From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2012 08:58:52 +0000 (+0200) Subject: More cleanup. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1674 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/d4f4dbe9d0bfbe73c07bc4b05640642863c424e6 More cleanup. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 5f7e4e4..9b660f2 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -8094,15 +8094,6 @@ msgstr "" "monopolet pÃ¥ publisering." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " -#| "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim " -#| "that \"it's my property, and I should have it forever,\" try sounding " -#| "convincing when uttering, \"It's my monopoly, and I should have it " -#| "forever.\") The state would protect the exclusive right, but only so long " -#| "as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from specialinterest " -#| "favors; they passed a law to stop them." msgid "" "Thus the copy-right, when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -8112,10 +8103,10 @@ msgid "" "only so long as it benefited society. The British saw the harms from " "specialinterest favors; they passed a law to stop them." msgstr "" -"Dermed ble \"kopi-retten\", nÃ¥r den sees pÃ¥ som en monopolrett, en rettighet " -"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende pÃ¥standen om at \"det er " -"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid,\" prøv hvor overbevisende det er nÃ¥r " -"men sier \"det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.\") Staten " +"Dermed ble kopi-retten, nÃ¥r den sees pÃ¥ som en monopolrett, en rettighet " +"som bør være begrenset. (Uansett hvor overbevisende pÃ¥standen om at det er " +"min eiendom, og jeg skal ha for alltid, prøv hvor overbevisende det er nÃ¥r " +"men sier det er mitt monopol, og jeg skal ha det for alltid.) Staten " "ville beskytte eneretten, men bare sÃ¥ lenge det gavnet samfunnet. Britene sÃ¥ " "skadene særinteresserte kunne skape; de vedtok en lov for Ã¥ stoppe dem." @@ -8129,19 +8120,6 @@ msgstr "" "Property (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " -#| "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " -#| "Booksellers sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as " -#| "harmless in seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were " -#| "increasingly seen as monopolists of the worst kind—tools of the " -#| "Crown's repression, selling the liberty of England to guarantee " -#| "themselves a monopoly profit. The attacks against these monopolists were " -#| "harsh: Milton described them as \"old patentees and monopolizers in the " -#| "trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men who do not therefore labour in " -#| "an honest profession to which learning is indetted.\"" msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. " "It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " @@ -8157,13 +8135,13 @@ msgstr "" "Dernest, om bokhandlerne. Det var ikke bare at kopiretten var et monopol. " "Det var ogsÃ¥ et monopol holdt av bokhandlerne. En bokhandler høres greie og " "ufarlige ut for oss, men slik var det ikke i syttenhundretallets England. " -"Medlemmene i \"the Conger\" ble av en voksende mengde sett pÃ¥ som " +"Medlemmene i the Conger ble av en voksende mengde sett pÃ¥ som " "monopolister av verste sort - et verktøy for kronens undertrykkelse, de " "solgte Englands frihet mot Ã¥ være garantert en monopolskinntekt. Men " -"monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som \"gamle " -"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten\"; de var \"menn som " +"monopolistene ble kvast kritisert: Milton beskrev dem som gamle " +"patentholdere og monopolister i bokhandlerkunsten; de var menn som " "derfor ikke hadde et ærlig arbeide hvor utdanning er nødvendig." -"\"" +"" #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -8212,7 +8190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "NÃ¥r 1731 (1710+21) kom, ble bokhandlerne engstelige. De sÃ¥ konsekvensene av " "mer konkurranse, og som alle konkurrenter, likte de det ikke. Først " -"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt \"Statute of Anne\", og fortsatte Ã¥ " +"ignorerte bokhandlere ganske enkelt Statute of Anne, og fortsatte Ã¥ " "kreve en evigvarende rett til Ã¥ kontrollere publiseringen. Men i 1735 og " "1737 de prøvde Ã¥ tvinge Parlamentet til Ã¥ utvide periodene. Tjueen Ã¥r var " "ikke nok, sa de; de trengte mer tid." @@ -8255,21 +8233,6 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandlernes personlige rikdom." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a " -#| "series of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of " -#| "Anne gave authors certain protections through positive law, but those " -#| "protections were not intended as replacements for the common law. " -#| "Instead, they were intended simply to supplement the common law. Under " -#| "common law, it was already wrong to take another person's creative " -#| "\"property\" and use it without his permission. The Statute of Anne, the " -#| "booksellers argued, didn't change that. Therefore, just because the " -#| "protections of the Statute of Anne expired, that didn't mean the " -#| "protections of the common law expired: Under the common law they had the " -#| "right to ban the publication of a book, even if its Statute of Anne " -#| "copyright had expired. This, they argued, was the only way to protect " -#| "authors." msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -8285,45 +8248,30 @@ msgid "" "the only way to protect authors." msgstr "" "Etter Ã¥ ha mislyktes i Parlamentet gikk utgiverne til rettssalen i en rekke " -"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: \"Statute of Anne\" ga " +"saker. Deres argument var enkelt og direkte: Statute of Anne ga " "forfatterne en viss beskyttelse gjennom positiv loven, men denne " "beskyttelsenvar ikke ment som en erstatning for felles lov. Istedet var de " "ment Ã¥ supplere felles lov. Ifølge sedvanerett var det galt Ã¥ ta en annen " -"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. \"Statute of Anne" -"\", hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor betydde ikke det at " -"beskyttelsen gitt av \"Statute of Anne\" utløp, at beskyttelsen fra " +"persons kreative eiendom og bruke den uten hans tillatelse. Statute of Anne" +", hevdet bokhandlere, endret ikke dette faktum. Derfor betydde ikke det at " +"beskyttelsen gitt av Statute of Anne utløp, at beskyttelsen fra " "sedvaneretten utløp: Ifølge sedvaneretten hadde de rett til Ã¥ fordømme " -"publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om \"Statute of Anne\" sa at de var " +"publiseringen av en bok, selv følgelig om Statute of Anne sa at de var " "falt i det fri. Dette, mente de, var den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte forfatterne." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " -#| "Vanderbilt Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a " -#| "wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " -#| "" msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use, " "Vanderbilt Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a " "wonderfully compelling account, see Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " "" msgstr "" -"Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " +"Lyman Ray Patterson, Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use, " "Vanderbilt Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For en " "fantastisk overbevisende fortelling, se Vaidhyanathan, 37–48. " "" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " -#| "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. " -#| "Until then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The " -#| "publishers … had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher " -#| "has for cattle.\" The bookseller " -#| "didn't care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the " -#| "monopoly profit that the author's work gave." msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -8335,8 +8283,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Dette var et godt argument, og hadde støtte fra flere av den tidens ledende " "jurister. Det viste ogsÃ¥ en ekstraordinær chutzpah. Inntail da, som " -"jusprofessor Raymond Pattetson har sagt, \"var utgiverne … like " -"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam.\"var utgiverne … like " +"bekymret for forfatterne som en gjeter for sine lam. Bokselgerne brydde seg ikke det spor om forfatternes " "rettigheter. Deres bekymring var den monopolske inntekten forfatterens verk " "ga." @@ -8386,18 +8334,6 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "Erskine, Andrew" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " -#| "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " -#| "\"of standard works whose copyright term had expired,\" at least under " -#| "the Statute of Anne. Donaldson's " -#| "publishing house prospered and became \"something of a center for " -#| "literary Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was " -#| "\"the young James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, " -#| "published an anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson." -#| "\" " msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -8411,13 +8347,13 @@ msgid "" " " msgstr "" -"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons \"the Conger\". Han startet in karriere " +"Donaldson var en fremmed for Londons the Conger. Han startet in karriere " "i Edinburgh i 1750. Hans forretningsidé var billige kopier av standardverk " -"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge \"Statute of Anne\". Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble \"et sentrum for " -"litterære skotter.\" \"Blant dem,\" skriver professor Mark Rose, var \"den " +"falt i det fri, ihvertfall fri ifølge Statute of Anne. Donaldsons forlag vokste og ble et sentrum for " +"litterære skotter. Blant dem, skriver professor Mark Rose, var den " "unge James Boswell som, sammen med sin venn Andrew Erskine, publiserte en " -"hel antologi av skotsk samtidspoesi sammen med Donaldson.\" " "" @@ -8431,16 +8367,6 @@ msgstr "" "citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in " -#| "Scotland, he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold " -#| "inexpensive editions \"of the most popular English books, in defiance of " -#| "the supposed common law right of Literary Property.\" His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 " -#| "percent, and he rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under " -#| "the Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of " -#| "protection." msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -8451,56 +8377,36 @@ msgid "" "Statute of Anne, the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" "Da Londons bokselgere prøvde Ã¥ fÃ¥ stengt Donaldsons butikk i Skottland, sÃ¥ " -"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av \"de mest " +"flyttet han butikken til London. Her solgte han billige utgaver av de mest " "populære, engelske bøker, i kamp mot sedvanerettens rett til litterær " -"eiendom.\" Bøkene hans var mellom " -"30% og 50% billigere enn \"the Conger\"s, og han baserte sin rett til denne " -"konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være \"Statute of Anne\", var falt i det " +"eiendom. Bøkene hans var mellom " +"30% og 50% billigere enn the Congers, og han baserte sin rett til denne " +"konkurransen pÃ¥ at bøkene, takket være Statute of Anne, var falt i det " "fri." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " -#| "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " -#| "the most important early victory being Millar v. " -#| "Taylor." msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block piracy " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " "pirates, the most important early victory being " "Millar v. Taylor." msgstr "" -"Londons bokselgere begynte straks Ã¥ slÃ¥ ned mot \"pirater\" som Donaldson. " +"Londons bokselgere begynte straks Ã¥ slÃ¥ ned mot pirater som Donaldson. " "Flere tiltak var vellykkede, den viktigste var den tidlig seieren i kampen " "mellom Millar og Taylor." #. f11 #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " -#| "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law " -#| "Review 29 (1983): 1152." msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright, Wayne Law " "Review 29 (1983): 1152." msgstr "" -"Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " -"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law ReviewThe Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " +"Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright, Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): 1152." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " -#| "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of " -#| "the Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the " -#| "statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing " -#| "a competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, " -#| "the Statute of Anne notwithstanding." msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem The Seasons. Millar complied with the " @@ -8511,24 +8417,13 @@ msgid "" "\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" "Millar var en bokhandler som i 1729 hadde kjøpt opp rettighetene til James " -"Thomsons dikt \"The Seasons\". Millar hadde da full beskyttelse gjennom " -"\"Statute of Anne\", men etter at denne beskyttelsen var uløpt, begynte " +"Thomsons dikt The Seasons. Millar hadde da full beskyttelse gjennom " +"Statute of Anne, men etter at denne beskyttelsen var uløpt, begynte " "Robert Taylor Ã¥ trykke et konkurrerende bind. Millar gikk til sak, og hevdet " -"han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva \"Statute of Anne" -"\" sa." +"han hadde en evig rett gjennom sedvaneretten, uansett hva Statute of Anne" +" sa." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " -#| "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " -#| "the Statute of Anne gave booksellers, it did not, he held, extinguish any " -#| "common law right. The question was whether the common law would protect " -#| "the author against subsequent \"pirates.\" Mansfield's answer was yes: " -#| "The common law would bar Taylor from reprinting Thomson's poem without " -#| "Millar's permission. That common law rule thus effectively gave the " -#| "booksellers a perpetual right to control the publication of any book " -#| "assigned to them." msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -8542,9 +8437,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Til moderne juristers forbløffelse, var en av, ikke bare datidens, men en av " "de største dommere i engelsk historie, Lord Mansfield, enig med " -"bokhandlerne. Uansett hvilken beskyttelse \"Statute of Anne\" gav " +"bokhandlerne. Uansett hvilken beskyttelse Statute of Anne gav " "bokhandlerne, sÃ¥ sa han at den ikke fortrengte noe fra sedvaneretten. " -"SpørsmÃ¥let var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot pirater. " +"SpørsmÃ¥let var hvorvidt sedvaneretten beskyttet forfatterne mot pirater. " "Mansfield svar var ja: Sedvaneretten nektet Taylor Ã¥ reprodusere Thomsons " "dikt uten Millars tillatelse. Slik gav sedvaneretten bokselgerne en evig " "publiseringsrett til bøker solgt til dem." @@ -8578,7 +8473,7 @@ msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" -"Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare \"Statute of Anne\"s begrensninger sluttet uansett " +"Kampen for Ã¥ forsvare Statute of Annes begrensninger sluttet uansett " "ikke der, for nÃ¥ kommer Donaldson." #. type: Content of: @@ -8625,19 +8520,12 @@ msgstr "" "Rettssaken Donaldson mot Beckett fikk en enorm oppmerksomhet i hele Storbritannia. Donaldsons " "advokater mente at selv om det før fantes en del rettigheter i " -"sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av \"Statute of Anne\". Etter at " -"\"Statute of Anne\" var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse " +"sedvaneretten, sÃ¥ var disse fortrengt av Statute of Anne. Etter at " +"Statute of Anne var blitt vedtatt, skulle den eneste lovlige beskyttelse " "for trykkerett kom derfra. Og derfor, mente de, i trÃ¥d med vilkÃ¥rene i " -"\"Statute of Anne\", falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort beskyttelsesperioden var over." +"Statute of Anne, falle i det fri sÃ¥ fort beskyttelsesperioden var over." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented " -#| "to the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of " -#| "special legal distinction who functioned much like the Justices in our " -#| "Supreme Court. Then, after the law lords voted, the House of Lords " -#| "generally voted." msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the law lords, members of " @@ -8646,9 +8534,9 @@ msgid "" "voted." msgstr "" "Overhuset var en merkelig institusjon. Juridiske spørsmÃ¥l ble presentert for " -"huset, og ble først stemt over av \"juslorder\", medlemmer av enspesiell " +"huset, og ble først stemt over av juslorder, medlemmer av enspesiell " "rettslig gruppe som fungerte nesten slik som justiariusene i vÃ¥r " -"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at \"juslordene\" hadde stemt, stemte resten av " +"Høyesterett. Deretter, etter at juslordene hadde stemt, stemte resten av " "Overhuset." #. PAGE BREAK 104 @@ -8690,19 +8578,6 @@ msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "Shakespeare, William" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no clear idea of " -#| "a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong argument that " -#| "common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public domain was " -#| "born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal control " -#| "over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " -#| "history—including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " -#| "Bunyan—were free of legal restraint. " -#| "" msgid "" "The public domain. Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no clear idea of a " @@ -8716,7 +8591,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"2\"/> " msgstr "" -"\"Å falle i det fri\". Før rettssaken Donaldson mot " +"Å falle i det fri. Før rettssaken Donaldson mot " "Beckett var det ingen klar oppfatning om hva Ã¥ falle " "i det fri innebar. Før 1774 var det jo en allmenn oppfatning om at " "kopiretten var evigvarende. Men etter 1774 ble Public Domain født.For første " @@ -8733,17 +8608,6 @@ msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "Rose, 97." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords " -#| "fueled an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, " -#| "where most of the \"pirate publishers\" did their work, people celebrated " -#| "the decision in the streets. As the Edinburgh Advertiser reported, \"No private cause has so much engrossed the " -#| "attention of the public, and none has been tried before the House of " -#| "Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were interested.\" " -#| "\"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary property: " -#| "bonfires and illuminations.\"" msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -8758,10 +8622,10 @@ msgstr "" "Vi kan knapt forestille oss det, men denne avgjørelsen fra Overhuset fyrte " "opp under en svært populær og politisk reaksjon. I Skottland, hvor de fleste " "piratugiverne hadde holdt til, ble avgjørelsen feiret i gatene. Som " -"Edinburgh Advertiser skrev \"Ingen privatsak har noen " +"Edinburgh Advertiser skrev Ingen privatsak har noen " "gang fÃ¥tt slik oppmerksomhet fra folket, og ingen sak som har blitt prøvet i " -"Overhuset har interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker.\" \"Stor glede i " -"Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*." +"Overhuset har interessert sÃ¥ mange enkeltmennesker. Stor glede i " +"Edinburgh etter seieren over litterær eiendom: bÃ¥l og *illuminations*." "" #. type: Content of: