From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 30 Aug 2012 21:54:41 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1425 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/d3e42355ce34bdfedb27c3e7ee22810dce994a93?ds=inline Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 5ce577c..fcdb4fc 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 21:18+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 23:52+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -1045,11 +1045,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "RCA" msgstr "RCA" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "media" msgstr "media" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "eierskapskonsentrasjon i" @@ -4722,6 +4722,10 @@ msgstr "" "trekke seg som leder for senatets flertall." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "commercial imperatives of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " @@ -4735,6 +4739,10 @@ msgstr "" "oppmerksomheten. Hvis de mister lesere, så mister de inntekter. Som haier, " "må de bevege seg videre." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "peer-generated rankings on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " @@ -24867,14 +24875,13 @@ msgid "" "explaining your browsing habits to your neighbors or boss. The " "privacy of your browsing habits was assured." msgstr "" -"Hvis du trer tilbake fra slaget jeg har beskrevet her, så vil du " -"kjenne igjen dette problemet fra andre omgivelser. Tenk på " -"personvern. Før internettet trengte ikke de fleste av oss å bekymre " -"oss over hvor mye data om våre liv som vi kringkastet til verden. " -"Hvis du gikk inn i en bokhandlet og tittet på verkene til Karl Marx, " -"så trente du ikke bekymre deg for å måtte forklare hva du tittet på " -"for dine naboer eller din sjef. Personvernet rundt hva " -"du tittet på var sikret." +"Hvis du trer tilbake fra slaget jeg har beskrevet her, så vil du kjenne " +"igjen dette problemet fra andre omgivelser. Tenk på personvern. Før " +"internettet trengte ikke de fleste av oss å bekymre oss over hvor mye data " +"om våre liv som vi kringkastet til verden. Hvis du gikk inn i en bokhandlet " +"og tittet på verkene til Karl Marx, så trente du ikke bekymre deg for å " +"måtte forklare hva du tittet på for dine naboer eller din sjef. " +"Personvernet rundt hva du tittet på var sikret." #. type: Content of:
msgid "What made it assured?" @@ -25013,12 +25020,12 @@ msgid "" "smart sort himself, and a talented programmer, Stallman grew to depend upon " "the freedom to add to or modify other people's work." msgstr "" -"Dette var verden Richard Stallman ble født inn i og som forsker " -"ved MIT lærte han å elske samfunnet som utviklet seg når en var fri til " -"å utforske og fikle med programvaren som kjørte på datamaskiner. Som en av " -"de smarte typene, i tillegg til å være en flink programmerer, begynte " -"Stallman å basere seg på friheten han hadde til bygge på eller endre på andre " -"personers verker." +"Dette var verden Richard Stallman ble født inn i og som forsker ved MIT " +"lærte han å elske samfunnet som utviklet seg når en var fri til å utforske " +"og fikle med programvaren som kjørte på datamaskiner. Som en av de smarte " +"typene, i tillegg til å være en flink programmerer, begynte Stallman å " +"basere seg på friheten han hadde til bygge på eller endre på andre personers " +"verker." #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -25070,12 +25077,11 @@ msgid "" "as he believed, if he did nothing about it, then the freedom to change and " "share software would be fundamentally weakened." msgstr "" -"Dermed begynte praksisen med proprietær kode å spre seg, og tidlig på " -"1980-tallet fant Stallman at han var omringet av proprietær kode. " -"Verden av fri programvare hadde blitt fjernet av en endring i " -"økonomien rundt databehandling. Og han trodde at hvis han ikke gjorde " -"noe med dette, så ville friheten til å endre og dele programvare bli " -"fundametalt svekket." +"Dermed begynte praksisen med proprietær kode å spre seg, og tidlig på 1980-" +"tallet fant Stallman at han var omringet av proprietær kode. Verden av fri " +"programvare hadde blitt fjernet av en endring i økonomien rundt " +"databehandling. Og han trodde at hvis han ikke gjorde noe med dette, så " +"ville friheten til å endre og dele programvare bli fundametalt svekket." #. type: Content of:
msgid "Torvalds, Linus" @@ -25141,9 +25147,9 @@ msgid "" "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " "journals are produced." msgstr "" -"Til slutt, la oss se på et veldig nytt eksempel som resonerer mer " -"direkte med historien i denne boken. Dette er overgangen for hvordan " -"akademiske og vitenskapelige tidsskrifter blir produsert." +"Til slutt, la oss se på et veldig nytt eksempel som resonerer mer direkte " +"med historien i denne boken. Dette er overgangen for hvordan akademiske og " +"vitenskapelige tidsskrifter blir produsert." #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of:
@@ -25198,10 +25204,9 @@ msgid "" "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " "data except by paying for a subscription?" msgstr "" -"Men hva hvis den eneste måten å få tilgang til sosiale og " -"vitenskapelige data var gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva hvis ingen " -"hadde muligheten til å bla igjennom disse datasettene uten å betale " -"for et abonnement?" +"Men hva hvis den eneste måten å få tilgang til sosiale og vitenskapelige " +"data var gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva hvis ingen hadde muligheten til " +"å bla igjennom disse datasettene uten å betale for et abonnement?" #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -25236,12 +25241,12 @@ msgid "" "disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with software, a changing technology " "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" -"Etter hvert som tidsskrift blir elektroniske krever derimot utgiverne " -"at bibliotekene ikke gir alle tilgang til tidsskriftene. Dette betyr " -"at frihetene som papirtidsskrifter ga i offentlige biblioteker " -"begynner å forsvinne. Dermed, på samme måte som med personvern og " -"programvare, endringer i teknologien og markedet krymper en frihet som " -"vi tok for gitt tidligere." +"Etter hvert som tidsskrift blir elektroniske krever derimot utgiverne at " +"bibliotekene ikke gir alle tilgang til tidsskriftene. Dette betyr at " +"frihetene som papirtidsskrifter ga i offentlige biblioteker begynner å " +"forsvinne. Dermed, på samme måte som med personvern og programvare, " +"endringer i teknologien og markedet krymper en frihet som vi tok for gitt " +"tidligere." #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 56a2d0a..b832fe3 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 21:18+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 23:52+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13331 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13336 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13332 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13337 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14325 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9227 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:13435 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9232 freeculture.xml:12700 freeculture.xml:13440 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9228 freeculture.xml:12696 freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9233 freeculture.xml:12701 freeculture.xml:13441 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -769,7 +769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9235 freeculture.xml:9890 +#: freeculture.xml:606 freeculture.xml:9240 freeculture.xml:9895 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -789,7 +789,7 @@ msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4259 +#: freeculture.xml:610 freeculture.xml:4264 msgid "radio" msgstr "" @@ -868,13 +868,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "RCA" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:663 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:663 freeculture.xml:2540 freeculture.xml:2572 freeculture.xml:2574 msgid "media" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:663 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:663 freeculture.xml:2574 msgid "ownership concentration in" msgstr "" @@ -1045,7 +1045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2491 freeculture.xml:7272 +#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2491 freeculture.xml:2548 freeculture.xml:7277 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" @@ -1211,7 +1211,7 @@ msgid "free culture vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:9783 +#: freeculture.xml:878 freeculture.xml:9788 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:968 freeculture.xml:11016 freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:968 freeculture.xml:11021 freeculture.xml:11667 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1354,7 +1354,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:969 freeculture.xml:1134 freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:1266 freeculture.xml:1610 freeculture.xml:1654 freeculture.xml:1768 freeculture.xml:3111 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:7271 freeculture.xml:7401 +#: freeculture.xml:969 freeculture.xml:1134 freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:1266 freeculture.xml:1610 freeculture.xml:1654 freeculture.xml:1768 freeculture.xml:3116 freeculture.xml:4262 freeculture.xml:4263 freeculture.xml:7276 freeculture.xml:7406 msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14724 +#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14729 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@ msgid "English" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1135 freeculture.xml:5016 +#: freeculture.xml:1135 freeculture.xml:5021 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" @@ -1590,7 +1590,7 @@ msgid "music publishing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1137 freeculture.xml:3199 +#: freeculture.xml:1137 freeculture.xml:3204 msgid "sheet music" msgstr "" @@ -1720,7 +1720,7 @@ msgid "if value, then right theory of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:3007 +#: freeculture.xml:1207 freeculture.xml:3012 msgid "if value, then right theory" msgstr "" @@ -1734,7 +1734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1226 freeculture.xml:7174 +#: freeculture.xml:1226 freeculture.xml:7179 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -1776,7 +1776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:7401 +#: freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:7406 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" msgstr "" @@ -1894,7 +1894,7 @@ msgid "cartoon films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1317 freeculture.xml:5890 freeculture.xml:5934 +#: freeculture.xml:1317 freeculture.xml:5895 freeculture.xml:5939 msgid "films" msgstr "" @@ -1909,7 +1909,7 @@ msgid "Steamboat Willie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1319 freeculture.xml:7198 +#: freeculture.xml:1319 freeculture.xml:7203 msgid "Mickey Mouse" msgstr "" @@ -1925,7 +1925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1327 freeculture.xml:1544 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:1985 freeculture.xml:4501 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7197 freeculture.xml:10637 freeculture.xml:11019 +#: freeculture.xml:1327 freeculture.xml:1544 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:1985 freeculture.xml:4506 freeculture.xml:6071 freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:10642 freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -2033,22 +2033,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1395 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:7274 freeculture.xml:7374 +#: freeculture.xml:1395 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:7279 freeculture.xml:7379 msgid "derivative works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1395 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:7274 +#: freeculture.xml:1395 freeculture.xml:1552 freeculture.xml:7279 msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:14790 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3693 freeculture.xml:7280 freeculture.xml:14795 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:7275 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:7280 msgid "derivative work vs." msgstr "" @@ -2087,7 +2087,7 @@ msgid "by transforming previous works" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1425 freeculture.xml:6107 +#: freeculture.xml:1425 freeculture.xml:6112 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" @@ -2116,7 +2116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1445 freeculture.xml:1740 freeculture.xml:10638 +#: freeculture.xml:1445 freeculture.xml:1740 freeculture.xml:10643 msgid "Grimm fairy tales" msgstr "" @@ -2173,17 +2173,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11017 freeculture.xml:11018 +#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11022 freeculture.xml:11023 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11018 +#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11023 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7755 freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7760 freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2494,7 +2494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1726 freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:4717 freeculture.xml:4942 freeculture.xml:7574 freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:1726 freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:4722 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:7579 freeculture.xml:8692 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2576,7 +2576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1794 freeculture.xml:5102 +#: freeculture.xml:1794 freeculture.xml:5107 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" @@ -2643,7 +2643,7 @@ msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1845 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2055 freeculture.xml:6594 +#: freeculture.xml:1845 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2055 freeculture.xml:6599 msgid "camera technology" msgstr "" @@ -2874,7 +2874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1986 freeculture.xml:9377 +#: freeculture.xml:1986 freeculture.xml:9382 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -3051,7 +3051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2659 freeculture.xml:6593 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:8521 freeculture.xml:8592 +#: freeculture.xml:2125 freeculture.xml:2664 freeculture.xml:6598 freeculture.xml:7448 freeculture.xml:8526 freeculture.xml:8597 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" @@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14788 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14793 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -3128,7 +3128,7 @@ msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2177 freeculture.xml:2237 freeculture.xml:2244 freeculture.xml:2722 +#: freeculture.xml:2177 freeculture.xml:2237 freeculture.xml:2244 freeculture.xml:2727 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" @@ -3218,7 +3218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2241 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:5134 freeculture.xml:8410 +#: freeculture.xml:2241 freeculture.xml:4057 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:8415 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -3336,7 +3336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2334 freeculture.xml:2393 freeculture.xml:5919 +#: freeculture.xml:2334 freeculture.xml:2393 freeculture.xml:5924 msgid "September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks of" msgstr "" @@ -3346,7 +3346,7 @@ msgid "World Trade Center" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2336 freeculture.xml:5839 +#: freeculture.xml:2336 freeculture.xml:5844 msgid "news coverage" msgstr "" @@ -3376,7 +3376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2357 freeculture.xml:8349 freeculture.xml:8586 +#: freeculture.xml:2357 freeculture.xml:8354 freeculture.xml:8591 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3426,7 +3426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2394 freeculture.xml:2489 freeculture.xml:2617 +#: freeculture.xml:2394 freeculture.xml:2489 freeculture.xml:2622 msgid "blogs (Web-logs)" msgstr "" @@ -3653,8 +3653,13 @@ msgid "" "majority leader." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2540 freeculture.xml:2572 +msgid "commercial imperatives of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2541 +#: freeculture.xml:2542 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -3662,8 +3667,13 @@ msgid "" "readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:2548 +msgid "peer-generated rankings on" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2550 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -3674,13 +3684,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2556 +#: freeculture.xml:2559 msgid "Winer, Dave" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2558 +#: freeculture.xml:2561 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3693,23 +3703,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2568 freeculture.xml:2614 +#: freeculture.xml:2571 freeculture.xml:2619 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2569 freeculture.xml:2615 freeculture.xml:5783 +#: freeculture.xml:2573 freeculture.xml:2620 freeculture.xml:5788 msgid "Iraq war" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2577 +#: freeculture.xml:2582 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2571 +#: freeculture.xml:2576 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -3727,7 +3737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2595 +#: freeculture.xml:2600 msgid "" "John Schwartz, Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of " "Information Online, New York Times, 2 " @@ -3737,7 +3747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2587 +#: freeculture.xml:2592 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the " "debate—amateur not in the sense of inexperienced, but " @@ -3753,12 +3763,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2616 +#: freeculture.xml:2621 msgid "Olafson, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2614 +#: freeculture.xml:2619 msgid "" " -#: freeculture.xml:2607 +#: freeculture.xml:2612 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. It's going to become an essential skill, Winer " @@ -3792,7 +3802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2637 +#: freeculture.xml:2642 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because you " "don't have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper. " @@ -3809,12 +3819,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2658 +#: freeculture.xml:2663 msgid "Brown, John Seely" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2661 +#: freeculture.xml:2666 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist " "of the Xerox Corporation. His work, as his Web site describes it, is " @@ -3823,7 +3833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2667 +#: freeculture.xml:2672 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3833,7 +3843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2674 +#: freeculture.xml:2679 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When a lot of us grew " "up, he explains, that tinkering was done on motorcycle " @@ -3848,7 +3858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2687 +#: freeculture.xml:2692 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3858,7 +3868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2694 +#: freeculture.xml:2699 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a completely new kind of learning " "platform, as Brown describes. As soon as you start doing " @@ -3870,7 +3880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2702 +#: freeculture.xml:2707 msgid "" "In this process, the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. " "They are code. Kids are shifting to the ability to tinker in " @@ -3882,7 +3892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2711 +#: freeculture.xml:2716 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3897,7 +3907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2724 +#: freeculture.xml:2729 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3906,7 +3916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2732 +#: freeculture.xml:2737 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3919,7 +3929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2748 +#: freeculture.xml:2753 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, Technological " "Access Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship, " @@ -3928,7 +3938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2741 +#: freeculture.xml:2746 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter -#: freeculture.xml:2756 +#: freeculture.xml:2761 msgid "" "This is where education in the twenty-first century is going, " "Brown explains. We need to understand how kids who grow up digital " @@ -3949,7 +3959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2761 +#: freeculture.xml:2766 msgid "" "Yet, as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will " "evince, we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the " @@ -3959,7 +3969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2769 +#: freeculture.xml:2774 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3968,7 +3978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2775 +#: freeculture.xml:2780 msgid "" "No way to run a culture, as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet " "in chapter , " @@ -3976,22 +3986,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2782 +#: freeculture.xml:2787 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2783 +#: freeculture.xml:2788 msgid "RPI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2783 freeculture.xml:2784 +#: freeculture.xml:2788 freeculture.xml:2789 msgid "Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2786 +#: freeculture.xml:2791 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In the fall</emphasis> of 2002, Jesse Jordan of " "Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic " @@ -4002,7 +4012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2794 +#: freeculture.xml:2799 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -4013,7 +4023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2802 +#: freeculture.xml:2807 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -4024,7 +4034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2809 +#: freeculture.xml:2814 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -4038,7 +4048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2821 +#: freeculture.xml:2826 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -4049,7 +4059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2830 +#: freeculture.xml:2835 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -4063,7 +4073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2842 +#: freeculture.xml:2847 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -4074,7 +4084,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2849 +#: freeculture.xml:2854 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -4084,7 +4094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2858 +#: freeculture.xml:2863 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -4101,7 +4111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2873 +#: freeculture.xml:2878 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -4112,7 +4122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2882 +#: freeculture.xml:2887 msgid "" "<quote>It was absurd,</quote> he told me. <quote>I don't think I did " "anything wrong. … I don't think there's anything wrong with the " @@ -4127,13 +4137,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2894 +#: freeculture.xml:2899 msgid "statutory damages" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2896 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore <quote>willfully</quote> violated copyright laws. They " @@ -4146,18 +4156,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2906 +#: freeculture.xml:2911 msgid "Princeton University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2907 +#: freeculture.xml:2912 msgid "Michigan Technical University" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2921 +#: freeculture.xml:2926 msgid "" "Tim Goral, <quote>Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,</quote> <citetitle>Professional Media " @@ -4165,7 +4175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2909 +#: freeculture.xml:2914 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -4180,7 +4190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2928 +#: freeculture.xml:2933 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -4189,12 +4199,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2934 +#: freeculture.xml:2939 msgid "Oppenheimer, Matt" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2936 +#: freeculture.xml:2941 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -4209,7 +4219,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2947 +#: freeculture.xml:2952 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -4221,25 +4231,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2957 +#: freeculture.xml:2962 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:5384 freeculture.xml:5433 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14689 freeculture.xml:14754 +#: freeculture.xml:2965 freeculture.xml:3323 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:5389 freeculture.xml:5438 freeculture.xml:9847 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10114 freeculture.xml:14694 freeculture.xml:14759 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14689 freeculture.xml:14754 +#: freeculture.xml:2965 freeculture.xml:3323 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:9847 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:10114 freeculture.xml:14694 freeculture.xml:14759 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2970 +#: freeculture.xml:2975 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -4248,7 +4258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2978 +#: freeculture.xml:2983 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in <quote>KaZaA and " "Punishment,</quote> <citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September " @@ -4256,7 +4266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2962 +#: freeculture.xml:2967 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -4270,7 +4280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2983 +#: freeculture.xml:2988 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -4278,7 +4288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2990 +#: freeculture.xml:2995 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. … [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -4287,7 +4297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2997 +#: freeculture.xml:3002 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse <quote>considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4297,12 +4307,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3006 +#: freeculture.xml:3011 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: <quote>Pirates</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3009 +#: freeculture.xml:3014 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>If <quote>piracy</quote> means</emphasis> using the " "creative property of others without their permission—if <quote>if " @@ -4314,12 +4324,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3020 +#: freeculture.xml:3025 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 +#: freeculture.xml:3029 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> I am grateful to Peter DiMauro " "for pointing me to this extraordinary history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -4329,7 +4339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3022 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -4343,12 +4353,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3040 +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3044 +#: freeculture.xml:3049 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -4359,27 +4369,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3052 +#: freeculture.xml:3057 msgid "Fox, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3053 +#: freeculture.xml:3058 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3336 freeculture.xml:4483 freeculture.xml:9982 +#: freeculture.xml:3059 freeculture.xml:3341 freeculture.xml:4488 freeculture.xml:9987 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3078 freeculture.xml:4482 freeculture.xml:9716 freeculture.xml:9837 +#: freeculture.xml:3083 freeculture.xml:4487 freeculture.xml:9721 freeculture.xml:9842 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3067 +#: freeculture.xml:3072 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent " "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and " @@ -4395,7 +4405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3056 +#: freeculture.xml:3061 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -4411,7 +4421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3089 +#: freeculture.xml:3094 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, <quote>The First Studios,</quote> <citetitle>The Silents " "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink " @@ -4419,7 +4429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3083 +#: freeculture.xml:3088 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the <quote>independents,</quote> were companies " "like Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously " @@ -4434,7 +4444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3099 +#: freeculture.xml:3104 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4445,34 +4455,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3110 +#: freeculture.xml:3115 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3111 freeculture.xml:4257 +#: freeculture.xml:3116 freeculture.xml:4262 msgid "on music recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3113 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3116 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "Fourneaux, Henri" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3117 +#: freeculture.xml:3122 msgid "Russel, Phil" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3119 +#: freeculture.xml:3124 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4485,12 +4495,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 freeculture.xml:3280 +#: freeculture.xml:3133 freeculture.xml:3285 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3130 +#: freeculture.xml:3135 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record <quote>Happy Mose,</quote> using Edison's " "phonograph or Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear " @@ -4510,12 +4520,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3153 freeculture.xml:3170 +#: freeculture.xml:3158 freeculture.xml:3175 msgid "Kittredge, Alfred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3149 +#: freeculture.xml:3154 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it, <placeholder " @@ -4523,7 +4533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3164 +#: freeculture.xml:3169 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -4535,7 +4545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3157 +#: freeculture.xml:3162 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -4546,13 +4556,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3174 +#: freeculture.xml:3179 msgid "Sousa, John Philip" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3180 +#: freeculture.xml:3185 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4560,7 +4570,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3186 +#: freeculture.xml:3191 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -4568,14 +4578,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3193 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3176 +#: freeculture.xml:3181 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were <quote>sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of " @@ -4588,18 +4598,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3197 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "American Graphophone Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3198 +#: freeculture.xml:3203 msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3209 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -4608,7 +4618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3220 +#: freeculture.xml:3225 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -4616,7 +4626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3206 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -4634,7 +4644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3226 +#: freeculture.xml:3231 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer " "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to " @@ -4649,7 +4659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3241 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a <quote>compulsory license,</quote> but " "I will refer to it as a <quote>statutory license.</quote> A statutory " @@ -4660,12 +4670,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:14385 +#: freeculture.xml:3253 freeculture.xml:14390 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3250 +#: freeculture.xml:3255 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -4677,7 +4687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3274 +#: freeculture.xml:3279 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -4688,7 +4698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3260 +#: freeculture.xml:3265 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry " @@ -4705,7 +4715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3283 +#: freeculture.xml:3288 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -4714,7 +4724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3305 +#: freeculture.xml:3310 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -4722,7 +4732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3290 +#: freeculture.xml:3295 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -4739,29 +4749,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3312 +#: freeculture.xml:3317 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3317 freeculture.xml:4447 +#: freeculture.xml:3322 freeculture.xml:4452 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3320 +#: freeculture.xml:3325 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3335 +#: freeculture.xml:3340 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3326 +#: freeculture.xml:3331 msgid "" "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At " "the beginning, record companies printed <quote>Not Licensed for Radio " @@ -4778,7 +4788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3323 +#: freeculture.xml:3328 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a " "<quote>public performance</quote> of the composer's work.<placeholder " @@ -4789,13 +4799,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:9051 freeculture.xml:9510 freeculture.xml:12509 +#: freeculture.xml:3358 freeculture.xml:9056 freeculture.xml:9515 freeculture.xml:12514 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3343 +#: freeculture.xml:3348 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also " @@ -4810,7 +4820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3358 +#: freeculture.xml:3363 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -4820,12 +4830,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3365 freeculture.xml:3870 freeculture.xml:6348 +#: freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:3875 freeculture.xml:6353 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3367 +#: freeculture.xml:3372 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -4834,7 +4844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3373 +#: freeculture.xml:3378 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4846,7 +4856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3384 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -4857,23 +4867,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3394 freeculture.xml:4453 +#: freeculture.xml:3399 freeculture.xml:4458 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4277 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:14787 +#: freeculture.xml:3400 freeculture.xml:4282 freeculture.xml:8251 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:14792 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3397 +#: freeculture.xml:3402 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3400 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -4885,22 +4895,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3410 +#: freeculture.xml:3415 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3411 +#: freeculture.xml:3416 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3412 freeculture.xml:3423 +#: freeculture.xml:3417 freeculture.xml:3428 msgid "Hyde, Rosel H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3418 +#: freeculture.xml:3423 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -4911,14 +4921,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3430 +#: freeculture.xml:3435 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3414 +#: freeculture.xml:3419 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of <quote>unfair " @@ -4933,14 +4943,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3441 +#: freeculture.xml:3446 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3437 +#: freeculture.xml:3442 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4948,13 +4958,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3447 +#: freeculture.xml:3452 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3461 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4962,7 +4972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3451 +#: freeculture.xml:3456 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4971,12 +4981,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3462 freeculture.xml:3470 +#: freeculture.xml:3467 freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "Heston, Charlton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3468 +#: freeculture.xml:3473 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -4984,7 +4994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3464 +#: freeculture.xml:3469 msgid "" "These were <quote>free-ride[rs],</quote> Screen Actor's Guild president " "Charlton Heston said, who were <quote>depriving actors of " @@ -4992,19 +5002,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#: freeculture.xml:3480 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3491 freeculture.xml:3493 +#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:3498 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3489 +#: freeculture.xml:3494 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -5012,7 +5022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3485 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -5024,14 +5034,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3497 +#: freeculture.xml:3502 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3501 +#: freeculture.xml:3506 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they " @@ -5047,7 +5057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3519 +#: freeculture.xml:3524 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The " "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free " @@ -5058,7 +5068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3514 +#: freeculture.xml:3519 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>These separate stories</emphasis> sing a common " "theme. If <quote>piracy</quote> means using value from someone else's " @@ -5072,12 +5082,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3536 +#: freeculture.xml:3541 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: <quote>Piracy</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 +#: freeculture.xml:3543 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is piracy</emphasis> of copyrighted " "material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in many forms. The most significant " @@ -5089,7 +5099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3546 +#: freeculture.xml:3551 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of " "<quote>taking</quote> that is more directly related to the Internet. That " @@ -5101,28 +5111,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3556 +#: freeculture.xml:3561 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:3637 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:14789 +#: freeculture.xml:3562 freeculture.xml:3642 freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:14794 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:9511 freeculture.xml:10318 freeculture.xml:14180 freeculture.xml:14771 +#: freeculture.xml:3563 freeculture.xml:4010 freeculture.xml:9516 freeculture.xml:10323 freeculture.xml:14185 freeculture.xml:14776 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3558 +#: freeculture.xml:3563 msgid "foreign piracy of" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3566 +#: freeculture.xml:3571 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), " "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, " @@ -5132,7 +5142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3560 +#: freeculture.xml:3565 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -5144,7 +5154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3576 +#: freeculture.xml:3581 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -5152,7 +5162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3582 +#: freeculture.xml:3587 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -5164,7 +5174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3591 +#: freeculture.xml:3596 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -5179,7 +5189,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3602 +#: freeculture.xml:3607 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -5188,17 +5198,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3630 +#: freeculture.xml:3635 msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3631 freeculture.xml:12793 freeculture.xml:13251 freeculture.xml:13258 +#: freeculture.xml:3636 freeculture.xml:12798 freeculture.xml:13256 freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3615 +#: freeculture.xml:3620 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: " "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New " @@ -5218,7 +5228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3610 +#: freeculture.xml:3615 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -5230,12 +5240,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3926 freeculture.xml:14937 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 freeculture.xml:3931 freeculture.xml:14942 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3645 +#: freeculture.xml:3650 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: " @@ -5248,7 +5258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3639 +#: freeculture.xml:3644 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -5258,7 +5268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3656 +#: freeculture.xml:3661 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -5274,7 +5284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3670 +#: freeculture.xml:3675 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property " @@ -5293,52 +5303,52 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:14790 +#: freeculture.xml:3693 freeculture.xml:14795 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3694 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:11593 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:11598 freeculture.xml:13099 freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3691 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:13095 freeculture.xml:13696 +#: freeculture.xml:3696 freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:11600 freeculture.xml:13100 freeculture.xml:13701 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:3694 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:5375 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:3697 freeculture.xml:3699 freeculture.xml:3700 freeculture.xml:5380 freeculture.xml:7890 freeculture.xml:13152 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3692 +#: freeculture.xml:3697 msgid "competitive strategies of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3693 +#: freeculture.xml:3698 msgid "Windows" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3694 +#: freeculture.xml:3699 msgid "international software piracy of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3695 +#: freeculture.xml:3700 msgid "Windows operating system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3697 +#: freeculture.xml:3702 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese " @@ -5354,17 +5364,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3709 +#: freeculture.xml:3714 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3709 +#: freeculture.xml:3714 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3711 +#: freeculture.xml:3716 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -5375,17 +5385,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3718 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 msgid "Netscape" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3719 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 msgid "Internet Explorer" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3723 +#: freeculture.xml:3728 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -5401,7 +5411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3737 +#: freeculture.xml:3742 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -5413,7 +5423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3747 +#: freeculture.xml:3752 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all <quote>piracy</quote> " @@ -5426,7 +5436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3756 +#: freeculture.xml:3761 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -5435,7 +5445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3762 +#: freeculture.xml:3767 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -5444,20 +5454,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3768 +#: freeculture.xml:3773 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3774 +#: freeculture.xml:3779 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3779 +#: freeculture.xml:3784 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -5465,7 +5475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3776 +#: freeculture.xml:3781 msgid "" "The key to the <quote>piracy</quote> that the law aims to quash is a use " "that <quote>rob[s] the author of [his] profit.</quote><placeholder " @@ -5475,22 +5485,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3787 freeculture.xml:3795 +#: freeculture.xml:3792 freeculture.xml:3800 msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3788 +#: freeculture.xml:3793 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3805 freeculture.xml:8479 +#: freeculture.xml:3810 freeculture.xml:8484 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3795 +#: freeculture.xml:3800 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Clayton M. Christensen, " "<citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National Bestseller " @@ -5505,7 +5515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3790 +#: freeculture.xml:3795 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -5517,7 +5527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3815 +#: freeculture.xml:3820 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, <quote>Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood " "Nightmare,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 " @@ -5531,7 +5541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3810 +#: freeculture.xml:3815 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -5547,7 +5557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3837 +#: freeculture.xml:3842 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -5558,14 +5568,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3846 +#: freeculture.xml:3851 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, <quote>Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,</quote> " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3831 +#: freeculture.xml:3836 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -5581,7 +5591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3855 +#: freeculture.xml:3860 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -5593,7 +5603,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3865 +#: freeculture.xml:3870 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -5601,7 +5611,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3873 +#: freeculture.xml:3878 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -5614,7 +5624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3883 +#: freeculture.xml:3888 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -5627,7 +5637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3894 +#: freeculture.xml:3899 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5646,26 +5656,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3911 +#: freeculture.xml:3916 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3917 +#: freeculture.xml:3922 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3925 +#: freeculture.xml:3930 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3920 +#: freeculture.xml:3925 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -5679,7 +5689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3936 +#: freeculture.xml:3941 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5690,17 +5700,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:3952 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:14497 +#: freeculture.xml:3948 freeculture.xml:3957 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:8050 freeculture.xml:8079 freeculture.xml:9777 freeculture.xml:14502 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:14497 freeculture.xml:14498 +#: freeculture.xml:3948 freeculture.xml:4314 freeculture.xml:8050 freeculture.xml:8079 freeculture.xml:9777 freeculture.xml:9778 freeculture.xml:14502 freeculture.xml:14503 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3952 +#: freeculture.xml:3957 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, " "<citetitle>Technology Evolution and the Music Industry's Business Model " @@ -5717,7 +5727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3945 +#: freeculture.xml:3950 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -5732,18 +5742,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3970 +#: freeculture.xml:3975 msgid "MTV" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3980 +#: freeculture.xml:3985 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3972 +#: freeculture.xml:3977 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record " @@ -5755,7 +5765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3985 +#: freeculture.xml:3990 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -5768,7 +5778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3995 +#: freeculture.xml:4000 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5780,12 +5790,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4005 +#: freeculture.xml:4010 msgid "sales levels of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4007 +#: freeculture.xml:4012 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -5794,7 +5804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4016 +#: freeculture.xml:4021 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5812,12 +5822,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4043 +#: freeculture.xml:4048 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4040 +#: freeculture.xml:4045 msgid "" "Jane Black, <quote>Big Music's Broken Record,</quote> BusinessWeek online, " "13 February 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -5826,7 +5836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4012 +#: freeculture.xml:4017 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5847,7 +5857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4058 +#: freeculture.xml:4063 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5858,7 +5868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4066 +#: freeculture.xml:4071 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5876,7 +5886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4082 +#: freeculture.xml:4087 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5885,7 +5895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4094 +#: freeculture.xml:4099 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5896,7 +5906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4088 +#: freeculture.xml:4093 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5910,17 +5920,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7589 freeculture.xml:13883 freeculture.xml:14609 freeculture.xml:14610 +#: freeculture.xml:4112 freeculture.xml:4120 freeculture.xml:4142 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4668 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6004 freeculture.xml:6056 freeculture.xml:6932 freeculture.xml:6933 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:7344 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7594 freeculture.xml:13888 freeculture.xml:14614 freeculture.xml:14615 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:14610 +#: freeculture.xml:4112 freeculture.xml:4120 freeculture.xml:6933 freeculture.xml:14615 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4115 +#: freeculture.xml:4120 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> While there are not good " "estimates of the number of used record stores in existence, in 2002, there " @@ -5934,7 +5944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4109 +#: freeculture.xml:4114 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5949,17 +5959,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4136 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:14609 +#: freeculture.xml:4142 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6004 freeculture.xml:6932 freeculture.xml:14614 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4139 +#: freeculture.xml:4144 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5975,7 +5985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4152 +#: freeculture.xml:4157 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5986,13 +5996,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:13883 +#: freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:13888 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4161 +#: freeculture.xml:4166 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -6010,7 +6020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4179 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -6019,7 +6029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 +#: freeculture.xml:4190 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, <quote>This is how much we've lost,</quote> we must also ask, " @@ -6029,7 +6039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4192 +#: freeculture.xml:4197 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the <quote>piracy</quote> that file sharing enables is plainly legal and " @@ -6045,7 +6055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4206 +#: freeculture.xml:4211 msgid "" "<quote>But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the " "target just what you call type A sharing?</quote>" @@ -6053,7 +6063,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4223 +#: freeculture.xml:4228 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -6064,7 +6074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4210 +#: freeculture.xml:4215 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -6077,7 +6087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4234 +#: freeculture.xml:4239 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -6091,7 +6101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4245 +#: freeculture.xml:4250 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -6103,67 +6113,67 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4254 +#: freeculture.xml:4259 msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:11661 +#: freeculture.xml:4260 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:11666 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4255 +#: freeculture.xml:4260 msgid "on copyright laws" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4256 +#: freeculture.xml:4261 msgid "on recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4258 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "statutory licenses in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4259 +#: freeculture.xml:4264 msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4260 freeculture.xml:4261 freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 freeculture.xml:4266 freeculture.xml:4267 msgid "recording industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4260 +#: freeculture.xml:4265 msgid "artist remuneration in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4266 msgid "copyright protections in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4262 +#: freeculture.xml:4267 msgid "radio broadcast and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4263 +#: freeculture.xml:4268 msgid "statutory licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4264 +#: freeculture.xml:4269 msgid "composer's rights vs. producers' rights in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4266 +#: freeculture.xml:4271 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when <quote>mechanical reproduction</quote> threatened " "the interests of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers " @@ -6177,7 +6187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4279 +#: freeculture.xml:4284 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -6188,7 +6198,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4290 +#: freeculture.xml:4295 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -6206,12 +6216,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4308 +#: freeculture.xml:4313 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4311 +#: freeculture.xml:4316 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -6228,7 +6238,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4325 +#: freeculture.xml:4330 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -6245,7 +6255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4347 +#: freeculture.xml:4352 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -6255,13 +6265,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4359 +#: freeculture.xml:4364 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4364 +#: freeculture.xml:4369 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -6269,14 +6279,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4375 +#: freeculture.xml:4380 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4340 +#: freeculture.xml:4345 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs <quote>tapeworms.</quote> He warned, <quote>When there are 20, " @@ -6303,19 +6313,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4392 +#: freeculture.xml:4397 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4395 +#: freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#: freeculture.xml:4385 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -6332,7 +6342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4398 +#: freeculture.xml:4403 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -6341,14 +6351,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4417 +#: freeculture.xml:4422 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4407 +#: freeculture.xml:4412 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -6359,7 +6369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4422 +#: freeculture.xml:4427 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -6369,77 +6379,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4433 +#: freeculture.xml:4438 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4434 +#: freeculture.xml:4439 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS <quote>PIRATED</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4435 +#: freeculture.xml:4440 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4436 +#: freeculture.xml:4441 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4441 +#: freeculture.xml:4446 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4442 +#: freeculture.xml:4447 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4443 freeculture.xml:4455 freeculture.xml:4461 +#: freeculture.xml:4448 freeculture.xml:4460 freeculture.xml:4466 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4444 freeculture.xml:4456 +#: freeculture.xml:4449 freeculture.xml:4461 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4448 +#: freeculture.xml:4453 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4449 +#: freeculture.xml:4454 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4450 freeculture.xml:4462 +#: freeculture.xml:4455 freeculture.xml:4467 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4454 +#: freeculture.xml:4459 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4459 +#: freeculture.xml:4464 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4460 +#: freeculture.xml:4465 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4472 +#: freeculture.xml:4477 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -6456,7 +6466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4469 +#: freeculture.xml:4474 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -6466,7 +6476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4495 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -6480,7 +6490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4503 +#: freeculture.xml:4508 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -6494,14 +6504,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4520 +#: freeculture.xml:4525 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4515 +#: freeculture.xml:4520 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -6515,7 +6525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4531 +#: freeculture.xml:4536 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -6532,7 +6542,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4555 +#: freeculture.xml:4560 msgid "" "John Schwartz, <quote>New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software " "Echoes Past Efforts,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 " @@ -6540,7 +6550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4547 +#: freeculture.xml:4552 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -6552,7 +6562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4560 +#: freeculture.xml:4565 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Yet when anyone</emphasis> begins to talk about " "<quote>balance,</quote> the copyright warriors raise a different " @@ -6566,7 +6576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4572 +#: freeculture.xml:4577 msgid "" "<quote>It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,</quote> the warriors " "insist. <quote>And it should be protected just as any other property is " @@ -6574,13 +6584,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4581 +#: freeculture.xml:4586 msgid "<quote>PROPERTY</quote>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4586 +#: freeculture.xml:4591 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The copyright warriors</emphasis> are right: A " "copyright is a kind of property. It can be owned and sold, and the law " @@ -6590,7 +6600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4593 +#: freeculture.xml:4598 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a <quote>property</quote> " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -6605,7 +6615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4618 +#: freeculture.xml:4623 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -6613,7 +6623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4605 +#: freeculture.xml:4610 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -6629,7 +6639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4624 +#: freeculture.xml:4629 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -6639,7 +6649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4637 +#: freeculture.xml:4642 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6651,7 +6661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4632 +#: freeculture.xml:4637 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -6661,7 +6671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4647 +#: freeculture.xml:4652 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of <quote>copyright material " @@ -6674,27 +6684,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4660 +#: freeculture.xml:4665 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4661 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "Henry V" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4662 freeculture.xml:4807 +#: freeculture.xml:4667 freeculture.xml:4812 msgid "Branagh, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4663 +#: freeculture.xml:4668 msgid "English copyright law developed for" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4665 +#: freeculture.xml:4670 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>William Shakespeare</emphasis> wrote " "<citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in 1595. The play was first " @@ -6708,17 +6718,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4681 +#: freeculture.xml:4686 msgid "Jonson, Ben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4682 +#: freeculture.xml:4687 msgid "Dryden, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4681 +#: freeculture.xml:4686 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with " @@ -6733,7 +6743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4699 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -6742,7 +6752,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4677 +#: freeculture.xml:4682 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the <quote>copy-right</quote> for the work was still thought by " @@ -6758,12 +6768,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4706 +#: freeculture.xml:4711 msgid "British Parliament" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4722 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely " "argues, it is erroneous to call this a <quote>copyright law.</quote> See " @@ -6771,7 +6781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4708 +#: freeculture.xml:4713 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -6786,12 +6796,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4724 +#: freeculture.xml:4729 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4726 +#: freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a " "<quote>copyright</quote> was—indeed, no one had. At the time the " @@ -6804,7 +6814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 +#: freeculture.xml:4742 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -6820,7 +6830,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 +#: freeculture.xml:4754 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or " "<quote>booksellers,</quote> as they were called, because there was growing " @@ -6832,7 +6842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4761 +#: freeculture.xml:4766 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or <quote>proprietor</quote> of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -6843,7 +6853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4770 +#: freeculture.xml:4775 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -6852,7 +6862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4776 +#: freeculture.xml:4781 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -6866,7 +6876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4787 +#: freeculture.xml:4792 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of <quote>copyright</quote> that existed at the time of the " @@ -6876,7 +6886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4793 +#: freeculture.xml:4798 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of <quote>copyright</quote> ever more broadly. But in " @@ -6892,7 +6902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4809 +#: freeculture.xml:4814 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -6905,17 +6915,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 +#: freeculture.xml:4823 msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4819 +#: freeculture.xml:4824 msgid "Statute of Monopolies (1656)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4821 +#: freeculture.xml:4826 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with <quote>exclusive rights,</quote> " @@ -6930,7 +6940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4834 +#: freeculture.xml:4839 msgid "" "Thus the <quote>copy-right,</quote> when viewed as a monopoly right, was " "naturally viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the " @@ -6942,20 +6952,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 +#: freeculture.xml:4847 msgid "booksellers, English" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4859 +#: freeculture.xml:4864 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4844 +#: freeculture.xml:4849 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6971,7 +6981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4864 +#: freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6981,7 +6991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:4877 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6995,7 +7005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4884 +#: freeculture.xml:4889 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -7007,7 +7017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4893 +#: freeculture.xml:4898 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -7015,7 +7025,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4908 +#: freeculture.xml:4913 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -7027,7 +7037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4898 +#: freeculture.xml:4903 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -7039,7 +7049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4919 +#: freeculture.xml:4924 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -7056,12 +7066,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4933 freeculture.xml:4941 freeculture.xml:4988 +#: freeculture.xml:4938 freeculture.xml:4946 freeculture.xml:4993 msgid "Patterson, Raymond" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4941 +#: freeculture.xml:4946 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, <quote>Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair " @@ -7070,7 +7080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4935 +#: freeculture.xml:4940 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -7083,14 +7093,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4955 +#: freeculture.xml:4960 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4951 +#: freeculture.xml:4956 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -7098,22 +7108,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4959 +#: freeculture.xml:4964 msgid "Boswell, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4960 +#: freeculture.xml:4965 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:15033 +#: freeculture.xml:4974 freeculture.xml:15038 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4967 +#: freeculture.xml:4972 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -7121,12 +7131,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4978 +#: freeculture.xml:4983 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4962 +#: freeculture.xml:4967 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints " @@ -7140,7 +7150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4988 +#: freeculture.xml:4993 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Lyman Ray Patterson, " "<citetitle>Copyright in Historical Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting " @@ -7148,7 +7158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4982 +#: freeculture.xml:4987 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -7160,7 +7170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4997 +#: freeculture.xml:5002 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block <quote>piracy</quote> " "like Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the " @@ -7169,18 +7179,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5001 +#: freeculture.xml:5006 msgid "Seasons, The (Thomson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5002 +#: freeculture.xml:5007 msgid "Taylor, Robert" msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5011 +#: freeculture.xml:5016 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, <quote>The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,</quote> <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -7188,7 +7198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5004 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem <quote>The Seasons.</quote> Millar complied with the " @@ -7200,7 +7210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 +#: freeculture.xml:5023 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -7215,7 +7225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5029 +#: freeculture.xml:5034 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -7230,25 +7240,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5044 +#: freeculture.xml:5049 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5047 +#: freeculture.xml:5052 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5053 +#: freeculture.xml:5058 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5049 +#: freeculture.xml:5054 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -7262,7 +7272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5063 +#: freeculture.xml:5068 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -7275,7 +7285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5073 +#: freeculture.xml:5078 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the <quote>law lords,</quote> members of " @@ -7286,7 +7296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5080 +#: freeculture.xml:5085 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -7298,27 +7308,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5098 +#: freeculture.xml:5103 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5099 +#: freeculture.xml:5104 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5100 +#: freeculture.xml:5105 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5106 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 +#: freeculture.xml:5095 msgid "" "<quote>The public domain.</quote> Before the case of " "<citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there " @@ -7335,12 +7345,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5115 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5105 +#: freeculture.xml:5110 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -7355,7 +7365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5119 +#: freeculture.xml:5124 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -7363,7 +7373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5125 +#: freeculture.xml:5130 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -7377,7 +7387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5140 +#: freeculture.xml:5145 msgid "" "<quote>Ruined</quote> is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an " "exaggeration to say that the change was profound. The decision of the House " @@ -7400,7 +7410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5162 +#: freeculture.xml:5167 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -7408,12 +7418,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5172 +#: freeculture.xml:5177 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5174 +#: freeculture.xml:5179 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jon Else</emphasis> is a filmmaker. He is best known " "for his documentaries and has been very successful in spreading his art. He " @@ -7423,19 +7433,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5181 +#: freeculture.xml:5186 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5192 freeculture.xml:5255 +#: freeculture.xml:5197 freeculture.xml:5260 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5186 +#: freeculture.xml:5191 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -7447,7 +7457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5195 +#: freeculture.xml:5200 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -7458,7 +7468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5204 +#: freeculture.xml:5209 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -7469,12 +7479,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5210 freeculture.xml:5218 +#: freeculture.xml:5215 freeculture.xml:5223 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5212 +#: freeculture.xml:5217 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -7484,7 +7494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5220 +#: freeculture.xml:5225 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -7494,7 +7504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5227 +#: freeculture.xml:5232 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, <quote>two things happened. First we discovered " "… that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least " @@ -7505,12 +7515,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5234 +#: freeculture.xml:5239 msgid "Herrera, Rebecca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5241 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7522,7 +7532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5244 +#: freeculture.xml:5249 msgid "" "<quote>I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,</quote> he told " "me. <quote>Yes, you have your facts straight,</quote> she said. It would " @@ -7534,12 +7544,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5256 +#: freeculture.xml:5261 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5258 +#: freeculture.xml:5263 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -7550,7 +7560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5266 +#: freeculture.xml:5271 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -7564,7 +7574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5277 +#: freeculture.xml:5282 msgid "" "For example, <quote>public performance</quote> is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -7577,7 +7587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5289 +#: freeculture.xml:5294 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is <quote>fair use,</quote> but that " "lawyers don't permit recognition that it is <quote>fair use,</quote> see " @@ -7587,7 +7597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5286 +#: freeculture.xml:5291 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is <quote>fair use.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's " @@ -7599,14 +7609,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5301 +#: freeculture.xml:5306 msgid "" "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon <quote>fair use.</quote> Here's " "his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5305 +#: freeculture.xml:5310 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -7618,7 +7628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5320 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed <quote>visual cue " @@ -7628,18 +7638,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5322 +#: freeculture.xml:5327 msgid "<citetitle>Star Wars</citetitle>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5323 +#: freeculture.xml:5328 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5326 +#: freeculture.xml:5331 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -7655,7 +7665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5338 +#: freeculture.xml:5343 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -7666,14 +7676,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5348 +#: freeculture.xml:5353 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5355 +#: freeculture.xml:5360 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -7684,7 +7694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5363 +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -7693,22 +7703,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5372 +#: freeculture.xml:5377 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5373 +#: freeculture.xml:5378 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5374 freeculture.xml:5434 freeculture.xml:5619 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:14400 +#: freeculture.xml:5379 freeculture.xml:5439 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10092 freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5377 +#: freeculture.xml:5382 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1993</emphasis>, Alex Alben was a lawyer working " "at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an innovative company founded by Microsoft " @@ -7718,17 +7728,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5384 +#: freeculture.xml:5389 msgid "retrospective compilations on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5385 +#: freeculture.xml:5390 msgid "CD-ROMs, film clips used in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5387 +#: freeculture.xml:5392 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -7740,7 +7750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5397 +#: freeculture.xml:5402 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -7750,7 +7760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5404 +#: freeculture.xml:5409 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -7760,7 +7770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5411 +#: freeculture.xml:5416 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. <quote>Our " "goal was that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's " @@ -7771,19 +7781,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5424 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "<quote>Well, what will it take?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5433 +#: freeculture.xml:5438 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5429 +#: freeculture.xml:5434 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -7793,7 +7803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5423 +#: freeculture.xml:5428 msgid "" "Alben replied, <quote>Well, we're going to have to clear rights from " "everyone who appears in these films, and the music and everything else that " @@ -7802,7 +7812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5438 +#: freeculture.xml:5443 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -7812,7 +7822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5445 +#: freeculture.xml:5450 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -7820,7 +7830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5451 +#: freeculture.xml:5456 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -7832,7 +7842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5460 +#: freeculture.xml:5465 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -7845,12 +7855,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5471 +#: freeculture.xml:5476 msgid "Sutherland, Donald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5473 +#: freeculture.xml:5478 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7863,14 +7873,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5484 +#: freeculture.xml:5489 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—<quote>and even then we " "weren't sure whether we were totally in the clear.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5488 +#: freeculture.xml:5493 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -7878,7 +7888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5494 +#: freeculture.xml:5499 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, <quote>Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the " @@ -7891,20 +7901,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5506 +#: freeculture.xml:5511 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5509 +#: freeculture.xml:5514 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5517 +#: freeculture.xml:5522 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -7913,7 +7923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5511 +#: freeculture.xml:5516 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -7924,7 +7934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5525 +#: freeculture.xml:5530 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, <quote>very few … have the time and " "resources, and the will to do this,</quote> and thus, very few such works " @@ -7934,7 +7944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5533 +#: freeculture.xml:5538 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -7943,7 +7953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5541 +#: freeculture.xml:5546 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -7956,7 +7966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5552 +#: freeculture.xml:5557 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -7977,7 +7987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5572 +#: freeculture.xml:5577 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7987,7 +7997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5581 +#: freeculture.xml:5586 msgid "" "These costs are the burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat " "for a moment, and get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of " @@ -8002,7 +8012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5594 +#: freeculture.xml:5599 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -8013,7 +8023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5604 +#: freeculture.xml:5609 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -8022,12 +8032,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5609 +#: freeculture.xml:5614 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5611 +#: freeculture.xml:5616 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -8038,12 +8048,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5618 +#: freeculture.xml:5623 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5621 +#: freeculture.xml:5626 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -8060,7 +8070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5636 +#: freeculture.xml:5641 msgid "" "We live in a <quote>cut and paste</quote> culture enabled by " "technology. Anyone building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom " @@ -8070,13 +8080,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5647 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 117 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5644 +#: freeculture.xml:5649 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -8089,7 +8099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5655 +#: freeculture.xml:5660 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be <quote>legal,</quote> the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -8099,7 +8109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5662 +#: freeculture.xml:5667 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8116,7 +8126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5677 +#: freeculture.xml:5682 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -8126,7 +8136,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5683 +#: freeculture.xml:5688 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In February 2003</emphasis>, DreamWorks studios " "announced an agreement with Mike Myers, the comic genius of " @@ -8140,7 +8150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5696 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "" "The announcement called this <quote>film sampling.</quote> As Myers " "explained, <quote>Film Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin " @@ -8152,7 +8162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5705 +#: freeculture.xml:5710 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -8165,7 +8175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5715 +#: freeculture.xml:5720 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of <quote>fair " @@ -8181,22 +8191,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5730 +#: freeculture.xml:5735 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5731 freeculture.xml:8885 freeculture.xml:11106 freeculture.xml:11351 +#: freeculture.xml:5736 freeculture.xml:8890 freeculture.xml:11111 freeculture.xml:11356 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5732 freeculture.xml:8184 +#: freeculture.xml:5737 freeculture.xml:8189 msgid "bots" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5734 +#: freeculture.xml:5739 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In April 1996</emphasis>, millions of " "<quote>bots</quote>—computer codes designed to <quote>spider,</quote> " @@ -8209,12 +8219,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5744 freeculture.xml:5775 freeculture.xml:5837 +#: freeculture.xml:5749 freeculture.xml:5780 freeculture.xml:5842 msgid "Way Back Machine" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5746 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8225,12 +8235,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5753 +#: freeculture.xml:5758 msgid "Orwell, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5755 +#: freeculture.xml:5760 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -8240,7 +8250,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5763 +#: freeculture.xml:5768 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -8248,7 +8258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5768 +#: freeculture.xml:5773 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -8258,12 +8268,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5784 +#: freeculture.xml:5789 msgid "White House press releases" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5783 +#: freeculture.xml:5788 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the " @@ -8274,7 +8284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5777 +#: freeculture.xml:5782 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -8284,12 +8294,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5792 +#: freeculture.xml:5797 msgid "history, records of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5794 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We take it</emphasis> for granted that we can go " "back to see what we remember reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted " @@ -8302,7 +8312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5805 +#: freeculture.xml:5810 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -8315,7 +8325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5814 +#: freeculture.xml:5819 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -8327,7 +8337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5825 +#: freeculture.xml:5830 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -8340,32 +8350,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5834 freeculture.xml:5889 +#: freeculture.xml:5839 freeculture.xml:5894 msgid "Library of Congress" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5835 +#: freeculture.xml:5840 msgid "Television Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5836 +#: freeculture.xml:5841 msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5838 +#: freeculture.xml:5843 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5838 +#: freeculture.xml:5843 msgid "archival function of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5841 +#: freeculture.xml:5846 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held <quote>two hundred and thirty terabytes " @@ -8385,18 +8395,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5858 +#: freeculture.xml:5863 msgid "Quayle, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5859 +#: freeculture.xml:5864 msgid "60 Minutes" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5861 +#: freeculture.xml:5866 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -8408,17 +8418,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5872 +#: freeculture.xml:5877 msgid "newspapers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5872 +#: freeculture.xml:5877 msgid "archives of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5874 +#: freeculture.xml:5879 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -8429,7 +8439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5882 +#: freeculture.xml:5887 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -8439,13 +8449,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5890 freeculture.xml:5934 +#: freeculture.xml:5895 freeculture.xml:5939 msgid "archive of" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5901 +#: freeculture.xml:5906 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, <quote>Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at " "the Library of Congress,</quote> <citetitle>Film Library " @@ -8455,7 +8465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5892 +#: freeculture.xml:5897 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -8468,7 +8478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5909 +#: freeculture.xml:5914 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -8483,7 +8493,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5921 +#: freeculture.xml:5926 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -8495,37 +8505,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5931 +#: freeculture.xml:5936 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5932 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "archive.org" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5932 freeculture.xml:5935 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 freeculture.xml:5940 msgid "Internet Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5936 +#: freeculture.xml:5941 msgid "Duck and Cover film" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:5942 msgid "ephemeral films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5938 +#: freeculture.xml:5943 msgid "Prelinger, Rick" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5940 +#: freeculture.xml:5945 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 <quote>ephemeral films</quote> " @@ -8545,7 +8555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5958 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -8555,7 +8565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5966 +#: freeculture.xml:5971 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -8566,7 +8576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5974 +#: freeculture.xml:5979 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different <quote>lives.</quote> In its first " @@ -8578,7 +8588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5986 +#: freeculture.xml:5991 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -8589,7 +8599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5999 +#: freeculture.xml:6004 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Dave Barns, <quote>Fledgling " "Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar Owner Starts a New Chapter " @@ -8601,7 +8611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5996 +#: freeculture.xml:6001 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -8613,7 +8623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6014 +#: freeculture.xml:6019 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -8627,7 +8637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6025 +#: freeculture.xml:6030 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>For most of</emphasis> the twentieth century, it was " "economics that made this so. It would have been insanely expensive to " @@ -8640,7 +8650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6037 +#: freeculture.xml:6042 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -8651,7 +8661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6045 +#: freeculture.xml:6050 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -8660,12 +8670,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:6051 +#: freeculture.xml:6056 msgid "total number of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6053 +#: freeculture.xml:6058 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -8682,7 +8692,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6068 +#: freeculture.xml:6073 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -8698,7 +8708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6083 +#: freeculture.xml:6088 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -8710,22 +8720,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6094 +#: freeculture.xml:6099 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: <quote>Property</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6095 +#: freeculture.xml:6100 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6096 freeculture.xml:9843 +#: freeculture.xml:6101 freeculture.xml:9848 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6098 +#: freeculture.xml:6103 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Jack Valenti</emphasis> has been the president of " "the Motion Picture Association of America since 1966. He first came to " @@ -8737,37 +8747,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6108 +#: freeculture.xml:6113 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6109 +#: freeculture.xml:6114 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6110 +#: freeculture.xml:6115 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6111 +#: freeculture.xml:6116 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6112 +#: freeculture.xml:6117 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6113 freeculture.xml:7555 freeculture.xml:7726 +#: freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:7560 freeculture.xml:7731 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6115 +#: freeculture.xml:6120 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -8782,7 +8792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6133 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -8796,7 +8806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6140 +#: freeculture.xml:6145 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -8808,13 +8818,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6149 +#: freeculture.xml:6154 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6163 +#: freeculture.xml:6168 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -8824,7 +8834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6154 +#: freeculture.xml:6159 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -8838,7 +8848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6173 +#: freeculture.xml:6178 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -8850,7 +8860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6184 +#: freeculture.xml:6189 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -8866,7 +8876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6199 +#: freeculture.xml:6204 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of <quote>property</quote> not as an absolute thing, but as a " "bundle of rights that are sometimes associated with a particular " @@ -8879,7 +8889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6196 +#: freeculture.xml:6201 msgid "" "While <quote>creative property</quote> is certainly <quote>property</quote> " "in a nerdy and precise sense that lawyers are trained to " @@ -8892,7 +8902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6214 +#: freeculture.xml:6219 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -8903,7 +8913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6222 +#: freeculture.xml:6227 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -8917,7 +8927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6237 +#: freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -8929,7 +8939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6246 +#: freeculture.xml:6251 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To get</emphasis> just a hint that there is " "something fundamentally wrong in Valenti's argument, we need look no further " @@ -8937,7 +8947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6251 +#: freeculture.xml:6256 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved <quote>property.</quote> Indeed, so " "strongly did they love property that they built into the Constitution an " @@ -8952,7 +8962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6262 +#: freeculture.xml:6267 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls <quote>creative property.</quote> In the clause granting Congress the " @@ -8969,7 +8979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6277 +#: freeculture.xml:6282 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -8980,7 +8990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6286 +#: freeculture.xml:6291 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -8994,7 +9004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6298 +#: freeculture.xml:6303 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -9004,7 +9014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6306 +#: freeculture.xml:6311 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these <quote>creative property</quote> rights, and the control that they " @@ -9020,7 +9030,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6321 +#: freeculture.xml:6326 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -9032,19 +9042,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6330 +#: freeculture.xml:6335 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6331 freeculture.xml:6515 freeculture.xml:6822 +#: freeculture.xml:6336 freeculture.xml:6520 freeculture.xml:6827 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6334 +#: freeculture.xml:6339 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -9061,12 +9071,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6350 freeculture.xml:6409 freeculture.xml:6518 +#: freeculture.xml:6355 freeculture.xml:6414 freeculture.xml:6523 msgid "norms, regulatory influence of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6352 +#: freeculture.xml:6357 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -9079,12 +9089,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6362 freeculture.xml:6408 freeculture.xml:6498 freeculture.xml:6517 freeculture.xml:9468 freeculture.xml:9667 +#: freeculture.xml:6367 freeculture.xml:6413 freeculture.xml:6503 freeculture.xml:6522 freeculture.xml:9473 freeculture.xml:9672 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6364 +#: freeculture.xml:6369 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -9096,12 +9106,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6373 freeculture.xml:6407 freeculture.xml:6456 freeculture.xml:6497 +#: freeculture.xml:6378 freeculture.xml:6412 freeculture.xml:6461 freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "architecture, constraint effected through" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6375 +#: freeculture.xml:6380 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "<quote>architecture</quote>—the physical world as one finds " @@ -9120,7 +9130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6392 +#: freeculture.xml:6397 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -9128,7 +9138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6398 +#: freeculture.xml:6403 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -9140,12 +9150,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6406 +#: freeculture.xml:6411 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6411 +#: freeculture.xml:6416 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the <quote>freedom</quote> to drive a car at a " "high speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that " @@ -9162,7 +9172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6429 +#: freeculture.xml:6434 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -9176,7 +9186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6425 +#: freeculture.xml:6430 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -9193,27 +9203,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6453 +#: freeculture.xml:6458 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6454 +#: freeculture.xml:6459 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6495 +#: freeculture.xml:6500 msgid "Americans with Disabilities Act (1990)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6496 +#: freeculture.xml:6501 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6466 +#: freeculture.xml:6471 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about <quote>liberty.</quote> They " "object because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at " @@ -9248,7 +9258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6458 +#: freeculture.xml:6463 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -9259,12 +9269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6502 +#: freeculture.xml:6507 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6504 +#: freeculture.xml:6509 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -9273,18 +9283,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6510 +#: freeculture.xml:6515 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6514 freeculture.xml:6821 +#: freeculture.xml:6519 freeculture.xml:6826 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6521 +#: freeculture.xml:6526 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -9298,7 +9308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6533 +#: freeculture.xml:6538 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -9310,7 +9320,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6541 +#: freeculture.xml:6546 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -9321,17 +9331,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6551 +#: freeculture.xml:6556 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6552 +#: freeculture.xml:6557 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6555 +#: freeculture.xml:6560 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a <quote>White Paper</quote> prepared by the Commerce " @@ -9345,13 +9355,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6566 +#: freeculture.xml:6571 msgid "steel industry" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6568 +#: freeculture.xml:6573 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -9368,7 +9378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6585 +#: freeculture.xml:6590 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9379,13 +9389,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6592 +#: freeculture.xml:6597 msgid "railroad industry" msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6604 +#: freeculture.xml:6609 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, <quote>Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a " "Bridge?</quote> BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -9397,7 +9407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6596 +#: freeculture.xml:6601 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -9419,25 +9429,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:14976 +#: freeculture.xml:6630 freeculture.xml:14981 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:13212 +#: freeculture.xml:6631 freeculture.xml:13217 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6638 +#: freeculture.xml:6643 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6628 +#: freeculture.xml:6633 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -9455,7 +9465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6649 +#: freeculture.xml:6654 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -9467,7 +9477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6659 +#: freeculture.xml:6664 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -9484,7 +9494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6673 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are " @@ -9495,22 +9505,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6682 +#: freeculture.xml:6687 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6684 +#: freeculture.xml:6689 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6685 +#: freeculture.xml:6690 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6687 +#: freeculture.xml:6692 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9520,7 +9530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6694 +#: freeculture.xml:6699 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9528,17 +9538,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6698 +#: freeculture.xml:6703 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6699 +#: freeculture.xml:6704 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6701 +#: freeculture.xml:6706 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -9547,7 +9557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6707 +#: freeculture.xml:6712 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9559,13 +9569,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6715 +#: freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "Boyle, James" msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6721 +#: freeculture.xml:6726 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, <quote>A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?</quote> <citetitle>Duke Law " @@ -9574,7 +9584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6722 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an <quote>environmentalism</quote> for " @@ -9592,7 +9602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6738 +#: freeculture.xml:6743 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -9606,19 +9616,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6749 +#: freeculture.xml:6754 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6756 +#: freeculture.xml:6761 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6758 +#: freeculture.xml:6763 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of <quote>creative " @@ -9627,7 +9637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6764 +#: freeculture.xml:6769 msgid "" "The power to establish <quote>creative property</quote> rights is granted to " "Congress in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article " @@ -9636,7 +9646,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6769 +#: freeculture.xml:6774 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -9650,7 +9660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6782 +#: freeculture.xml:6787 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -9663,7 +9673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6792 +#: freeculture.xml:6797 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -9680,7 +9690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6807 +#: freeculture.xml:6812 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call " "<quote>copyright</quote> today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond " @@ -9691,7 +9701,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6814 +#: freeculture.xml:6819 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -9699,38 +9709,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6825 +#: freeculture.xml:6830 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 +#: freeculture.xml:6833 msgid "<quote>Copyright</quote> today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6829 +#: freeculture.xml:6834 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6832 +#: freeculture.xml:6837 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6837 +#: freeculture.xml:6842 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6853 +#: freeculture.xml:6858 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6847 +#: freeculture.xml:6852 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -9741,7 +9751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6839 +#: freeculture.xml:6844 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -9757,7 +9767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6863 +#: freeculture.xml:6868 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -9768,7 +9778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -9779,7 +9789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6886 +#: freeculture.xml:6891 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -9798,7 +9808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6878 +#: freeculture.xml:6883 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -9811,7 +9821,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6902 +#: freeculture.xml:6907 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -9822,7 +9832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6917 +#: freeculture.xml:6922 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -9836,7 +9846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6911 +#: freeculture.xml:6916 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -9847,12 +9857,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6934 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6930 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -9865,7 +9875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6942 +#: freeculture.xml:6947 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -9876,7 +9886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6950 +#: freeculture.xml:6955 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -9890,7 +9900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#: freeculture.xml:6965 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -9902,7 +9912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6971 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -9914,7 +9924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6981 +#: freeculture.xml:6986 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -9926,7 +9936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6991 +#: freeculture.xml:6996 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -9938,7 +9948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7008 +#: freeculture.xml:7013 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -9947,7 +9957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7000 +#: freeculture.xml:7005 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -9959,12 +9969,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7017 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7019 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 msgid "" "The <quote>scope</quote> of a copyright is the range of rights granted by " "the law. The scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those " @@ -9973,7 +9983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7025 +#: freeculture.xml:7030 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only <quote>maps, " "charts, and books.</quote> That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -9989,7 +9999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7038 +#: freeculture.xml:7043 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10007,7 +10017,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7053 +#: freeculture.xml:7058 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10022,7 +10032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7067 +#: freeculture.xml:7072 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -10038,7 +10048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7086 msgid "" "All of these <quote>formalities</quote> were abolished in the American " "system when we decided to follow European copyright law. There is no " @@ -10049,13 +10059,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7089 +#: freeculture.xml:7094 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7100 +#: freeculture.xml:7105 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, <quote>Poets, Pirates, and the " "Creation of American Literature,</quote> 29 <citetitle>New York University " @@ -10065,7 +10075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#: freeculture.xml:7098 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -10079,7 +10089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7112 +#: freeculture.xml:7117 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -10090,7 +10100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7121 +#: freeculture.xml:7126 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -10101,7 +10111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7130 +#: freeculture.xml:7135 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -10109,7 +10119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7140 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10124,7 +10134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7149 +#: freeculture.xml:7154 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -10136,7 +10146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7171 +#: freeculture.xml:7176 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, <quote>The Copyright Cage,</quote> <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -10145,7 +10155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7161 +#: freeculture.xml:7166 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -10160,12 +10170,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7193 +#: freeculture.xml:7198 msgid "Rubenfeld, Jeb" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7191 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10177,7 +10187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7181 +#: freeculture.xml:7186 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -10187,7 +10197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7200 +#: freeculture.xml:7205 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10197,7 +10207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7208 +#: freeculture.xml:7213 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -10206,13 +10216,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7215 +#: freeculture.xml:7220 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7222 +#: freeculture.xml:7227 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than <quote>copies</quote>—a public performance of a " @@ -10226,7 +10236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7222 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -10237,7 +10247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7234 +#: freeculture.xml:7239 msgid "" "<quote>Copies.</quote> That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -10253,7 +10263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7252 +#: freeculture.xml:7257 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -10262,7 +10272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7247 +#: freeculture.xml:7252 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -10274,50 +10284,50 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7263 +#: freeculture.xml:7268 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7267 +#: freeculture.xml:7272 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 +#: freeculture.xml:7273 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7275 msgid "three types of uses of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7271 +#: freeculture.xml:7276 msgid "copies as core issue of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7272 +#: freeculture.xml:7277 msgid "copyright applicability altered by technology of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7273 +#: freeculture.xml:7278 msgid "technology" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7273 +#: freeculture.xml:7278 msgid "copyright intent altered by" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7278 +#: freeculture.xml:7283 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -10332,17 +10342,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7291 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7292 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7295 +#: freeculture.xml:7300 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -10353,26 +10363,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7305 +#: freeculture.xml:7310 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7310 +#: freeculture.xml:7315 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7311 +#: freeculture.xml:7316 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7314 +#: freeculture.xml:7319 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10385,30 +10395,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7329 msgid "Unregulated copying considered <quote>fair uses.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7325 +#: freeculture.xml:7330 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7329 +#: freeculture.xml:7334 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7330 +#: freeculture.xml:7335 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7334 +#: freeculture.xml:7339 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -10417,13 +10427,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7589 +#: freeculture.xml:7344 freeculture.xml:7378 freeculture.xml:7594 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7344 +#: freeculture.xml:7349 msgid "" "I don't mean <quote>nature</quote> in the sense that it couldn't be " "different, but rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical " @@ -10433,7 +10443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7341 +#: freeculture.xml:7346 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -10450,7 +10460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7362 +#: freeculture.xml:7367 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -10463,12 +10473,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7374 +#: freeculture.xml:7379 msgid "technological developments and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7376 +#: freeculture.xml:7381 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -10482,7 +10492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7388 +#: freeculture.xml:7393 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -10491,7 +10501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7394 +#: freeculture.xml:7399 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -10502,7 +10512,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7403 +#: freeculture.xml:7408 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -10517,7 +10527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7415 +#: freeculture.xml:7420 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (<quote>fair use</quote>) that fair use never before had to " @@ -10531,7 +10541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7434 +#: freeculture.xml:7439 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -10543,7 +10553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7445 +#: freeculture.xml:7450 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making <quote>trailer</quote> advertisements for movies " @@ -10553,12 +10563,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7451 freeculture.xml:7511 freeculture.xml:13563 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 freeculture.xml:7516 freeculture.xml:13568 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7453 +#: freeculture.xml:7458 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -10571,7 +10581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7462 +#: freeculture.xml:7467 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -10587,7 +10597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7477 +#: freeculture.xml:7482 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had <quote>willfully " @@ -10600,7 +10610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7487 +#: freeculture.xml:7492 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -10612,7 +10622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7497 +#: freeculture.xml:7502 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -10628,13 +10638,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7510 +#: freeculture.xml:7515 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7514 +#: freeculture.xml:7519 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -10651,7 +10661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7529 +#: freeculture.xml:7534 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -10662,12 +10672,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7538 +#: freeculture.xml:7543 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7540 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -10676,7 +10686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7546 +#: freeculture.xml:7551 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10686,18 +10696,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7553 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7554 freeculture.xml:7725 +#: freeculture.xml:7559 freeculture.xml:7730 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7565 +#: freeculture.xml:7570 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -10705,7 +10715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7557 +#: freeculture.xml:7562 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -10716,14 +10726,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7574 +#: freeculture.xml:7579 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, " "<citetitle>Copyrights and Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7570 +#: freeculture.xml:7575 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -10735,7 +10745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7584 +#: freeculture.xml:7589 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -10744,7 +10754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7591 +#: freeculture.xml:7596 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -10756,17 +10766,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7603 +#: freeculture.xml:7608 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7605 +#: freeculture.xml:7610 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7608 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -10775,13 +10785,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7615 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7619 +#: freeculture.xml:7624 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -10794,35 +10804,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7632 +#: freeculture.xml:7637 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7633 +#: freeculture.xml:7638 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7636 +#: freeculture.xml:7641 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7640 +#: freeculture.xml:7645 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7641 +#: freeculture.xml:7646 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7645 +#: freeculture.xml:7650 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -10833,84 +10843,84 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7652 +#: freeculture.xml:7657 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7653 +#: freeculture.xml:7658 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7655 +#: freeculture.xml:7660 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7659 +#: freeculture.xml:7664 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7660 +#: freeculture.xml:7665 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7668 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7668 +#: freeculture.xml:7673 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7669 +#: freeculture.xml:7674 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7671 +#: freeculture.xml:7676 msgid "Future of Ideas, The (Lessig)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7677 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7674 +#: freeculture.xml:7679 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7680 +#: freeculture.xml:7685 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7686 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7684 +#: freeculture.xml:7689 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7694 +#: freeculture.xml:7699 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -10921,7 +10931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7687 +#: freeculture.xml:7692 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -10936,7 +10946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7709 +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -10956,7 +10966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7729 +#: freeculture.xml:7734 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -10965,7 +10975,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7735 +#: freeculture.xml:7740 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -10977,7 +10987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7744 +#: freeculture.xml:7749 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -10987,24 +10997,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7751 +#: freeculture.xml:7756 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7754 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7755 +#: freeculture.xml:7760 msgid "e-book restrictions on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7757 +#: freeculture.xml:7762 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -11014,17 +11024,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7765 +#: freeculture.xml:7770 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7767 +#: freeculture.xml:7772 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7771 +#: freeculture.xml:7776 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -11033,7 +11043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7776 +#: freeculture.xml:7781 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -11044,7 +11054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7784 +#: freeculture.xml:7789 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -11059,7 +11069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:7804 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -11069,34 +11079,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7809 +#: freeculture.xml:7814 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7812 freeculture.xml:7956 freeculture.xml:8021 freeculture.xml:8129 +#: freeculture.xml:7817 freeculture.xml:7961 freeculture.xml:8026 freeculture.xml:8134 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 freeculture.xml:7957 freeculture.xml:8022 freeculture.xml:8130 +#: freeculture.xml:7818 freeculture.xml:7962 freeculture.xml:8027 freeculture.xml:8135 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7814 freeculture.xml:7958 freeculture.xml:8023 freeculture.xml:8131 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7963 freeculture.xml:8028 freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7814 freeculture.xml:7958 freeculture.xml:8023 freeculture.xml:8131 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7963 freeculture.xml:8028 freeculture.xml:8136 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7816 +#: freeculture.xml:7821 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -11105,7 +11115,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7826 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -11116,7 +11126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7830 +#: freeculture.xml:7835 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -11127,12 +11137,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7842 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7839 +#: freeculture.xml:7844 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -11148,7 +11158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7853 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -11158,7 +11168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7860 +#: freeculture.xml:7865 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -11169,7 +11179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7870 +#: freeculture.xml:7875 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -11184,12 +11194,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7885 +#: freeculture.xml:7890 msgid "government case against" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7887 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -11203,12 +11213,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7910 freeculture.xml:10399 +#: freeculture.xml:7915 freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7900 +#: freeculture.xml:7905 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -11227,7 +11237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7903 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -11237,7 +11247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7918 +#: freeculture.xml:7923 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11249,7 +11259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7928 +#: freeculture.xml:7933 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -11259,7 +11269,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7935 +#: freeculture.xml:7940 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -11268,7 +11278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7941 +#: freeculture.xml:7946 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -11279,7 +11289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7949 +#: freeculture.xml:7954 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -11289,7 +11299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7960 +#: freeculture.xml:7965 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -11297,7 +11307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7967 +#: freeculture.xml:7972 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -11305,7 +11315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7976 +#: freeculture.xml:7981 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -11314,7 +11324,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7982 +#: freeculture.xml:7987 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11323,7 +11333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7990 +#: freeculture.xml:7995 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -11331,7 +11341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7995 +#: freeculture.xml:8000 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -11344,7 +11354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8006 +#: freeculture.xml:8011 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -11354,7 +11364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8013 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -11366,7 +11376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8025 +#: freeculture.xml:8030 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -11380,7 +11390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8037 +#: freeculture.xml:8042 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -11391,17 +11401,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8044 freeculture.xml:8079 +#: freeculture.xml:8049 freeculture.xml:8084 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8055 freeculture.xml:8092 freeculture.xml:8118 +#: freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:8097 freeculture.xml:8123 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8047 +#: freeculture.xml:8052 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -11414,7 +11424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8074 +#: freeculture.xml:8079 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <citetitle>Sony Corporation of " "America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., " @@ -11425,7 +11435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8059 +#: freeculture.xml:8064 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -11445,7 +11455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8085 +#: freeculture.xml:8090 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -11453,19 +11463,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8090 +#: freeculture.xml:8095 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8095 +#: freeculture.xml:8100 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8103 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -11476,13 +11486,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8105 +#: freeculture.xml:8110 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8107 +#: freeculture.xml:8112 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -11491,17 +11501,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8115 +#: freeculture.xml:8120 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8121 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8120 +#: freeculture.xml:8125 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -11512,7 +11522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 +#: freeculture.xml:8138 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -11523,7 +11533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8141 +#: freeculture.xml:8146 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -11537,7 +11547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8153 +#: freeculture.xml:8158 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -11552,7 +11562,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8172 +#: freeculture.xml:8177 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -11561,7 +11571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8166 +#: freeculture.xml:8171 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -11571,7 +11581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8178 +#: freeculture.xml:8183 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -11581,7 +11591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8186 +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -11594,7 +11604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8196 +#: freeculture.xml:8201 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -11605,13 +11615,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 +#: freeculture.xml:8210 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8207 +#: freeculture.xml:8212 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -11629,7 +11639,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8230 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -11639,7 +11649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8232 +#: freeculture.xml:8237 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -11652,38 +11662,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8243 +#: freeculture.xml:8248 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8247 +#: freeculture.xml:8252 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8248 freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:9597 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8249 +#: freeculture.xml:8254 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8250 freeculture.xml:9593 +#: freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:9598 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8251 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8257 +#: freeculture.xml:8262 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -11692,7 +11702,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8264 +#: freeculture.xml:8269 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -11700,14 +11710,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8270 +#: freeculture.xml:8275 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8253 +#: freeculture.xml:8258 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -11722,7 +11732,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8275 +#: freeculture.xml:8280 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -11735,7 +11745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8287 +#: freeculture.xml:8292 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -11749,12 +11759,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8301 freeculture.xml:8318 +#: freeculture.xml:8306 freeculture.xml:8323 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8298 +#: freeculture.xml:8303 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -11762,7 +11772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8316 +#: freeculture.xml:8321 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -11770,7 +11780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8305 +#: freeculture.xml:8310 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -11785,7 +11795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 +#: freeculture.xml:8328 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -11794,18 +11804,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8329 +#: freeculture.xml:8334 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8330 +#: freeculture.xml:8335 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8334 +#: freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -11813,7 +11823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8339 +#: freeculture.xml:8344 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -11822,24 +11832,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8345 +#: freeculture.xml:8350 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8348 +#: freeculture.xml:8353 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8350 freeculture.xml:8413 +#: freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8418 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8352 +#: freeculture.xml:8357 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -11850,7 +11860,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8369 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -11861,7 +11871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8359 +#: freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -11871,7 +11881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8375 +#: freeculture.xml:8380 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -11883,7 +11893,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8394 +#: freeculture.xml:8399 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -11895,7 +11905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8384 +#: freeculture.xml:8389 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -11914,7 +11924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8415 +#: freeculture.xml:8420 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -11923,17 +11933,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8420 +#: freeculture.xml:8425 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8421 +#: freeculture.xml:8426 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8423 +#: freeculture.xml:8428 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -11942,7 +11952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8438 +#: freeculture.xml:8443 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -11950,7 +11960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8429 +#: freeculture.xml:8434 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -11961,7 +11971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 +#: freeculture.xml:8450 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -11975,13 +11985,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8456 +#: freeculture.xml:8461 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -11997,7 +12007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8458 +#: freeculture.xml:8463 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -12012,7 +12022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8482 +#: freeculture.xml:8487 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -12020,14 +12030,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8488 +#: freeculture.xml:8493 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8492 +#: freeculture.xml:8497 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -12036,7 +12046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8497 +#: freeculture.xml:8502 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -12054,7 +12064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8516 +#: freeculture.xml:8521 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -12062,7 +12072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8523 +#: freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -12077,14 +12087,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8535 +#: freeculture.xml:8540 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8539 +#: freeculture.xml:8544 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -12094,7 +12104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8545 +#: freeculture.xml:8550 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -12103,32 +12113,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 +#: freeculture.xml:8592 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8588 +#: freeculture.xml:8593 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8589 +#: freeculture.xml:8594 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8590 +#: freeculture.xml:8595 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8591 +#: freeculture.xml:8596 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8562 +#: freeculture.xml:8567 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -12162,7 +12172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8552 +#: freeculture.xml:8557 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -12176,7 +12186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8596 +#: freeculture.xml:8601 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -12189,12 +12199,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8609 +#: freeculture.xml:8614 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:8616 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -12204,7 +12214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8617 +#: freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -12219,7 +12229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8633 +#: freeculture.xml:8638 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -12228,7 +12238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8639 +#: freeculture.xml:8644 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -12242,7 +12252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8651 +#: freeculture.xml:8656 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -12257,7 +12267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8663 +#: freeculture.xml:8668 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -12268,7 +12278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:8692 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a " "similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the " @@ -12276,7 +12286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8672 +#: freeculture.xml:8677 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -12294,14 +12304,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8693 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8697 +#: freeculture.xml:8702 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -12311,38 +12321,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8709 freeculture.xml:8746 +#: freeculture.xml:8714 freeculture.xml:8751 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8710 freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:8785 freeculture.xml:8817 +#: freeculture.xml:8715 freeculture.xml:8752 freeculture.xml:8790 freeculture.xml:8822 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8715 freeculture.xml:8752 freeculture.xml:8790 freeculture.xml:8822 +#: freeculture.xml:8720 freeculture.xml:8757 freeculture.xml:8795 freeculture.xml:8827 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 freeculture.xml:8753 freeculture.xml:8754 freeculture.xml:8791 freeculture.xml:8792 freeculture.xml:8823 freeculture.xml:8824 freeculture.xml:8828 freeculture.xml:8829 +#: freeculture.xml:8721 freeculture.xml:8758 freeculture.xml:8759 freeculture.xml:8796 freeculture.xml:8797 freeculture.xml:8828 freeculture.xml:8829 freeculture.xml:8833 freeculture.xml:8834 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8717 freeculture.xml:8721 freeculture.xml:8722 freeculture.xml:8758 freeculture.xml:8759 freeculture.xml:8797 +#: freeculture.xml:8722 freeculture.xml:8726 freeculture.xml:8727 freeculture.xml:8763 freeculture.xml:8764 freeculture.xml:8802 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8720 freeculture.xml:8757 freeculture.xml:8795 freeculture.xml:8827 +#: freeculture.xml:8725 freeculture.xml:8762 freeculture.xml:8800 freeculture.xml:8832 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8729 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -12352,12 +12362,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8738 +#: freeculture.xml:8743 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8766 +#: freeculture.xml:8771 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -12366,7 +12376,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8772 +#: freeculture.xml:8777 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -12376,17 +12386,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8784 freeculture.xml:8816 +#: freeculture.xml:8789 freeculture.xml:8821 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8796 +#: freeculture.xml:8801 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8804 +#: freeculture.xml:8809 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -12397,7 +12407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8841 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -12406,7 +12416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8844 +#: freeculture.xml:8849 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -12415,7 +12425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8850 +#: freeculture.xml:8855 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -12429,12 +12439,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8874 +#: freeculture.xml:8879 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8868 +#: freeculture.xml:8873 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -12445,7 +12455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8862 +#: freeculture.xml:8867 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -12463,7 +12473,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8887 +#: freeculture.xml:8892 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -12482,7 +12492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8906 +#: freeculture.xml:8911 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -12497,33 +12507,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8923 +#: freeculture.xml:8928 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8927 +#: freeculture.xml:8932 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8928 +#: freeculture.xml:8933 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8929 +#: freeculture.xml:8934 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8930 +#: freeculture.xml:8935 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8938 +#: freeculture.xml:8943 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -12532,7 +12542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:8938 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -12547,7 +12557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8950 +#: freeculture.xml:8955 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -12562,7 +12572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8962 +#: freeculture.xml:8967 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -12576,7 +12586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -12586,14 +12596,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8979 +#: freeculture.xml:8984 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8983 +#: freeculture.xml:8988 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -12601,7 +12611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8988 +#: freeculture.xml:8993 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -12610,7 +12620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8994 +#: freeculture.xml:8999 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -12620,7 +12630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9000 +#: freeculture.xml:9005 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -12632,7 +12642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9014 +#: freeculture.xml:9019 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -12643,7 +12653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9022 +#: freeculture.xml:9027 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -12660,7 +12670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9036 +#: freeculture.xml:9041 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -12673,7 +12683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9045 +#: freeculture.xml:9050 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -12685,7 +12695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9056 +#: freeculture.xml:9061 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -12697,7 +12707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9066 +#: freeculture.xml:9071 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -12707,22 +12717,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9082 freeculture.xml:9364 freeculture.xml:10400 +#: freeculture.xml:9087 freeculture.xml:9369 freeculture.xml:10405 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9113 +#: freeculture.xml:9118 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9114 freeculture.xml:9835 +#: freeculture.xml:9119 freeculture.xml:9840 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9082 +#: freeculture.xml:9087 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -12758,7 +12768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9073 +#: freeculture.xml:9078 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -12771,7 +12781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9120 +#: freeculture.xml:9125 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -12781,7 +12791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9127 +#: freeculture.xml:9132 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -12795,7 +12805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9139 +#: freeculture.xml:9144 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -12806,7 +12816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9147 +#: freeculture.xml:9152 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -12820,14 +12830,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9160 +#: freeculture.xml:9165 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9164 +#: freeculture.xml:9169 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -12838,7 +12848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9181 +#: freeculture.xml:9186 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -12849,7 +12859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9171 +#: freeculture.xml:9176 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -12862,12 +12872,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9195 freeculture.xml:9553 +#: freeculture.xml:9200 freeculture.xml:9558 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9192 +#: freeculture.xml:9197 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -12875,7 +12885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9198 +#: freeculture.xml:9203 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -12883,12 +12893,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9206 +#: freeculture.xml:9211 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9208 +#: freeculture.xml:9213 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -12899,7 +12909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9216 +#: freeculture.xml:9221 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -12908,7 +12918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9222 +#: freeculture.xml:9227 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -12917,7 +12927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9230 +#: freeculture.xml:9235 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -12927,7 +12937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9238 +#: freeculture.xml:9243 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -12937,12 +12947,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9245 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9247 +#: freeculture.xml:9252 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -12959,7 +12969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9262 +#: freeculture.xml:9267 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -12974,7 +12984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9273 +#: freeculture.xml:9278 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -12984,7 +12994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9283 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -12998,12 +13008,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9293 freeculture.xml:9312 +#: freeculture.xml:9298 freeculture.xml:9317 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9307 +#: freeculture.xml:9312 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -13014,12 +13024,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9328 +#: freeculture.xml:9333 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9319 +#: freeculture.xml:9324 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -13033,7 +13043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9295 +#: freeculture.xml:9300 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -13054,13 +13064,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9334 +#: freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9355 +#: freeculture.xml:9360 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13070,7 +13080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9336 +#: freeculture.xml:9341 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -13090,7 +13100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9366 +#: freeculture.xml:9371 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -13104,7 +13114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9379 +#: freeculture.xml:9384 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -13118,7 +13128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9390 +#: freeculture.xml:9395 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -13129,7 +13139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9401 +#: freeculture.xml:9406 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -13142,7 +13152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9411 +#: freeculture.xml:9416 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -13155,7 +13165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9422 +#: freeculture.xml:9427 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13168,13 +13178,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9433 +#: freeculture.xml:9438 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9437 +#: freeculture.xml:9442 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -13187,12 +13197,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9450 +#: freeculture.xml:9455 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9452 +#: freeculture.xml:9457 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -13203,7 +13213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9460 +#: freeculture.xml:9465 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13215,7 +13225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9470 +#: freeculture.xml:9475 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -13230,13 +13240,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9482 freeculture.xml:9590 +#: freeculture.xml:9487 freeculture.xml:9595 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9484 +#: freeculture.xml:9489 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -13251,7 +13261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9497 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -13259,12 +13269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9501 +#: freeculture.xml:9506 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9503 +#: freeculture.xml:9508 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -13275,12 +13285,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:9511 +#: freeculture.xml:9516 msgid "preference data on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9513 +#: freeculture.xml:9518 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -13290,7 +13300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9520 +#: freeculture.xml:9525 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -13305,7 +13315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9532 +#: freeculture.xml:9537 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -13315,7 +13325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9542 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -13329,7 +13339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9555 +#: freeculture.xml:9560 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -13341,12 +13351,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9565 +#: freeculture.xml:9570 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -13359,7 +13369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9578 +#: freeculture.xml:9583 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -13371,18 +13381,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9589 +#: freeculture.xml:9594 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9591 +#: freeculture.xml:9596 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9601 +#: freeculture.xml:9606 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -13395,7 +13405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9595 +#: freeculture.xml:9600 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -13415,22 +13425,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9624 +#: freeculture.xml:9629 msgid "cars, MP3 sound system in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9639 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9635 +#: freeculture.xml:9640 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -13440,7 +13450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9626 +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -13452,7 +13462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9644 +#: freeculture.xml:9649 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -13464,7 +13474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -13480,7 +13490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9669 +#: freeculture.xml:9674 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -13495,7 +13505,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9681 +#: freeculture.xml:9686 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -13514,7 +13524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9700 +#: freeculture.xml:9705 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -13524,7 +13534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9707 +#: freeculture.xml:9712 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -13538,7 +13548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9722 +#: freeculture.xml:9727 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -13548,12 +13558,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9735 +#: freeculture.xml:9740 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9718 +#: freeculture.xml:9723 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -13571,7 +13581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9739 +#: freeculture.xml:9744 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -13581,20 +13591,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9748 freeculture.xml:11594 +#: freeculture.xml:9753 freeculture.xml:11599 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9754 +#: freeculture.xml:9759 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:9755 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -13604,7 +13614,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9762 +#: freeculture.xml:9767 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -13612,7 +13622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9767 +#: freeculture.xml:9772 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -13621,14 +13631,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9781 +#: freeculture.xml:9786 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9775 +#: freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -13642,7 +13652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:9797 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -13652,12 +13662,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9801 +#: freeculture.xml:9806 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9801 +#: freeculture.xml:9806 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -13676,17 +13686,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9820 +#: freeculture.xml:9825 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9836 +#: freeculture.xml:9841 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9820 +#: freeculture.xml:9825 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -13707,7 +13717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9799 +#: freeculture.xml:9804 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -13719,7 +13729,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9847 +#: freeculture.xml:9852 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -13733,7 +13743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9858 +#: freeculture.xml:9863 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -13746,7 +13756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9869 +#: freeculture.xml:9874 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -13757,7 +13767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9878 +#: freeculture.xml:9883 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -13773,7 +13783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9894 +#: freeculture.xml:9899 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -13785,12 +13795,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:9923 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9904 +#: freeculture.xml:9909 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -13808,12 +13818,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9928 +#: freeculture.xml:9933 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -13823,7 +13833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9933 +#: freeculture.xml:9938 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -13834,7 +13844,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9942 +#: freeculture.xml:9947 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -13849,12 +13859,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:9986 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9964 +#: freeculture.xml:9969 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -13876,7 +13886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9957 +#: freeculture.xml:9962 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -13887,7 +13897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9989 +#: freeculture.xml:9994 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -13896,57 +13906,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9997 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10000 +#: freeculture.xml:10005 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10003 +#: freeculture.xml:10008 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10006 +#: freeculture.xml:10011 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10009 +#: freeculture.xml:10014 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10012 +#: freeculture.xml:10017 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10015 +#: freeculture.xml:10020 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10018 +#: freeculture.xml:10023 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10021 +#: freeculture.xml:10026 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10024 +#: freeculture.xml:10029 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10027 +#: freeculture.xml:10032 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -13954,77 +13964,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10030 +#: freeculture.xml:10035 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10036 +#: freeculture.xml:10041 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10039 +#: freeculture.xml:10044 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10042 +#: freeculture.xml:10047 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10045 +#: freeculture.xml:10050 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10048 +#: freeculture.xml:10053 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10056 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10054 +#: freeculture.xml:10059 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10057 +#: freeculture.xml:10062 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10060 +#: freeculture.xml:10065 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10063 +#: freeculture.xml:10068 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10066 +#: freeculture.xml:10071 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10069 +#: freeculture.xml:10074 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10074 +#: freeculture.xml:10079 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -14035,7 +14045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10082 +#: freeculture.xml:10087 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -14043,12 +14053,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:14770 +#: freeculture.xml:10091 freeculture.xml:14775 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10094 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -14057,7 +14067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10095 +#: freeculture.xml:10100 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14071,7 +14081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10111 +#: freeculture.xml:10116 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -14080,7 +14090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10120 +#: freeculture.xml:10125 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -14091,12 +14101,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10130 +#: freeculture.xml:10135 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10132 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -14104,7 +14114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10143 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -14113,7 +14123,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10147 +#: freeculture.xml:10152 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -14124,7 +14134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10143 +#: freeculture.xml:10148 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -14142,7 +14152,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10181 +#: freeculture.xml:10186 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -14150,7 +14160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10168 +#: freeculture.xml:10173 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -14172,13 +14182,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10192 +#: freeculture.xml:10197 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10204 +#: freeculture.xml:10209 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -14187,7 +14197,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10212 +#: freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -14196,7 +14206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10222 +#: freeculture.xml:10227 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -14204,7 +14214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10194 +#: freeculture.xml:10199 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -14227,12 +14237,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10230 +#: freeculture.xml:10235 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10232 +#: freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14251,7 +14261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10249 +#: freeculture.xml:10254 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -14265,7 +14275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10262 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -14275,7 +14285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10269 +#: freeculture.xml:10274 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -14292,7 +14302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10283 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -14306,13 +14316,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10295 +#: freeculture.xml:10300 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10298 +#: freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -14323,7 +14333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:10314 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -14335,17 +14345,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10317 +#: freeculture.xml:10322 msgid "Andromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:10318 +#: freeculture.xml:10323 msgid "mix technology and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10320 +#: freeculture.xml:10325 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -14359,7 +14369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10336 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -14372,7 +14382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10346 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -14386,7 +14396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10356 +#: freeculture.xml:10361 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -14398,7 +14408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10365 +#: freeculture.xml:10370 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -14411,7 +14421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10376 +#: freeculture.xml:10381 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -14423,7 +14433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10385 +#: freeculture.xml:10390 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -14433,7 +14443,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10391 +#: freeculture.xml:10396 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -14442,7 +14452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:10407 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -14454,19 +14464,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:10510 +#: freeculture.xml:10415 freeculture.xml:10515 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10412 +#: freeculture.xml:10417 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10417 +#: freeculture.xml:10422 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -14480,7 +14490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10429 +#: freeculture.xml:10434 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -14488,7 +14498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10434 +#: freeculture.xml:10439 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -14500,7 +14510,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10452 +#: freeculture.xml:10457 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -14517,7 +14527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10443 +#: freeculture.xml:10448 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -14531,7 +14541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10470 +#: freeculture.xml:10475 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -14539,7 +14549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10466 +#: freeculture.xml:10471 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -14551,7 +14561,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10491 +#: freeculture.xml:10496 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -14574,7 +14584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10479 +#: freeculture.xml:10484 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -14592,7 +14602,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10512 +#: freeculture.xml:10517 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -14606,7 +14616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10527 +#: freeculture.xml:10532 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -14627,7 +14637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10547 +#: freeculture.xml:10552 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -14638,12 +14648,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10560 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10565 +#: freeculture.xml:10570 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -14653,7 +14663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10572 +#: freeculture.xml:10577 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -14663,7 +14673,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10580 +#: freeculture.xml:10585 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -14676,7 +14686,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10590 +#: freeculture.xml:10595 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -14686,7 +14696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10598 +#: freeculture.xml:10603 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -14694,7 +14704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10603 +#: freeculture.xml:10608 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -14703,7 +14713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10609 +#: freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -14712,17 +14722,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10619 +#: freeculture.xml:10624 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10620 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10622 +#: freeculture.xml:10627 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -14734,7 +14744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10631 +#: freeculture.xml:10636 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -14744,7 +14754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10640 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -14756,7 +14766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10651 +#: freeculture.xml:10656 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -14772,12 +14782,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10676 freeculture.xml:11693 +#: freeculture.xml:10681 freeculture.xml:11698 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10676 +#: freeculture.xml:10681 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> There's a parallel here with " "pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " @@ -14796,7 +14806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10665 +#: freeculture.xml:10670 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -14811,7 +14821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10694 +#: freeculture.xml:10699 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -14827,17 +14837,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10707 freeculture.xml:10717 +#: freeculture.xml:10712 freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10708 freeculture.xml:10718 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 freeculture.xml:10723 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10717 +#: freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -14850,7 +14860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10712 +#: freeculture.xml:10717 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -14859,7 +14869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10730 +#: freeculture.xml:10735 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -14870,7 +14880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10739 +#: freeculture.xml:10744 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -14880,7 +14890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10750 +#: freeculture.xml:10755 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -14888,7 +14898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10756 +#: freeculture.xml:10761 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -14902,13 +14912,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10765 freeculture.xml:12255 +#: freeculture.xml:10770 freeculture.xml:12260 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10767 +#: freeculture.xml:10772 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -14921,7 +14931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10778 +#: freeculture.xml:10783 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -14934,7 +14944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10789 +#: freeculture.xml:10794 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -14946,7 +14956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10798 +#: freeculture.xml:10803 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -14958,7 +14968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10808 +#: freeculture.xml:10813 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -14968,7 +14978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10815 +#: freeculture.xml:10820 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -14977,7 +14987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10823 +#: freeculture.xml:10828 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -14986,14 +14996,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10829 +#: freeculture.xml:10834 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10833 +#: freeculture.xml:10838 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15001,7 +15011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10838 +#: freeculture.xml:10843 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -15010,7 +15020,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10844 +#: freeculture.xml:10849 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15019,14 +15029,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:10855 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10854 +#: freeculture.xml:10859 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15034,7 +15044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10860 +#: freeculture.xml:10865 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15043,7 +15053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10866 +#: freeculture.xml:10871 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15055,7 +15065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10877 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15064,7 +15074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10889 +#: freeculture.xml:10894 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -15073,7 +15083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10896 +#: freeculture.xml:10901 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15082,7 +15092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10904 +#: freeculture.xml:10909 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15090,7 +15100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10882 +#: freeculture.xml:10887 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -15105,7 +15115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10911 +#: freeculture.xml:10916 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15120,7 +15130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10923 +#: freeculture.xml:10928 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15132,7 +15142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10936 +#: freeculture.xml:10941 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15142,7 +15152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10946 +#: freeculture.xml:10951 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15152,12 +15162,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10952 freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:10957 freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10954 +#: freeculture.xml:10959 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -15173,7 +15183,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10969 +#: freeculture.xml:10974 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15181,14 +15191,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:10981 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10967 +#: freeculture.xml:10972 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15201,7 +15211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10983 +#: freeculture.xml:10988 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15216,7 +15226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10980 +#: freeculture.xml:10985 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15230,7 +15240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11004 +#: freeculture.xml:11009 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -15246,17 +15256,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11016 +#: freeculture.xml:11021 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11017 +#: freeculture.xml:11022 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11021 +#: freeculture.xml:11026 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -15276,13 +15286,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11038 +#: freeculture.xml:11043 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11046 +#: freeculture.xml:11051 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -15291,7 +15301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11040 +#: freeculture.xml:11045 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -15303,7 +15313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11061 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -15315,7 +15325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11068 +#: freeculture.xml:11073 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -15330,7 +15340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11086 +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -15340,7 +15350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11080 +#: freeculture.xml:11085 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -15352,7 +15362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11095 +#: freeculture.xml:11100 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -15363,7 +15373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11113 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -15374,14 +15384,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11121 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11120 +#: freeculture.xml:11125 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -15389,7 +15399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11132 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -15399,7 +15409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11136 +#: freeculture.xml:11141 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -15407,7 +15417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11141 +#: freeculture.xml:11146 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -15419,7 +15429,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11150 +#: freeculture.xml:11155 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -15433,7 +15443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11165 +#: freeculture.xml:11170 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -15447,7 +15457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11177 +#: freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -15455,28 +15465,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11182 +#: freeculture.xml:11187 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11618 +#: freeculture.xml:11188 freeculture.xml:11623 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11184 +#: freeculture.xml:11189 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11185 +#: freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11198 +#: freeculture.xml:11203 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -15486,7 +15496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11187 +#: freeculture.xml:11192 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -15501,7 +15511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11205 +#: freeculture.xml:11210 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -15511,7 +15521,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11211 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -15523,7 +15533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11229 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -15535,7 +15545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11222 +#: freeculture.xml:11227 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -15546,7 +15556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11239 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -15556,7 +15566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11247 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -15567,7 +15577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11255 +#: freeculture.xml:11260 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -15582,7 +15592,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11266 +#: freeculture.xml:11271 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -15592,7 +15602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11277 +#: freeculture.xml:11282 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -15601,7 +15611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11285 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -15612,7 +15622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11293 +#: freeculture.xml:11298 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -15623,7 +15633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11303 +#: freeculture.xml:11308 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -15637,7 +15647,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11316 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -15645,7 +15655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11323 +#: freeculture.xml:11328 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -15658,7 +15668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11334 +#: freeculture.xml:11339 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -15669,7 +15679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11343 +#: freeculture.xml:11348 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -15678,12 +15688,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11349 +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11358 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -15698,7 +15708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11366 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -15711,7 +15721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11376 +#: freeculture.xml:11381 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -15725,7 +15735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11387 +#: freeculture.xml:11392 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -15734,7 +15744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11393 +#: freeculture.xml:11398 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -15749,7 +15759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11417 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -15757,7 +15767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11405 +#: freeculture.xml:11410 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -15771,7 +15781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11424 +#: freeculture.xml:11429 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -15783,7 +15793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11433 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -15793,7 +15803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11440 +#: freeculture.xml:11445 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -15807,7 +15817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11451 +#: freeculture.xml:11456 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -15816,13 +15826,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11456 +#: freeculture.xml:11461 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11458 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -15832,7 +15842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11467 +#: freeculture.xml:11472 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -15842,7 +15852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:11479 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -15850,7 +15860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11480 +#: freeculture.xml:11485 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -15863,7 +15873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11491 +#: freeculture.xml:11496 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -15871,13 +15881,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11496 freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11501 freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11498 +#: freeculture.xml:11503 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -15889,17 +15899,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11508 freeculture.xml:11871 freeculture.xml:11887 freeculture.xml:11984 freeculture.xml:12204 freeculture.xml:12235 freeculture.xml:12333 +#: freeculture.xml:11513 freeculture.xml:11876 freeculture.xml:11892 freeculture.xml:11989 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12240 freeculture.xml:12338 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11509 +#: freeculture.xml:11514 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11512 +#: freeculture.xml:11517 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -15912,7 +15922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11527 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -15934,7 +15944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11543 +#: freeculture.xml:11548 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -15945,7 +15955,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -15964,17 +15974,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 freeculture.xml:11596 +#: freeculture.xml:11574 freeculture.xml:11601 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11575 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11572 +#: freeculture.xml:11577 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -15991,7 +16001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11586 +#: freeculture.xml:11591 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16002,7 +16012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11598 +#: freeculture.xml:11603 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16015,17 +16025,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11610 +#: freeculture.xml:11615 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11611 +#: freeculture.xml:11616 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11613 +#: freeculture.xml:11618 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16034,7 +16044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11620 +#: freeculture.xml:11625 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16043,32 +16053,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11626 +#: freeculture.xml:11631 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11627 +#: freeculture.xml:11632 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11633 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11634 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11630 +#: freeculture.xml:11635 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11632 +#: freeculture.xml:11637 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16082,28 +16092,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11660 freeculture.xml:11873 freeculture.xml:12236 +#: freeculture.xml:11647 freeculture.xml:11665 freeculture.xml:11878 freeculture.xml:12241 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11643 +#: freeculture.xml:11648 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11644 +#: freeculture.xml:11649 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11645 freeculture.xml:11872 freeculture.xml:12992 +#: freeculture.xml:11650 freeculture.xml:11877 freeculture.xml:12997 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11652 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16117,17 +16127,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11661 +#: freeculture.xml:11666 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:11667 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11664 +#: freeculture.xml:11669 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16141,7 +16151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11676 +#: freeculture.xml:11681 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -16151,7 +16161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11683 +#: freeculture.xml:11688 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16162,18 +16172,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11691 +#: freeculture.xml:11696 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11692 +#: freeculture.xml:11697 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11702 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16181,7 +16191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11710 +#: freeculture.xml:11715 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -16190,7 +16200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11695 +#: freeculture.xml:11700 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16207,7 +16217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11724 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16222,7 +16232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:11736 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16232,7 +16242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11738 +#: freeculture.xml:11743 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -16240,12 +16250,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11743 freeculture.xml:11929 +#: freeculture.xml:11748 freeculture.xml:11934 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:11750 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -16258,18 +16268,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11754 freeculture.xml:11779 freeculture.xml:12131 freeculture.xml:12143 +#: freeculture.xml:11759 freeculture.xml:11784 freeculture.xml:12136 freeculture.xml:12148 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11755 freeculture.xml:12095 +#: freeculture.xml:11760 freeculture.xml:12100 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11757 +#: freeculture.xml:11762 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -16282,7 +16292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11769 +#: freeculture.xml:11774 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -16295,7 +16305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11781 +#: freeculture.xml:11786 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -16305,7 +16315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11790 +#: freeculture.xml:11795 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -16316,7 +16326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11798 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -16329,7 +16339,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11808 +#: freeculture.xml:11813 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -16344,7 +16354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11822 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -16354,7 +16364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11830 +#: freeculture.xml:11835 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -16363,7 +16373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11837 +#: freeculture.xml:11842 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -16378,7 +16388,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:11857 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -16388,7 +16398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11867 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -16399,7 +16409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11875 +#: freeculture.xml:11880 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -16408,7 +16418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11881 +#: freeculture.xml:11886 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -16418,7 +16428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:11894 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -16432,7 +16442,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11899 +#: freeculture.xml:11904 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -16442,7 +16452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11914 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -16458,7 +16468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:11929 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -16467,14 +16477,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11931 +#: freeculture.xml:11936 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11936 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -16483,7 +16493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11943 +#: freeculture.xml:11948 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -16492,7 +16502,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11949 +#: freeculture.xml:11954 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -16500,14 +16510,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11957 +#: freeculture.xml:11962 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11963 +#: freeculture.xml:11968 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -16517,14 +16527,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11971 +#: freeculture.xml:11976 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11977 +#: freeculture.xml:11982 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -16534,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11986 +#: freeculture.xml:11991 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -16544,7 +16554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:11998 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -16553,21 +16563,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11998 +#: freeculture.xml:12003 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12005 +#: freeculture.xml:12010 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12009 +#: freeculture.xml:12014 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -16576,12 +16586,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12017 +#: freeculture.xml:12022 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12019 +#: freeculture.xml:12024 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -16589,7 +16599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:12030 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -16598,7 +16608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12033 +#: freeculture.xml:12038 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -16614,7 +16624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12046 +#: freeculture.xml:12051 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -16623,7 +16633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:12060 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -16640,7 +16650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12070 +#: freeculture.xml:12075 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -16651,7 +16661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12078 +#: freeculture.xml:12083 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -16659,7 +16669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12083 +#: freeculture.xml:12088 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -16667,7 +16677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12089 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -16678,7 +16688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -16686,7 +16696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12104 +#: freeculture.xml:12109 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -16695,7 +16705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12110 +#: freeculture.xml:12115 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -16709,7 +16719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12121 +#: freeculture.xml:12126 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -16722,7 +16732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -16737,7 +16747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12146 +#: freeculture.xml:12151 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -16751,7 +16761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12162 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -16762,7 +16772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12164 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -16770,12 +16780,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12174 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12171 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -16793,7 +16803,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:12189 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -16808,7 +16818,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12199 +#: freeculture.xml:12204 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -16816,7 +16826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12206 +#: freeculture.xml:12211 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -16831,7 +16841,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12217 +#: freeculture.xml:12222 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -16850,7 +16860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12238 +#: freeculture.xml:12243 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -16858,7 +16868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12243 +#: freeculture.xml:12248 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -16867,7 +16877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12249 +#: freeculture.xml:12254 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -16877,7 +16887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12257 +#: freeculture.xml:12262 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -16887,7 +16897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12264 +#: freeculture.xml:12269 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -16900,7 +16910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12273 +#: freeculture.xml:12278 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -16914,7 +16924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12288 +#: freeculture.xml:12293 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -16925,12 +16935,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12302 freeculture.xml:12307 +#: freeculture.xml:12307 freeculture.xml:12312 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12297 +#: freeculture.xml:12302 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -16941,19 +16951,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12305 +#: freeculture.xml:12310 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12306 +#: freeculture.xml:12311 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12310 +#: freeculture.xml:12315 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -16966,12 +16976,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12321 +#: freeculture.xml:12326 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12323 +#: freeculture.xml:12328 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -16984,7 +16994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12335 +#: freeculture.xml:12340 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -16998,7 +17008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12345 +#: freeculture.xml:12350 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17008,7 +17018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12353 +#: freeculture.xml:12358 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17016,7 +17026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12358 +#: freeculture.xml:12363 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17028,12 +17038,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12366 freeculture.xml:12567 +#: freeculture.xml:12371 freeculture.xml:12572 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12368 +#: freeculture.xml:12373 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17047,7 +17057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12380 +#: freeculture.xml:12385 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17060,22 +17070,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12390 +#: freeculture.xml:12395 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12391 freeculture.xml:12432 +#: freeculture.xml:12396 freeculture.xml:12437 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12399 +#: freeculture.xml:12404 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12399 +#: freeculture.xml:12404 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17098,7 +17108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12394 +#: freeculture.xml:12399 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17113,7 +17123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12426 +#: freeculture.xml:12431 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17123,7 +17133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12434 +#: freeculture.xml:12439 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17136,7 +17146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12444 +#: freeculture.xml:12449 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17147,7 +17157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12452 +#: freeculture.xml:12457 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17158,7 +17168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12460 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17170,7 +17180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12472 +#: freeculture.xml:12477 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17181,7 +17191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12481 +#: freeculture.xml:12486 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17199,7 +17209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12497 +#: freeculture.xml:12502 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17214,7 +17224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12512 +#: freeculture.xml:12517 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17227,7 +17237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12522 +#: freeculture.xml:12527 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -17239,7 +17249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12531 +#: freeculture.xml:12536 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -17249,7 +17259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12543 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -17259,7 +17269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12545 +#: freeculture.xml:12550 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -17268,7 +17278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12551 +#: freeculture.xml:12556 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -17286,7 +17296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12569 +#: freeculture.xml:12574 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -17296,12 +17306,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12575 +#: freeculture.xml:12580 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12577 +#: freeculture.xml:12582 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -17312,7 +17322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12586 +#: freeculture.xml:12591 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -17324,7 +17334,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12594 +#: freeculture.xml:12599 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -17346,7 +17356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12615 +#: freeculture.xml:12620 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -17357,7 +17367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12623 +#: freeculture.xml:12628 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -17370,7 +17380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12633 +#: freeculture.xml:12638 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -17380,7 +17390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -17394,12 +17404,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12652 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12654 +#: freeculture.xml:12659 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -17412,12 +17422,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12664 +#: freeculture.xml:12669 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12667 +#: freeculture.xml:12672 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -17430,7 +17440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12683 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -17441,7 +17451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12686 +#: freeculture.xml:12691 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -17452,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:12703 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -17462,7 +17472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:12710 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -17474,27 +17484,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12717 +#: freeculture.xml:12722 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12718 +#: freeculture.xml:12723 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12719 +#: freeculture.xml:12724 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12720 +#: freeculture.xml:12725 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12722 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -17504,7 +17514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12734 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -17515,7 +17525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12744 +#: freeculture.xml:12749 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -17526,7 +17536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12742 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -17539,7 +17549,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12755 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -17550,7 +17560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12768 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -17563,7 +17573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12774 +#: freeculture.xml:12779 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -17573,12 +17583,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 freeculture.xml:13252 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:12795 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -17587,7 +17597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12781 +#: freeculture.xml:12786 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -17600,7 +17610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12803 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17615,7 +17625,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12830 +#: freeculture.xml:12835 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17624,7 +17634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12797 +#: freeculture.xml:12802 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -17647,7 +17657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12841 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -17659,7 +17669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12846 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -17670,7 +17680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12854 +#: freeculture.xml:12859 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -17684,7 +17694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12869 +#: freeculture.xml:12874 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -17702,7 +17712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12863 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -17714,7 +17724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12895 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17727,7 +17737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12900 +#: freeculture.xml:12905 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17738,7 +17748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12908 +#: freeculture.xml:12913 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17750,7 +17760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12916 +#: freeculture.xml:12921 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17767,7 +17777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12931 +#: freeculture.xml:12936 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17775,7 +17785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12942 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17789,7 +17799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12949 +#: freeculture.xml:12954 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17801,7 +17811,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12960 +#: freeculture.xml:12965 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17816,7 +17826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#: freeculture.xml:12979 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -17833,38 +17843,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:12993 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12989 +#: freeculture.xml:12994 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12990 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12991 +#: freeculture.xml:12996 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12993 +#: freeculture.xml:12998 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12998 +#: freeculture.xml:13003 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -17879,22 +17889,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13026 freeculture.xml:13722 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 freeculture.xml:13727 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13027 freeculture.xml:13096 freeculture.xml:13648 +#: freeculture.xml:13032 freeculture.xml:13101 freeculture.xml:13653 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13028 freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:13033 freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12995 +#: freeculture.xml:13000 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -17920,7 +17930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13032 +#: freeculture.xml:13037 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -17931,14 +17941,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13040 +#: freeculture.xml:13045 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13039 +#: freeculture.xml:13044 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -17949,13 +17959,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13049 freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13054 freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13051 +#: freeculture.xml:13056 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17979,7 +17989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13075 +#: freeculture.xml:13080 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17988,12 +17998,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13081 freeculture.xml:14768 +#: freeculture.xml:13086 freeculture.xml:14773 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13083 +#: freeculture.xml:13088 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18007,13 +18017,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13093 +#: freeculture.xml:13098 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13109 +#: freeculture.xml:13114 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18034,7 +18044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13098 +#: freeculture.xml:13103 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18049,18 +18059,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13126 +#: freeculture.xml:13131 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13127 +#: freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13129 +#: freeculture.xml:13134 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18078,25 +18088,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13146 +#: freeculture.xml:13151 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:13152 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13157 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13149 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18109,7 +18119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13163 +#: freeculture.xml:13168 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18119,12 +18129,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13170 freeculture.xml:13226 +#: freeculture.xml:13175 freeculture.xml:13231 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13172 +#: freeculture.xml:13177 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18136,12 +18146,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13182 +#: freeculture.xml:13187 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13186 +#: freeculture.xml:13191 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18154,32 +18164,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13196 +#: freeculture.xml:13201 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13196 +#: freeculture.xml:13201 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13197 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13200 +#: freeculture.xml:13205 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18195,7 +18205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13214 +#: freeculture.xml:13219 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18211,7 +18221,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13228 +#: freeculture.xml:13233 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -18225,7 +18235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13240 +#: freeculture.xml:13245 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -18239,14 +18249,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 +#: freeculture.xml:13262 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13254 +#: freeculture.xml:13259 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18257,7 +18267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13266 +#: freeculture.xml:13271 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -18267,7 +18277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:13278 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -18280,7 +18290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:13290 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -18293,7 +18303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13296 +#: freeculture.xml:13301 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -18305,7 +18315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13304 +#: freeculture.xml:13309 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -18313,7 +18323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13310 +#: freeculture.xml:13315 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -18328,7 +18338,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:13326 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -18338,17 +18348,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13329 +#: freeculture.xml:13334 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13333 +#: freeculture.xml:13338 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:13340 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -18362,7 +18372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13346 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -18372,7 +18382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13354 +#: freeculture.xml:13359 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -18382,7 +18392,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13361 +#: freeculture.xml:13366 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -18394,7 +18404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13371 +#: freeculture.xml:13376 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -18404,7 +18414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13378 +#: freeculture.xml:13383 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -18415,20 +18425,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13386 +#: freeculture.xml:13391 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13389 +#: freeculture.xml:13394 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13395 +#: freeculture.xml:13400 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18447,7 +18457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13413 +#: freeculture.xml:13418 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18457,7 +18467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13420 +#: freeculture.xml:13425 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18465,7 +18475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13391 +#: freeculture.xml:13396 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -18485,38 +18495,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13437 +#: freeculture.xml:13442 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13438 +#: freeculture.xml:13443 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13439 freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:13444 freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13440 +#: freeculture.xml:13445 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13441 +#: freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13441 +#: freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13446 +#: freeculture.xml:13451 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18525,7 +18535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13455 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18534,7 +18544,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13443 +#: freeculture.xml:13448 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -18553,20 +18563,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13469 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13477 +#: freeculture.xml:13482 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#: freeculture.xml:13486 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -18574,7 +18584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13486 +#: freeculture.xml:13491 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -18583,7 +18593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13492 +#: freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -18592,7 +18602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 +#: freeculture.xml:13504 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -18602,12 +18612,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13508 +#: freeculture.xml:13513 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13510 +#: freeculture.xml:13515 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -18617,7 +18627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13517 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -18631,7 +18641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13527 +#: freeculture.xml:13532 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18643,7 +18653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13539 +#: freeculture.xml:13544 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -18660,7 +18670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13553 +#: freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -18671,12 +18681,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13562 +#: freeculture.xml:13567 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13565 +#: freeculture.xml:13570 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -18688,12 +18698,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13575 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13579 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -18711,17 +18721,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13594 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#: freeculture.xml:13600 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -18734,7 +18744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13607 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -18747,7 +18757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13624 +#: freeculture.xml:13629 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18762,7 +18772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13618 +#: freeculture.xml:13623 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18776,7 +18786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13647 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -18788,12 +18798,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13655 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13652 +#: freeculture.xml:13657 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18803,7 +18813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13665 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18817,7 +18827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13672 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18830,7 +18840,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:13686 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18840,12 +18850,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13689 +#: freeculture.xml:13694 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18856,7 +18866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13699 +#: freeculture.xml:13704 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18869,7 +18879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13710 +#: freeculture.xml:13715 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18880,7 +18890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13718 +#: freeculture.xml:13723 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -18889,7 +18899,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13724 +#: freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18906,7 +18916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13740 +#: freeculture.xml:13745 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18918,7 +18928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18926,7 +18936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13754 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18941,7 +18951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13766 +#: freeculture.xml:13771 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18951,7 +18961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13774 +#: freeculture.xml:13779 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18966,7 +18976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13793 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18977,24 +18987,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13800 +#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13803 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13806 +#: freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13808 +#: freeculture.xml:13813 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19008,7 +19018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:13824 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19027,7 +19037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:13842 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19041,7 +19051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13848 +#: freeculture.xml:13853 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19054,13 +19064,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13858 +#: freeculture.xml:13863 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13860 +#: freeculture.xml:13865 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19074,7 +19084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19089,7 +19099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13885 +#: freeculture.xml:13890 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19099,7 +19109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13892 +#: freeculture.xml:13897 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19113,7 +19123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13904 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19121,18 +19131,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13909 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13910 +#: freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13912 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19144,23 +19154,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13923 +#: freeculture.xml:13928 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13924 +#: freeculture.xml:13929 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13930 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:13947 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19169,7 +19179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13927 +#: freeculture.xml:13932 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19189,7 +19199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13951 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19204,7 +19214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19215,7 +19225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:13978 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19226,7 +19236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13981 +#: freeculture.xml:13986 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19237,12 +19247,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:14000 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13997 +#: freeculture.xml:14002 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19252,7 +19262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14004 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19261,12 +19271,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14011 +#: freeculture.xml:14016 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:14018 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19276,14 +19286,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14025 +#: freeculture.xml:14030 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19292,12 +19302,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14031 +#: freeculture.xml:14036 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14034 +#: freeculture.xml:14039 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19308,7 +19318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14043 +#: freeculture.xml:14048 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19323,7 +19333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14062 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19331,7 +19341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19341,7 +19351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14065 +#: freeculture.xml:14070 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19352,12 +19362,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14077 +#: freeculture.xml:14082 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14079 +#: freeculture.xml:14084 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19372,7 +19382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14092 +#: freeculture.xml:14097 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19384,7 +19394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 +#: freeculture.xml:14106 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19397,7 +19407,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14111 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19411,12 +19421,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14126 +#: freeculture.xml:14131 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14128 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19428,7 +19438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14138 +#: freeculture.xml:14143 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19436,7 +19446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14149 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19450,7 +19460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14161 +#: freeculture.xml:14166 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19459,7 +19469,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14154 +#: freeculture.xml:14159 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19475,7 +19485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14174 +#: freeculture.xml:14179 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19485,12 +19495,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14182 +#: freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19504,7 +19514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14194 +#: freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19515,7 +19525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14202 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19523,7 +19533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14207 +#: freeculture.xml:14212 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19534,12 +19544,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14219 +#: freeculture.xml:14224 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19548,7 +19558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14234 +#: freeculture.xml:14239 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19556,7 +19566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14231 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19569,7 +19579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14241 +#: freeculture.xml:14246 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19578,7 +19588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14249 +#: freeculture.xml:14254 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19591,7 +19601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14258 +#: freeculture.xml:14263 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19605,13 +19615,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#: freeculture.xml:14275 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19619,7 +19629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14273 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19634,7 +19644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14292 +#: freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19651,7 +19661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14308 +#: freeculture.xml:14313 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19659,7 +19669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14314 +#: freeculture.xml:14319 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19669,12 +19679,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14324 +#: freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14328 +#: freeculture.xml:14333 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19685,7 +19695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:14341 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19697,20 +19707,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14344 +#: freeculture.xml:14349 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:14355 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14351 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -19722,12 +19732,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14363 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14359 +#: freeculture.xml:14364 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19736,7 +19746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 +#: freeculture.xml:14373 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19746,7 +19756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14375 +#: freeculture.xml:14380 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19758,7 +19768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14388 +#: freeculture.xml:14393 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19773,7 +19783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14402 +#: freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19783,12 +19793,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14418 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14416 +#: freeculture.xml:14421 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19796,7 +19806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14410 +#: freeculture.xml:14415 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19806,7 +19816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14424 +#: freeculture.xml:14429 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19817,7 +19827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14431 +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19827,12 +19837,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14441 +#: freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14443 +#: freeculture.xml:14448 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19842,7 +19852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14450 +#: freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19853,7 +19863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14459 +#: freeculture.xml:14464 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19863,7 +19873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14466 +#: freeculture.xml:14471 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19874,7 +19884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14475 +#: freeculture.xml:14480 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19882,7 +19892,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14480 +#: freeculture.xml:14485 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19891,7 +19901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14486 +#: freeculture.xml:14491 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19900,7 +19910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14492 +#: freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19908,7 +19918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14500 +#: freeculture.xml:14505 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19919,7 +19929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14508 +#: freeculture.xml:14513 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19929,7 +19939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14516 +#: freeculture.xml:14521 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19937,7 +19947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14521 +#: freeculture.xml:14526 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19952,7 +19962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14533 +#: freeculture.xml:14538 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19968,13 +19978,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14547 +#: freeculture.xml:14552 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14567 +#: freeculture.xml:14572 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19982,7 +19992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14549 +#: freeculture.xml:14554 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20004,7 +20014,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14574 +#: freeculture.xml:14579 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20020,7 +20030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14590 +#: freeculture.xml:14595 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20034,7 +20044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14601 +#: freeculture.xml:14606 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20046,7 +20056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14612 +#: freeculture.xml:14617 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20059,7 +20069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14622 +#: freeculture.xml:14627 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20072,7 +20082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14633 +#: freeculture.xml:14638 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20084,7 +20094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14643 +#: freeculture.xml:14648 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20097,7 +20107,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14653 +#: freeculture.xml:14658 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20108,14 +20118,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14661 +#: freeculture.xml:14666 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14665 +#: freeculture.xml:14670 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20129,7 +20139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14676 +#: freeculture.xml:14681 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20140,17 +20150,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14683 freeculture.xml:14725 +#: freeculture.xml:14688 freeculture.xml:14730 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14723 +#: freeculture.xml:14728 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14689 +#: freeculture.xml:14694 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20192,7 +20202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14685 +#: freeculture.xml:14690 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20207,7 +20217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14739 +#: freeculture.xml:14744 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20225,7 +20235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14756 +#: freeculture.xml:14761 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20238,17 +20248,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14769 +#: freeculture.xml:14774 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14771 +#: freeculture.xml:14776 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14773 +#: freeculture.xml:14778 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20266,22 +20276,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14788 +#: freeculture.xml:14793 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14791 +#: freeculture.xml:14796 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14791 +#: freeculture.xml:14796 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14793 +#: freeculture.xml:14798 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20297,7 +20307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14805 +#: freeculture.xml:14810 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20308,13 +20318,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14814 +#: freeculture.xml:14819 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14819 +#: freeculture.xml:14824 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20323,19 +20333,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14826 +#: freeculture.xml:14831 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14832 +#: freeculture.xml:14837 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14836 +#: freeculture.xml:14841 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20343,14 +20353,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:14847 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14847 +#: freeculture.xml:14852 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20359,7 +20369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14853 +#: freeculture.xml:14858 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20376,7 +20386,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14867 +#: freeculture.xml:14872 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20386,12 +20396,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14878 +#: freeculture.xml:14883 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14880 +#: freeculture.xml:14885 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20400,7 +20410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:14891 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20410,23 +20420,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14893 +#: freeculture.xml:14898 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14894 +#: freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14894 +#: freeculture.xml:14899 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14905 +#: freeculture.xml:14910 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20434,7 +20444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14896 +#: freeculture.xml:14901 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20447,7 +20457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14911 +#: freeculture.xml:14916 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20455,7 +20465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14921 +#: freeculture.xml:14926 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20475,7 +20485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14916 +#: freeculture.xml:14921 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20487,7 +20497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14945 +#: freeculture.xml:14950 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20497,7 +20507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14953 +#: freeculture.xml:14958 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20510,7 +20520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14963 +#: freeculture.xml:14968 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20521,7 +20531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14971 +#: freeculture.xml:14976 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20529,7 +20539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14978 +#: freeculture.xml:14983 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20542,7 +20552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14987 +#: freeculture.xml:14992 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20552,7 +20562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14996 +#: freeculture.xml:15001 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20560,12 +20570,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15005 +#: freeculture.xml:15010 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15007 +#: freeculture.xml:15012 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20579,12 +20589,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15026 +#: freeculture.xml:15031 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15028 +#: freeculture.xml:15033 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20593,7 +20603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15035 +#: freeculture.xml:15040 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20609,7 +20619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15048 +#: freeculture.xml:15053 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20622,7 +20632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15059 +#: freeculture.xml:15064 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20644,7 +20654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15084 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20655,7 +20665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15088 +#: freeculture.xml:15093 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index eae61d5..e1cc249 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -2537,6 +2537,7 @@ Noah Shachtman, <quote>With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,</quote> York Times, 16 January 2003, G5. </para></footnote> </para> +<indexterm id='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='startofrange'><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm> <para> This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and @@ -2544,6 +2545,7 @@ newspapers are commercial entities. They must work to keep attention. If they lose readers, they lose revenue. Like sharks, they must move on. </para> +<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>peer-generated rankings on</secondary></indexterm> <para> But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a @@ -2553,6 +2555,7 @@ rises in the ranks of stories. People read what is popular; what is popular has been selected by a very democratic process of peer-generated rankings. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxmediacommercialimperativesof' class='endofrange'/> <indexterm id='idxwinerdave' class='startofrange'><primary>Winer, Dave</primary></indexterm> <para> There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle @@ -2566,7 +2569,9 @@ conflict of interest is so easily disclosed that you know you can sort of get it out of the way.</quote> </para> <indexterm><primary>CNN</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>media</primary><secondary>commercial imperatives of</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Iraq war</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>media</primary><secondary>ownership concentration in</secondary></indexterm> <para> These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated (more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more