15144 +#: freeculture.xml:15149 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20965,17 +20971,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15151 freeculture.xml:15193 +#: freeculture.xml:15156 freeculture.xml:15198 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15191 +#: freeculture.xml:15196 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15157 +#: freeculture.xml:15162 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21017,7 +21023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15153 +#: freeculture.xml:15158 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21032,7 +21038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15207 +#: freeculture.xml:15212 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21050,7 +21056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15224 +#: freeculture.xml:15229 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21063,17 +21069,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15237 +#: freeculture.xml:15242 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15239 +#: freeculture.xml:15244 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15241 +#: freeculture.xml:15246 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21091,17 +21097,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15256 +#: freeculture.xml:15261 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15259 +#: freeculture.xml:15264 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15261 +#: freeculture.xml:15266 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21117,7 +21123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15273 +#: freeculture.xml:15278 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21128,13 +21134,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15282 +#: freeculture.xml:15287 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15287 +#: freeculture.xml:15292 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21143,19 +21149,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15294 +#: freeculture.xml:15299 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15300 +#: freeculture.xml:15305 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15304 +#: freeculture.xml:15309 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21163,14 +21169,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15310 +#: freeculture.xml:15315 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15315 +#: freeculture.xml:15320 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21179,7 +21185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15321 +#: freeculture.xml:15326 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21196,7 +21202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15335 +#: freeculture.xml:15340 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21206,12 +21212,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15346 +#: freeculture.xml:15351 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15348 +#: freeculture.xml:15353 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21220,7 +21226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15354 +#: freeculture.xml:15359 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21230,18 +21236,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15361 +#: freeculture.xml:15366 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15362 +#: freeculture.xml:15367 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15373 +#: freeculture.xml:15378 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21249,7 +21255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15364 +#: freeculture.xml:15369 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21262,7 +21268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15379 +#: freeculture.xml:15384 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21270,7 +21276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15389 +#: freeculture.xml:15394 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21290,7 +21296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15384 +#: freeculture.xml:15389 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21302,7 +21308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15413 +#: freeculture.xml:15418 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21312,7 +21318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15421 +#: freeculture.xml:15426 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21325,7 +21331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15431 +#: freeculture.xml:15436 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21336,7 +21342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15439 +#: freeculture.xml:15444 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21344,7 +21350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15446 +#: freeculture.xml:15451 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21357,7 +21363,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15455 +#: freeculture.xml:15460 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21367,7 +21373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15464 +#: freeculture.xml:15469 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21375,12 +21381,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15473 +#: freeculture.xml:15478 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15475 +#: freeculture.xml:15480 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21394,12 +21400,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15494 +#: freeculture.xml:15499 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15496 +#: freeculture.xml:15501 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21408,7 +21414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15503 +#: freeculture.xml:15508 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21424,7 +21430,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15516 +#: freeculture.xml:15521 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21437,7 +21443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15527 +#: freeculture.xml:15532 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21459,7 +21465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15547 +#: freeculture.xml:15552 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21470,7 +21476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15556 +#: freeculture.xml:15561 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21479,19 +21485,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15567 +#: freeculture.xml:15572 msgid "" "THE PENGUIN PRESS, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street " "New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15571 +#: freeculture.xml:15576 msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig. All rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15574 +#: freeculture.xml:15579 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21500,7 +21506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15579 +#: freeculture.xml:15584 msgid "" "Cartoon in <xref linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul " "Conrad, copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc. All rights " @@ -21508,90 +21514,90 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15583 +#: freeculture.xml:15588 msgid "" "Diagram in <xref linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> " "courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15587 +#: freeculture.xml:15592 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15590 +#: freeculture.xml:15595 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15595 +#: freeculture.xml:15600 msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15598 +#: freeculture.xml:15603 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15601 +#: freeculture.xml:15606 msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15605 +#: freeculture.xml:15610 msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15608 +#: freeculture.xml:15613 msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15611 +#: freeculture.xml:15616 msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15614 +#: freeculture.xml:15619 msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15617 +#: freeculture.xml:15622 msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15620 +#: freeculture.xml:15625 msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15623 +#: freeculture.xml:15628 msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15626 +#: freeculture.xml:15631 msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15630 +#: freeculture.xml:15635 msgid "&translationblock;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15634 +#: freeculture.xml:15639 msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " @@ -21601,7 +21607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15642 +#: freeculture.xml:15647 msgid "" "The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or " "via any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and "