From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Mon, 3 Sep 2012 12:57:08 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1391 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/cd0be1e5944ca1a676892ab91416abfb8b61079a?ds=inline Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 4e7b67d..77173f7 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-01 20:38+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -1272,7 +1272,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosess. RCA hadde hva Causby-ene ikke hadde: Makten til å undertrykke " "effekten av en teknologisk endring." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of: msgid "Internet" msgstr "internet" @@ -23474,6 +23474,18 @@ msgstr "" "se etter måter å importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under " "markedspris." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "international law" +msgstr "internasjonal lov" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "parallel importation" +msgstr "parallellimport" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "Braithwaite, John" @@ -23508,6 +23520,10 @@ msgstr "" "tillatt i internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den " "europeiske union." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" +msgstr "" + #. f3. #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -23846,6 +23862,30 @@ msgstr "" "til. Mektige lobbyister, kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn " "gir en perfekt storm for fri kultur." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "biomedical research" +msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "international organization on issues of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "IBM" +msgstr "IBM" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "PLoS (Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket, det)" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" +msgstr "Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket, det (PLoS)" + #. type: Content of: msgid "public projects in" msgstr "offentlige prosjekter i" @@ -23858,6 +23898,10 @@ msgstr "enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs)" msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "Wellcome Trust" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "World Wide Web" @@ -23866,10 +23910,6 @@ msgstr "World Wide Web" msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "Globalt posisjoneringssystem" -#. type: Content of: -msgid "biomedical research" -msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning" - #. f6. #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -23895,18 +23935,7 @@ msgstr "" "19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra link #61." -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "academic journals" -msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" - -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "IBM" -msgstr "IBM" - -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" - +#. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the " @@ -23927,9 +23956,7 @@ msgid "" "AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-" "SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the " "Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. " -"And it included open source and free software. " -"" +"And it included open source and free software." msgstr "" "I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en " "avgjørelse fra World Intellectual Property Organiation om å avlyse et møte." @@ -23950,9 +23977,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " "Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " "frigjorde tidlig på 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte åpen kildekode og " -"fri programvare. " -" " +"fri programvare." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -25116,15 +25141,14 @@ msgid "" "provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in " "privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." msgstr "" -"Det er denne virkeligheten som forklarer at mange gjør en innsats for " -"å definere personvern på internettet. Det er " -"erkjennelsen om at teknologi akn fjerne det friksjon før ga oss som " -"får mange til å be om lover som gjør det friksjonen " -"gjorde. Og uansett om du er " -"for eller imot disse lovene, så er det mønsteret som er det viktige " -"her. Vi må ta aktive steg for å sikre en slags frihet som var passivt " -"sikret tidligere. En endring i teknologi tvinger nå de som tror på " -"personvern til å gjøre aktive handlinger der hvor personvern tidligere " +"Det er denne virkeligheten som forklarer at mange gjør en innsats for å " +"definere personvern på internettet. Det er erkjennelsen om " +"at teknologi akn fjerne det friksjon før ga oss som får mange til å be om " +"lover som gjør det friksjonen gjorde. Og uansett om du er for eller imot disse lovene, så er det mønsteret som " +"er det viktige her. Vi må ta aktive steg for å sikre en slags frihet som " +"var passivt sikret tidligere. En endring i teknologi tvinger nå de som tror " +"på personvern til å gjøre aktive handlinger der hvor personvern tidligere " "var gitt som utgangspunkt." #. type: Content of:
@@ -25136,13 +25160,12 @@ msgid "" "so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. " "" msgstr "" -"En lignende historie kan fortelles om stiftelsen av fri " -"programvare-bevegelsen. Da datamaskiner med programvare først ble " -"gjort kommersielt tilgjengelig var programvaren—bÃ¥de kildekoden " -"og binærene—fritt tilgjengelig. Du kunne ikke kjøre et program " -"skrevet for en Data General-maskin pÃ¥ en IBM-maskin, sÃ¥ Data General " -"og IBM brydde seg ikke mye om Ã¥ kontrollere programvaren sin. " -"" +"En lignende historie kan fortelles om stiftelsen av fri programvare-" +"bevegelsen. Da datamaskiner med programvare først ble gjort kommersielt " +"tilgjengelig var programvaren—bÃ¥de kildekoden og binærene—fritt " +"tilgjengelig. Du kunne ikke kjøre et program skrevet for en Data General-" +"maskin pÃ¥ en IBM-maskin, sÃ¥ Data General og IBM brydde seg ikke mye om Ã¥ " +"kontrollere programvaren sin. " #. type: Content of:
msgid "Stallman, Richard" @@ -25176,15 +25199,15 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" "I hvert fall i akademia er ikke dette en veldig radikal idé. Ved et " -"matematisk institutt ville enhver ha friheten til å fikle med et bevis " -"som noen andre la frem. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å " -"bevise et teorem, så kunne du ta det noen andre hadde gjort og endre det. " -"Ved et institutt for klassisk historie, hvis du mente en kollegas " -"oversettelse av en nylig oppdaget tekst hadde feil, så hadde du " -"friheten til å forbedre den. Dermed, for Stallman, virket det " -"åpenbart at du burde stå fritt til å fikle med og forbedre koden som " -"kjørte på en maskin. Dette var også kunnskap. Hvorfor skulle det " -"ikke være åpent for kritikk på samme måte som alt annet?" +"matematisk institutt ville enhver ha friheten til å fikle med et bevis som " +"noen andre la frem. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise et " +"teorem, så kunne du ta det noen andre hadde gjort og endre det. Ved et " +"institutt for klassisk historie, hvis du mente en kollegas oversettelse av " +"en nylig oppdaget tekst hadde feil, så hadde du friheten til å forbedre " +"den. Dermed, for Stallman, virket det åpenbart at du burde stå fritt til å " +"fikle med og forbedre koden som kjørte på en maskin. Dette var også " +"kunnskap. Hvorfor skulle det ikke være åpent for kritikk på samme måte som " +"alt annet?" #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25196,14 +25219,13 @@ msgid "" "and copy it, then that would make it easier for me to sell a printer to the " "market than it was for you." msgstr "" -"Ingen svarte på det spørsmålet. Istedet endret arkitekturen for " -"inntekter i dataverden seg. Etter hvert som det ble mulig å importere " -"programmer fra et system til et annet, det ble økonomisk attraktivt (i " -"hvert fall etter noens syn) å skjule koden til programet som man " -"laget. I tillegg begynte selskaper å selge ekstrautstyr til " -"stormaskiner. Hvis jeg bare kunne ta din printerdriver og kopiere " -"den, så ville det gjøre det enklere for meg enn det var for deg å " -"selge en printer i markedet." +"Ingen svarte på det spørsmålet. Istedet endret arkitekturen for inntekter i " +"dataverden seg. Etter hvert som det ble mulig å importere programmer fra et " +"system til et annet, det ble økonomisk attraktivt (i hvert fall etter noens " +"syn) å skjule koden til programet som man laget. I tillegg begynte " +"selskaper å selge ekstrautstyr til stormaskiner. Hvis jeg bare kunne ta din " +"printerdriver og kopiere den, så ville det gjøre det enklere for meg enn det " +"var for deg å selge en printer i markedet." #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of:
@@ -25269,12 +25291,12 @@ msgid "" "software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been " "passively guaranteed." msgstr "" -"Stallman gjorde dermed for programvare det personvernforkjempere nå " -"gjør for personvern. Han søkte etter en måte å gjenoppbygge den type " -"frihet som før var tatt for gitt. Gjennom aktiv bruk av lisenser som " -"gjelder for opphavsrettsbeskyttet kildekode, gjenerobret Stallman " -"aktivt en arena der fri programvare ville overleve. Han beskyttet " -"aktivt det som før hadde vært passivt garantert." +"Stallman gjorde dermed for programvare det personvernforkjempere nå gjør for " +"personvern. Han søkte etter en måte å gjenoppbygge den type frihet som før " +"var tatt for gitt. Gjennom aktiv bruk av lisenser som gjelder for " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet kildekode, gjenerobret Stallman aktivt en arena der " +"fri programvare ville overleve. Han beskyttet aktivt det som før hadde vært " +"passivt garantert." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25302,19 +25324,18 @@ msgid "" "gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective " "services." msgstr "" -"Etter hvert som teknologien utviklet seg, blir det åpenbart for mange " -"at å skrive ut tusenvis av kopier av tidsskrifter hver måned og sende " -"dem til biblioteker kanskje ikke er den mest effektive måten å spre " -"kunnskap. I stedet blir tidsskrifter mer og mer elektroniske, og " -"biblioteker og deres brukere gis tilgang til disse elektroniske " -"tidsskriftene gjennom passord-beskyttede nettsteder. Noe lignende har " -"skjedd innen justissektoren i nesten tredve år: Lexis og Westlaw har " -"hatt elektroniske versjoner av domstolavgjørelser tilgjengelig for " -"sine tjenste-abonnenter. Selv om en høyesterettsdom ikke er " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og enhver står fritt til å gå til et bibliotek " -"og lese den, så står Lexis og Westlaw også fritt til å kreve betaling " -"fra sine brukerne for å gi tilgang til den samme høyesterettsdommen " -"gjennom deres respektive tjenester." +"Etter hvert som teknologien utviklet seg, blir det åpenbart for mange at å " +"skrive ut tusenvis av kopier av tidsskrifter hver måned og sende dem til " +"biblioteker kanskje ikke er den mest effektive måten å spre kunnskap. I " +"stedet blir tidsskrifter mer og mer elektroniske, og biblioteker og deres " +"brukere gis tilgang til disse elektroniske tidsskriftene gjennom passord-" +"beskyttede nettsteder. Noe lignende har skjedd innen justissektoren i " +"nesten tredve år: Lexis og Westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av " +"domstolavgjørelser tilgjengelig for sine tjenste-abonnenter. Selv om en " +"høyesterettsdom ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og enhver står fritt til å gå " +"til et bibliotek og lese den, så står Lexis og Westlaw også fritt til å " +"kreve betaling fra sine brukerne for å gi tilgang til den samme " +"høyesterettsdommen gjennom deres respektive tjenester." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25326,13 +25347,13 @@ msgid "" "nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in " "the public domain." msgstr "" -"Det er generelt ingenting galt med dette, og muligheten til å ta " -"betalt for tilgang selv for allemannseid materiale er helt klart et " -"godt insentiv for folk til å utvikle nye og nyskapende måter å spre " -"kunnskap. Loven har vært enig, hvilket er det som gjør at Lexis og " -"Westlaw har fått lov til å blomstre. Og hvis det ikke er noe galt med " -"å selge det som er allemannseie, så bør det i prinspippet ikke være " -"noe galt i å selge tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." +"Det er generelt ingenting galt med dette, og muligheten til å ta betalt for " +"tilgang selv for allemannseid materiale er helt klart et godt insentiv for " +"folk til å utvikle nye og nyskapende måter å spre kunnskap. Loven har vært " +"enig, hvilket er det som gjør at Lexis og Westlaw har fått lov til å " +"blomstre. Og hvis det ikke er noe galt med å selge det som er allemannseie, " +"så bør det i prinspippet ikke være noe galt i å selge tilgang til materiale " +"som ikke er allemannseie." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25357,18 +25378,16 @@ msgid "" "(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a " "paper journal." msgstr "" -"Som flere begynner Ã¥ oppdage, er dette stadig oftere virkeligheten " -"med vitenskapelige tidsskrifter. Da disse tidsskriftene ble " -"distribuert i papirutgaven, kunne bibliotekene gjøre tidsskriftene " -"tilgjengelig for enhver som hadde tilgang til biblioteket. Dermed " -"kunne pasienter med kreft bli kreft-eksperter pÃ¥ grunn av at " -"biblioteket ga dem tilgang. Eller pasienter som forsøkte Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " -"risikoen med en bestemt behandling kunne forske pÃ¥ disse risikoene ved " -"Ã¥ lese alle tilgjengelige artikler om den behandlingen. Denne " -"friheten var dermed et resultat av hvordan biblioteker fungerte " -"(normer) og teknologien til papirtidsskrifter " -"(arkitektur)—nemlig at det var veldig vanskelig a kontrollere " -"tilgang til et papirtidsskrift." +"Som flere begynner Ã¥ oppdage, er dette stadig oftere virkeligheten med " +"vitenskapelige tidsskrifter. Da disse tidsskriftene ble distribuert i " +"papirutgaven, kunne bibliotekene gjøre tidsskriftene tilgjengelig for enhver " +"som hadde tilgang til biblioteket. Dermed kunne pasienter med kreft bli " +"kreft-eksperter pÃ¥ grunn av at biblioteket ga dem tilgang. Eller pasienter " +"som forsøkte Ã¥ forstÃ¥ risikoen med en bestemt behandling kunne forske pÃ¥ " +"disse risikoene ved Ã¥ lese alle tilgjengelige artikler om den behandlingen. " +"Denne friheten var dermed et resultat av hvordan biblioteker fungerte " +"(normer) og teknologien til papirtidsskrifter (arkitektur)—nemlig at " +"det var veldig vanskelig a kontrollere tilgang til et papirtidsskrift." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25385,6 +25404,7 @@ msgstr "" "endringer i teknologien og markedet krymper en frihet som vi tok for gitt " "tidligere." +#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " @@ -25395,21 +25415,18 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. " +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." msgstr "" "Denne reduserte friheten har fått mange til å ta aktive steg for å " "gjenopprette friheten som har gått tapt. Et eksempel er Det Offentlige " -"Vitenskapsbiblioteket (PLoS), som er et ikkekommersielt selskap " -"dedikert til å gjøre vitenskapling forskning tilgjengelig til alle som " -"har en nettforbindelse. Forfattere av vitenskapelige verk laster sitt " -"verk opp til Det Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket. Dette verket går " -"så igjennom fagfellevurdering. Hvis det blir akseptert, så blir " -"verket så lagret i et offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort gratis og " -"permanent tilgjengelig. PLoS selger også trykte utgaver av verkene, " -"men opphavsretten til papirtidsskriftene fratar ingen retten til å " -"fritt videredistribuere verket." +"Vitenskapsbiblioteket (PLoS), som er et ikkekommersielt selskap dedikert til " +"å gjøre vitenskapling forskning tilgjengelig til alle som har en " +"nettforbindelse. Forfattere av vitenskapelige verk laster sitt verk opp til " +"Det Offentlige Vitenskapsbiblioteket. Dette verket går så igjennom " +"fagfellevurdering. Hvis det blir akseptert, så blir verket så lagret i et " +"offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort gratis og permanent tilgjengelig. " +"PLoS selger også trykte utgaver av verkene, men opphavsretten til " +"papirtidsskriftene fratar ingen retten til å fritt videredistribuere verket." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25420,13 +25437,13 @@ msgid "" "competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when " "it helps spread knowledge and science." msgstr "" -"Dette er en av mange slike anstrengelser for Ã¥ gjenopprette en frihet " -"som tidligere ble tatt for gitt, men som nÃ¥ er truet av endringer i " -"teknologi og marked. Det er ingen tvil om at dette alternativet " -"konkurrerer med de tradisjonelle forlagene og deres innsats for Ã¥ " -"tjene penger fra den eksklusive distribusjonen av innhold. Men " -"konkurranse antas i vÃ¥r tradisjon for Ã¥ være bra—spesielt nÃ¥r " -"det bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." +"Dette er en av mange slike anstrengelser for Ã¥ gjenopprette en frihet som " +"tidligere ble tatt for gitt, men som nÃ¥ er truet av endringer i teknologi og " +"marked. Det er ingen tvil om at dette alternativet konkurrerer med de " +"tradisjonelle forlagene og deres innsats for Ã¥ tjene penger fra den " +"eksklusive distribusjonen av innhold. Men konkurranse antas i vÃ¥r tradisjon " +"for Ã¥ være bra—spesielt nÃ¥r det bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og " +"vitenskap." #. type: Content of:
msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" @@ -25758,12 +25775,11 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. " "They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible." msgstr "" -"Disse er de første stegene i Ã¥ gjenoppbygge et allemannseie. De er " -"ikke kun argumenter, de er handlinger. Bygging av et allemannseie er " -"første steg for Ã¥ vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og " -"nyskapning. Creative Commons baserer seg pÃ¥ frivillige steg for Ã¥ fÃ¥ " -"bygget denne pÃ¥ nytt. De vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn " -"frivillige steg er mulig." +"Disse er de første stegene i Ã¥ gjenoppbygge et allemannseie. De er ikke kun " +"argumenter, de er handlinger. Bygging av et allemannseie er første steg for " +"Ã¥ vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og nyskapning. Creative " +"Commons baserer seg pÃ¥ frivillige steg for Ã¥ fÃ¥ bygget denne pÃ¥ nytt. De " +"vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn frivillige steg er mulig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -25844,11 +25860,11 @@ msgid "" "register. You don't even have to mark your content. The default is control, " "and <quote>formalities</quote> are banished." msgstr "" -"Dette stÃ¥r i kontrast til gjeldende Ã¥ndsverkslov, der du automatisk " -"fÃ¥r opphavsrett uavhengig av om du overholder noen formaliteter eller " -"ikke. Du trenger ikke Ã¥ registrere den. Du trenger ikke en gang " -"merke innholdet ditt. Utgangspunktet er kontroll, og " -"<quote>formaliteter</quote> er bannlyst." +"Dette stÃ¥r i kontrast til gjeldende Ã¥ndsverkslov, der du automatisk fÃ¥r " +"opphavsrett uavhengig av om du overholder noen formaliteter eller ikke. Du " +"trenger ikke Ã¥ registrere den. Du trenger ikke en gang merke innholdet " +"ditt. Utgangspunktet er kontroll, og <quote>formaliteter</quote> er " +"bannlyst." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> msgid "Why?" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 1ec1f7e..69d26f8 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-01 20:38+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-03 14:50+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13402 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13403 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13417 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14397 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14412 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14398 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4677 freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14398 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:12766 freeculture.xml:13506 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9294 freeculture.xml:12766 freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:12767 freeculture.xml:13507 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9295 freeculture.xml:12767 freeculture.xml:13521 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1044,13 +1044,13 @@ msgid "" "did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2491 freeculture.xml:2525 freeculture.xml:2551 freeculture.xml:2801 freeculture.xml:7339 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:2395 freeculture.xml:2407 freeculture.xml:2491 freeculture.xml:2525 freeculture.xml:2551 freeculture.xml:2801 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:13068 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:785 +#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:13068 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14796 +#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14811 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1431,7 +1431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1019 +#: freeculture.xml:1019 freeculture.xml:13067 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3054 freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:7342 freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13058 +#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7822 freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14860 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4093,7 +4093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2840 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:5438 freeculture.xml:7952 freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:2840 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:5438 freeculture.xml:7952 freeculture.xml:13232 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4358,12 +4358,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14761 freeculture.xml:14826 +#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:5447 freeculture.xml:5496 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14761 freeculture.xml:14826 +#: freeculture.xml:2997 freeculture.xml:3366 freeculture.xml:4302 freeculture.xml:9913 freeculture.xml:10011 freeculture.xml:10180 freeculture.xml:14776 freeculture.xml:14841 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4805,7 +4805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14457 +#: freeculture.xml:3296 freeculture.xml:14472 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -5007,7 +5007,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14859 +#: freeculture.xml:3443 freeculture.xml:4326 freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:14874 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5251,12 +5251,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14861 +#: freeculture.xml:3606 freeculture.xml:3686 freeculture.xml:3736 freeculture.xml:14876 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14252 freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:3607 freeculture.xml:4054 freeculture.xml:9582 freeculture.xml:10389 freeculture.xml:14267 freeculture.xml:14858 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5338,7 +5338,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3680 freeculture.xml:12864 freeculture.xml:13322 freeculture.xml:13329 +#: freeculture.xml:3680 freeculture.xml:12867 freeculture.xml:13336 freeculture.xml:13343 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5375,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15009 +#: freeculture.xml:3701 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:15024 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5438,7 +5438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:3737 freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" @@ -5448,12 +5448,12 @@ msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:11664 freeculture.xml:13165 freeculture.xml:13766 +#: freeculture.xml:3739 freeculture.xml:3769 freeculture.xml:11664 freeculture.xml:13179 freeculture.xml:13780 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:11666 freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:13767 +#: freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:3770 freeculture.xml:11666 freeculture.xml:13180 freeculture.xml:13781 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5830,12 +5830,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14569 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4001 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:14584 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14569 freeculture.xml:14570 +#: freeculture.xml:3992 freeculture.xml:4358 freeculture.xml:8112 freeculture.xml:8141 freeculture.xml:9843 freeculture.xml:9844 freeculture.xml:14584 freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6050,12 +6050,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13955 freeculture.xml:14681 freeculture.xml:14682 +#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4716 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6114 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:7337 freeculture.xml:7406 freeculture.xml:7440 freeculture.xml:7656 freeculture.xml:13970 freeculture.xml:14696 freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14682 +#: freeculture.xml:4156 freeculture.xml:4164 freeculture.xml:6995 freeculture.xml:14697 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6094,7 +6094,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14681 +#: freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6057 freeculture.xml:6062 freeculture.xml:6994 freeculture.xml:14696 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:13970 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6744,7 +6744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 freeculture.xml:6348 freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -7278,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15105 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:15120 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7873,7 +7873,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14472 +#: freeculture.xml:5437 freeculture.xml:5497 freeculture.xml:5682 freeculture.xml:10158 freeculture.xml:14487 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -9589,12 +9589,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15048 +#: freeculture.xml:6691 freeculture.xml:15063 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:13283 +#: freeculture.xml:6692 freeculture.xml:13297 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10723,7 +10723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7518 freeculture.xml:7578 freeculture.xml:13634 +#: freeculture.xml:7518 freeculture.xml:7578 freeculture.xml:13648 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -14218,7 +14218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:10157 freeculture.xml:14857 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -16272,7 +16272,7 @@ msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11716 freeculture.xml:11943 freeculture.xml:13063 +#: freeculture.xml:11716 freeculture.xml:11943 freeculture.xml:13078 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" @@ -17748,12 +17748,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12863 freeculture.xml:13323 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 +msgid "international law" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12852 +msgid "parallel importation" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12853 +msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12866 freeculture.xml:13337 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12861 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -17762,7 +17777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12852 +#: freeculture.xml:12855 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -17773,9 +17788,14 @@ msgid "" "European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12870 +msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" +msgstr "" + #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12874 +#: freeculture.xml:12878 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17790,7 +17810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12901 +#: freeculture.xml:12905 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17799,7 +17819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12872 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -17822,7 +17842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12907 +#: freeculture.xml:12912 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -17834,7 +17854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#: freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -17845,7 +17865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -17859,7 +17879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12940 +#: freeculture.xml:12945 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -17877,7 +17897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12934 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -17889,7 +17909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12961 +#: freeculture.xml:12967 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17902,7 +17922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12971 +#: freeculture.xml:12977 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17913,7 +17933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12979 +#: freeculture.xml:12985 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17925,7 +17945,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:12993 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17942,7 +17962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13002 +#: freeculture.xml:13008 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17950,7 +17970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13008 +#: freeculture.xml:13014 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17964,7 +17984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13020 +#: freeculture.xml:13027 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17976,7 +17996,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 +#: freeculture.xml:13038 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17991,7 +18011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13045 +#: freeculture.xml:13052 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18007,39 +18027,69 @@ msgid "" "storm</quote> for free culture." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13065 freeculture.xml:13807 +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13066 freeculture.xml:13079 +msgid "biomedical research" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13067 +msgid "international organization on issues of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13069 freeculture.xml:13181 freeculture.xml:13733 +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13070 freeculture.xml:13858 +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13071 freeculture.xml:13859 +msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13058 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13059 +#: freeculture.xml:13073 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13060 +#: freeculture.xml:13074 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13061 -msgid "World Wide Web" +#: freeculture.xml:13075 +msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13062 -msgid "Global Positioning System" +#: freeculture.xml:13076 +msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13064 -msgid "biomedical research" +#: freeculture.xml:13077 +msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13069 +#: freeculture.xml:13084 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18053,23 +18103,9 @@ msgid "" "#61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13097 freeculture.xml:13793 -msgid "academic journals" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13098 freeculture.xml:13167 freeculture.xml:13719 -msgid "IBM" -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13099 freeculture.xml:13856 -msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" -msgstr "" - +#. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13081 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18089,13 +18125,11 @@ msgid "" "Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La " "Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It " "included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the " -"early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote> " -"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13103 +#: freeculture.xml:13115 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18106,14 +18140,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13111 +#: freeculture.xml:13123 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13110 +#: freeculture.xml:13122 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18124,13 +18158,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 freeculture.xml:13266 +#: freeculture.xml:13132 freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13134 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18154,7 +18188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13146 +#: freeculture.xml:13158 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -18163,12 +18197,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13152 freeculture.xml:14840 +#: freeculture.xml:13166 freeculture.xml:14855 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13154 +#: freeculture.xml:13168 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -18182,13 +18216,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 +#: freeculture.xml:13178 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13180 +#: freeculture.xml:13194 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18209,7 +18243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13169 +#: freeculture.xml:13183 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18224,18 +18258,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13197 +#: freeculture.xml:13211 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 +#: freeculture.xml:13212 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13200 +#: freeculture.xml:13214 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18253,25 +18287,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13217 +#: freeculture.xml:13231 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:13232 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13228 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13220 +#: freeculture.xml:13234 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18284,7 +18318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13234 +#: freeculture.xml:13248 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18294,12 +18328,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13297 +#: freeculture.xml:13255 freeculture.xml:13311 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13243 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18311,12 +18345,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13253 +#: freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13257 +#: freeculture.xml:13271 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18329,32 +18363,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13267 +#: freeculture.xml:13281 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13267 +#: freeculture.xml:13281 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13282 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:13283 msgid "patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:13283 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13271 +#: freeculture.xml:13285 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18370,7 +18404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18386,7 +18420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13299 +#: freeculture.xml:13313 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -18400,7 +18434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13311 +#: freeculture.xml:13325 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -18414,14 +18448,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13325 +#: freeculture.xml:13339 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18432,7 +18466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13337 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -18442,7 +18476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13358 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -18455,7 +18489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13356 +#: freeculture.xml:13370 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -18468,7 +18502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13367 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -18480,7 +18514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -18488,7 +18522,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13395 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -18503,7 +18537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13392 +#: freeculture.xml:13406 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -18513,17 +18547,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13400 +#: freeculture.xml:13414 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13404 +#: freeculture.xml:13418 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13406 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -18537,7 +18571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13417 +#: freeculture.xml:13431 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -18547,7 +18581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13425 +#: freeculture.xml:13439 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -18557,7 +18591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13432 +#: freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -18569,7 +18603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13442 +#: freeculture.xml:13456 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -18579,7 +18613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13463 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -18590,20 +18624,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13457 +#: freeculture.xml:13471 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13460 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13466 +#: freeculture.xml:13480 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18622,7 +18656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 +#: freeculture.xml:13498 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18632,7 +18666,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13491 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18640,7 +18674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13462 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -18660,38 +18694,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13508 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13509 +#: freeculture.xml:13523 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13510 freeculture.xml:13872 +#: freeculture.xml:13524 freeculture.xml:13887 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13525 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13512 +#: freeculture.xml:13526 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13512 +#: freeculture.xml:13526 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13517 +#: freeculture.xml:13531 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18700,7 +18734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13526 +#: freeculture.xml:13540 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18709,7 +18743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13514 +#: freeculture.xml:13528 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -18728,20 +18762,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13540 +#: freeculture.xml:13554 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13548 +#: freeculture.xml:13562 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13552 +#: freeculture.xml:13566 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -18749,7 +18783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13557 +#: freeculture.xml:13571 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -18758,7 +18792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13563 +#: freeculture.xml:13577 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -18767,7 +18801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13570 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -18777,12 +18811,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13579 +#: freeculture.xml:13593 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13581 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -18792,7 +18826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 +#: freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -18806,7 +18840,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18818,7 +18852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13610 +#: freeculture.xml:13624 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -18835,7 +18869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13624 +#: freeculture.xml:13638 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -18846,12 +18880,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13633 +#: freeculture.xml:13647 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13636 +#: freeculture.xml:13650 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -18863,12 +18897,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13646 +#: freeculture.xml:13660 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13664 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -18886,17 +18920,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13665 +#: freeculture.xml:13679 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13666 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13668 +#: freeculture.xml:13682 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -18909,7 +18943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13678 +#: freeculture.xml:13692 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -18922,7 +18956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13695 +#: freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18937,7 +18971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13689 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18951,7 +18985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:13727 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -18963,12 +18997,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13721 +#: freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18978,7 +19012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13731 +#: freeculture.xml:13745 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18992,7 +19026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19005,7 +19039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13752 +#: freeculture.xml:13766 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19015,12 +19049,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13762 +#: freeculture.xml:13776 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19031,7 +19065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13770 +#: freeculture.xml:13784 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19044,7 +19078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13781 +#: freeculture.xml:13795 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19055,7 +19089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13789 +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19064,7 +19098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13795 +#: freeculture.xml:13809 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19081,7 +19115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19093,7 +19127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13820 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19101,7 +19135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13825 +#: freeculture.xml:13839 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19116,7 +19150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:13851 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19125,8 +19159,9 @@ msgid "" "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" +#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13845 +#: freeculture.xml:13861 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19136,12 +19171,11 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder " -"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:13874 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19152,24 +19186,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13871 +#: freeculture.xml:13886 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:13889 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13877 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13879 +#: freeculture.xml:13894 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19183,7 +19217,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13890 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19202,7 +19236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13908 +#: freeculture.xml:13923 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19216,7 +19250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:13934 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19229,13 +19263,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13929 +#: freeculture.xml:13944 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13931 +#: freeculture.xml:13946 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19249,7 +19283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13959 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19264,7 +19298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13957 +#: freeculture.xml:13972 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19274,7 +19308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13964 +#: freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19288,7 +19322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:13991 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19296,18 +19330,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13981 +#: freeculture.xml:13996 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13982 +#: freeculture.xml:13997 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13984 +#: freeculture.xml:13999 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19319,23 +19353,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:14010 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13996 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13997 +#: freeculture.xml:14012 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14014 +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19344,7 +19378,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13999 +#: freeculture.xml:14014 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19364,7 +19398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14023 +#: freeculture.xml:14038 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19379,7 +19413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:14050 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19390,7 +19424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14045 +#: freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19401,7 +19435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14053 +#: freeculture.xml:14068 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19412,12 +19446,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14082 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14069 +#: freeculture.xml:14084 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19427,7 +19461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14076 +#: freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19436,12 +19470,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14083 +#: freeculture.xml:14098 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14085 +#: freeculture.xml:14100 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19451,14 +19485,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14092 +#: freeculture.xml:14107 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14097 +#: freeculture.xml:14112 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19467,12 +19501,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14103 +#: freeculture.xml:14118 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14106 +#: freeculture.xml:14121 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19483,7 +19517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14115 +#: freeculture.xml:14130 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19498,7 +19532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14129 +#: freeculture.xml:14144 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19506,7 +19540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14127 +#: freeculture.xml:14142 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19516,7 +19550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#: freeculture.xml:14152 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19527,12 +19561,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14149 +#: freeculture.xml:14164 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14151 +#: freeculture.xml:14166 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19547,7 +19581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14179 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19559,7 +19593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14173 +#: freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19572,7 +19606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14198 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19586,12 +19620,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14213 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14215 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19603,7 +19637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14210 +#: freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19611,7 +19645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:14231 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19625,7 +19659,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14233 +#: freeculture.xml:14248 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19634,7 +19668,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19650,7 +19684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14246 +#: freeculture.xml:14261 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19660,12 +19694,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14252 +#: freeculture.xml:14267 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19679,7 +19713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19690,7 +19724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14274 +#: freeculture.xml:14289 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19698,7 +19732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:14294 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19709,12 +19743,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14291 +#: freeculture.xml:14306 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14293 +#: freeculture.xml:14308 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19723,7 +19757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14306 +#: freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19731,7 +19765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14298 +#: freeculture.xml:14313 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19744,7 +19778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14313 +#: freeculture.xml:14328 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19753,7 +19787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19766,7 +19800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14330 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19780,13 +19814,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14342 +#: freeculture.xml:14357 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14353 +#: freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19794,7 +19828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19809,7 +19843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14364 +#: freeculture.xml:14379 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19826,7 +19860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14380 +#: freeculture.xml:14395 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19834,7 +19868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14386 +#: freeculture.xml:14401 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19844,12 +19878,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14396 +#: freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14400 +#: freeculture.xml:14415 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19860,7 +19894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14408 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19872,20 +19906,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14416 +#: freeculture.xml:14431 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14422 +#: freeculture.xml:14437 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14418 +#: freeculture.xml:14433 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -19897,12 +19931,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14435 +#: freeculture.xml:14450 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14431 +#: freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19911,7 +19945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19921,7 +19955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19933,7 +19967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14460 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19948,7 +19982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14474 +#: freeculture.xml:14489 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19958,12 +19992,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14490 +#: freeculture.xml:14505 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14488 +#: freeculture.xml:14503 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19971,7 +20005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14482 +#: freeculture.xml:14497 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19981,7 +20015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14496 +#: freeculture.xml:14511 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19992,7 +20026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14503 +#: freeculture.xml:14518 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20002,12 +20036,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14515 +#: freeculture.xml:14530 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20017,7 +20051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14522 +#: freeculture.xml:14537 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20028,7 +20062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14531 +#: freeculture.xml:14546 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20038,7 +20072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14538 +#: freeculture.xml:14553 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20049,7 +20083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14547 +#: freeculture.xml:14562 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20057,7 +20091,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14552 +#: freeculture.xml:14567 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20066,7 +20100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14558 +#: freeculture.xml:14573 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20075,7 +20109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14579 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20083,7 +20117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14572 +#: freeculture.xml:14587 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20094,7 +20128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14580 +#: freeculture.xml:14595 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20104,7 +20138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14588 +#: freeculture.xml:14603 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20112,7 +20146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14593 +#: freeculture.xml:14608 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20127,7 +20161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14605 +#: freeculture.xml:14620 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20143,13 +20177,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14619 +#: freeculture.xml:14634 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14639 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20157,7 +20191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14621 +#: freeculture.xml:14636 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20179,7 +20213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14646 +#: freeculture.xml:14661 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20195,7 +20229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14662 +#: freeculture.xml:14677 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20209,7 +20243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14673 +#: freeculture.xml:14688 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20221,7 +20255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14684 +#: freeculture.xml:14699 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20234,7 +20268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14694 +#: freeculture.xml:14709 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20247,7 +20281,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14705 +#: freeculture.xml:14720 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20259,7 +20293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14715 +#: freeculture.xml:14730 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20272,7 +20306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14725 +#: freeculture.xml:14740 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20283,14 +20317,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14733 +#: freeculture.xml:14748 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14737 +#: freeculture.xml:14752 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20304,7 +20338,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14748 +#: freeculture.xml:14763 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20315,17 +20349,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14755 freeculture.xml:14797 +#: freeculture.xml:14770 freeculture.xml:14812 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14795 +#: freeculture.xml:14810 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14761 +#: freeculture.xml:14776 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20367,7 +20401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14757 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20382,7 +20416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14811 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20400,7 +20434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14828 +#: freeculture.xml:14843 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20413,17 +20447,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14841 +#: freeculture.xml:14856 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:14858 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14845 +#: freeculture.xml:14860 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20441,22 +20475,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14860 +#: freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14863 +#: freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14863 +#: freeculture.xml:14878 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14865 +#: freeculture.xml:14880 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20472,7 +20506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14877 +#: freeculture.xml:14892 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20483,13 +20517,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:14901 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14891 +#: freeculture.xml:14906 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20498,19 +20532,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14898 +#: freeculture.xml:14913 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14904 +#: freeculture.xml:14919 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14908 +#: freeculture.xml:14923 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20518,14 +20552,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14914 +#: freeculture.xml:14929 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14919 +#: freeculture.xml:14934 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20534,7 +20568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14925 +#: freeculture.xml:14940 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20551,7 +20585,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:14954 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20561,12 +20595,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14950 +#: freeculture.xml:14965 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14952 +#: freeculture.xml:14967 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20575,7 +20609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14958 +#: freeculture.xml:14973 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20585,23 +20619,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14965 +#: freeculture.xml:14980 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14966 +#: freeculture.xml:14981 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14966 +#: freeculture.xml:14981 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14977 +#: freeculture.xml:14992 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20609,7 +20643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14968 +#: freeculture.xml:14983 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20622,7 +20656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14983 +#: freeculture.xml:14998 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20630,7 +20664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14993 +#: freeculture.xml:15008 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20650,7 +20684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14988 +#: freeculture.xml:15003 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20662,7 +20696,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15017 +#: freeculture.xml:15032 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20672,7 +20706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15025 +#: freeculture.xml:15040 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20685,7 +20719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15035 +#: freeculture.xml:15050 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20696,7 +20730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15043 +#: freeculture.xml:15058 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20704,7 +20738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15050 +#: freeculture.xml:15065 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20717,7 +20751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15059 +#: freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20727,7 +20761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15068 +#: freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20735,12 +20769,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15077 +#: freeculture.xml:15092 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15094 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20754,12 +20788,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15098 +#: freeculture.xml:15113 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15100 +#: freeculture.xml:15115 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20768,7 +20802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15107 +#: freeculture.xml:15122 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20784,7 +20818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15120 +#: freeculture.xml:15135 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20797,7 +20831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15131 +#: freeculture.xml:15146 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20819,7 +20853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15151 +#: freeculture.xml:15166 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20830,7 +20864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15160 +#: freeculture.xml:15175 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 9c3040d..b4775bc 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -12848,6 +12848,9 @@ African leaders began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was bringing, they started looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the market price. </para> +<indexterm id='idxinternationallaw2' class='startofrange'><primary>international law</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxparallelimportation' class='startofrange'><primary>parallel importation</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='startofrange'><primary>South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by</primary></indexterm> <para> In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in @@ -12864,6 +12867,7 @@ Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <indexterm><primary>Drahos, Peter</primary></indexterm> </para></footnote> </para> +<indexterm><primary>United States Trade Representative (USTR)</primary></indexterm> <para> However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association @@ -12903,6 +12907,7 @@ Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15. </para></footnote> </para> +<indexterm startref='idxparallelimportation' class='endofrange'/> <para> We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't @@ -12957,6 +12962,7 @@ drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors to intervene against the South African response to AIDS. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxsouthafricarepublicofpharmaceuticalimportsby' class='endofrange'/> <para> Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have @@ -13016,6 +13022,7 @@ in any case. A sensible policy, in other words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright and patent policies were balanced in just this sense. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxinternationallaw2' class='endofrange'/> <para> But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and @@ -13055,9 +13062,17 @@ hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the <quote>perfect storm</quote> for free culture. </para> +<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>biomedical research</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='startofrange'><primary>intellectual property rights</primary><secondary>international organization on issues of</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>public domain</primary><secondary>public projects in</secondary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Wellcome Trust</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='startofrange'><primary>World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>World Wide Web</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Global Positioning System</primary></indexterm> <indexterm><primary>Reagan, Ronald</primary></indexterm> @@ -13094,9 +13109,6 @@ Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open source and free software.</quote> -<indexterm><primary>academic journals</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>IBM</primary></indexterm> -<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm> </para> <indexterm startref='idxbiomedicalresearch' class='endofrange'/> <para> @@ -13148,6 +13160,8 @@ had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods</quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxintellectualpropertyrightsinternationalorganizationonissuesof' class='endofrange'/> +<indexterm startref='idxworldintellectualpropertyorganizationwipo' class='endofrange'/> <indexterm startref='idxworldsummitontheinformationsocietywsis' class='endofrange'/> <indexterm><primary>Apple Corporation</primary></indexterm> <para> @@ -13841,6 +13855,8 @@ public libraries begin to disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with software, a changing technology and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before. </para> +<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Public Library of Science (PLoS)</primary></indexterm> <para> This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science @@ -13853,7 +13869,6 @@ then deposited in a public, electronic archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. -<indexterm><primary>PLoS (Public Library of Science)</primary></indexterm> </para> <para> This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for