From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Mon, 9 Jul 2012 09:23:49 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add fuzzy tag to all mtrans tagged translations. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2581 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/c9851b4e32bbbb1b35d9675d9864e499c3eeed32 Add fuzzy tag to all mtrans tagged translations. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index f44d260..d1f79ce 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -5,7 +5,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: \n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-09 09:35+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-09 09:10+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-07 09:02+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -16,10 +16,6 @@ msgstr "" "X-Generator: Lokalize 1.0\n" "Plural-Forms: nplurals=2; plural=n != 1;\n" -#. type: Content of the copy entity -msgid "©" -msgstr "" - #. type: Attribute 'lang' of: msgid "en" msgstr "no" @@ -50,8 +46,9 @@ msgid "" "Free Culture is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license " "permits non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. " "For more information about the license, click the icon above, or visit " -"http://" -"creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/ " +"http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/1.0/ " +" " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -60,20 +57,21 @@ msgstr "Om forfatteren" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> msgid "" -"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig." -"org</ulink>), professor of law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty " -"Scholar at Stanford Law School, is founder of the Stanford Center for " -"Internet and Society and is chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink url=" -"\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). The " -"author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other Laws " -"of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of the " -"Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and Public " -"Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award for the " -"Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz 25,\" " -"and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate of the " -"University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law School, " -"Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit Court of " -"Appeals." +"LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " +"url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " +"law and a John A. Wilson Distinguished Faculty Scholar at Stanford Law " +"School, is founder of the Stanford Center for Internet and Society and is " +"chairman of the Creative Commons (<ulink " +"url=\"http://creativecommons.org/\">http://creativecommons.org</ulink>). " +"The author of The Future of Ideas (Random House, 2001) and Code: And Other " +"Laws of Cyberspace (Basic Books, 1999), Lessig is a member of the boards of " +"the Public Library of Science, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, and " +"Public Knowledge. He was the winner of the Free Software Foundation's Award " +"for the Advancement of Free Software, twice listed in BusinessWeek's \"e.biz " +"25,\" and named one of Scientific American's \"50 visionaries.\" A graduate " +"of the University of Pennsylvania, Cambridge University, and Yale Law " +"School, Lessig clerked for Judge Richard Posner of the U.S. Seventh Circuit " +"Court of Appeals." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> @@ -132,21 +130,21 @@ msgid "" "Michael J. Copps. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data " "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig. p. cm. " -"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual property--" -"United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological innovations--" -"United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 343.7309'9--dc22 " -"This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the United States of " -"America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn Without limiting the " -"rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be " -"reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, " -"in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording " -"or otherwise), without the prior written permission of both the copyright " -"owner and the above publisher of this book. The scanning, uploading, and " -"distribution of this book via the Internet or via any other means without " -"the permission of the publisher is illegal and punishable by law. Please " -"purchase only authorized electronic editions and do not participate in or " -"encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted materials. Your support of the " -"author's rights is appreciated." +"Includes index. ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover) 1. Intellectual " +"property--United States. 2. Mass media--United States. 3. Technological " +"innovations--United States. 4. Art--United States. I. Title. KF2979.L47 " +"343.7309'9--dc22 This book is printed on acid-free paper. Printed in the " +"United States of America 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 Designed by Marysarah Quinn " +"Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " +"publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " +"system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means (electronic, mechanical, " +"photocopying, recording or otherwise), without the prior written permission " +"of both the copyright owner and the above publisher of this book. The " +"scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book via the Internet or via " +"any other means without the permission of the publisher is illegal and " +"punishable by law. Please purchase only authorized electronic editions and " +"do not participate in or encourage electronic piracy of copyrighted " +"materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -183,12 +181,11 @@ msgstr "" "cyberspace, david pogue, en glimrende skribent og forfatter av utallige " "tekniske og -relaterte tekster, skrev dette:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " "2000." -msgstr "" -"David pogue, \"ikke bare chat, gjøre noe,\" new york times, 30 januar 2000." +msgstr "David pogue, \"ikke bare chat, gjøre noe,\" new york times, 30 januar 2000." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -198,7 +195,7 @@ msgid "" "flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book--that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law--and his review suggested the happy " @@ -210,12 +207,11 @@ msgstr "" "Pogue var skeptisk til argumentet kjernen av boken--denne programvaren, " "eller \"kode\", som fungerte som et slags lov-- og sin anmeldelse foreslo " "lykkelig tanken at hvis livet i cyberspace fikk dårlig, vi kan alltid " -"\"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter og være hjem. " -"Slå av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som finnes i " -"at plass ikke ville \"påvirke\" oss lenger." +"\"duskregn, drazzle, druzzle, drome\"-som bare snu en bryter og være " +"hjem. Slå av modemet, koble fra datamaskinen, og eventuelle problemer som " +"finnes i at plass ikke ville \"påvirke\" oss lenger." -#. PAGE BREAK 12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999--I'm skeptical, but maybe. But even if " "he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about the " @@ -248,8 +244,8 @@ msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 ( Joshua Gay, ed. " "2002)." msgstr "" -"Richard m stallman, fri programvare, gratis samfunn 57 (joshua homofil, ed. " -"2002)." +"Richard m stallman, fri programvare, gratis samfunn 57 (joshua homofil, " +"ed. 2002)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -269,7 +265,7 @@ msgid "" "powerful, or of creators from the past." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -283,9 +279,10 @@ msgstr "" "industri av kultur som definert av det tjuende århundre. enten du er på " "venstre eller høyre, hvis du er i denne forstand disinterested, vil " "historien jeg fortelle her problemer du. for at endringene beskrive jeg " -"påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske kultur anser grunnleggende." +"påvirker verdier som begge sider av vår politiske kultur anser " +"grunnleggende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -305,20 +302,20 @@ msgstr "" "stevens\", han formulerte kanskje mest bare rettferdig hva som var på spill: " "konsentrasjonen strøm. og så han spurte:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." msgstr "William safire, \"stor media svelge,\" mai new york times, 22 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power--" -"political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to conservatives. " -"The diffusion of power through local control, thereby encouraging individual " -"participation, is the essence of federalism and the greatest expression of " -"democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " +"power--political, corporate, media, cultural--should be anathema to " +"conservatives. The diffusion of power through local control, thereby " +"encouraging individual participation, is the essence of federalism and the " +"greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " "not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in " @@ -367,16 +364,16 @@ msgstr "" "Jeg godtar at kritikk, hvis det er faktisk en kritikk. arbeidet med en " "advokat er alltid avledede produkter, og jeg mener å gjøre ingenting mer i " "denne boken enn å minne en kultur om en tradisjon som har alltid vært sin " -"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen på grunnlag av verdiene. " -"som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, jeg tror " -"de er verdiene for vår fortid som må forsvares i vår fremtid. en fri kultur " -"har vært vår fortid, men det vil bare være vår fremtid hvis vi endrer banen " -"vi er på akkurat nå. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis programvare, et " -"argument for fri kultur stumbles på en forvirring som er vanskelig å unngå, " -"og enda vanskeligere å forstå. en fri kultur er ikke en kultur uten " -"egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får betalt. en kultur " -"uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke få betalt, er anarki, ikke " -"frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhånd her." +"egen. som stallman forsvare jeg denne tradisjonen på grunnlag av " +"verdiene. som stallman tror jeg det er verdiene av frihet. og som stallman, " +"jeg tror de er verdiene for vår fortid som må forsvares i vår fremtid. en " +"fri kultur har vært vår fortid, men det vil bare være vår fremtid hvis vi " +"endrer banen vi er på akkurat nå. XV som Stallmans argumenter gratis " +"programvare, et argument for fri kultur stumbles på en forvirring som er " +"vanskelig å unngå, og enda vanskeligere å forstå. en fri kultur er ikke en " +"kultur uten egenskapen; Det er ikke en kultur der kunstnere ikke får " +"betalt. en kultur uten egenskapen eller i hvilke skaperne kan ikke få " +"betalt, er anarki, ikke frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg forhånd her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -438,11 +435,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American law--" -"deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the most " -"important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to the " -"heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the right " -"to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive " +"Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " +"law--deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by the " +"most important legal thinkers of our past--mattered. If my land reaches to " +"the heavens, what happens when United flies over my field? Do I have the " +"right to banish it from my property? Am I allowed to enter into an exclusive " "license with Delta Airlines? Could we set up an auction to decide how much " "these rights are worth?" msgstr "" @@ -453,7 +450,7 @@ msgstr "" "kan jeg til å inngå en eksklusiv lisens med delta airlines? kan vi sette opp " "en auksjon til å bestemme hvor mye disse rettighetene er verdt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -474,16 +471,16 @@ msgstr "" "oppover,\" deretter regjeringen var adgang på deres eiendom, og causbys " "ønsket å stoppe." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " -"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional \"taking" -"\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that \"it is " -"ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to the " -"periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for ancient " -"doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law were " -"erased. As he wrote for the Court," +"then Congress's declaration could well have been an unconstitutional " +"\"taking\" of property without compensation. The Court acknowledged that " +"\"it is ancient doctrine that common law ownership of the land extended to " +"the periphery of the universe.\" But Justice Douglas had no patience for " +"ancient doctrine. In a single paragraph, hundreds of years of property law " +"were erased. As he wrote for the Court," msgstr "" "Høyesterett enige om å høre causbys' tilfelle. Kongressen hadde erklært " "luftveiene offentlige, men hvis ens egenskapen virkelig utvidet til " @@ -495,6 +492,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrettslovgivningen slettet. som han skrev for hoffet," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " @@ -508,9 +506,9 @@ msgstr "" "bli en \"tar\" Hvis regjeringens bruken av sine land ødelagt effektivt " "verdien av causbys' land. i dette eksemplet ble foreslått for meg av keith " "aoki flott stykke, \"(immaterielle) og suverenitet: notater mot en " -"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gå gjennom 48 (1996): året " -"etter, 1333. Se også paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: foundation " -"press (1984)), 1112­13." +"kulturelle geografi forfatterskap,\" stanford law gå gjennom 48 (1996): " +"året etter, 1333. Se også paul goldstein, fast eiendom (mineola, n.y.: " +"foundation press (1984)), 1112­13." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -520,25 +518,24 @@ msgid "" "suits. Common sense revolts at the idea. To recognize such private claims to " "the airspace would clog these highways, seriously interfere with their " "control and development in the public interest, and transfer into private " -"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"ownership that to which only the public has a just claim.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "sunn fornuft opprør på ideen." -#. PAGE BREAK 18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " -"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to dither. " -"Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the conclusion " -"that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at the idea.\" " -"But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special genius of a " -"common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the technologies of " -"the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as solid as rock in " -"one age crumble in another." +"but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " +"dither. Other justices would have blathered on for pages to reach the " +"conclusion that Douglas holds in a single line: \"Common sense revolts at " +"the idea.\" But whether it takes pages or a few words, it is the special " +"genius of a common law system, as ours is, that the law adjusts to the " +"technologies of the time. And as it adjusts, it changes. Ideas that were as " +"solid as rock in one age crumble in another." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan loven fungerer vanligvis. ikke ofte dette brått eller " "impatiently, men til slutt, er dette hvordan det fungerer. Det var douglas's " @@ -549,7 +546,7 @@ msgstr "" "tiden. og når den er justert, endres den. ideer som var så solid som rock i " "en alder crumble i et annet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -571,10 +568,10 @@ msgstr "" "den andre siden av endringen. causbys var bare bønder. og selv om det var " "ingen tvil om mange som dem som var lei av den voksende trafikk i luften " "(selv om en ikke håper mange høner fløy seg i vegger), causbys av verden vil " -"være svært vanskelig å samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, wright-" -"brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske meme " -"bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; bønder " -"som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt " +"være svært vanskelig å samle og stoppe ideen, og teknologien, " +"wright-brødrene hadde birthed. wright-brødrene spyttet fly i teknologiske " +"meme bassenget; ideen deretter spre seg som et virus i en kylling coop; " +"bønder som causbys funnet seg selv omringet av \"hva syntes rimelig\" gitt " "teknologien som wrights hadde produsert. de kunne stå på sine gårder, dead " "kyllinger i hånden og riste deres fists på disse newfangled teknologiene " "alle de ønsket. de kunne ringe sine representanter eller selv fil en " @@ -611,23 +608,23 @@ msgid "" "his most significant invention--FM radio. Until then, consumer radio had " "been amplitude-modulated (AM) radio. The theorists of the day had said that " "frequency-modulated (FM) radio could never work. They were right about FM " -"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that frequency-" -"modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an astonishing " -"fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." +"radio in a narrow band of spectrum. But Armstrong discovered that " +"frequency-modulated radio in a wide band of spectrum would deliver an " +"astonishing fidelity of sound, with much less transmitter power and static." msgstr "" "på dagen etter jul, var 1933, fire patenter utstedt til armstrong for hans " "viktigste oppfinnelse--fm-radio. inntil da, hadde forbruker radio vært " -"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at frekvens-" -"modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i et smale " -"band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated radio i et " -"bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av lyd, med mye " -"mindre transmitter strøm og statisk." +"amplitude modulated (am)-radio. teoretikere av dagen hadde sagt at " +"frekvens-modulated (fm)-radio kan aldri fungere. de var rett om fm-radio i " +"et smale band av spekteret. men armstrong oppdaget at frekvens-modulated " +"radio i et bredt spektrum-band ville levere en forbløffende gjengivelse av " +"lyd, med mye mindre transmitter strøm og statisk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " -"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York City. " -"He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio " +"Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " +"City. He tuned his radio dial across a range of AM stations, until the radio " "locked on a broadcast that he had arranged from seventeen miles away. The " "radio fell totally silent, as if dead, and then with a clarity no one else " "in that room had ever heard from an electrical device, it produced the sound " @@ -652,8 +649,8 @@ msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong " "(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" -"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: j. b. " -"lipincott selskap, 1956), 209." +"Lawrence lessing, mann av Hi-Fi: edwin howard armstrong (philadelphia: " +"j. b. lipincott selskap, 1956), 209." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -662,8 +659,8 @@ msgid "" "sounded like paper and not like a crackling forest fire. . . . Sousa marches " "were played from records and a piano solo and guitar number were " "performed. . . . The music was projected with a live-ness rarely if ever " -"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"heard before from a radio \"music box.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 @@ -671,9 +668,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " -"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio market. " -"By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United States, but " -"the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of networks." +"for RCA. RCA was the dominant player in the then dominant AM radio " +"market. By 1935, there were a thousand radio stations across the United " +"States, but the stations in large cities were all owned by a handful of " +"networks." msgstr "" "som vår egen sunn fornuft forteller oss, hadde armstrong oppdaget en " "telefonsamtale radioteknologi. men på tidspunktet for hans oppfinnelse, " @@ -681,7 +679,7 @@ msgstr "" "dominerende am radiomarkedet. som 1935, var det tusen radiostasjoner over " "hele USA, men stasjonene i store byer var eid av en håndfull av nettverk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -740,11 +738,12 @@ msgid "" "began to use its power with the government to stall FM radio's deployment " "generally. In 1936, RCA hired the former head of the FCC and assigned him " "the task of assuring that the FCC assign spectrum in a way that would " -"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of spectrum. " -"At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation were " -"distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more successful. Soon " -"after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies that would have one " -"clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence Lessing described it," +"castrate FM--principally by moving FM radio to a different band of " +"spectrum. At first, these efforts failed. But when Armstrong and the nation " +"were distracted by World War II, RCA's work began to be more " +"successful. Soon after the war ended, the FCC announced a set of policies " +"that would have one clear effect: FM radio would be crippled. As Lawrence " +"Lessing described it," msgstr "" "RCA først holdt teknologien i huset, insistere på at ytterligere tester var " "nødvendig. Når, etter to år med testing, armstrong vokste utålmodige, " @@ -766,8 +765,8 @@ msgstr "Lessing, 256." msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " -"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"were almost incredible in their force and deviousness.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -781,8 +780,8 @@ msgid "" "FM radio was thus choked, at least temporarily." msgstr "" "Hvis du vil lage plass i spekteret for de nyeste gamble, TV, fm radio " -"brukere var å bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til fm-" -"radiostasjoner ble også kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til å " +"brukere var å bli flyttet til et helt nytt spektrum band. kraften til " +"fm-radiostasjoner ble også kuttet, betydning fm kan ikke lenger brukes til å " "overføre trådløst programmer fra én del av landet til en annen. (denne " "endringen var sterkt støttes av at&t, fordi tapet av fm relésending " "stasjoner ville bety radiostasjoner må kjøpe kablet koblinger fra at&t.) " @@ -800,15 +799,15 @@ msgid "" "broken, and now broke, in 1954 Armstrong wrote a short note to his wife and " "then stepped out of a thirteenth-story window to his death." msgstr "" -"Armstrong motstått rca's innsats. svar motstått rca Armstrongs patenter. " -"etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca erklærte " -"patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten år etter at de ble utstedt. " -"det dermed nektet å betale royalties til ham. i seks år kjempet armstrong en " -"kostbar krig til søksmål for å forsvare patentene. til slutt, akkurat som " -"patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er så lav at det ikke ville " -"selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nå blakk, i " -"1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av et " -"trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død." +"Armstrong motstått rca's innsats. svar motstått rca Armstrongs " +"patenter. etter innlemme fm-teknologien i den nye standarden for TV, rca " +"erklærte patentene ugyldig--baselessly og nesten femten år etter at de ble " +"utstedt. det dermed nektet å betale royalties til ham. i seks år kjempet " +"armstrong en kostbar krig til søksmål for å forsvare patentene. til slutt, " +"akkurat som patentene utløpt, rca tilbudt en utligning som er så lav at det " +"ikke ville selv dekke Armstrongs lawyers avgifter. beseiret, ødelagte og nå " +"blakk, i 1954 armstrong skrev en kort notat til kona og deretter gikk ut av " +"et trettende-etasjers vindu til hans død." #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -841,8 +840,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " -"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #2</ulink>." +"Project, 15 April 2003: 6, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #2</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -859,11 +858,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical--the Internet has made " -"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so on. " -"These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are important. " -"They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that would " -"simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't affect " -"people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them " +"communication faster, it has lowered the cost of gathering data, and so " +"on. These technical changes are not the focus of this book. They are " +"important. They are not well understood. But they are the sort of thing that " +"would simply go away if we all just switched the Internet off. They don't " +"affect people who don't use the Internet, or at least they don't affect them " "directly. They are the proper subject of a book about the Internet. But this " "is not a book about the Internet." msgstr "" @@ -892,8 +891,7 @@ msgstr "" "selv. mest, hvis de gjenkjent denne endringen, vil avvise det. de fleste ser " "ikke ennå endringen som Internett har introdusert." -#. PAGE BREAK 23 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -907,13 +905,13 @@ msgstr "" "Vi kan skimtes en følelse av denne endringen ved å skille mellom " "kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur, og ved å tilordne lovens regulering " "av hver. \"kommersielle kultur\" mener jeg at en del av vår kultur som er " -"produsert og solgt eller produsert for å bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell kultur" -"\" mener jeg alle resten. Når gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller på et " -"gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var ikke-" -"kommersiell kultur. Når noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller joel " -"barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur." +"produsert og solgt eller produsert for å bli solgt. \"ikke-kommersiell " +"kultur\" mener jeg alle resten. Når gamle menn lørdag rundt parker eller på " +"et gatehjørne fortelle historier som barn og andre forbrukes, som var " +"ikke-kommersiell kultur. Når noah webster publisert sin \"reader\", eller " +"joel barlow hans poesi, som var kommersielle kultur." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -924,16 +922,18 @@ msgid "" "culture--telling stories, reenacting scenes from plays or TV, participating " "in fan clubs, sharing music, making tapes--were left alone by the law." msgstr "" -"i begynnelsen av vår historie, og omtrent hele vår tradisjon ble ikke-" -"kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din " +"i begynnelsen av vår historie, og omtrent hele vår tradisjon ble " +"ikke-kommersiell kultur i hovedsak unregulated. Selvfølgelig, kan hvis din " "historiene var utuktig, eller hvis din sang forstyrret freden, deretter " "loven gripe. men loven var aldri direkte opptatt med opprettelse eller " -"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen \"gratis." -"\" det vanlige måter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og transformert deres " -"kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller eller tv, delta i " -"fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var igjen alene ved loven." +"spredning av denne formen for kultur, og det igjen denne kulturen " +"\"gratis.\" det vanlige måter som vanlige enkeltpersoner delt og " +"transformert deres kultur--fortelle historier, reenacting scener fra spiller " +"eller tv, delta i fan klubber, deling av musikk, slik at kassetter--var " +"igjen alene ved loven." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -950,8 +950,8 @@ msgstr "" "publikasjonen, men også en interesse for personvern. ved å gi forfattere " "eneretten til første publikasjon, ga copyright lovene i delstaten forfattere " "makt til å kontrollere spredningen av fakta om dem. se d. samuel d. warren " -"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gå gjennom 4 (1890): " -"193, 198­200." +"og louis brandeis, \"rett til personvern,\" harvard law gå gjennom 4 " +"(1890): 193, 198­200." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -975,17 +975,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been erased." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the stage for " -"this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected it. For the " -"first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which individuals create " -"and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation of the law, which " -"has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of culture and " -"creativity that it never reached before. The technology that preserved the " -"balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were free and uses " -"of our culture that were only upon permission--has been undone. The " -"consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more and more a " -"permission culture." +"This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " +"erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " +"stage for this erasure and, pushed by big media, the law has now affected " +"it. For the first time in our tradition, the ordinary ways in which " +"individuals create and share culture fall within the reach of the regulation " +"of the law, which has expanded to draw within its control a vast amount of " +"culture and creativity that it never reached before. The technology that " +"preserved the balance of our history--between uses of our culture that were " +"free and uses of our culture that were only upon permission--has been " +"undone. The consequence is that we are less and less a free culture, more " +"and more a permission culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -1005,9 +1005,9 @@ msgstr "" "motivasjon. men proteksjonistisk som rettferdiggjør endringene som jeg vil " "beskrive nedenfor er ikke begrenset og balansert Sorter som har definert " "loven i siste. Dette er ikke en proteksjonistisk å beskytte kunstnere. i " -"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk å beskytte visse former for virksomheten. " -"selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til å endre måten både " -"kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent å " +"stedet er det en proteksjonistisk å beskytte visse former for " +"virksomheten. selskaper truet av potensial av Internett til å endre måten " +"både kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell kultur er laget og delt har forent å " "indusere lovgivere til å bruke loven til å beskytte dem. Det er historien om " "rca og armstrong; Det er drømmen av causbys." @@ -1026,16 +1026,16 @@ msgid "" "culture; that market could include a much wider and more diverse range of " "creators; those creators could produce and distribute a much more vibrant " "range of creativity; and depending upon a few important factors, those " -"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do today--" -"all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect themselves " -"against this competition." +"creators could earn more on average from this system than creators do " +"today--all so long as the RCAs of our day don't use the law to protect " +"themselves against this competition." msgstr "" "for Internett har utløste en ekstraordinære mulighet for mange til å delta i " "ferd med å bygge og pleie en kultur som går langt ut over lokale grenser. at " "strøm er endret markedet for å lage og dyrke kultur Generelt, og at " "endringen i sin tur truer etablert innhold bransjer. Internett er dermed til " -"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende århundret hva fm-" -"radio var på am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det " +"bransjer som bygget og distribuerte innholdet i det tjuende århundret hva " +"fm-radio var på am-radio, eller hva bilen var til jernbane industrien av det " "nittende århundre: begynnelsen av slutten, eller minst en betydelig " "transformasjon. Digital teknologi, knyttet til Internett, kunne produsere en " "langt mer konkurransedyktig og vibrerende markedet for å bygge og pleie " @@ -1056,12 +1056,13 @@ msgid "" "to remake the Internet before the Internet remakes them." msgstr "" "Likevel, som jeg hevder på sidene som følger, som er nøyaktig hva som skjer " -"i vår kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig 1900-tallet-" -"radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for å få lov til å " -"beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi for bygging " -"av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan å remake Internett før Internett remakes dem." +"i vår kultur i dag. Disse moderne-dag-ekvivalenter av tidlig " +"1900-tallet-radio eller av 1800-tallet jernbaner bruker deres makt for å få " +"lov til å beskytte dem mot dette nye, mer effektive, mer levende teknologi " +"for bygging av kultur. de lykkes i sin plan å remake Internett før Internett " +"remakes dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 " @@ -1085,7 +1086,7 @@ msgid "" "property or against it." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1099,7 +1100,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at loven, riktig innstilt, skal straffe pent " "\"piratkopiering\", enten av eller på Internett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1109,9 +1110,10 @@ msgstr "" "men de enkle trosoppfatninger maskere et mye mer grunnleggende spørsmål og " "en mye mer dramatisk endring. min frykt er at med mindre vi kommer til å se " "denne endringen, krig for å befri verden av Internett \"pirater\" også " -"kvitte vår kultur med verdier som er integrert til vår tradisjon fra starten." +"kvitte vår kultur med verdier som er integrert til vår tradisjon fra " +"starten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " "Journal 106 (1996): 283." @@ -1127,12 +1129,13 @@ msgid "" "First Amendment protected creators against state control. And as Professor " "Neil Netanel powerfully argues,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "copyright law, properly balanced, protected creators against private " -"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of patrons. " -"It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could cultivate and " -"extend our culture." +"control. Our tradition was thus neither Soviet nor the tradition of " +"patrons. It instead carved out a wide berth within which creators could " +"cultivate and extend our culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1151,7 +1154,7 @@ msgstr "" "bygd opp en slags kulturelle adel; de i edle klassen leve enkelt; dem " "utenfor ikke. men det er adel noen form som er fremmed for vår tradisjon." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1170,10 +1173,10 @@ msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " "understanding this battle, it is an effort to map peace. There is no good " -"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to continue. " -"There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is allowed to " -"continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this war. We " -"must resolve it soon." +"reason for the current struggle around Internet technologies to " +"continue. There will be great harm to our tradition and culture if it is " +"allowed to continue unchecked. We must come to understand the source of this " +"war. We must resolve it soon." msgstr "" "i stedet er det et forsøk på å forstå en håpløst ødeleggende krig som er " "inspirert av teknologien av Internett, men nå langt utenfor koden. og ved å " @@ -1183,20 +1186,20 @@ msgstr "" "fortsette ukontrollert. Vi må komme til å forstå kilden til denne krigen. Vi " "må løse det snart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " -"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this \"property" -"\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the sacredness of " -"their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take for granted the " -"extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of \"intellectual property\" " -"now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat these claims as obvious. And " -"hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new technology interferes with " -"this property. It is as plain to us as it was to them that the new " -"technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon legitimate claims of " -"\"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them that the law should " -"intervene to stop this trespass." +"chicken has yet to lose its life. Yet the ideas surrounding this " +"\"property\" are as obvious to most as the Causbys' claim about the " +"sacredness of their farm was to them. We are the Causbys. Most of us take " +"for granted the extraordinarily powerful claims that the owners of " +"\"intellectual property\" now assert. Most of us, like the Causbys, treat " +"these claims as obvious. And hence we, like the Causbys, object when a new " +"technology interferes with this property. It is as plain to us as it was to " +"them that the new technologies of the Internet are \"trespassing\" upon " +"legitimate claims of \"property.\" It is as plain to us as it was to them " +"that the law should intervene to stop this trespass." msgstr "" "som causbys' kamp, denne krigen er delvis, om \"egenskapen.\" egenskapen av " "denne krigen er ikke så konkrete som causbys', og ingen uskyldige kylling " @@ -1225,7 +1228,7 @@ msgstr "" "fornuft på siden av bolig i denne krigen. i motsetning til heldig wright " "brødrene, har Internett ikke inspirert en revolusjon på høykant." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1288,8 +1291,7 @@ msgstr "" "ansiktet av disse ytterpunktene fordi, som med armstrong versus rca, " "kraftigere siden har sikret at det har kraftigere visningen?" -#. PAGE BREAK 28 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1306,7 +1308,7 @@ msgstr "" "krever i dag er stadig like dumt som en sheriff arrestere et fly for " "trespass. men konsekvensene av dette dumhet vil være mye mer dyptgripende." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " @@ -1332,7 +1334,7 @@ msgstr "" "angir en kontekst som er innenfor disse tilsynelatende enkle ideer kan være " "mer fullt forstått." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1368,11 +1370,11 @@ msgstr "" "historien om en mer konsekvens av denne formen for korrupsjon--en konsekvens " "som de fleste av oss fortsatt oblivious." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "piratkopiering" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1398,8 +1400,7 @@ msgid "" "own use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 31 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1409,13 +1410,13 @@ msgid "" "in a way unimagined a generation ago." msgstr "" "i dag er vi midt i en annen \"krig\" mot \"piratkopiering.\" Internett har " -"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av innhold. " -"Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av effektiv " -"teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed " +"provosert denne krigen. Internett gjør mulig effektiv spredning av " +"innhold. Peer-to-peer (p2p) fildeling er blant den mest effektive av " +"effektiv teknologi gjør det mulig for Internett. ved hjelp av distributed " "intelligence, p2p systemer forenkle enkel spredning av innhold på en måte " "som unimagined en generasjon siden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1423,13 +1424,14 @@ msgid "" "copyrighted content. That sharing in turn has excited the war, as copyright " "owners fear the sharing will \"rob the author of the profit.\"" msgstr "" -"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av opphavsrett. " -"nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet og " -"uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm mengde deling av " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur glade krigen som " -"eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren av overskuddet.\"" +"Denne effektivitet respekterer ikke tradisjonelle linjene av " +"opphavsrett. nettverket diskriminerer ikke mellom deling av " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet og uncopyrighted innhold. Dermed har det vært en enorm " +"mengde deling av opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold. at deling har i sin tur " +"glade krigen som eiere av opphavsretter frykter deling vil \"rob forfatteren " +"av overskuddet.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1443,7 +1445,7 @@ msgstr "" "være \"gratis\" glem tatoveringer, never mind kroppspiercing--våre barn blir " "tyver!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1453,7 +1455,8 @@ msgstr "" "Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratkopiering\" er galt, og at pirates bør bli " "straffet. men før vi gå til executioners, vi bør sette denne oppfatningen av " "\"piratkopiering\" i noen sammenheng. for som konseptet blir stadig mer " -"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert galt." +"brukt, er i sin kjerne en ekstraordinære idé som er nesten helt sikkert " +"galt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "The idea goes something like this:" @@ -1464,16 +1467,15 @@ msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " "something of value from someone else, I should have their permission. The " -"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. " -"It is a form of piracy." +"taking of something of value from someone else without permission is " +"wrong. It is a form of piracy." msgstr "" "skapende arbeid har verdi; Når jeg bruker, eller ta eller bygge på kreative " "arbeidet til andre, tar jeg fra dem noe av verdi. Når jeg tar noe av verdi " "fra noen andre, skulle jeg ha deres tillatelse. å ta av noe av verdi fra " "noen andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for piratkopiering." -#. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." @@ -1485,10 +1487,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " -"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, \"Calling Off the " -"Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No One Wins,\" Boston " -"Globe, 24 November 2002." +"Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #3</ulink>; Jonathan Zittrain, " +"\"Calling Off the Copyright War: In Battle of Property vs. Free Speech, No " +"One Wins,\" Boston Globe, 24 November 2002." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -1498,13 +1500,12 @@ msgid "" "creative property<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> --if there is " "value, then someone must have a right to that value. It is the perspective " "that led a composers' rights organization, ASCAP, to sue the Girl Scouts for " -"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout campfires." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the songs) so " -"there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts." +"failing to pay for the songs that girls sang around Girl Scout " +"campfires.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> There was \"value\" (the " +"songs) so there must have been a \"right\"--even against the Girl Scouts." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 32 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1515,8 +1516,8 @@ msgstr "" "Denne ideen er absolutt en mulig forståelse av hvordan kreative egenskapen " "skal fungere. Det kan godt være en mulig design for et system av loven " "beskytte creative-egenskapen. men den \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" teori " -"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om kreative-" -"egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vår lov." +"av creative-egenskapen har aldri vært america's teori om " +"kreative-egenskapen. Det har aldri tatt tak i vår lov." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -1583,21 +1584,22 @@ msgid "" "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " "creators but effectively that of anyone. Although that expansion would not " "matter much if copyright law regulated only \"copying,\" when the law " -"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a lot. " -"The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original benefit--certainly " -"as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly as it affects " -"commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly in the " -"chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support creativity, and " -"more and more to protect certain industries against competition. Just at the " -"time digital technology could unleash an extraordinary range of commercial " -"and noncommercial creativity, the law burdens this creativity with insanely " -"complex and vague rules and with the threat of obscenely severe penalties. " -"We may be seeing, as Richard Florida writes, the \"Rise of the Creative " -"Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also " -"seeing an extraordinary rise of regulation of this creative class." -msgstr "" - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +"regulates as broadly and obscurely as it does, the extension matters a " +"lot. The burden of this law now vastly outweighs any original " +"benefit--certainly as it affects noncommercial creativity, and increasingly " +"as it affects commercial creativity as well. Thus, as we'll see more clearly " +"in the chapters below, the law's role is less and less to support " +"creativity, and more and more to protect certain industries against " +"competition. Just at the time digital technology could unleash an " +"extraordinary range of commercial and noncommercial creativity, the law " +"burdens this creativity with insanely complex and vague rules and with the " +"threat of obscenely severe penalties. We may be seeing, as Richard Florida " +"writes, the \"Rise of the Creative Class.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Unfortunately, we are also seeing an extraordinary rise of " +"regulation of this creative class." +msgstr "" + +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1661,11 +1663,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "gutter jobbet fra en musikk og lydeffekter score. etter flere falske starter " "kom lyd og handling av med pistolen. munn-organisten spilte melodien, resten " -"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blåste lysbilde plystre på beat. " -"synkroniseringen var ganske nær." +"av oss i lyd avdeling bammed tin pans og blåste lysbilde plystre på " +"beat. synkroniseringen var ganske nær." #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " "(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34­35." @@ -1678,15 +1681,15 @@ msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " "they were kidding me. So they put me in the audience and ran the action " -"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something new!" -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"again. It was terrible, but it was wonderful! And it was something " +"new!<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " -"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my life. " -"Nothing since has ever equaled it.\"" +"Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " +"life. Nothing since has ever equaled it.\"" msgstr "" "Disney's deretter partner, og en av animasjons mest ekstraordinære talenter, " "ub iwerks, sette det mer sterkt: \"Jeg har aldri vært så begeistret i mitt " @@ -1694,19 +1697,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively new. " -"Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had rarely--" -"except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other films. " -"Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that set the " -"standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's great " -"genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others." +"Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " +"new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " +"rarely--except in Disney's hands--been anything more than filler for other " +"films. Throughout animation's early history, it was Disney's invention that " +"set the standard that others struggled to match. And quite often, Disney's " +"great genius, his spark of creativity, was built upon the work of others." msgstr "" -"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert på noe relativt nytt. " -"synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde sjelden--" -"unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre filmer. " -"gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som satte " -"standarden som andre kjempet for å matche. og ganske ofte disney's stor " -"geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd på arbeidet til andre." +"Disney hadde opprettet noe veldig nytt, basert på noe relativt " +"nytt. synkronisert lyd brakt livet til en form av kreativitet som hadde " +"sjelden--unntatt i disney's hender--blitt noe mer enn filler for andre " +"filmer. gjennom animasjons tidlig historien var det disney's oppfinnelse som " +"satte standarden som andre kjempet for å matche. og ganske ofte disney's " +"stor geni, hans gnist av kreativitet, ble bygd på arbeidet til andre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -1740,11 +1743,11 @@ msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " "Smith of the Disney Archives, Disney paid royalties to use the music for " -"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton" -"\" (Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. " -"1\" (Baron), and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the " -"Straw,\" was already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry " -"Surden, 10 July 2003, on file with author." +"five songs in Steamboat Willie: \"Steamboat Bill,\" \"The Simpleton\" " +"(Delille), \"Mischief Makers\" (Carbonara), \"Joyful Hurry No. 1\" (Baron), " +"and \"Gawky Rube\" (Lakay). A sixth song, \"The Turkey in the Straw,\" was " +"already in the public domain. Letter from David Smith to Harry Surden, 10 " +"July 2003, on file with author." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -1763,8 +1766,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " -"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." +"Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #5</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -1774,8 +1777,8 @@ msgid "" "his day.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> So did many others. Early " "cartoons are filled with knockoffs--slight variations on winning themes; " "retellings of ancient stories. The key to success was the brilliance of the " -"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its spark. " -"Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line " +"differences. With Disney, it was sound that gave his animation its " +"spark. Later, it was the quality of his work relative to the production-line " "cartoons with which he competed. Yet these additions were built upon a base " "that was borrowed. Disney added to the work of others before him, creating " "something new out of something just barely old." @@ -1794,10 +1797,10 @@ msgstr "" "noen ganger var denne lån liten. noen ganger var det betydelig. Tenk på " "eventyr av the Sunday. Hvis du er så oblivious som jeg var, er du " "sannsynligvis tror at disse fortellingene er glade, søte historier, passer " -"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, dystre. " -"Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville våge å lese " -"disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes barn, ved " -"sengetid eller når som helst." +"for alle barn ved sengetid. faktisk grimm eventyr er, vel, for oss, " +"dystre. Det er en sjelden og kanskje altfor ambisiøse forelder som ville " +"våge å lese disse blodig, moralistiske fortellingene til hans eller hennes " +"barn, ved sengetid eller når som helst." #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -1816,8 +1819,8 @@ msgid "" "recent example that we should perhaps quickly forget, Treasure Planet " "(2003). In all of these cases, Disney (or Disney, Inc.) ripped creativity " "from the culture around him, mixed that creativity with his own " -"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his culture. " -"Rip, mix, and burn." +"extraordinary talent, and then burned that mix into the soul of his " +"culture. Rip, mix, and burn." msgstr "" "Disney tok disse historiene og retold dem på en måte som førte dem inn i en " "ny tidsalder. Han animert historiene, med både tegn og lys. uten å fjerne " @@ -1835,7 +1838,7 @@ msgstr "" "egen ekstraordinære talent, og deretter brent blanding inn i sjelen til sin " "kultur. rippe blande og brenne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1848,9 +1851,9 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er en slags kreativitet. Det er en kreativitet som vi bør huske og " "feire. Det er noen som vil si at det er ingen kreativitet bortsett fra denne " "typen. Vi trenger ikke å gå så langt å anerkjenne sin betydning. Vi kan " -"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt misvisende. " -"Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for uttrykk og geni " -"som bygger på kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." +"kalle denne \"disney kreativitet,\" selv om det ville være litt " +"misvisende. Det er mer presist, \"walt disney kreativitet\"--en form for " +"uttrykk og geni som bygger på kultur rundt oss, og som gjør det noe annet." #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -1861,23 +1864,23 @@ msgid "" "year, and the proportion renewing. Thus, if 100 copyrights are registered in " "year 1, and only 15 are renewed, and the renewal term is 28 years, then the " "average term is 32.2 years. For the renewal data and other relevant data, " -"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." +"see the Web site associated with this book, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #6</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively fresh. " -"The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite vibrant. " -"The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for that " -"minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, the " -"authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive right\" " -"to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in limited " -"ways required the permission of the copyright owner." +"In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " +"fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " +"vibrant. The average term of copyright was just around thirty years--for " +"that minority of creative work that was in fact copyrighted.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That means that for thirty years, on average, " +"the authors or copyright holders of a creative work had an \"exclusive " +"right\" to control certain uses of the work. To use this copyrighted work in " +"limited ways required the permission of the copyright owner." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1888,11 +1891,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "på slutten av en opphavsrett sikt sender et arbeid i public domain. Ingen " "tillatelse kreves for deretter å trekke på, eller bruke som fungerer. Ingen " -"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free zone." -"\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende århundre var gratis for " -"disney du bruker, og bygger på i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten " -"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller ikke--" -"hvis du vil bruke, og bygge på." +"tillatelse og derfor ingen jurister. public domain er en \"advokat-free " +"zone.\" dermed, det meste av innholdet fra det nittende århundre var gratis " +"for disney du bruker, og bygger på i 1928. Det var gratis for alle--enten " +"tilkoblet eller ikke, om det er rik eller ikke, om godkjente eller " +"ikke--hvis du vil bruke, og bygge på." #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -1915,25 +1918,26 @@ msgstr "" "neste walt disney å bygge på uten tillatelse. ennå i dag, er den offentlige " "sfæren presumptive bare for innhold fra før den store depresjonen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " "within totalitarian nations, been broadly exploited and quite universal." msgstr "" -"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol på \"walt disney kreativitet." -"\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, og unntatt i " -"totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske universell." +"Selvfølgelig, walt disney hadde ingen monopol på \"walt disney " +"kreativitet.\" heller ikke Amerika. norm for fri kultur har, inntil nylig, " +"og unntatt i totalitære nasjoner, vært forstand utnyttede og ganske " +"universell." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " -"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or comics. " -"The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of publications are " -"comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from comics. They are " -"everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, carried by a large " -"proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system of public " -"transportation." +"Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or " +"comics. The Japanese are fanatics about comics. Some 40 percent of " +"publications are comics, and 30 percent of publication revenue derives from " +"comics. They are everywhere in Japanese society, at every magazine stand, " +"carried by a large proportion of commuters on Japan's extraordinary system " +"of public transportation." msgstr "" "Tenk deg for eksempel en form av kreativitet som synes underlig for mange " "amerikanere, men det er uunngåelig i japansk kultur: manga, eller " @@ -1943,7 +1947,7 @@ msgstr "" "magasinet stå båret av en stor andel av pendlere på Japans ekstraordinære " "systemet av offentlig transport." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1957,11 +1961,11 @@ msgstr "" "Amerikanerne har en tendens til å se på denne formen for kultur. Det er en " "unattractive kjennetegnet av våre. vi sannsynligvis misforstå mye om manga, " "fordi få av oss noensinne har lest noe nær historiene som disse \"grafiske " -"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale liv. " -"tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er ikke som " -"hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv hemingway. " -"mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg på forskjellige måter, japanske " -"på dette interessant annen måte." +"romaner\" fortelle. for japansk, manga dekker alle aspekter av sosiale " +"liv. tegneserier er \"menn i strømpebukse.\" for oss, og likevel, det er " +"ikke som hvis new york-bane er fylt med leserne av joyce eller selv " +"hemingway. mennesker av ulike kulturer distrahere seg på forskjellige måter, " +"japanske på dette interessant annen måte." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -1973,43 +1977,42 @@ msgstr "" "manga som fra en advokat perspektiv er ganske rart, men fra en disney " "perspektiv er ganske godt kjent." -#. PAGE BREAK 39 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " "a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It " "is not doujinshi if it is just a copy; the artist must make a contribution " "to the art he copies, by transforming it either subtly or significantly. A " -"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it differently--" -"with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the character in " -"character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for what makes " -"the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be different if they " -"are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are committees that " -"review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic " -"that is merely a copy." +"doujinshi comic can thus take a mainstream comic and develop it " +"differently--with a different story line. Or the comic can keep the " +"character in character but change its look slightly. There is no formula for " +"what makes the doujinshi sufficiently \"different.\" But they must be " +"different if they are to be considered true doujinshi. Indeed, there are " +"committees that review doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any " +"copycat comic that is merely a copy." msgstr "" "Dette er fenomenet doujinshi. doujinshi er også tegneserier, men de er en " "slags copycat tegneserie. en rik ethic styrer opprettingen av doujinshi. Det " "er ikke doujinshi Hvis det er bare en kopi; kunstneren må gi et bidrag til " "kunst som han overfører, gjøre det subtly eller betydelig. en doujinshi " -"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den annerledes--" -"med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet i karakter, " -"men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som gjør doujinshi " -"tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de må være forskjellige hvis de skal " -"anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgå doujinshi " -"for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er bare en " -"kopi." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are huge. " -"More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce these " -"bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come together " -"twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to exchange " -"and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream commercial " -"manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that market, but " -"there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial manga " -"market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " +"tegneserie kan dermed ta en mainstream tegneserie og utvikle den " +"annerledes--med en annen historie-linje. eller tegneserier kan holde tegnet " +"i karakter, men endre sitt utseende litt. Det er ingen formel for det som " +"gjør doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"annerledes.\", men de må være forskjellige " +"hvis de skal anses som sann doujinshi. Det er faktisk komiteer som gjennomgå " +"doujinshi for inkludering i viser og avvise enhver copycat tegneserie som er " +"bare en kopi." + +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " +"huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " +"these bits of Walt Disney creativity. More than 450,000 Japanese come " +"together twice a year, in the largest public gathering in the country, to " +"exchange and sell them. This market exists in parallel to the mainstream " +"commercial manga market. In some ways, it obviously competes with that " +"market, but there is no sustained effort by those who control the commercial " +"manga market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the " "competition and despite the law." msgstr "" "disse copycat tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet. de er " @@ -2018,11 +2021,11 @@ msgstr "" "to ganger i året, i den største offentlig sammenkomst i landet, å bytte og " "selge dem. Dette markedet finnes i parallell til det mainstream kommersielle " "manga-markedet. det åpenbart konkurrerer med dette markedet på noen måter, " -"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle manga-" -"markedet for å stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " +"men det er ingen vedvarende innsats av de som styrer kommersielle " +"manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi markedet. den blomstrer, til tross for " "konkurransen og til tross for loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -2065,28 +2068,27 @@ msgid "" "days of comics in America are very much like what's going on in Japan " "now. . . . American comics were born out of copying each other. . . . That's " "how [the artists] learn to draw--by going into comic books and not tracing " -"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from them." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"them, but looking at them and copying them\" and building from " +"them.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " -"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are allowed. " -"Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and you have " -"to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a creator, " -"it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty years " -"old.\"" +"the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " +"allowed. Speaking of Superman, Winick told me, \"there are these rules and " +"you have to stick to them.\" There are things Superman \"cannot\" do. \"As a " +"creator, it's frustrating having to stick to some parameters which are fifty " +"years old.\"" msgstr "" "amerikanske tegneserier nå er helt forskjellige, winick forklarer, delvis på " "grunn av juridiske vanskelighetene med å tilpasse tegneserier måte doujinshi " "er tillatt. Speaking of superman, winick fortalte meg, \"det er disse " -"reglene og du har å holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" gjøre. " -"\"som en creator, det er frustrerende måtte holde oss til noen parametere " -"som er femti år.\"" +"reglene og du har å holde oss til dem\" det er ting superman \"ikke\" " +"gjøre. \"som en creator, det er frustrerende måtte holde oss til noen " +"parametere som er femti år.\"" -#. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" Rutgers Law Review 55 " @@ -2094,8 +2096,8 @@ msgid "" "would lead manga and anime artists to forgo bringing legal actions for " "infringement. One hypothesis is that all manga artists may be better off " "collectively if they set aside their individual self-interest and decide not " -"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma solved." -"\"" +"to press their legal rights. This is essentially a prisoner's dilemma " +"solved.\"" msgstr "" "se salil k. mehra, \"copyright og tegneserier i japan: gjør loven forklare " "hvorfor alle tegneseriene min gutt klokker er japanske import?\" rutgers lov " @@ -2112,12 +2114,12 @@ msgid "" "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " "mitigation. Temple University law professor Salil Mehra, for example, " "hypothesizes that the manga market accepts these technical violations " -"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and productive. " -"Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law does not " -"ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"because they spur the manga market to be more wealthy and " +"productive. Everyone would be worse off if doujinshi were banned, so the law " +"does not ban doujinshi.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -2137,13 +2139,13 @@ msgstr "" "artister, hvorfor er det ikke en mer generell mønster av blokkerer denne " "\"gratis tar\" av doujinshi kultur?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " "a major Japanese law firm. \"We don't have enough lawyers,\" he told me one " -"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like this." -"\"" +"afternoon. There \"just aren't enough resources to prosecute cases like " +"this.\"" msgstr "" "Jeg tilbrakte fire fantastiske måneder i japan, og jeg spurt dette " "spørsmålet så ofte som jeg kunne. kanskje ble den beste kontoen til slutt " @@ -2184,8 +2186,7 @@ msgstr "" "begynne å tenke disse problemene, bør så bare om nå du være rådvill om noe " "du ikke hadde tenkt gjennom før." -#. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " "Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " @@ -2221,10 +2222,10 @@ msgid "" "Disney animators had stolen a set of pencils to draw Steamboat Willie, we'd " "have no hesitation in condemning that taking as wrong-- even though trivial, " "even if unnoticed. Yet there was nothing wrong, at least under the law of " -"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers Grimm. " -"There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's use " -"would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the taking " -"from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." +"the day, with Disney's taking from Buster Keaton or from the Brothers " +"Grimm. There was nothing wrong with the taking from Keaton because Disney's " +"use would have been considered \"fair.\" There was nothing wrong with the " +"taking from the Grimms because the Grimms' work was in the public domain." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 @@ -2255,7 +2256,7 @@ msgstr "" "galt. i tillegg til å ha begått, ville han har stjålet noe av verdi. lov " "forbud at stjele i enhver form, enten store eller små." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -2267,7 +2268,7 @@ msgstr "" "kreativitet er sett på som rettferdig og høyre, selv om advokater spesielt " "finner det vanskelig å si hvorfor." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2281,9 +2282,9 @@ msgid "" "of movie: five asteroid films in the late 1990s; two volcano disaster films " "in 1997." msgstr "" -"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å se. " -"forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale for " -"privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " +"Det er det samme med tusen eksempler som vises overalt når du begynner å " +"se. forskere bygge på arbeidet til andre forskere uten å be om eller betale " +"for privilegiet. (\"Unnskyld meg, professor einstein, men kanskje jeg har " "tillatelse til å bruke ditt Relativitetsteorien for å vise at du var galt om " "quantum fysikk?\") fungerende virksomheter utfører bearbeidelser av verk av " "shakespeare uten sikring tillatelse fra noen. (mener noen shakespeare ville " @@ -2313,7 +2314,7 @@ msgstr "" "kultur som er gratis for å ta--gratis samfunn nærmere enn fri, kanskje, men " "alle samfunn til en viss grad." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " "are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this " @@ -2344,11 +2345,11 @@ msgstr "" "eller tillatelse, kulturer la mye mindre. våre var en fri kultur. det blir " "mye mindre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "Kapittel to: \"kun copyists\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2361,21 +2362,21 @@ msgstr "" "i 1839, louis daguerre oppfant den første praktiske teknologien for å " "produsere det vi vil kalle \"fotografier.\" riktig nok, de ble kalt " "\"daguerreotypes.\" prosessen var komplisert og kostbart, og feltet var " -"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstående amatører. " -"(det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp regulere " -"bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved å holde konkurranse å holde " -"prisene.)" +"dermed begrenset til profesjonelle og noen ivrige og velstående " +"amatører. (det var enda en amerikansk daguerre tilknytning som hjalp " +"regulere bransjen, som gjør alle slike tilknytninger, ved å holde " +"konkurranse å holde prisene.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " -"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making \"negatives." -"\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, the process " -"still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry plates were " -"developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture from its " -"developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still not a " -"process within reach of most amateurs." +"pictures.\" William Talbot soon discovered a process for making " +"\"negatives.\" But because the negatives were glass, and had to be kept wet, " +"the process still remained expensive and cumbersome. In the 1870s, dry " +"plates were developed, making it easier to separate the taking of a picture " +"from its developing. These were still plates of glass, and thus it was still " +"not a process within reach of most amateurs." msgstr "" "likevel til tross for høye priser var etterspørselen etter daguerreotypes " "sterk. Dette presset oppfinnere å finne enklere og billigere måter å gjøre " @@ -2393,17 +2394,17 @@ msgid "" "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " "amateur photographer, was frustrated by the technology of photographs made " "with plates. In a flash of insight (so to speak), Eastman saw that if the " -"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single spindle. " -"That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of " +"film could be made to be flexible, it could be held on a single " +"spindle. That roll could then be sent to a developer, driving the costs of " "photography down substantially. By lowering the costs, Eastman expected he " "could dramatically broaden the population of photographers." msgstr "" "teknologiske endringen som gjorde det mulig masse fotografering skje ikke " "før 1888, og var etableringen av en enkelt mann. George eastman, selv en " -"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med plater-" -"teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (så å si), så eastman at hvis filmen kan " -"gjøres for å være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt på en enkelt spindel. at " -"roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " +"amatør fotograf, var frustrert av fotografier som er laget med " +"plater-teknologi. i en flash av innsikt (så å si), så eastman at hvis filmen " +"kan gjøres for å være fleksibel, kunne det bli avholdt på en enkelt " +"spindel. at roll kunne deretter sendes til en utvikler, senke kostnadene for " "fotografering vesentlig. ved å senke kostnadene, forventet eastman han kan " "dramatisk utvide befolkningen av fotografer." @@ -2489,7 +2490,7 @@ msgid "" "id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2529,12 +2530,11 @@ msgid "" "photography, there was a series of judicial decisions that could well have " "changed the course of photography substantially. Courts were asked whether " "the photographer, amateur or professional, required permission before he " -"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was no." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"could capture and print whatever image he wanted. Their answer was " +"no.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 47 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2550,8 +2550,7 @@ msgstr "" "så bør også, disse fotografer ikke være fritt til å ta bilder som de trodde " "verdifull." -#. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " "Law Review 4 (1890): 193." @@ -2567,23 +2566,24 @@ msgid "" "Brandeis, who would become a Supreme Court Justice, thought the rule should " "be different for images from private spaces.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"0\"/>) It may be that this means that the photographer gets something " -"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, Jr. " -"or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an image " -"without compensating the source." +"for nothing. Just as Disney could take inspiration from Steamboat Bill, " +"Jr. or the Brothers Grimm, the photographer should be free to capture an " +"image without compensating the source." msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " -"Review 48 (1960) 398­407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 F. " -"2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." +"Review 48 (1960) 398­407; White v. Samsung Electronics America, Inc., 971 " +"F. 2d 1395 (9th Cir. 1992), cert. denied, 508 U.S. 951 (1993)." msgstr "" "se melville b. nimmer, \"rett publisitet,\" lov og moderne problemer 19 " -"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gå gjennom " -"48 (1960) 398­407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 f. 2D 1395 " -"(9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)." +"(1954): 203; William l. prosser, \"personvern\", california lov gå " +"gjennom 48 (1960) 398­407; hvite v. samsung electronics america, inc., 971 " +"f. 2D 1395 (9 cir. 1992), cert. nektet, 508 amerikansk 951 (1993)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2594,11 +2594,11 @@ msgid "" "craft an exception for famous people: commercial photographers who snap " "pictures of famous people for commercial purposes have more restrictions " "than the rest of us. But in the ordinary case, the image can be captured " -"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/>)" +"without clearing the rights to do the capturing.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>)" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2625,36 +2625,35 @@ msgstr "" "bli vist før et selskap utviklet bilder. Vi kunne forestille seg et system å " "utvikle for å demonstrere tillatelsen." -#. PAGE BREAK 48 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " "for permission had been built into the rules that govern it. Photography " -"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over time. " -"Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they did--since " -"professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the permission " -"system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would not have " -"occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And certainly, " -"nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression would have " -"been realized. If you drive through San Francisco's Presidio, you might see " -"two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with colorful and striking " -"images, and the logo \"Just Think!\" in place of the name of a school. But " -"there's little that's \"just\" cerebral in the projects that these busses " -"enable. These buses are filled with technologies that teach kids to tinker " -"with film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your VCR. Rather " -"the \"film\" of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that enables kids " -"to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed culture that " -"they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to more than " -"thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children to learn " -"something about media by doing something with media. By doing, they think. " -"By tinkering, they learn." +"would have existed. It would have grown in importance over " +"time. Professionals would have continued to use the technology as they " +"did--since professionals could have more easily borne the burdens of the " +"permission system. But the spread of photography to ordinary people would " +"not have occurred. Nothing like that growth would have been realized. And " +"certainly, nothing like that growth in a democratic technology of expression " +"would have been realized. If you drive through San Francisco's Presidio, " +"you might see two gaudy yellow school buses painted over with colorful and " +"striking images, and the logo \"Just Think!\" in place of the name of a " +"school. But there's little that's \"just\" cerebral in the projects that " +"these busses enable. These buses are filled with technologies that teach " +"kids to tinker with film. Not the film of Eastman. Not even the film of your " +"VCR. Rather the \"film\" of digital cameras. Just Think! is a project that " +"enables kids to make films, as a way to understand and critique the filmed " +"culture that they find all around them. Each year, these busses travel to " +"more than thirty schools and enable three hundred to five hundred children " +"to learn something about media by doing something with media. By doing, " +"they think. By tinkering, they learn." msgstr "" "men selv om vi kunne tenke seg dette systemet av tillatelse, det ville være " "svært vanskelig å se hvordan fotografering kunne ha blomstret som det gjorde " -"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer det. " -"fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over tid. " -"profesjonelle ville har fortsatt å bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden " +"Hvis kravet om tillatelse hadde blitt bygget inn i reglene som styrer " +"det. fotografering ville har eksistert. det ville ha vokst betydning over " +"tid. profesjonelle ville har fortsatt å bruke teknologi som de gjorde--siden " "fagfolk kan lettere båret byrdene av tillatelse-systemet. Men spredning av " "fotografering til vanlige folk ville ikke ha skjedd. ingenting som at " "veksten ville har blitt realisert. og Ja, ingenting som at veksten i en " @@ -2676,25 +2675,24 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " -"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #7</" -"ulink>." +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#7</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly so. " -"The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen dramatically. As " -"one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time digital video " -"editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional quality for $595." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are filled with " -"technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten years ago. " -"And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but classrooms " -"across the country where kids are learning more and more of something " -"teachers call \"media literacy.\"" +"These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " +"so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " +"dramatically. As one analyst puts it, \"Five years ago, a good real-time " +"digital video editing system cost $25,000. Today you can get professional " +"quality for $595.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These buses are " +"filled with technology that would have cost hundreds of thousands just ten " +"years ago. And it is now feasible to imagine not just buses like this, but " +"classrooms across the country where kids are learning more and more of " +"something teachers call \"media literacy.\"" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 49 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " @@ -2707,7 +2705,7 @@ msgstr "" "bilder. Målet er å gjøre [barn] literate om måten mediet fungerer, hvordan " "den er konstruert, slik den er levert, og måten å få tilgang til den.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2717,8 +2715,7 @@ msgstr "" "flest, leseferdighet handler om lesing og skriving. Faulkner og hemingway og " "merke delte infinitiv er det ting som \"literate\" folk vet om." -#. f10 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " "Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, " @@ -2731,12 +2728,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " -"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials generally," -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly important to " -"understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a grammar for the " -"written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as kids learn how to " -"write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to write media by " -"constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." +"commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " +"generally,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> it is increasingly " +"important to understand the \"grammar\" of media. For just as there is a " +"grammar for the written word, so, too, is there one for media. And just as " +"kids learn how to write by writing lots of terrible prose, kids learn how to " +"write media by constructing lots of (at least at first) terrible media." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -2744,36 +2741,36 @@ msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " "understands how difficult writing is--how difficult it is to sequence the " -"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be understandable--" -"few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or more " -"fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds an " -"audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds " +"story, to keep a reader's attention, to craft language to be " +"understandable--few of us have any real sense of how difficult media is. Or " +"more fundamentally, few of us have a sense of how media works, how it holds " +"an audience or leads it through a story, how it triggers emotion or builds " "suspense." msgstr "" "et voksende felt av akademikere og aktivister ser denne formen for " "leseferdighet som avgjørende for den neste generasjonen av kultur. for om " "noen som har skrevet forstår hvor vanskelig skriving er--hvor vanskelig det " "er å sekvens historien, å holde leserens oppmerksomhet, håndverket språk å " -"være forståelig--få av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media er. " -"eller mer fundamentalt, få av oss har en følelse av hvordan media fungerer, " -"hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en artikkel, hvordan " -"det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning." +"være forståelig--få av oss har en reell følelse av hvor vanskelig media " +"er. eller mer fundamentalt, få av oss har en følelse av hvordan media " +"fungerer, hvordan det holder et publikum eller fører det gjennom en " +"artikkel, hvordan det utløser følelser eller bygger spenning." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " -"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the film. " -"The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from reading a " -"book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting upon what " -"one has written. One learns to write with images by making them and then " -"reflecting upon what one has created." -msgstr "" -"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene godt. " -"men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om filmen. ferdigheten " -"kom fra opplever inngåelse av en film, ikke fra å lese en bok om den. en " -"lærer å skrive ved å skrive og deretter gjenspeiler på hva man har skrevet. " -"en lærer å skrive med bilder ved å gjøre dem og deretter reflektere over hva " -"man har opprettet." +"even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " +"film. The skill came from experiencing the making of a film, not from " +"reading a book about it. One learns to write by writing and then reflecting " +"upon what one has written. One learns to write with images by making them " +"and then reflecting upon what one has created." +msgstr "" +"Det tok filmskapning en generasjon før det kunne gjøre disse tingene " +"godt. men selv da kunnskap var av filming, ikke skriftlig om " +"filmen. ferdigheten kom fra opplever inngåelse av en film, ikke fra å lese " +"en bok om den. en lærer å skrive ved å skrive og deretter gjenspeiler på hva " +"man har skrevet. en lærer å skrive med bilder ved å gjøre dem og deretter " +"reflektere over hva man har opprettet." #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -2784,9 +2781,9 @@ msgstr "Intervju med elizabeth daley og stephanie barish, 13 desember 2002." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " -"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #8</" -"ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." +"2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#8</ulink>; \"Timeline,\" 22 November 2000, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #9</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -2795,18 +2792,18 @@ msgid "" "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " "California's Annenberg Center for Communication and dean of the USC School " "of Cinema-Television, explained to me, the grammar was about \"the placement " -"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space where " -"a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar changes. The " -"simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques are necessary. " -"Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of science fiction. But " -"when he tried to design a computer game based on one of his works, it was a " -"new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through a game without their " -"feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a wildly successful " -"author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"of objects, color, . . . rhythm, pacing, and texture.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But as computers open up an interactive space " +"where a story is \"played\" as well as experienced, that grammar " +"changes. The simple control of narrative is lost, and so other techniques " +"are necessary. Author Michael Crichton had mastered the narrative of " +"science fiction. But when he tried to design a computer game based on one " +"of his works, it was a new craft he had to learn. How to lead people through " +"a game without their feeling they have been led was not obvious, even to a " +"wildly successful author.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2817,8 +2814,8 @@ msgstr "" "denne ferdigheten er nøyaktig håndverket filmskaper lærer. som daley " "beskriver, er\"folk veldig overrasket om hvordan de er ledet gjennom en " "film. [i] t er perfekt konstruert for å hindre at du ser det, så du har " -"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble ledet." -"\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." +"ingen anelse om. Hvis en filmskaper lykkes du ikke vet hvordan du ble " +"ledet.\"Hvis du vet at du ble ledet gjennom en film, filmen mislyktes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -2844,7 +2841,7 @@ msgstr "" "at boksen fungerer i. ellers bare en svært få mennesker kan skrive med dette " "språket, og resten av oss er redusert til å være skrivebeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." @@ -2869,10 +2866,10 @@ msgid "" "the craft of writing. Or best, reading and understanding the tools that " "enable the writing to lead or mislead. The aim of any literacy, and this " "literacy in particular, is to \"empower people to choose the appropriate " -"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in the " -"language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"1\"/>" +"language for what they need to create or express.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It is to enable students \"to communicate in " +"the language of the twenty-first century.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -2896,7 +2893,7 @@ msgstr "" "fiasko. men daley og barish kjørte et program som ga barn en mulighet til å " "bruke filmen til å uttrykke mening om noe elevene vet noe om--pistol vold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2912,7 +2909,7 @@ msgstr "" "enn i noen annen klasse å gjøre hva utdanning bør være omtrent--lære å " "uttrykke seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2925,26 +2922,25 @@ msgid "" "students, `you have to do it in text,' they would've just thrown their hands " "up and gone and done something else,\" Barish described, in part, no doubt, " "because expressing themselves in text is not something these students can do " -"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed well. " -"The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of " +"well. Yet neither is text a form in which these ideas can be expressed " +"well. The power of this message depended upon its connection to this form of " "expression." msgstr "" "bruker noe \"gratis web ting de kunne finne\", og relativt enkle verktøy til " "å aktivere barna å blande \"bilde, lyd og tekst\", sa barish denne klassen " "produsert en rekke prosjekter som viste noe om pistol vold som noen ellers " -"ville forstå. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse studentene. " -"prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem å være i stand til å både " -"forstå det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet lyktes i lage " -"uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt skapt med bare " -"teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har å gjøre det i " -"tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og gjort noe annet," -"\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker seg i tekst ikke " -"noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er tekst et skjema i som " -"disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne meldingen depended upon " -"dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." - -#. PAGE BREAK 52 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"ville forstå. Dette var et problem nær livene til disse " +"studentene. prosjektet \"ga dem et verktøy og myndighet dem å være i stand " +"til å både forstå det og snakke om det,\" barish forklart. som verktøyet " +"lyktes i lage uttrykk--langt mer vellykket og kraftfullt enn kunne ha blitt " +"skapt med bare teksten. \"Hvis du hadde sagt til disse studenter, 'du har å " +"gjøre det i tekst', de ville har bare kastet sine hender opp og borte og " +"gjort noe annet,\" er barish beskrevet i del, ingen tvil, fordi uttrykker " +"seg i tekst ikke noe disse studentene kan gjøre godt. likevel verken er " +"tekst et skjema i som disse ideene kan uttrykkes godt. kraften i denne " +"meldingen depended upon dens forbindelse til denne formen for uttrykk." + +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2962,7 +2958,7 @@ msgstr "" "økende grad, ikke den mektigste delen--for å bygge betydning. som daley " "forklart i den mest flyttende del av vårt intervju" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2971,14 +2967,15 @@ msgid "" "can do all sorts of other things. He just can't read your text. So Johnny " "comes to school and you say, \"Johnny, you're illiterate. Nothing you can do " "matters.\" Well, Johnny then has two choices: He can dismiss you or he [can] " -"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss you. " -"[But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can do, " -"let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects that, " -"or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me something that " -"reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and . . . saying, " -"\"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little movie.\" But " -"instead, really help you take these elements that you understand, that are " -"your language, and construct meaning about the topic. . . ." +"dismiss himself. If his ego is healthy at all, he's going to dismiss " +"you. [But i]nstead, if you say, \"Well, with all these things that you can " +"do, let's talk about this issue. Play for me music that you think reflects " +"that, or show me images that you think reflect that, or draw for me " +"something that reflects that.\" Not by giving a kid a video camera and " +". . . saying, \"Let's go have fun with the video camera and make a little " +"movie.\" But instead, really help you take these elements that you " +"understand, that are your language, and construct meaning about the " +"topic. . . ." msgstr "" "Hva du ønsker er å gi disse elevene måter for å bygge betydning. Hvis alt du " "gi dem er tekst, er de ikke til å gjøre det på. fordi de ikke kan. du vet, " @@ -2987,16 +2984,16 @@ msgstr "" "alle slags andre ting. han kan bare lese teksten. så johnny kommer til " "skolen, og du sier, \"johnny, du er analfabeter. ingenting du kan gjøre " "saker.\"Vel, johnny deretter har du to valg: han kan ignorere du eller han " -"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere du. " -"[men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan gjøre, " -"la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror " +"[kan] avvise selv. Hvis hans ego er sunn overhodet, skal han ignorere " +"du. [men jeg] nstead, hvis du sier, \"Vel, med alle disse tingene du kan " +"gjøre, la oss snakke om dette problemet. spille for meg musikk som du tror " "gjenspeiler som, eller vise meg bilder som du tror gjenspeile som, eller " "tegne for meg noe som gjenspeiler som.\"ikke ved å gi en gutt et videokamera " "og... sa:\"La oss gå har moro med videokameraet og gjøre en liten film.\", " "men i stedet, virkelig hjelpe deg med å ta disse elementene du forstår, som " "er ditt språk, og konstruere mening om emnet...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -3010,8 +3007,7 @@ msgstr "" "lærerne fortalte stephanie, ville de omskrive et avsnitt 5, 6, 7, 8 ganger, " "till de fått det riktig." -#. PAGE BREAK 53 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -3043,13 +3039,14 @@ msgstr "" "terrorisme var at forsinkede andre angrepet var perfekt timet for å sikre at " "hele verden ville være å se." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " -"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the screen. " -"There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and seriousness. " -"This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly come to expect " -"it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is tragedy." +"for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " +"screen. There was a formula to interviews. There was \"balance,\" and " +"seriousness. This was news choreographed in the way we have increasingly " +"come to expect it, \"news as entertainment,\" even if the entertainment is " +"tragedy." msgstr "" "disse retellings hadde en stadig familiær stemning. Det var musikk scoret " "for intermissions og fancy grafikk som flashed hele skjermen. Det var en " @@ -3057,34 +3054,33 @@ msgstr "" "koreograferte i måten vi er stadig mer vant til det, \"nyheter som " "underholdning,\" selv om underholdning er tragedie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " "well. The Internet was filled with accounts of the same events. Yet these " "Internet accounts had a very different flavor. Some people constructed photo " "pages that captured images from around the world and presented them as slide " -"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound recordings. " -"There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide context. " -"There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in the sense " -"Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news event that " -"had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, but there " -"was also the Internet." +"shows with text. Some offered open letters. There were sound " +"recordings. There was anger and frustration. There were attempts to provide " +"context. There was, in short, an extraordinary worldwide barn raising, in " +"the sense Mike Godwin uses the term in his book Cyber Rights, around a news " +"event that had captured the attention of the world. There was ABC and CBS, " +"but there was also the Internet." msgstr "" "men i tillegg til denne produsert nyheter om \"tragedie av 11 september\", " "de av oss knyttet til Internett kom å se en svært forskjellige produksjon " -"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse Internett-" -"kontoer hadde ennå en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert foto " -"sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som " +"samt. Internett var fylt med kontoene til samme hendelsene. disse " +"Internett-kontoer hadde ennå en helt annen smaken. noen mennesker konstruert " +"foto sider som tatt bilder fra rundt om i verden og presenterte seg som " "lysbildefremvisninger med tekst. noen tilbudt åpne bokstaver. Det var " -"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk på å gi kontekst. " -"Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende låven heve, i den " -"forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, rundt et " -"aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det var abc " -"og cbs, men det var også Internett." +"lydopptak. Det var sinne og frustrasjon. var det forsøk på å gi " +"kontekst. Det var, kort sagt, en ekstraordinære verdensomspennende låven " +"heve, i den forstand mike godwin bruker termen i hans bok cyber rettigheter, " +"rundt et aktuelt arrangement som hadde fanget oppmerksomheten av verden. Det " +"var abc og cbs, men det var også Internett." -#. PAGE BREAK 54 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet--though I do think the people who " "supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead to point to " @@ -3135,16 +3131,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " -"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private life. " -"But there are many who use the space to engage in public discourse. " -"Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are mistaken in " -"their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they make, offering " -"solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a virtual public " -"meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at the same time and " -"in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The best of the blog " -"entries are relatively short; they point directly to words used by others, " -"criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the most important " -"form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." +"There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " +"life. But there are many who use the space to engage in public " +"discourse. Discussing matters of public import, criticizing others who are " +"mistaken in their views, criticizing politicians about the decisions they " +"make, offering solutions to problems we all see: blogs create the sense of a " +"virtual public meeting, but one in which we don't all hope to be there at " +"the same time and in which conversations are not necessarily linked. The " +"best of the blog entries are relatively short; they point directly to words " +"used by others, criticizing with or adding to them. They are arguably the " +"most important form of unchoreographed public discourse that we have." msgstr "" "men i USA, blogger har tatt på en svært forskjellig karakter. Det er noen " "som bruker området bare for å snakke om deres private liv. men det er mange " @@ -3154,8 +3150,8 @@ msgstr "" "som vi alle ser: blogger skape følelse av et virtuelt offentlige møte, men " "en i som vi ikke alle håper å være der på samme tid, og der samtaler ikke " "nødvendigvis er koblet. best av bloggoppføringene er relativt kort; de peker " -"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i dem. " -"de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige " +"direkte til ord som brukes av andre, kritiserer med eller legge til i " +"dem. de er uten tvil den viktigste formen for unchoreographed offentlige " "diskusjon som vi har." #. PAGE BREAK 55 @@ -3171,11 +3167,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det er en sterk uttalelse. Likevel står det så mye om vårt demokrati som det " "gjør om blogger. Dette er delen av Amerika som er mest vanskelig for de av " -"oss som elsker Amerika for å godta: vårt demokrati har atrofier. " -"selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene tillate disse " -"valgene til å telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i disse valgene. " -"syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og routinized. de " -"fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." +"oss som elsker Amerika for å godta: vårt demokrati har " +"atrofier. selvfølgelig vi har valg, og mesteparten av tiden domstolene " +"tillate disse valgene til å telle. et relativt lite antall folk stemme i " +"disse valgene. syklusen av disse valgene blir helt professionalized og " +"routinized. de fleste av oss tror dette er demokrati." #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -3183,28 +3179,27 @@ msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " "trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." msgstr "" -"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, trans. " -"Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." +"Se for eksempel alexis de tocqueville, demokrati i Amerika, bk. 1, " +"trans. Henry reeve (new york: bantam books, 2000), ch. 16." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " "tradition, it also means control through reasoned discourse. This was the " -"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the nineteenth-" -"century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of early " -"\"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated him--" -"it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to " +"idea that captured the imagination of Alexis de Tocqueville, the " +"nineteenth-century French lawyer who wrote the most important account of " +"early \"Democracy in America.\" It wasn't popular elections that fascinated " +"him--it was the jury, an institution that gave ordinary people the right to " "choose life or death for other citizens. And most fascinating for him was " "that the jury didn't just vote about the outcome they would impose. They " "deliberated. Members argued about the \"right\" result; they tried to " "persuade each other of the \"right\" result, and in criminal cases at least, " -"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an end." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"they had to agree upon a unanimous result for the process to come to an " +"end.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " "Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." @@ -3216,20 +3211,21 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " -"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation " +"pushing to create just such an institution.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> And in some towns in New England, something close to deliberation " "remains. But for most of us for most of the time, there is no time or place " "for \"democratic deliberation\" to occur." msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), 65­" -"80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " +"65­80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" -"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), 65­" -"80, 175, 182, 183, 192." +"Cass sunstein, republic.com (princeton: princeton university press, 2001), " +"65­80, 175, 182, 183, 192." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3252,21 +3248,21 @@ msgid "" "for communication. Blogs allow for public discourse without the public ever " "needing to gather in a single public place." msgstr "" -"gå inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette problemet. " -"folk innlegg når de vil bokføre, og folk lese når de ønsker å lese. det mest " -"vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron kommunikasjon, " -"for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for kommunikasjon. blogger tillate " -"public discourse uten publikum noensinne trenger å samles i en enkelt " -"offentlig sted." +"gå inn i bloggen. bloggens svært arkitektur løser en del av dette " +"problemet. folk innlegg når de vil bokføre, og folk lese når de ønsker å " +"lese. det mest vanskelig tid er synkron tid. teknologier som gjør asynkron " +"kommunikasjon, for eksempel e-post, øke muligheten for " +"kommunikasjon. blogger tillate public discourse uten publikum noensinne " +"trenger å samles i en enkelt offentlig sted." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of norms. " -"There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. Indeed, the " -"space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the left. Some " -"of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but there are " -"many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not political cover " -"political issues when the occasion merits." +"But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " +"norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " +"Indeed, the space is filled with political speech, on both the right and the " +"left. Some of the most popular sites are conservative or libertarian, but " +"there are many of all political stripes. And even blogs that are not " +"political cover political issues when the occasion merits." msgstr "" "Men utover arkitektur, blogger også har løst problemet med normer. Det er " "ingen normen (ennå) i bloggen plass for ikke å snakke om politikk. faktisk, " @@ -3283,11 +3279,10 @@ msgid "" "effect." msgstr "" "betydningen av disse bloggene er liten nå, men ikke så små. navnet howard " -"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for blogger. " -"Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennå lesing har en effekt." +"dean kan godt har bleknet fra 2004 presidentvalget rase men for " +"blogger. Selv om antall lesere er liten, er ennå lesing har en effekt." -#. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." @@ -3298,15 +3293,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " -"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott \"misspoke" -"\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising Thurmond's " -"segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story would " -"disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It did. But he " -"didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept researching " -"the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same \"misspeaking\" " -"emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream press. In the " -"end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority leader.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " +"\"misspoke\" at a party for Senator Strom Thurmond, essentially praising " +"Thurmond's segregationist policies, he calculated correctly that this story " +"would disappear from the mainstream press within forty-eight hours. It " +"did. But he didn't calculate its life cycle in blog space. The bloggers kept " +"researching the story. Over time, more and more instances of the same " +"\"misspeaking\" emerged. Finally, the story broke back into the mainstream " +"press. In the end, Lott was forced to resign as senate majority " +"leader.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -3337,8 +3332,7 @@ msgstr "" "historier. folk lese hva som er populært; Hva er populære har blitt valgt av " "en veldig demokratisk prosess med node-generert rangeringer." -#. PAGE BREAK 57 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -3383,8 +3377,8 @@ msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " "Disaster Coverage Mixed, but Strong Overall,\" Online Journalism Review, 2 " -"February 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #10</ulink>." +"February 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #10</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -3401,8 +3395,7 @@ msgid "" "benefits, and costs, that might entail." msgstr "" -#. f21 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " "Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as " @@ -3425,10 +3418,10 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with blogs. " -"\"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for public " -"figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear that " -"\"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to " +"Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " +"blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " +"public figures and increasingly for private figures as well. It's not clear " +"that \"journalism\" is happy about this--some journalists have been told to " "curtail their blogging.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is " "clear that we are still in transition. \"A lot of what we are doing now is " "warm-up exercises,\" Winer told me. There is a lot that must mature before " @@ -3437,20 +3430,20 @@ msgid "" "copyright), Winer said, \"we will be the last thing that gets shut down.\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " -"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is true. " -"But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more citizens " -"express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change the way " -"people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and misguided in " -"your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be criticized by " -"others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has been persuaded " -"that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore when he has " -"been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and criticism improves " -"democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million blogs where such " -"writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be something " -"extraordinary to report." +"have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " +"true. But it affects democracy in another way as well. As more and more " +"citizens express what they think, and defend it in writing, that will change " +"the way people understand public issues. It is easy to be wrong and " +"misguided in your head. It is harder when the product of your mind can be " +"criticized by others. Of course, it is a rare human who admits that he has " +"been persuaded that he is wrong. But it is even rarer for a human to ignore " +"when he has been proven wrong. The writing of ideas, arguments, and " +"criticism improves democracy. Today there are probably a couple of million " +"blogs where such writing happens. When there are ten million, there will be " +"something extraordinary to report." msgstr "" "denne talen påvirker demokrati. vin mener at skjer fordi \"du trenger ikke å " "arbeide for noen som styrer, [for] en gatekeeper.\" det er sant. men det har " @@ -3465,15 +3458,15 @@ msgstr "" "blogger der skrive slike skjer. Når det er ti millioner, vil det være noe " "ekstraordinære til rapporten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " "knowledge ecologies for creating . . . innovation.\"" msgstr "" "John seely brown er den ledende vitenskapsmannen for xerox corporation. hans " -"arbeid, som hans webområdet beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring og... " -"etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for å opprette... innovasjon.\"" +"arbeid, som hans webområdet beskriver det, er \"menneskelige læring " +"og... etableringen av kunnskap dagsykluser for å opprette... innovasjon.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3484,19 +3477,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "brun dermed ser på disse teknologiene av digitale kreativitet litt " "annerledes fra perspektiver jeg har skisserte så langt. Jeg er sikker på at " -"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre demokrati. " -"men hans håv kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører læring." +"han ville bli begeistret for enhver teknologi som kan forbedre " +"demokrati. men hans håv kommer fra hvordan disse teknologiene berører " +"læring." -#. PAGE BREAK 59 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " "engines, automobiles, radios, and so on.\" But digital technologies enable a " -"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete form. " -"The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays a " -"politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart and " -"manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital " +"different kind of tinkering--with abstract ideas though in concrete " +"form. The kids at Just Think! not only think about how a commercial portrays " +"a politician; using digital technology, they can take the commercial apart " +"and manipulate it, tinker with it to see how it does what it does. Digital " "technologies launch a kind of bricolage, or \"free collage,\" as Brown calls " "it. Many get to add to or transform the tinkering of many others." msgstr "" @@ -3520,13 +3513,13 @@ msgid "" "technology works can tinker with the code." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " "free collage on the community, so that other people can start looking at " -"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve it." -"\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " +"your code, tinkering with it, trying it out, seeing if they can improve " +"it.\" Each effort is a kind of apprenticeship. \"Open source becomes a major " "apprenticeship platform.\"" msgstr "" "anledningen oppretter en \"helt ny type læring plattform,\" som brown " @@ -3536,7 +3529,7 @@ msgstr "" "hver innsats er en slags læretid. \"åpen kildekode blir en større læretid " "plattform.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " @@ -3545,24 +3538,24 @@ msgid "" "tinkering with other people's stuff. The more you tinker the more you " "improve.\" The more you improve, the more you learn." msgstr "" -"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er koden." -"\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til å tinker i abstrakt og denne fiksing " -"og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i garasjen. du " -"er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er fiksing og " -"triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du forbedre.\"jo mer du " -"forbedre, jo mer du lærer." +"i denne prosessen, \"konkrete ting du tinker med er abstrakt. de er " +"koden.\"barn er\"skiftende til muligheten til å tinker i abstrakt og denne " +"fiksing og triksing er ikke lenger en isolert aktivitet som du gjør i " +"garasjen. du er fiksing og triksing med en fellesskapet plattform.... du er " +"fiksing og triksing med andres ting. Jo mer du tinker jo mer du " +"forbedre.\"jo mer du forbedre, jo mer du lærer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " "\"the Web [is] the first medium that truly honors multiple forms of " "intelligence.\" Earlier technologies, such as the typewriter or word " -"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than text. " -"\"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you are " -"visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you can " -"start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these multiple " -"forms of intelligence.\"" +"processors, helped amplify text. But the Web amplifies much more than " +"text. \"The Web . . . says if you are musical, if you are artistic, if you " +"are visual, if you are interested in film . . . [then] there is a lot you " +"can start to do on this medium. [It] can now amplify and honor these " +"multiple forms of intelligence.\"" msgstr "" "Denne samme ting skjer med innhold, også. og det skjer på samme måte som " "samarbeid når innholdet er en del av nettet. som brown sier det, \"web [er] " @@ -3578,8 +3571,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " -"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as creates. " -"It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of " +"Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " +"creates. It develops talents differently, and it builds a different kind of " "recognition." msgstr "" "Brown snakker om hva elizabeth daley, stephanie barish og tror bare! lære: " @@ -3597,14 +3590,13 @@ msgid "" "curiosity, would otherwise ensure." msgstr "" "frihet til å tinker med disse objektene er ennå ikke garantert. som vi ser " -"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært omstridt. " -"mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til å tinker med motor, er " -"det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til å tinker med bilder hun " -"finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet som " -"teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." +"gjennom i løpet av denne boken, er faktisk at freedom stadig svært " +"omstridt. mens det er ingen tvil om at din far hadde rett til å tinker med " +"motor, er det stor tvil om at barnet ditt vil ha rett til å tinker med " +"bilder hun finner rundt. lov og, i økende grad teknologi forstyrre en frihet " +"som teknologi, og nysgjerrighet, ellers ville sikre." -#. f22 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the " @@ -3619,13 +3611,13 @@ msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " "developed a powerful argument in favor of the \"right to tinker\" as it " -"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or more " -"fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, because " -"of the law." +"applies to computer science and to knowledge in general.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But Brown's concern is earlier, or younger, or " +"more fundamental. It is about the learning that kids can do, or can't do, " +"because of the law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " @@ -3635,7 +3627,7 @@ msgstr "" "forklarer. Vi trenger å \"forstå hvordan barn som vokser opp digital tror og " "vil lære.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " @@ -3659,7 +3651,7 @@ msgstr "" "og legger til et mellomrom for kommentarer og en mulighet til å spre at " "kreativiteten overalt. men bygger vi lov til å lukke den teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " "9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." @@ -3690,9 +3682,9 @@ msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " "information sciences. More than 65 percent of its five thousand " -"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school class. " -"The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine and " -"then build, a generation for the network age." +"undergraduates finished in the top 10 percent of their high school " +"class. The school is thus a perfect mix of talent and experience to imagine " +"and then build, a generation for the network age." msgstr "" "RPI er en av Amerikas fremst teknologiske forskningsinstitusjoner. Det " "tilbyr grader i feltene fra arkitektur og konstruksjon til information " @@ -3709,14 +3701,13 @@ msgid "" "enable students to get access to the Internet, as well as more intimate " "access to other members of the RPI community." msgstr "" -"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til hverandre. " -"den har også koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er tilgjengelig på " -"nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig på Internett. men nettverket er utformet for " -"å aktivere studenter å få tilgang til Internett, så vel som mer intimt " -"tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." +"rpi's datanettverk kobler studenter, lærere og administrasjon til " +"hverandre. den har også koblinger rpi til Internett. ikke alt som er " +"tilgjengelig på nettverket rpi er tilgjengelig på Internett. men nettverket " +"er utformet for å aktivere studenter å få tilgang til Internett, så vel som " +"mer intimt tilgang til andre medlemmer av samfunnet rpi." -#. PAGE BREAK 62 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3728,13 +3719,13 @@ msgid "" "outside the business can't get. Universities do it as well." msgstr "" "søkemotorer er et mål på et nettverk intimitet. Google brakt Internett mye " -"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig å forbedre kvaliteten på Søk på nettverket. " -"spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om \"intranett\" " -"søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en bestemt " -"institusjon, er å gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til materiale " -"fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at ansatte skal " -"ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan få personer utenfor bedriften. " -"universiteter gjøre det også." +"nærmere for oss alle av utrolig å forbedre kvaliteten på Søk på " +"nettverket. spesialitet søkemotorer kan gjøre dette enda bedre. ideen om " +"\"intranett\" søkemotorer, søkemotorer som søke innenfor nettverket av en " +"bestemt institusjon, er å gi brukere av at institusjonen bedre tilgang til " +"materiale fra som institusjon. bedrifter gjøre dette hele tiden, slik at " +"ansatte skal ha tilgang til materiale som ikke kan få personer utenfor " +"bedriften. universiteter gjøre det også." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -3765,22 +3756,23 @@ msgid "" "by adding a button that a user could click to see if the machine holding the " "file was still on-line." msgstr "" -"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for rpi-nettverket. " -"motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som andre hadde bygget. " -"hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til disse motorene var å " -"fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan føre til en brukers " -"datamaskin til å krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis du prøvde å få " -"tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var på en datamaskin som var " -"frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet litt for å løse " -"det problemet, ved å legge til en knapp som en bruker kan klikke for å se om " -"maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line." +"jesse's var ikke den første søkemotoren som er bygd for " +"rpi-nettverket. motoren hans var faktisk en enkel endring av motorer som " +"andre hadde bygget. hans enkelt høyst betydelig forbedring i forhold til " +"disse motorene var å fikse en feil i microsoft-fildeling systemet som kan " +"føre til en brukers datamaskin til å krasje. med motorer som fantes før Hvis " +"du prøvde å få tilgang til en fil via en windows-leser som var på en " +"datamaskin som var frakoblet, datamaskinen kan krasje. Jesse endret systemet " +"litt for å løse det problemet, ved å legge til en knapp som en bruker kan " +"klikke for å se om maskinen holde filen var fortsatt on-line." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " "was functioning quite well. Jesse had more than one million files in his " -"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' computers." +"directory, including every type of content that might be on users' " +"computers." msgstr "" "jesse's motor gikk on-line i slutten av oktober. de følgende seks måneder " "fortsatte han å tweak det for å forbedre funksjonaliteten. av mars, var " @@ -3845,11 +3837,11 @@ msgstr "" "servert med avhandlinger fra dressen. som han lese disse papirene og så " "nyhetsrapporter om dem, ble han stadig mer forbauset." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " -"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran " -"or . . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " +"I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " +". . . what I had done to it. I mean, I hadn't modified it in any way that " "promoted or enhanced the work of pirates. I just modified the search engine " "in a way that would make it easier to use\"--again, a search engine, which " "Jesse had not himself built, using the Windows filesharing system, which " @@ -3857,27 +3849,27 @@ msgid "" "access to content, which Jesse had not himself created or posted, and the " "vast majority of which had nothing to do with music." msgstr "" -"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe galt.... " -"Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte eller... hva " -"jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det på noen måte " -"som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare endret " -"søkemotoren på en måte som ville gjøre det enklere å bruke \"--igjen, en " -"søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows " +"\"det var absurd,\" sa han til meg. \"Jeg tror ikke jeg gjorde noe " +"galt.... Jeg tror ikke det er noe galt med søkemotoren som jeg kjørte " +"eller... hva jeg hadde gjort til den. Jeg mener, jeg ikke hadde endret det " +"på noen måte som forfremmet eller utvidet arbeidet av pirater. Jeg bare " +"endret søkemotoren på en måte som ville gjøre det enklere å bruke \"--igjen, " +"en søkemotor, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, ved hjelp av windows " "filesharing systemet, som jesse hadde ikke selv bygget, for å la medlemmer " "av rpi-fellesskapet for å få tilgang til innhold, som jesse hadde ikke selv " "opprettet eller lagt ut, og det store flertallet av som hadde ingenting å " "gjøre med musikk." -#. PAGE BREAK 64 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " "pay them the damages for his wrong. For cases of \"willful infringement,\" " "the Copyright Act specifies something lawyers call \"statutory damages.\" " -"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per infringement. " -"As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright infringements, " -"they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least $15,000,000." +"These damages permit a copyright owner to claim $150,000 per " +"infringement. As the RIAA alleged more than one hundred specific copyright " +"infringements, they therefore demanded that Jesse pay them at least " +"$15,000,000." msgstr "" "men riaa branded jesse en pirat. de hevdet han opererte et nettverk og " "derfor \"willfully\" hadde brutt lover om opphavsrett. de krevde at han " @@ -3887,8 +3879,7 @@ msgstr "" "riaa påståtte mer enn hundre bestemt opphavsrett infringements, krevde de " "derfor at jesse betale dem minst $15,000,000." -#. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " @@ -3901,13 +3892,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " -"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at Princeton. " -"Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was different in " -"detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge demands for " -"\"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you added up the " -"claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United States to award " -"the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total profit of the film " -"industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " +"Princeton. Their situations were similar to Jesse's. Though each case was " +"different in detail, the bottom line in each was exactly the same: huge " +"demands for \"damages\" that the RIAA claimed it was entitled to. If you " +"added up the claims, these four lawsuits were asking courts in the United " +"States to award the plaintiffs close to $100 billion--six times the total " +"profit of the film industry in 2001.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -3922,7 +3914,7 @@ msgstr "" "penger jesse hatt. Jesse hadde lagret $12.000 fra sommerjobber og andre " "sysselsetting. de krevde $12000 for å avvise saken." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3938,9 +3930,9 @@ msgstr "" "mange felt av teknologi for resten av sitt liv. han nektet. de gjorde ham " "forstå at denne prosessen av å sued ikke var til å være hyggelig. (som " "jesse's far recounted til meg, sjef advokaten på saken, matt oppenheimer, " -"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker å betale et besøk til en tannlege som meg." -"\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok hver " -"krone jesse hadde lagret." +"fortalte jesse, \"du ikke ønsker å betale et besøk til en tannlege som " +"meg.\") og hele riaa insisterte den ikke ville avgjøre saken før det tok " +"hver krone jesse hadde lagret." #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -3971,17 +3963,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) (27­2042--" -"Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, More Than " -"One in a Blue Moon (2000)." +"Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " +"(27­2042--Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for the Arts, " +"More Than One in a Blue Moon (2000)." msgstr "" -"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) (27­2042--" -"musikere og vokalister). Se også nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn en i en " -"blå månen (2000)." +"yrkesmessig sysselsetting undersøkelse, US dept. of labor (2001) " +"(27­2042--musikere og vokalister). Se også nasjonale legat for arts, mer enn " +"en i en blå månen (2000)." -#. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." @@ -4024,7 +4016,7 @@ msgstr "" "jeg noensinne forutsi noe lignende, men jeg tror det er bare helt absurd det " "riaa har gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -4032,17 +4024,17 @@ msgid "" "pick on him. But he wants to let people know that they're sending the wrong " "message. And he wants to correct the record.\"" msgstr "" -"jesse's foreldre forråde en bestemt stolthet i deres motvillige aktivist. " -"som sin far fortalte meg, jesse \"anser seg selv svært konservativ, og så " -"gjøre jeg.... Han er ikke en tree hugger.... Jeg tror det er bisarre at de " -"ville plukke på ham. men han ønsker å la folk få vite at de sender feil " -"budskap. og han ønsker å korrigere posten." +"jesse's foreldre forråde en bestemt stolthet i deres motvillige " +"aktivist. som sin far fortalte meg, jesse \"anser seg selv svært " +"konservativ, og så gjøre jeg.... Han er ikke en tree hugger.... Jeg tror det " +"er bisarre at de ville plukke på ham. men han ønsker å la folk få vite at de " +"sender feil budskap. og han ønsker å korrigere posten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "Kapittel fire: \"pirater\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission--if \"if value, then right\" is true--then the history of the " @@ -4053,11 +4045,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Hvis \"piratkopiering\" betyr ved hjelp av kreative egenskapen til andre " "uten deres tillatelse--Hvis \"Hvis verdien, deretter høyre\" er sant-- " -"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om piratkopiering. " -"viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, radio og kabel-tv--" -"ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor definert. konsekvent historien " -"er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med denne generasjon country club--" -"før nå." +"deretter historien av innhold industrien er en historie om " +"piratkopiering. viktig sektor av \"store media\" i dag - filmen, poster, " +"radio og kabel-tv--ble født av en form for piratkopiering derfor " +"definert. konsekvent historien er hvordan siste generasjon pirater bli med " +"denne generasjon country club--før nå." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Film" @@ -4065,6 +4057,7 @@ msgstr "filmen" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 87­93, " @@ -4072,7 +4065,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg er takknemlig til peter dimauro for å sette meg til dette ekstraordinære " "historie. Se også siva vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 87­93, som " -"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og patent." +"inneholder informasjon om edison's \"opplevelser\" med opphavsrett og " +"patent." #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4080,9 +4074,9 @@ msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " "Coast to California in the early twentieth century in part to escape " -"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas Edison. " -"These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the Motion " -"Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative " +"controls that patents granted the inventor of filmmaking, Thomas " +"Edison. These controls were exercised through a monopoly \"trust,\" the " +"Motion Pictures Patents Company, and were based on Thomas Edison's creative " "property--patents. Edison formed the MPPC to exercise the rights this " "creative property gave him, and the MPPC was serious about the control it " "demanded." @@ -4104,9 +4098,9 @@ msgstr "" "en tidsfrist for januar 1909 ble angitt for alle selskaper i samsvar med " "lisens. februar, ulisensiert outlaws, som henviste til seg selv som " "independents protesterte tillit og videreførte virksomhet uten å sende til " -"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i full-" -"swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og importerte " -"film lager til å lage sine egne underjordisk marked." +"edison-monopol. i løpet av 1909 sommeren var uavhengige bevegelsen i " +"full-swing, med produsenter og teater eiere bruker ulovlig utstyr og " +"importerte film lager til å lage sine egne underjordisk marked." #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> @@ -4114,13 +4108,13 @@ msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " "Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " "posted at \"The Edison Movie Monopoly: The Motion Picture Patents Company " -"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of the economic motive behind " -"both these limits and the limits imposed by Victor on phonographs, see " -"Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent " -"and Refusal and the Propertization of Copyright\" (September 2002), " -"University of Chicago Law School, James M. Olin Program in Law and " -"Economics, Working Paper No. 159." +"vs. the Independent Outlaws,\" available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #11</ulink>. For a discussion of " +"the economic motive behind both these limits and the limits imposed by " +"Victor on phonographs, see Randal C. Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast " +"Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the Propertization of " +"Copyright\" (September 2002), University of Chicago Law School, James " +"M. Olin Program in Law and Economics, Working Paper No. 159." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> @@ -4133,8 +4127,8 @@ msgid "" "discontinued product supply to theaters which showed unlicensed films, and " "effectively monopolized distribution with the acquisition of all U.S. film " "exchanges, except for the one owned by the independent William Fox who " -"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"defied the Trust even after his license was revoked.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f3 @@ -4146,8 +4140,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like Fox. " -"And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " +"The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " +"Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " "\"Shooting was disrupted by machinery stolen, and `accidents' resulting in " "loss of negatives, equipment, buildings and sometimes life and limb " "frequently occurred.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That led the " @@ -4157,8 +4151,7 @@ msgid "" "prominently, did just that." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 68 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -4184,7 +4177,7 @@ msgstr "" "rullebladet industri ble født av en annen type piratkopiering, om å se " "hvordan krever en bit av detaljer om hvordan loven regulerer musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -4197,13 +4190,13 @@ msgstr "" "på tiden at edison og henri fourneaux oppfunnet maskiner for å gjengi musikk " "(edison fonograf, fourneaux spiller piano), ga loven komponister den " "eksklusive retten til å kontrollere eksemplarer av deres musikk og den " -"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken deres. " -"med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 hit " -"\"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg måtte betale for rett til å få en kopi av den " -"musikalske poeng, og jeg vil også måtte betale for retten til å utføre det " -"offentlig." +"eksklusive retten til å kontrollere offentlig fremføring av musikken " +"deres. med andre ord, i 1900, hvis jeg ønsket en kopi av phil russel's 1899 " +"hit \"happy mose,\" loven sa jeg måtte betale for rett til å få en kopi av " +"den musikalske poeng, og jeg vil også måtte betale for retten til å utføre " +"det offentlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -4241,8 +4234,8 @@ msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," msgstr "" -"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen så glade om denne kapasiteten til pirat. " -"som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," +"komponister (og utgivere) var ingen så glade om denne kapasiteten til " +"pirat. som i Sør-dakota senator alfred sa kittredge," #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> @@ -4254,20 +4247,21 @@ msgid "" "Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, " "1976)." msgstr "" -"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings på s. " -"6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer på patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 sess. " -"(1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, formann), " -"reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski for fulton " -"og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, 1976)." +"endre og konsolidere handlinger som respekterer copyright: hearings på " +"s. 6330 og hr 19853 før (felles) komiteer på patenter, 59th cong. 59, 1 " +"sess. (1906) (setning av senator alfred b. kittredge av Sør-dakota, " +"formann), reprinted i lovgivningens bakgrunn av copyright act, e. brylawski " +"for fulton og abe goldman, Red. (south hackensack, NJ: rothman opptrykk, " +"1976)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " -"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights it. " -"Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls and " -"deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher " -"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " +"it. Along come the phonographic companies and companies who cut music rolls " +"and deliberately steal the work of the brain of the composer and publisher " +"without any regard for [their] rights.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f5 @@ -4302,14 +4296,15 @@ msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " "composers,\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> and the \"music " -"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one pirate." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put it, in " -"as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, I want " -"a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +"publishing industry\" was thereby \"at the complete mercy of this one " +"pirate.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As John Philip Sousa put " +"it, in as direct a way as possible, \"When they make money out of my pieces, " +"I want a share of it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283­84 (statement of " "Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating Company of New " @@ -4342,12 +4337,11 @@ msgid "" "of [the public], whom they represent, and whose servants they are.\" \"All " "talk about `theft,'\" the general counsel of the American Graphophone " "Company wrote, \"is the merest claptrap, for there exists no property in " -"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by statute." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"ideas musical, literary or artistic, except as defined by " +"statute.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 70 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " "artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid " @@ -4355,10 +4349,10 @@ msgid "" "granting the composer complete control over the right to make mechanical " "reproductions, Congress gave recording artists a right to record the music, " "at a price set by Congress, once the composer allowed it to be recorded " -"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs possible. " -"Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are free to " -"record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a fee set by " -"the law." +"once. This is the part of copyright law that makes cover songs " +"possible. Once a composer authorizes a recording of his song, others are " +"free to record the same song, so long as they pay the original composer a " +"fee set by the law." msgstr "" "loven løst snart denne kampen til fordel for komponisten og opptak " "kunstneren. kongressen endret loven å sørge for at komponister ville bli " @@ -4371,7 +4365,7 @@ msgstr "" "andre gratis å registrere samme sang, så lenge de betaler den opprinnelige " "komponisten et gebyr som er angitt av loven." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -4406,11 +4400,11 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and H.R. " -"11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., 217 " -"(1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in Legislative " -"History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe Goldman, eds. " -"(South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." +"Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " +"H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " +"217 (1908) (statement of Senator Reed Smoot, chairman), reprinted in " +"Legislative History of the 1909 Copyright Act, E. Fulton Brylawski and Abe " +"Goldman, eds. (South Hackensack, N.J.: Rothman Reprints, 1976)." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision: hearings på s. 2499, s. 2900, hr 243 og hr 11794 før " "(felles) komiteen på patenter, 60 cong., 1 sess., 217 (1908) (setning av " @@ -4421,16 +4415,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " -"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of piracy--" -"by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives creative " -"authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work than Grisham " -"does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the recording industry " -"and the public. The recording industry gets something of value for less than " -"it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much wider range of " -"musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about its reasons " -"for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of rights holders, " -"and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " +"piracy--by giving recording artists a weaker right than it otherwise gives " +"creative authors. The Beatles have less control over their creative work " +"than Grisham does. And the beneficiaries of this less control are the " +"recording industry and the public. The recording industry gets something of " +"value for less than it otherwise would pay; the public gets access to a much " +"wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " +"its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " +"rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on " +"creativity.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4447,8 +4441,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " -"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March 1967). " -"I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report." +"the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " +"1967). I am grateful to Glenn Brown for drawing my attention to this report." msgstr "" "Copyright lov revision: rapporten skal følge med HR 2512, huset committee on " "rettsvesenet, 90th cong., 1 sess., huset dokument nr. 83, (8 mars 1967). Jeg " @@ -4458,17 +4452,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " -"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a half-billion-" -"dollar business of great economic importance in the United States and " -"throughout the world; records today are the principal means of disseminating " -"music, and this creates special problems, since performers need unhampered " -"access to musical material on nondiscriminatory terms. Historically, the " -"record producers pointed out, there were no recording rights before 1909 and " -"the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory license as a deliberate anti-" -"monopoly condition on the grant of these rights. They argue that the result " -"has been an outpouring of recorded music, with the public being given lower " -"prices, improved quality, and a greater choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/>" +"must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " +"half-billion-dollar business of great economic importance in the United " +"States and throughout the world; records today are the principal means of " +"disseminating music, and this creates special problems, since performers " +"need unhampered access to musical material on nondiscriminatory " +"terms. Historically, the record producers pointed out, there were no " +"recording rights before 1909 and the 1909 statute adopted the compulsory " +"license as a deliberate anti-monopoly condition on the grant of these " +"rights. They argue that the result has been an outpouring of recorded music, " +"with the public being given lower prices, improved quality, and a greater " +"choice.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4487,40 +4481,38 @@ msgstr "Radio" msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "Radio ble også født av piratkopiering." -#. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " "purporting to restrict the ability to play a record on a radio station. " "Judge Learned Hand rejected the argument that a warning attached to a record " -"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing Co. v. " -"Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, \"From " -"Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and the " -"Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): " -"281." +"might restrict the rights of the radio station. See RCA Manufacturing " +"Co. v. Whiteman, 114 F. 2d 86 (2nd Cir. 1940). See also Randal C. Picker, " +"\"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag: Mechanisms of Consent and Refusal and " +"the Propertization of Copyright,\" University of Chicago Law Review 70 " +"(2003): 281." msgstr "" "se 17, united states code, inndelinger 106 og 110. på begynnelsen av, spille " "inn selskapene skrives ut \"ikke lisensiert for radiosendingen\" og andre " "meldinger purporting å begrense muligheten til å spille en post på en " "radiostasjon. dommer lært hånd avvist argumentet at en advarsel som er " "knyttet til en post kan begrense rettighetene til radiostasjonen. se rca " -"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se også randal c. " -"datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke og " -"nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gå " +"produksjon co v. whiteman, 114 f. 2d 86 (2nd cir. 1940). Se også randal " +"c. datovelger, \"fra edison til kringkasting flagg: mekanismer av samtykke " +"og nektet og propertization av opphavsrett,\" university of chicago lov gå " "gjennom 70 (2003): 281." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " -"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright holder) an " -"exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio station thus " -"owes the composer money for that performance." +"performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> As I described above, the law gives the composer (or copyright " +"holder) an exclusive right to public performances of his work. The radio " +"station thus owes the composer money for that performance." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 72 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " @@ -4566,7 +4558,7 @@ msgstr "" "teateroppsetninger av at musikk. så hvis madonna ønsker å synge sangen i det " "offentlige, hun har å bli din tillatelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -4586,11 +4578,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists benefit. " -"On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the performance rights " -"they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily gives the creator " -"the right to make this choice. By making the choice for him or her, the law " -"gives the radio station the right to take something for nothing." +"No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " +"benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " +"performance rights they give up. Maybe. But even if so, the law ordinarily " +"gives the creator the right to make this choice. By making the choice for " +"him or her, the law gives the radio station the right to take something for " +"nothing." msgstr "" "ingen tvil, kan man argumentere at, på saldo, artistene nytte. i " "gjennomsnitt er kampanjen de får verdt mer enn ytelse rettigheter de gir " @@ -4621,8 +4614,9 @@ msgstr "" "nektet å betale broadcasters for innhold som de echoed til sine kunder. selv " "når kabelselskaper begynte å selge tilgang til TV-sendinger, nektet de å " "betale for hva de solgte. kabelselskaper var dermed napsterizing " -"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde noensinne--" -"napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til å gi bort." +"broadcasters' innhold, men mer egregiously enn noe napster gjorde " +"noensinne--napster belastet aldri for innholdet det aktivert andre til å gi " +"bort." #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> @@ -4650,12 +4644,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " -"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach of " -"cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National Association " -"of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, \"Does " -"public interest dictate that you use somebody else's property?\"<placeholder " -"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster put it," +"potentially destructive competition.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> There may have been a \"public interest\" in spreading the reach " +"of cable TV, but as Douglas Anello, general counsel to the National " +"Association of Broadcasters, asked Senator Quentin Burdick during testimony, " +"\"Does public interest dictate that you use somebody else's " +"property?\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> As another broadcaster " +"put it," msgstr "" #. f15 @@ -4670,8 +4665,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " -"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid for." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " +"for.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4709,8 +4704,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " -"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4736,8 +4731,8 @@ msgid "" "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " "already compensated, who already have a monopoly, should be permitted to " "extend that monopoly. . . . The question here is how much compensation they " -"should have and how far back they should carry their right to compensation." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"should have and how far back they should carry their right to " +"compensation.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -4748,7 +4743,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett eiere tok kabelselskaper til retten. Høyesterett holdt to ganger " "at kabelselskaper skyldte opphavsrett eierne ingenting." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4766,32 +4761,32 @@ msgstr "" "posten spillere og spilleren pianoer. Ja, kabelselskaper 'd have to pay for " "innholdet som de kringkaster; men prisen de vil måtte betale ble ikke angitt " "av eieren av opphavsretten. Prisen ble satt ved lov, slik at broadcasters " -"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene av-kabelen. " -"kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis på en \"piratkopiering\" av " -"verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." +"ikke kunne utøve vetorett over de nye teknologiene " +"av-kabelen. kabelselskaper dermed bygde sitt imperium delvis på en " +"\"piratkopiering\" av verdiene som skapes av broadcasters' innhold." #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " "Expression: Copyright on the Internet--The Myth of Free Information, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #13</ulink>. " -"\"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work without " -"permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\"" +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#13</ulink>. \"The threat of piracy--the use of someone else's creative work " +"without permission or compensation--has grown with the Internet.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " -"from someone else's creative property without permission from that creator--" -"as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product and " -"beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable " +"from someone else's creative property without permission from that " +"creator--as it is increasingly described today<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> -- then every industry affected by copyright today is the product " +"and beneficiary of a certain kind of piracy. Film, records, radio, cable " "TV. . . . The list is long and could well be expanded. Every generation " "welcomes the pirates from the last. Every generation--until now." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "Kapittel fem: \"piratkopiering\"" @@ -4800,8 +4795,8 @@ msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " "taking of other people's content within a commercial context. Despite the " -"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is wrong. " -"No one should condone it, and the law should stop it." +"many justifications that are offered in its defense, this taking is " +"wrong. No one should condone it, and the law should stop it." msgstr "" "Det er piratkopiering av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. mye av det. Denne " "sjørøver kommer i mange former. den mest betydningsfulle er kommersielle " @@ -4809,15 +4804,15 @@ msgstr "" "kontekst. til tross for mange justifications som tilbys i sitt forsvar, er " "dette tar galt. ingen bør condone det, og loven skal slutte det." -#. PAGE BREAK 76 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " -"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking \"piracy," -"\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the harm of " -"this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, and the " -"law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in the past." +"many, and it is wrong much of the time. Before we paint this taking " +"\"piracy,\" however, we should understand its nature a bit more. For the " +"harm of this taking is significantly more ambiguous than outright copying, " +"and the law should account for that ambiguity, as it has so often done in " +"the past." msgstr "" "men samt kopieringsfirma piratkopiering, det er en annen type \"tar\" som er " "mer direkte relatert til Internett. det tar også, synes galt å mange, og det " @@ -4864,12 +4859,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for it. " -"We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred years " -"of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We were " -"born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem hypocritical " -"for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations treat as wrong " -"what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, treated as right." +"Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " +"it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " +"years of the American Republic, America did not honor foreign copyrights. We " +"were born, in this sense, a pirate nation. It might therefore seem " +"hypocritical for us to insist so strongly that other developing nations " +"treat as wrong what we, for the first hundred years of our existence, " +"treated as right." msgstr "" "som er ikke å si at unnskyldninger og justifications ikke kunne laget for " "den. Vi kan, for eksempel minne oss at for de første hundre år av den " @@ -4881,8 +4877,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " -"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American works. " -"Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the " +"taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " +"works. Thus the American publishers who published foreign works without the " "permission of foreign authors were not violating any rule. The copy shops " "in Asia, by contrast, are violating Asian law. Asian law does protect " "foreign copyrights, and the actions of the copy shops violate that law. So " @@ -4891,22 +4887,22 @@ msgid "" "legal wrong as well." msgstr "" "den unnskyldning er ikke veldig sterk. teknisk, vår lov ikke Ben å ta av " -"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske works. " -"Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer uten " -"tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter reglementet. " -"kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske lov. asiatiske lov " -"beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene til " -"kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. så feil for piratvirksomhet som de delta i " -"er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et " +"utenlandske fungerer. det begrenset eksplisitt seg til amerikanske " +"works. Dermed ble er amerikansk utgivere som publisert utenlandske fungerer " +"uten tillatelse fra utenlandske forfattere ikke bryter " +"reglementet. kopieringsfirmaer i asia, derimot, er krenkjer asiatiske " +"lov. asiatiske lov beskytter utenlandske opphavsrettigheter, og handlingene " +"til kopieringsfirmaer bryter den lov. så feil for piratvirksomhet som de " +"delta i er ikke bare en moralsk galt, men en juridisk galt, og ikke bare et " "internasjonalt juridiske galt, men en lokalt juridiske galt også." #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these countries. " -"No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to protect " -"copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, but we " -"will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." +"True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " +"countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " +"protect copyright internationally. We may have been born a pirate nation, " +"but we will not allow any other nation to have a similar childhood." msgstr "" "sant, disse lokale regler har, i kraft, blitt påtvunget disse landene. ikke " "noe land kan være en del av verdensøkonomien og velge ikke å beskytte " @@ -4915,20 +4911,21 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " -"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10­13, 209. The Trade-" -"Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement obligates " -"member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms for " -"intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing countries. " -"Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple industries " -"such as agriculture. Critics of TRIPS question the disparity between burdens " -"imposed upon developing countries and benefits conferred to industrialized " -"nations. TRIPS does permit governments to use patents for public, " -"noncommercial uses without first obtaining the patent holder's permission. " -"Developing nations may be able to use this to gain the benefits of foreign " -"patents at lower prices. This is a promising strategy for developing nations " -"within the TRIPS framework." +"Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10­13, 209. The " +"Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) agreement " +"obligates member nations to create administrative and enforcement mechanisms " +"for intellectual property rights, a costly proposition for developing " +"countries. Additionally, patent rights may lead to higher prices for staple " +"industries such as agriculture. Critics of TRIPS question the disparity " +"between burdens imposed upon developing countries and benefits conferred to " +"industrialized nations. TRIPS does permit governments to use patents for " +"public, noncommercial uses without first obtaining the patent holder's " +"permission. Developing nations may be able to use this to gain the benefits " +"of foreign patents at lower prices. This is a promising strategy for " +"developing nations within the TRIPS framework." msgstr "" "se peter drahos med john braithwaite, informasjon Føydalisme: hvem som eier " "knowledge economy? (new york: ny press, 2003), 10­13, 209. handel-relaterte " @@ -4956,17 +4953,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " -"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), 144­90. " -"\"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the copyright holder's " -"ability to appropriate the value of the work will be negligible. One obvious " -"instance is the case where the individual engaging in pirating would not " -"have purchased an original even if pirating were not an option.\" Ibid., 149." +"Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " +"144­90. \"In some instances . . . the impact of piracy on the copyright " +"holder's ability to appropriate the value of the work will be " +"negligible. One obvious instance is the case where the individual engaging " +"in pirating would not have purchased an original even if pirating were not " +"an option.\" Ibid., 149." msgstr "" "for en analyse av økonomiske virkningen av kopiering teknologi, kan du se " -"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), 144­" -"90. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering på " +"stan liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien (new york: amacom, 2002), " +"144­90. \"i noen tilfeller... virkningen av piratkopiering på " "opphavsrettsinnehavers evne til å tilegne verdien av arbeidet vil være " "ubetydelig. en opplagt forekomsten er tilfelle der individuelle engasjerende " "i pirating ikke ville ha kjøpt en original selv om pirating var ikke en " @@ -4981,7 +4980,7 @@ msgid "" "otherwise would have had.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4989,10 +4988,10 @@ msgid "" "taking. Extremists in this debate love to say, \"You wouldn't go into Barnes " "& Noble and take a book off of the shelf without paying; why should it " "be any different with on-line music?\" The difference is, of course, that " -"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to sell. " -"By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is not one " -"less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible are " -"different from the physics of piracy of the tangible." +"when you take a book from Barnes & Noble, it has one less book to " +"sell. By contrast, when you take an MP3 from a computer network, there is " +"not one less CD that can be sold. The physics of piracy of the intangible " +"are different from the physics of piracy of the tangible." msgstr "" "Dette er ofte til stede (skjønt jeg har venner som har kjøpt mange tusenvis " "av piratkopiert DVD som absolutt har nok penger til å betale for innholdet " @@ -5001,23 +5000,22 @@ msgstr "" "barnes & noble og ta en bok på sokkelen uten å betale; Hvorfor bør det " "være annerledes med on-line musikk?\"forskjellen er, selvfølgelig, at når du " "tar en bok fra barnes & noble, den har en mindre bok å selge. Når du tar " -"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan selges. " -"fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk av " -"piratkopiering av en konkret." +"en mp3 fra et datanettverk, er det derimot ikke en mindre cd som kan " +"selges. fysikk av piratkopiering av immaterielle er forskjellige fra fysikk " +"av piratkopiering av en konkret." -#. PAGE BREAK 78 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " "rights, the copyright gives the owner the right to decide the terms under " "which content is shared. If the copyright owner doesn't want to sell, she " "doesn't have to. There are exceptions: important statutory licenses that " -"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright owner. " -"Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content whether " -"or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not give " -"people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even if " -"the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is " +"apply to copyrighted content regardless of the wish of the copyright " +"owner. Those licenses give people the right to \"take\" copyrighted content " +"whether or not the copyright owner wants to sell. But where the law does not " +"give people the right to take content, it is wrong to take that content even " +"if the wrong does no harm. If we have a property system, and that system is " "properly balanced to the technology of a time, then it is wrong to take " "property without the permission of a property owner. That is exactly what " "\"property\" means." @@ -5051,19 +5049,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good one. " -"Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, for " -"example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The " +"This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " +"one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " +"for example, are given free access to the two largest legal databases. The " "companies marketing both hope the students will become so used to their " "service that they will want to use it and not the other when they become " "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" "Dette argumentet er også, noe sant. avhengighet-strategi er en god en. mange " "virksomheter praktisere det.. noen trives på grunn av den. Law studenter, " -"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske databasene. " -"selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt til deres " -"tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir jurister (og må " -"betale høy abonnementsavgift)." +"for eksempel får du gratis tilgang til de to største juridiske " +"databasene. selskapene markedsføring håper begge elevene vil så bli brukt " +"til deres tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir " +"jurister (og må betale høy abonnementsavgift)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5092,14 +5090,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "dermed mens jeg forstår drar av disse justifications for piratkopiering, og " "jeg absolutt se motivasjon, etter min mening, til slutt, kuttes disse " -"innsats på rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke det. " -"Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre ikke " -"innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer i. den " -"bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal ha. ingenting er " -"endret for å tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for piratkopiering er flat " -"ut feil." +"innsats på rettferdiggjørende kommersielle piratkopiering bare ikke " +"det. Denne typen piratkopiering er frodig og bare ren galt. det forandre " +"ikke innholdet det stjeler; det ikke forandre markedet den konkurrerer " +"i. den bare gir noen tilgang til noe som loven sier han ikke skal " +"ha. ingenting er endret for å tegne den lov i tvil. denne formen for " +"piratkopiering er flat ut feil." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -5172,6 +5170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " "National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " @@ -5201,15 +5200,14 @@ msgid "" "independently." msgstr "" -#. f6 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " "Scientist, 6 July 2002, 42; Benny Evangelista, \"Napster Names CEO, Secures " -"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's Wake-" -"Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at War " -"with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18." +"New Financing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 23 May 2003, C1; \"Napster's " +"Wake-Up Call,\" Economist, 24 June 2000, 23; John Naughton, \"Hollywood at " +"War with the Internet\" (London) Times, 26 July 2002, 18." msgstr "" "se carolyn lochhead, \"silicon valley dream, hollywood mareritt\" san " "francisco chronicle, 24 september 2002, a1; \"rock 'n' roll suicide,\" new " @@ -5245,8 +5243,7 @@ msgstr "" "og eldre har lastet ned musikk fra Internett og 30 prosent har lyttet til " "digitale musikkfiler som er lagret på datamaskinene sine." -#. f8 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " "Times, 6 June 2003, A1." @@ -5261,29 +5258,29 @@ msgid "" "estimated that 60 million Americans had downloaded music--28 percent of " "Americans older than 12.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A survey " "by the NPD group quoted in The New York Times estimated that 43 million " -"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May 2003." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these are not " -"kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is being " -"\"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of file-sharing " -"networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that they hadn't " -"before." +"citizens used file-sharing networks to exchange content in May " +"2003.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The vast majority of these " +"are not kids. Whatever the actual figure, a massive quantity of content is " +"being \"taken\" on these networks. The ease and inexpensiveness of " +"file-sharing networks have inspired millions to enjoy music in a way that " +"they hadn't before." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does not. " -"And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " +"Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " +"not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " "calculating the actual harm to copyright owners is more complicated than one " "might think. So consider--a bit more carefully than the polarized voices " "around this debate usually do--the kinds of sharing that file sharing " "enables, and the kinds of harm it entails." msgstr "" -"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd på opphavsrettigheter. noen av det ikke. " -"og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd på opphavsrettigheter, beregne " -"faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man skulle tro. " -"så vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt denne debatten " -"vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, og hva slags " -"skade det innebærer." +"noen av denne nyter innebærer brudd på opphavsrettigheter. noen av det " +"ikke. og selv blant delen som er teknisk brudd på opphavsrettigheter, " +"beregne faktiske skade til opphavsrett eiere er mer komplisert enn man " +"skulle tro. så vurdere--litt mer forsiktig enn polarisert stemmene rundt " +"denne debatten vanligvis gjør--hvilke deler som gir mulighet for fildeling, " +"og hva slags skade det innebærer." #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5305,12 +5302,12 @@ msgid "" "would. The latter are the target of category A: users who download instead " "of purchasing." msgstr "" -"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe innhold. " -"Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse brukerne " -"bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville faktisk ha " -"kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest trolig ikke " -"ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er målet for kategori " -"a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for å kjøpe." +"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe " +"innhold. Derfor, når en ny madonna cd frigis, i stedet for å kjøpe cd, disse " +"brukerne bare ta det. Vi kan liten uenighet om om alle som tar det ville " +"faktisk ha kjøpt den hvis deling ikke gjøre den tilgjengelig gratis. mest " +"trolig ikke ville ha, men klart det er noen som ville. sistnevnte er målet " +"for kategori a: brukere som laster ned i stedet for å kjøpe." #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -5331,8 +5328,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil faktisk være ganske god. netto effekt av en slik deling kan øke antallet " "av musikk som er kjøpt." -#. C. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -5377,6 +5373,7 @@ msgstr "hvordan disse ulike typer deling balanse?" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148­49." msgstr "se liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien, 148­49." @@ -5384,16 +5381,16 @@ msgstr "se liebowitz, rethinking nettverk økonomien, 148­49." msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " -"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly beneficial. " -"Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more exposure to " -"music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not otherwise " -"available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question to answer--" -"and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric around the issue " -"suggests." +"economics, only type A sharing is clearly harmful.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Type B sharing is illegal but plainly " +"beneficial. Type C sharing is illegal, yet good for society (since more " +"exposure to music is good) and harmless to the artist (since the work is not " +"otherwise available). So how sharing matters on balance is a hard question " +"to answer--and certainly much more difficult than the current rhetoric " +"around the issue suggests." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -5409,6 +5406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " "Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " @@ -5418,21 +5416,21 @@ msgid "" "audio tape became a threat, the Office of Technical Assessment conducted a " "survey of consumer behavior. In 1988, 40 percent of consumers older than ten " "had taped music to a cassette format. U.S. Congress, Office of Technology " -"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, OTA-" -"CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October 1989), " -"145­56." +"Assessment, Copyright and Home Copying: Technology Challenges the Law, " +"OTA-CIT-422 (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, October " +"1989), 145­56." msgstr "" "se cap gemini ernst og unge, teknologiutviklingen og music industriens " "business modell krisen (2003), 3. Denne rapporten beskriver musikkbransjens " -"innsats for å stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping på 1970-" -"tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og " -"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er å drepe musikk.\" på tiden digital audio tape " -"ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en undersøkelse av " -"forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere som er eldre enn " -"ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, office of technology " -"vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi utfordringer loven, ota-" -"cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing office, oktober 1989), 145­" -"56." +"innsats for å stigmatiserer spirende praksisen med kassett taping på " +"1970-tallet, inkludert en reklamekampanje med en kassett-figur skull og " +"bildeteksten \"hjem taping er å drepe musikk.\" på tiden digital audio " +"tape ble en trussel, office of tekniske vurdering gjennomført en " +"undersøkelse av forbrukernes adferd. i 1988 hadde 40 prosent av forbrukere " +"som er eldre enn ti tapet musikk til en kassett-format. USA Kongressen, " +"office of technology vurdering, copyright og hjem kopiering: teknologi " +"utfordringer loven, ota-cit-422 (washington, DC: USA Government printing " +"office, oktober 1989), 145­56." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5440,8 +5438,8 @@ msgid "" "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " "technology for any drop in sales. The history of cassette recording is a " "good example. As a study by Cap Gemini Ernst & Young put it, \"Rather " -"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought it." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every " +"than exploiting this new, popular technology, the labels fought " +"it.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The labels claimed that every " "album taped was an album unsold, and when record sales fell by 11.4 percent " "in 1981, the industry claimed that its point was proved. Technology was the " "problem, and banning or regulating technology was the answer." @@ -5458,8 +5456,8 @@ msgid "" "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " "the end,\" Cap Gemini concludes, \"the `crisis' . . . was not the fault of " "the tapers--who did not [stop after MTV came into being]--but had to a large " -"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major labels." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"extent resulted from stagnation in musical innovation at the major " +"labels.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5480,7 +5478,7 @@ msgstr "" "skadelig. spørsmålet er hvordan skadelige type er også en deling, og hvor " "nyttig de andre typene deling er." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -5491,8 +5489,8 @@ msgid "" "little static reason to resist them." msgstr "" "Vi begynner å svare på dette spørsmålet ved å fokusere på netto skade, fra " -"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net skaden" -"\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling " +"standpunktet av industrien som helhet, at deling nettverk. den \"net " +"skaden\" til industrien som helhet er beløpet etter hvilken type en deling " "overskrider type b. Hvis plateselskapene solgte flere poster gjennom " "prøvetaking enn de mistet gjennom substitusjonsbehandling, og deretter dele " "nettverk ville faktisk fordel musikk bedriftene på balanse. de ville derfor " @@ -5512,43 +5510,43 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #15</ulink>. " -"A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording Industry " -"Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #16</ulink>: " -"\"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have fallen by 26 " -"percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 in the " -"United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues are " -"down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based on " -"U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone from " -"a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 (based " -"on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#15</ulink>. A later report indicates even greater losses. See Recording " +"Industry Association of America, Some Facts About Music Piracy, 25 June " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#16</ulink>: \"In the past four years, unit shipments of recorded music have " +"fallen by 26 percent from 1.16 billion units in to 860 million units in 2002 " +"in the United States (based on units shipped). In terms of sales, revenues " +"are down 14 percent, from $14.6 billion in to $12.6 billion last year (based " +"on U.S. dollar value of shipments). The music industry worldwide has gone " +"from a $39 billion industry in 2000 down to a $32 billion industry in 2002 " +"(based on U.S. dollar value of shipments).\"" msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #17</" -"ulink>." +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#17</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " -"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few years. The " -"RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many other " -"causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, reports a " -"more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since 1999. That no " -"doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising prices could " -"account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the average " -"price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could also " -"account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, \"The " -"soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You could " -"get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"2\"/>" +"million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This confirms a trend over the past few " +"years. The RIAA blames Internet piracy for the trend, though there are many " +"other causes that could account for this drop. SoundScan, for example, " +"reports a more than 20 percent drop in the number of CDs released since " +"1999. That no doubt accounts for some of the decrease in sales. Rising " +"prices could account for at least some of the loss. \"From 1999 to 2001, the " +"average price of a CD rose 7.2 percent, from $13.04 to $14.19.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Competition from other forms of media could " +"also account for some of the decline. As Jane Black of BusinessWeek notes, " +"\"The soundtrack to the film High Fidelity has a list price of $18.98. You " +"could get the whole movie [on DVD] for $19.99.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 @@ -5567,20 +5565,20 @@ msgstr "" "gratis. Således, selv om 2,6 ganger det totale antallet CDer som selges ble " "lastet ned gratis, salgsinntekter falt med bare 6.7 prosent." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " "industry constantly asks, \"What's the difference between downloading a song " "and stealing a CD?\"--but their own numbers reveal the difference. If I " -"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost sale. " -"But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely clear " -"that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost sale--" -"if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then the " -"industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not a 7 " -"percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for free, " -"and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a huge " -"difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\"" +"steal a CD, then there is one less CD to sell. Every taking is a lost " +"sale. But on the basis of the numbers the RIAA provides, it is absolutely " +"clear that the same is not true of downloads. If every download were a lost " +"sale--if every use of Kazaa \"rob[bed] the author of [his] profit\"--then " +"the industry would have suffered a 100 percent drop in sales last year, not " +"a 7 percent drop. If 2.6 times the number of CDs sold were downloaded for " +"free, and yet sales revenue dropped by just 6.7 percent, then there is a " +"huge difference between \"downloading a song and stealing a CD.\"" msgstr "" "Det er for mange forskjellige ting skjer samtidig å forklare disse tallene " "definitively, men en konklusjon er uunngåelig: recording industry stadig " @@ -5612,8 +5610,8 @@ msgid "" "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law--Coming Soon to " "a Digital Device Near You: Hearing Before the Senate Committee on the " "Judiciary, 107th Cong., 1st sess. (3 April 2001) (prepared statement of the " -"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #18</ulink>." +"Future of Music Coalition), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #18</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5646,8 +5644,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "In real space--long before the Internet--the market had a simple response to " "this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands of used book " -"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they " +"and used record stores in America today.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> These stores buy content from owners, then sell the content they " "buy. And under American copyright law, when they buy and sell this content, " "even if the content is still under copyright, the copyright owner doesn't " "get a dime. Used book and record stores are commercial entities; their " @@ -5656,7 +5654,7 @@ msgid "" "the content they sell." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5684,9 +5682,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " -"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book stores. " -"Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be stopped, do " -"you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as well?" +"be better, it doesn't follow that it would be good to ban used book " +"stores. Or put differently, if you think that type C sharing should be " +"stopped, do you think that libraries and used book stores should be shut as " +"well?" msgstr "" "Det kan godt være, alle ting betraktes, at det ville være bedre hvis eieren " "av opphavsretten fikk noe fra denne handelen. men bare fordi det kan godt " @@ -5694,8 +5693,7 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandlere. eller sagt på en annen måte, hvis du tror at typen c deling bør " "stoppes, tror du at biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere bør være stengt også?" -#. PAGE BREAK 86 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur--the sharing of content that copyright owners want to have " @@ -5707,8 +5705,8 @@ msgid "" "for the \"real\" book. People would read part on-line, and then decide " "whether they liked the book or not. If they liked it, they would be more " "likely to buy it. Doctorow's content is type D content. If sharing networks " -"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better off. " -"(Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" +"enable his work to be spread, then both he and society are better " +"off. (Actually, much better off: It is a great book!)" msgstr "" "til slutt, og kanskje viktigst, tillater fildelings-nettverk typen d deling " "oppstår--deling av innhold som eiere av opphavsretter vil har delt eller som " @@ -5717,11 +5715,11 @@ msgstr "" "eksempel utgitt sin første roman, ned og ut i magiske riket, begge to ledig " "online og i bokhandlere på samme dag. hans (og hans publisher) tenker var at " "on-line distribusjonen vil være en stor annonse for \"ekte\" boken. folk vil " -"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller ikke. " -"Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig å kjøpe den. Doctorow er " -"innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid til " -"å bli spredt, er både han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: det er " -"en stor bok!)" +"lese delen on-line, og deretter bestemmer deg om de likte boken eller " +"ikke. Hvis de likte det, ville de være mer sannsynlig å kjøpe den. Doctorow " +"er innholdet er typen d innhold. Hvis deling nettverk aktiverer sitt arbeid " +"til å bli spredt, er både han og samfunnet bedre. (faktisk, mye bedre av: " +"det er en stor bok!)" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5735,7 +5733,7 @@ msgstr "" "løse problemet med skriver du inn en deling ødelegge muligheten for typen d " "deling, så vi mister noe viktig for å beskytte type en innhold." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -5747,7 +5745,7 @@ msgstr "" "fildeling? Hva er effektiviteten? Hva er innholdet som ellers ville være " "utilgjengelig?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -5771,7 +5769,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunstnere. spørsmålet er en av balanse. loven bør søke denne balansen, og " "denne balansen blir funnet bare med tid." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -5794,12 +5792,12 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " -"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case itself. " -"When Napster told the district court that it had developed a technology to " -"block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing material, the " -"district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not good enough. " -"Napster had to push the infringements \"down to zero.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"one class of sharing. That much is obvious from the Napster case " +"itself. When Napster told the district court that it had developed a " +"technology to block the transfer of 99.4 percent of identified infringing " +"material, the district court told counsel for Napster 99.4 percent was not " +"good enough. Napster had to push the infringements \"down to " +"zero.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -5814,15 +5812,15 @@ msgid "" "and beneficial uses they serve, simply to assure that there are zero " "copyright infringements caused by p2p." msgstr "" -"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, så dette er en krig mot fildelings-" -"teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd på opphavsrettigheter. Det er ingen måte " -"å sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i samsvar med " -"loven, noe mer enn det er en måte å sikre at 100 prosent av videospillere " -"eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av håndvåpen brukes i " -"overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null p2p. EFTA-domstolens " -"avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn må miste fordelene med p2p, selv for " -"den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener bare for å sikre at det er " -"null opphavsrett infringements forårsaket av p2p." +"Hvis 99.4 prosent er ikke god nok, så dette er en krig mot " +"fildelings-teknologier, ikke en krig mot brudd på opphavsrettigheter. Det er " +"ingen måte å sikre at en p2p-systemet er brukt 100 prosent av tiden i " +"samsvar med loven, noe mer enn det er en måte å sikre at 100 prosent av " +"videospillere eller 100 prosent av xerox maskiner eller 100 prosent av " +"håndvåpen brukes i overensstemmelse med loven. nulltoleranse betyr null " +"p2p. EFTA-domstolens avgjørelse betyr at vi som et samfunn må miste " +"fordelene med p2p, selv for den helt lovlig og fordelaktig bruker de tjener " +"bare for å sikre at det er null opphavsrett infringements forårsaket av p2p." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5841,7 +5839,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre legitime rettighetene til skapere samtidig beskytte innovasjon. noen " "ganger har dette betydde mer rettigheter for skapere. noen ganger mindre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5856,11 +5854,12 @@ msgstr "" "så, som vi har sett, når \"mekaniske reproduksjon\" truet interessene til " "komponister, Kongressen balansert rettigheter mot interessene til " "musikkindustrien. det tildelt rights composers, men også artistene: " -"komponister var å bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av Kongressen. " -"men når radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av disse " -"artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" ikke var " -"blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har å betale dem for kreativitet " -"det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte fordel var nok." +"komponister var å bli betalt, men til en pris som er fastsatt av " +"Kongressen. men når radioen begynte kringkasting innspillingene er gjort av " +"disse artister og de klaget til Kongressen at deres \"kreative eiendom\" " +"ikke var blir respektert (siden radiostasjonen ikke har å betale dem for " +"kreativitet det kringkaste), Kongressen avvist deres krav. en indirekte " +"fordel var nok." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -5883,14 +5882,14 @@ msgid "" "served two important goals--indeed, the two central goals of any copyright " "legislation. First, the law assured that new innovators would have the " "freedom to develop new ways to deliver content. Second, the law assured " -"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was distributed. " -"One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay copyright " -"holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright holders " -"associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this new " -"technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use broadcasters' " -"content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized cable. Thus " -"Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without giving the past " -"(broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." +"that copyright holders would be paid for the content that was " +"distributed. One fear was that if Congress simply required cable TV to pay " +"copyright holders whatever they demanded for their content, then copyright " +"holders associated with broadcasters would use their power to stifle this " +"new technology, cable. But if Congress had permitted cable to use " +"broadcasters' content for free, then it would have unfairly subsidized " +"cable. Thus Congress chose a path that would assure compensation without " +"giving the past (broadcasters) control over the future (cable)." msgstr "" "denne sårbarheten, som kompromiss som påvirker poster og spilleren pianoer, " "servert to viktige mål--faktisk to sentrale målene noen opphavsrett " @@ -5901,11 +5900,11 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett hva de krevde for innholdet, og deretter rettighetshavere som er " "tilknyttet broadcasters ville bruke sin makt for å undertrykke denne nye " "teknologien, kabel. men hvis Kongressen hadde tillatt kabelen til bruk " -"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte kabel. " -"Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten å gi " -"siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." +"broadcasters' innhold gratis, ville det ha urettferdig subsidierte " +"kabel. Dermed Kongressen valgte en bane som ville forsikre kompensasjon uten " +"å gi siste (broadcasters) kontroll over fremtiden (kabel)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5929,8 +5928,7 @@ msgstr "" "drar nytte av opphavsretten til sine kunder. Det bør derfor disney og " "universal hevdet, være delvis ansvarlig for at krenkelse." -#. PAGE BREAK 89 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5945,15 +5943,15 @@ msgid "" "wanted to hold it responsible for the architecture it chose." msgstr "" "Det var noe til disney's og universal's krav. Sony bestemmer deg for å " -"utforme sin maskin for å gjøre det svært enkelt å spille inn TV-programmer. " -"Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre enhver direkte " -"kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har bygget maskinen " -"for å kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" signal på linjen. " -"Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi noen tillatelse til " -"å kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil flertallet av viser " -"ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne åpenbare " -"preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system å minimere muligheten for " -"brudd på opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og " +"utforme sin maskin for å gjøre det svært enkelt å spille inn " +"TV-programmer. Det kan ha bygget maskinen hvis du vil blokkere, eller hindre " +"enhver direkte kopiere fra en TV kringkasting. eller muligens den kunne har " +"bygget maskinen for å kopiere bare hvis det var en spesiell \"Kopier meg\" " +"signal på linjen. Det var klart at det var mange TV-programmer som ikke gi " +"noen tillatelse til å kopiere. faktisk, hvis noen hadde spurt, ingen tvil " +"flertallet av viser ville ikke har autorisert kopiering. og i møte med denne " +"åpenbare preferanse, sony kan har utformet sitt system å minimere muligheten " +"for brudd på opphavsrettigheter. det gjorde ikke, og for det, disney og " "universal ønsket å holde den ansvarlig for arkitektur som er valgt." #. f18 @@ -5977,11 +5975,11 @@ msgstr "opphavsrett infringements (lyd og video-opptakere), 475." #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C." -"D. Cal., 1979)." +"Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, " +"(C.D. Cal., 1979)." msgstr "" -"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 f. supp. " -"429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." +"Universal city studios, inc. v. sony Corporation of america, 480 " +"f. supp. 429, (klientadgangslisens CAL (CD), 1979)." #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> @@ -5998,14 +5996,14 @@ msgid "" "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " "these VCRs in the land, we will be invaded by millions of `tapeworms,' " "eating away at the very heart and essence of the most precious asset the " -"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and creative " -"judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on the after-" -"theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings that will " -"adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this country. It " -"is simply a question of basic economics and plain common sense." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would later " -"show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " +"copyright owner has, his copyright.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> \"One does not have to be trained in sophisticated marketing and " +"creative judgment,\" he told Congress, \"to understand the devastation on " +"the after-theater marketplace caused by the hundreds of millions of tapings " +"that will adversely impact on the future of the creative community in this " +"country. It is simply a question of basic economics and plain common " +"sense.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Indeed, as surveys would " +"later show, percent of VCR owners had movie libraries of ten videos or " "more<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> --a use the Court would later " "hold was not \"fair.\" By \"allowing VCR owners to copy freely by the means " "of an exemption from copyright infringement without creating a mechanism to " @@ -6063,21 +6061,23 @@ msgid "" "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " "copyrighted materials. Congress has the constitutional authority and the " "institutional ability to accommodate fully the varied permutations of " -"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new technology." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"competing interests that are inevitably implicated by such new " +"technology.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " -"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this \"taking" -"\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is clear:" +"request. Congress was convinced that American film got enough, this " +"\"taking\" notwithstanding. If we put these cases together, a pattern is " +"clear:" msgstr "" "Kongressen ble bedt om å svare på den Høyesterett beslutningen. men som med " -"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert forespørselen. " -"Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, denne \"tar\" til " -"tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et mønster er klart:" +"appell av artister om radiosendinger, Kongressen ignorert " +"forespørselen. Kongressen var overbevist om at amerikanske film fikk nok, " +"denne \"tar\" til tross for. Hvis vi setter disse tilfellene sammen, et " +"mønster er klart:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> msgid "Table" @@ -6087,7 +6087,7 @@ msgstr "tabell" msgid "CASE" msgstr "tilfelle" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "verdien var \"piratkopiert\"" @@ -6141,28 +6141,29 @@ msgstr "filmen skaperne" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " "regulated by Congress to minimize the risk of piracy. The remedy Congress " "imposed did burden DAT producers, by taxing tape sales and controlling the " "technology of DAT. See Audio Home Recording Act of 1992 (Title 17 of the " -"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 U." -"S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the " +"United States Code), Pub. L. No. 102-563, 106 Stat. 4237, codified at 17 " +"U.S.C. §1001. Again, however, this regulation did not eliminate the " "opportunity for free riding in the sense I've described. See Lessig, Future, " "71. See also Picker, \"From Edison to the Broadcast Flag,\" University of " "Chicago Law Review 70 (2003): 293­96." msgstr "" "disse er de viktigste forekomstene i vår historie, men det finnes andre " "tilfeller også. teknologi for digital audio tape (dat), for eksempel var " -"regulert av Kongressen for å minimere risikoen for piratkopiering. " -"rettsmiddel Kongressen pålagt belaster dat produsenter, taxing bånd salg og " -"kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem innspillingen act av 1992 " -"(tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 stat. 4237, kodifisert på " -"17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke eliminere muligheten gratis " -"ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se også " -"datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget kringkasting,\" university of chicago " -"lov gjennomgå 70 (2003): 293­96." +"regulert av Kongressen for å minimere risikoen for " +"piratkopiering. rettsmiddel Kongressen pålagt belaster dat produsenter, " +"taxing bånd salg og kontrollere teknologien for dat. ser lyd Hjem " +"innspillingen act av 1992 (tittel 17 av USA-koden), pub. l. nr. 102-563, 106 " +"stat. 4237, kodifisert på 17 USC §1001. igjen, men denne forskriften ikke " +"eliminere muligheten gratis ridning i den forstand jeg har beskrevet. se " +"lessig, fremtidige, 71. Se også datovelger, \"fra edison til flagget " +"kringkasting,\" university of chicago lov gjennomgå 70 (2003): 293­96." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -6172,8 +6173,7 @@ msgid "" "ride\" on someone else's work." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 91 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " "riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " @@ -6190,8 +6190,8 @@ msgstr "" "hans copyright opprettet. i alle tilfeller klaget opphavsrett eierne av " "\"piratkopiering.\" i alle tilfeller, Kongressen handlet for å gjenkjenne " "noen av legitimitet i virkemåten til den \"pirater.\" i hvert tilfelle " -"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for å dra nytte av innhold gjort før. " -"det balansert interesser på spill." +"Kongressen tillatt noen ny teknologi for å dra nytte av innhold gjort " +"før. det balansert interesser på spill." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -6216,8 +6216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." +msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" "Sony Corporation of america v. universal city studios, inc., 464 amerikanske " "417, (1984)." @@ -6235,23 +6234,23 @@ msgid "" "facilitate the distribution of content." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " -"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires vs. " -"wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not become a " -"tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law become a tool " -"to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more accurately, " -"distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last chapter of " -"this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow the market " -"to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute content. This " -"will require changes in the law, at least in the interim. These changes " -"should be designed to balance the protection of the law against the strong " -"public interest that innovation continue." +"changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " +"vs. wireless) is changing very quickly. No doubt the network should not " +"become a tool for \"stealing\" from artists. But neither should the law " +"become a tool to entrench one particular way in which artists (or more " +"accurately, distributors) get paid. As I describe in some detail in the last " +"chapter of this book, we should be securing income to artists while we allow " +"the market to secure the most efficient way to promote and distribute " +"content. This will require changes in the law, at least in the " +"interim. These changes should be designed to balance the protection of the " +"law against the strong public interest that innovation continue." msgstr "" "Vi bør gjøre samme i dag. teknologien for Internett endrer seg raskt. endrer " -"måten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trådløs) svært raskt. " -"ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra " +"måten brukere koble seg til Internett (ledninger vs. trådløs) svært " +"raskt. ingen tvil om bør nettverket ikke bli et verktøy for \"stjele\" fra " "artister. men heller ikke bør loven bli et verktøy for å innarbeide en " "bestemte måten hvilke artister (eller mer nøyaktig, distributører) får " "betalt. som jeg beskriver i noen detalj i det siste kapitlet i denne boken, " @@ -6261,8 +6260,7 @@ msgstr "" "utformet for å balansere beskyttelsen av loven mot sterk offentlig interesse " "at innovasjon fortsette." -#. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." @@ -6288,7 +6286,7 @@ msgid "" "good use for the car before we arrest him?\"" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " "just as any other property is protected.\"" @@ -6296,7 +6294,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"det er vår eiendom,\" insisterer warriors. \"og det bør være beskyttet på " "samme måte som en annen egenskap er beskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "egenskapen" @@ -6313,16 +6311,16 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten til å holde for noen pris som han ønsker. markeder regner " "tilbud og etterspørsel som delvis bestemmer prisen hun kan få." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " -"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very odd. " -"I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in your " -"backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, you " -"don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to put " -"a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying a " -"table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" +"Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any expression is very " +"odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the picnic table you put in " +"your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic table, and after I take it, " +"you don't have it. But what am I taking when I take the good idea you had to " +"put a picnic table in the backyard--by, for example, going to Sears, buying " +"a table, and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" "men i vanlig språk, å ringe en copyright \"property\" høyre er litt " "misvisende, for copyright-egenskapen er en odde type bolig. selve ideen om " @@ -6335,6 +6333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " @@ -6370,8 +6369,7 @@ msgstr "" "loven sier du ikke kan ta min ide eller uttrykk uten min tillatelse: loven " "blir immaterielle eiendom." -#. f2 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -6385,19 +6383,19 @@ msgstr "" "eiendomsrettigheter immaterielle. egenskapen rett er ganske enkelt en " "rettighet som en person har mot verden å gjøre eller ikke gjøre visse ting " "som kan eller ikke kan koble til et fysisk objekt. høyre selv er " -"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er varige. " -"se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? å sette dem tilbake sammen,\"-arizona " -"lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." +"immaterielle, selv om objektet som det er (metaforisk) tilknyttet er " +"varige. se adam mossoff, \"Hva er egenskapen? å sette dem tilbake " +"sammen,\"-arizona lov, se 45 (2003): 373, 429 n. 241." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other words--" -"matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the intangible " -"into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its proper " -"context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"But how, and to what extent, and in what form--the details, in other " +"words--matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " +"intangible into property emerged, we need to place this \"property\" in its " +"proper context.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -6421,6 +6419,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "kapittel seks: grunnleggerne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " @@ -6441,6 +6440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -6452,14 +6452,15 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jacob tonson er vanligvis husket for hans assosiasjoner med fremtredende " "1700-tallet litterære figurer, spesielt john dryden, og for hans kjekk " -"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, utga " -"en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den engelske " -"canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john milton, og " -"john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob tonson, bokhandel," -"\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 424­31." +"\"endelige versjoner\" av klassiske verk. i tillegg til romeo og Julie, " +"utga en utrolig rekke fungerer som fortsatt er igjen i hjertet av den " +"engelske canon, inkludert collected works Shakespeare, ben jonson, john " +"milton, og john dryden. se Pioquinto Bernal Pioquinto Bernal, \"jacob " +"tonson, bokhandel,\" amerikansk forsker-61:3 (1992): 424­31." #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151­52." @@ -6470,20 +6471,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the \"copy-" -"right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive right of " -"a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group of publishers called " -"the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who controlled " -"bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a " -"perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had acquired from " -"authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could publish copies of " -"a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus " -"kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." +"In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the " +"\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive " +"right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Tonson was the most prominent of a small group " +"of publishers called the Conger<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> who " +"controlled bookselling in England during the eighteenth century. The Conger " +"claimed a perpetual right to control the \"copy\" of books that they had " +"acquired from authors. That perpetual right meant that no one else could " +"publish copies of a book to which they held the copyright. Prices of the " +"classics were thus kept high; competition to produce better or cheaper " +"editions was eliminated." msgstr "" -#. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." @@ -6499,13 +6500,13 @@ msgid "" "\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all " "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable once " "if the author was alive, and that all works already published by 1710 would " -"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in " -"1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under Tonson's control " -"in 1774?" +"get a single term of twenty-one additional years.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have " +"been free in 1731. So why was there any issue about it still being under " +"Tonson's control in 1774?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was--indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of Anne, " @@ -6525,7 +6526,7 @@ msgstr "" "positiv lov som sa at det hadde en eksklusiv rett til å skrive ut bøker i " "utgivere, eller \"stationers\"." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " "Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " @@ -6547,16 +6548,15 @@ msgstr "" "etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet opphavsretten, " "uavhengig av lovverket positiv." -#. PAGE BREAK 98 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " -"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign publishers. " -"The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and exporting " -"books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the Conger, which " -"reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give them exclusive " -"control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in the Statute of " -"Anne." +"were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " +"publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and " +"exporting books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the " +"Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again give " +"them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately resulted in " +"the Statute of Anne." msgstr "" "Dette spørsmålet var viktig til utgivere eller \"bokhandlere,\" som de ble " "kalt, fordi det var økende konkurransen fra utenlandske utgivere. Skottland, " @@ -6565,7 +6565,7 @@ msgstr "" "parlamentet pass en lov til å igjen gi dem eksklusiv kontroll over " "publisering. som krever til slutt resulterte i Vedtektene for anne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -6591,7 +6591,7 @@ msgstr "" "begrense eneretten? ikke hvorfor ville de begrenser den til den bestemte " "limit de satt, men hvorfor ville begrense retten til alle?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " @@ -6613,18 +6613,17 @@ msgstr "" "uten hans, eller hans eiendom, tillatelse? Hva grunn er der for å tillate at " "noen andre \"stjele\" Shakespeares arbeid?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " -"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of Anne. " -"Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\"" +"the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " +"Anne. Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\"" msgstr "" "svaret kommer i to deler. Først må vi se noe spesielt med oppfatningen av " "\"copyright\" som fantes på tidspunktet for Vedtektene for anne. andre, har " "vi å se noe viktig om \"bokhandlere.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 99 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -6648,16 +6647,16 @@ msgstr "" "til eksklusiv rett til å kopiere, eksklusiv rett til å distribuere, " "eksklusiv rett til å utføre, og så videre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " "was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the permission of " "the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled anything, for example, " "about how the work could be performed, whether the work could be translated, " -"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The \"copy-" -"right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but also " -"no more." +"or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to make his films. The " +"\"copy-right\" was only an exclusive right to print--no less, of course, but " +"also no more." msgstr "" "så, for eksempel, selv om opphavsretten til Shakespeares verker var " "evigvarende, alle som ville ha betydd under den opprinnelige betydningen av " @@ -6668,7 +6667,7 @@ msgstr "" "eksklusiv rett til å skrive ut--ikke desto mindre, selvfølgelig, men også " "ikke mer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -6692,7 +6691,7 @@ msgstr "" "1710, parlamentet var ivrig etter å håndtere det voksende monopolet i " "publisering." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -6706,9 +6705,9 @@ msgstr "" "sett på som en rettighet som bør være begrenset. (men overbevisende " "påstanden om at \"det er min eiendom, og jeg skulle ha det evig,\" prøve lød " "overbevisende når ytre, \"det er min monopol, og jeg skulle ha det evig.\") " -"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det dratt av samfunnet. " -"britene så skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har vedtatt en lov " -"for å stoppe dem." +"staten ville beskytte eneretten, men bare så lenge det dratt av " +"samfunnet. britene så skadene fra specialinterest favoriserer; de har " +"vedtatt en lov for å stoppe dem." #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -6721,16 +6720,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a monopoly. " -"It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. Booksellers " -"sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as harmless in " -"seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were increasingly seen as " -"monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's repression, selling the " -"liberty of England to guarantee themselves a monopoly profit. The attacks " -"against these monopolists were harsh: Milton described them as \"old " -"patentees and monopolizers in the trade of book-selling\"; they were \"men " -"who do not therefore labour in an honest profession to which learning is " -"indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " +"monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " +"Booksellers sound quaint and harmless to us. They were not viewed as " +"harmless in seventeenth-century England. Members of the Conger were " +"increasingly seen as monopolists of the worst kind--tools of the Crown's " +"repression, selling the liberty of England to guarantee themselves a " +"monopoly profit. The attacks against these monopolists were harsh: Milton " +"described them as \"old patentees and monopolizers in the trade of " +"book-selling\"; they were \"men who do not therefore labour in an honest " +"profession to which learning is indetted.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -6822,7 +6822,7 @@ msgid "" "private Gain of the Booksellers.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6851,28 +6851,30 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " "Vaidhyanathan, 37­48." msgstr "" -"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig bruk\" " -"vanderbilt lov gå gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk overbevisende-" -"konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 37­48." +"Lyman rokke patterson, \"ytringsfriheten, opphavsrett, og rettferdig " +"bruk\" vanderbilt lov gå gjennom 40 (1987): 28. for en fantastisk " +"overbevisende-konto, kan du se vaidhyanathan, 37­48." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " -"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers . . . " -"had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for cattle." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't care squat " -"for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly profit that the " -"author's work gave." +"then, as law professor Raymond Patterson has put it, \"The publishers " +". . . had as much concern for authors as a cattle rancher has for " +"cattle.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The bookseller didn't " +"care squat for the rights of the author. His concern was the monopoly " +"profit that the author's work gave." msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62­69." @@ -6910,8 +6912,8 @@ msgid "" "publishing house prospered and became \"something of a center for literary " "Scotsmen.\" \"[A]mong them,\" Professor Mark Rose writes, was \"the young " "James Boswell who, together with his friend Andrew Erskine, published an " -"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"anthology of contemporary Scottish poems with Donaldson.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. f10 @@ -6928,13 +6930,13 @@ msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " "editions \"of the most popular English books, in defiance of the supposed " -"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he " +"common law right of Literary Property.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> His books undercut the Conger prices by 30 to 50 percent, and he " "rested his right to compete upon the ground that, under the Statute of Anne, " "the works he was selling had passed out of protection." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -6944,8 +6946,7 @@ msgstr "" "donaldson's. en rekke handlinger var vellykket mot \"pirates,\" den " "viktigste tidlige seieren blir millar v. taylor." -#. f11 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " @@ -6959,13 +6960,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " -"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the statute. " -"After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a competing " -"volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the Statute of " -"Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Statute of Anne, and therefore received the full protection of the " +"statute. After the term of copyright ended, Robert Taylor began printing a " +"competing volume. Millar sued, claiming a perpetual common law right, the " +"Statute of Anne notwithstanding.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6994,21 +6995,21 @@ msgid "" "that Parliament had struggled with in 1710: How best to limit the monopoly " "power of publishers? Parliament's strategy was to offer a term for existing " "works that was long enough to buy peace in 1710, but short enough to assure " -"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of time. " -"Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature from the " -"controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that we " -"inherited." +"that culture would pass into competition within a reasonable period of " +"time. Within twenty-one years, Parliament believed, Britain would mature " +"from the controlled culture that the Crown coveted to the free culture that " +"we inherited." msgstr "" "regnet som et spørsmål om abstrakt rettferdighet--resonnement som om " -"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmål om logiske fradrag fra første prinsipper--" -"mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den ignorert var " -"større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan man best kan " -"begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var å tilby en frist " -"for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til å kjøpe fred i 1710, men kort nok " -"til å sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen innen en rimelig " -"tidsperiode. innen tjueen år, parlamentet trodd, Storbritannia ville modne " -"fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til gratis kultur som vi har " -"arvet." +"rettferdighet var bare et spørsmål om logiske fradrag fra første " +"prinsipper--mansfield's konklusjon kan gjøre noen følelse. men hva den " +"ignorert var større problemet parlamentet hadde slitt med i 1710: hvordan " +"man best kan begrense monopol makt utgivere? parlamentets strategi var å " +"tilby en frist for eksisterende verk som var lang nok til å kjøpe fred i " +"1710, men kort nok til å sikre at kultur ville passere inn i konkurransen " +"innen en rimelig tidsperiode. innen tjueen år, parlamentet trodd, " +"Storbritannia ville modne fra den kontrollerte kulturen som kronen tatt til " +"gratis kultur som vi har arvet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7026,8 +7027,8 @@ msgstr "ibid., 1156." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " -"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas Beckett." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " +"sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " +"Beckett.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Donaldson then released an " "unauthorized edition of Thomson's works. Beckett, on the strength of the " "decision in Millar, got an injunction against Donaldson. Donaldson appealed " "the case to the House of Lords, which functioned much like our own Supreme " @@ -7055,7 +7056,7 @@ msgstr "" "Vedtektene for anne utløpt, fungerer som hadde vært beskyttet av Vedtektene " "var ikke lenger beskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -7086,15 +7087,15 @@ msgstr "" "forståelse av sedvanerett, nå en copyright ble løst i en begrenset periode, " "hvoretter arbeidet beskyttet av opphavsrett sendes til public domain." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " "clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " "argument that common law copyrights were perpetual. After 1774, the public " "domain was born. For the first time in Anglo-American history, the legal " "control over creative works expired, and the greatest works in English " -"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and Bunyan--" -"were free of legal restraint." +"history--including those of Shakespeare, Bacon, Milton, Johnson, and " +"Bunyan--were free of legal restraint." msgstr "" "\"i public domain.\" før saken av donaldson v. beckett, det var ingen klar " "idé av et offentlig-domene i england. før 1774 var det en sterk argumentet " @@ -7118,8 +7119,8 @@ msgid "" "so much engrossed the attention of the public, and none has been tried " "before the House of Lords in the decision of which so many individuals were " "interested.\" \"Great rejoicing in Edinburgh upon victory over literary " -"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"property: bonfires and illuminations.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -7141,8 +7142,7 @@ msgid "" "devise to their successors.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 105 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -7159,7 +7159,8 @@ msgid "" "chose to let it develop-- chose in the books they bought and wrote; chose in " "the memes they repeated and endorsed. Chose in a competitive context, not a " "context in which the choices about what culture is available to people and " -"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the many." +"how they get access to it are made by the few despite the wishes of the " +"many." msgstr "" "\"ødela\" er litt av en overdrivelse. men det er ingen overdrivelse å si at " "endringen var dyp. vedtaket av house of lords betydde at bokhandlerne ikke " @@ -7202,8 +7203,8 @@ msgstr "" "Jon annet er en filmskaper. Han er best kjent for sin dokumentarer og har " "vært svært vellykket i å spre sin kunst. Han er også en lærer, og som lærer " "meg selv, jeg misunner lojalitet og beundring at hans elever føler seg for " -"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et middagsselskap. " -"Han var deres Gud)." +"ham. (jeg møtte, ved et uhell, to av hans studenter ved et " +"middagsselskap. Han var deres Gud)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7242,7 +7243,7 @@ msgstr "" "simpsons. som andre dømt det denne touch tegneserie hjalp fangst smaken av " "det som var spesielt med scenen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " @@ -7265,11 +7266,11 @@ msgid "" "was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, " "the company that produces the program." msgstr "" -"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for å få tillatelse. " -"Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde på en " -"liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det vondt? Groening var glade " -"for å ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for å kontakte gracie films, " -"firmaet som lager programmet." +"annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for å få " +"tillatelse. Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en " +"halfsecond-bilde på en liten TV satt i hjørnet av rommet. Hvordan kan det " +"vondt? Groening var glade for å ha det i filmen, men han fortalt annet for å " +"kontakte gracie films, firmaet som lager programmet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7280,12 +7281,12 @@ msgid "" "just confirming the permission with Fox." msgstr "" "Gracie films var bra med den, også, men de, som groening, ønsket å være " -"forsiktig. så de fortalte andre for å kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " -"annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom skutt av " -"filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre sier. Han var " -"bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." +"forsiktig. så de fortalte andre for å kontakte fox, gracie's " +"morselskapet. annet kalt fox og fortalte dem om klippet i hjørnet av ett rom " +"skutt av filmen. Matt groening hadde allerede gitt tillatelse, andre " +"sier. Han var bare bekrefte tillatelsen med fox." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation--or at least that someone [at " @@ -7301,7 +7302,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruke denne fire-punkt-fem sekunder... helt uønsket simpsons som var i " "hjørnet av skutt.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -7315,8 +7316,7 @@ msgstr "" "var pedagogisk ofte, herrera fortalte ellers. en dag eller så senere, ellers " "kalles på nytt for å bekrefte hva han hadde blitt fortalt." -#. PAGE BREAK 108 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -7354,9 +7354,9 @@ msgid "" "copyrighted material thus sometimes requires the permission of the copyright " "owner. If the use that Else wanted to make of the Simpsons copyright were " "one of the uses restricted by the law, then he would need to get the " -"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that way. " -"And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set the " -"price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control." +"permission of the copyright owner before he could use the work in that " +"way. And in a free market, it is the owner of the copyright who gets to set " +"the price for any use that the law says the owner gets to control." msgstr "" "Det er ingen tvil om at noen om matt groening eller fox, eier opphavsretten " "til simpsons. at opphavsretten er deres eiendom. for å bruke at " @@ -7367,7 +7367,7 @@ msgstr "" "måten. og i et fritt marked, det er eieren av opphavsretten hvem som kan " "angi pris for bruk som loven sier eieren får kontroll." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " "copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " @@ -7378,18 +7378,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "\"offentlig fremføring\" er for eksempel en bruk av simpsons blir eieren av " "opphavsretten til kontrollen. Hvis du tar et utvalg av favoritt episoder, " -"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til å komme se \"min favoritt simpsons" -"\", må du få tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " +"leie en kino, og betalt for billetter til å komme se \"min favoritt " +"simpsons\", må du få tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. og " "rettighetsinnehaveren (med rette, i min mening) kan lade hva hun ønsker--$ " "10 eller $1,000,000. Det er hennes høyre, som er angitt av loven." -#. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " -"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred " -"\" (draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August " +"William F. Patry, \"Fair Use and Statutory Reform in the Wake of Eldred \" " +"(draft on file with author), University of Chicago Law School, 5 August " "2003." msgstr "" "Hvis et utmerket argument at slik bruk er \"rettferdig bruk\", men at " @@ -7406,15 +7405,13 @@ msgid "" "of The Simpsons--and fair use does not require the permission of anyone." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 109 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" "så jeg spurte er hvorfor han ikke bare stole på \"rettferdig bruk.\" her " "annet hans svar:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " "lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " @@ -7430,14 +7427,13 @@ msgstr "" "i en absolutt juridisk forstand. men jeg kunne ikke stole på konseptet på " "noen konkret måte. Her er hvorfor:" -#. 1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " -"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue sheet" -"\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the film. They " -"take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can grind the " -"application process to a halt." +"and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " +"sheet\" listing the source and licensing status of each shot in the " +"film. They take a dim view of \"fair use,\" and a claim of \"fair use\" can " +"grind the application process to a halt." msgstr "" "før vår filmer som kan sendes, krever nettverket at vi kjøper feil og " "utelatelser forsikring. operatører krever en detaljert \"visual cue ark\" " @@ -7467,15 +7463,13 @@ msgstr "" "selv ordensforstyrrelser juridiske problemer, og selv for å forsvare et " "prinsipp." -#. 3. -#. PAGE BREAK 110 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law " -"School . . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " -"would \"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless " -"of the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had " -"the bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." +"I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " +". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " +"\"depose and litigate you to within an inch of your life,\" regardless of " +"the merits of my claim. He made clear that it would boil down to who had the " +"bigger legal department and the deeper pockets, me or them." msgstr "" "Jeg gjorde, faktisk snakke med en av dine kolleger ved stanford law " "school... som bekreftet at det var rimelig bruk. han bekreftet også at fox " @@ -7511,10 +7505,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its eighteenth-" -"century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect publishers' profits " -"against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has matured into a sword that " -"interferes with any use, transformative or not." +"This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " +"eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " +"publishers' profits against the unfair competition of a pirate. It has " +"matured into a sword that interferes with any use, transformative or not." msgstr "" "denne øvelsen viser bare hvor langt loven har kommet fra sine 1700-tallet " "røtter. loven ble født som et skjold for å beskytte utgivere fortjeneste mot " @@ -7553,9 +7547,9 @@ msgstr "" "voksende markedet for CD-ROM-teknologi--ikke å distribuere film, men å gjøre " "ting med film som ellers ville være svært vanskelig. i 1993 lanserte han et " "initiativ for å utvikle et produkt for å bygge retrospectives på arbeidet " -"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint eastwood. " -"ideen var å presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra hans filmer " -"og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." +"til bestemt aktører. den første skuespilleren valgt var clint " +"eastwood. ideen var å presentere alt arbeidet av eastwood, med klipp fra " +"hans filmer og intervjuer med tallene viktig til sin karriere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7584,7 +7578,7 @@ msgstr "" "sin karriere ble brukt på warner brothers, og så var det relativt lett å få " "tillatelse for innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -7592,14 +7586,14 @@ msgid "" "done this before,\" Alben explained. \"No one had ever tried to do this in " "the context of an artistic look at an actor's career.\"" msgstr "" -"deretter alben og hans team besluttet å inkludere faktiske film klipp. " -"\"vårt mål var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods film,\" " -"fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde noensinne " -"virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen gang prøvd å " -"gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt på en skuespiller-karriere." -"\"" +"deretter alben og hans team besluttet å inkludere faktiske film " +"klipp. \"vårt mål var at vi skulle ha et klipp fra hver og en av Eastwoods " +"film,\" fortalte alben meg. Det var her at problemet oppsto. \"ingen hadde " +"noensinne virkelig gjort dette før,\" forklarte alben. \"ingen hadde noen " +"gang prøvd å gjøre dette i sammenheng med en kunstnerisk titt på en " +"skuespiller-karriere.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" @@ -7607,8 +7601,7 @@ msgstr "" "Alben brakt ideen til michael slade, ceo i starwave. Slade som ble spurt, " "\"Vel, hva vil det ta?\"" -#. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity--rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation of " @@ -7652,7 +7645,7 @@ msgstr "" "hans resourcefulness som skjult åpenbare bizarreness av hans tale, recounted " "alben bare hva de gjorde:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include--of course we were going " @@ -7680,14 +7673,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "vi besluttet at det ville være rettferdig hvis vi tilbudt dem dayplayer-rate " "for retten til å gjenbruke denne prestasjonen. Vi snakker om et klipp av " -"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen på CD-ROM-" -"hastigheten på tiden var ca $600. så vi hadde å identifisere menneskene – " -"noen av dem var vanskelig å identifisere fordi i eastwood filmer du ikke kan " -"fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det skuespiller eller er det " -"stuntman? og så begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et team, min assistent og " -"noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." +"mindre enn et minutt, men hvis du vil bruke denne prestasjonen på " +"CD-ROM-hastigheten på tiden var ca $600. så vi hadde å identifisere " +"menneskene – noen av dem var vanskelig å identifisere fordi i eastwood " +"filmer du ikke kan fortelle som fyren krasjer gjennom glass – er det " +"skuespiller eller er det stuntman? og så begynte vi bare, vi satt sammen et " +"team, min assistent og noen andre, og vi bare ringe personer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help--Donald Sutherland, for example, followed up " "himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -7707,7 +7700,7 @@ msgstr "" "hans hadde klarert rettighetene til denne retrospektiv CD-ROMen på clint " "eastwood karriere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was one year later--\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" @@ -7725,7 +7718,7 @@ msgstr "" "eneste gangen han visste av som et lag hadde påtatt seg et kjempestort " "prosjekt for å slippe en retrospektiv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -7755,8 +7748,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " -"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." +"Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #22</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -7764,23 +7757,23 @@ msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " "efficiently, but as Peter Drucker has famously quipped, \"There is nothing " -"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at all." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked " +"so useless as doing efficiently that which should not be done at " +"all.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Did it make sense, I asked " "Alben, that this is the way a new work has to be made?" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " -"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be made. " -"Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody really " -"thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would have to " -"go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" +"the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " +"made. Does it make sense, I asked him, from the standpoint of what anybody " +"really thought they were ever giving rights for originally, that you would " +"have to go clear rights for these kinds of clips?" msgstr "" "for, som han erkjente, \"svært få... har tid og ressurser og viljen til å " -"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært få slike arbeider noensinne vil bli gjort. " -"betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen trodde de " -"var noensinne å gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du må gå klart " +"gjøre dette,\" og dermed svært få slike arbeider noensinne vil bli " +"gjort. betyr det fornuftig, jeg spurte ham, fra standpunktet av hva noen " +"trodde de var noensinne å gi rettigheter for opprinnelig, som du må gå klart " "rettigheter for disse typer utklipp?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> @@ -7813,24 +7806,23 @@ msgstr "" "hver? ville ikke mye mer opprettes hvis den juridiske delen av den kreative " "prosessen kan gjøres for å være mer ren?" -#. PAGE BREAK 115 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing mechanism--where " "you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't subject to estranged former " "spouses--you'd see a lot more of this work, because it wouldn't be so " "daunting to try to put together a retrospective of someone's career and " -"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's career. " -"You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd build in " -"a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it would be a " -"known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes this kind of " -"product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a hundred minutes of " -"film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then you build your budget " -"around it, and you can get investments and everything else that you need to " -"produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred minutes of something and " -"I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a certain number of people " -"are going to hold me up for money,\" then it becomes difficult to put one of " -"these things together." +"meaningfully illustrate it with lots of media from that person's " +"career. You'd build in a cost as the producer of one of these things. You'd " +"build in a cost of paying X dollars to the talent that performed. But it " +"would be a known cost. That's the thing that trips everybody up and makes " +"this kind of product hard to get off the ground. If you knew I have a " +"hundred minutes of film in this product and it's going to cost me X, then " +"you build your budget around it, and you can get investments and everything " +"else that you need to produce it. But if you say, \"Oh, I want a hundred " +"minutes of something and I have no idea what it's going to cost me, and a " +"certain number of people are going to hold me up for money,\" then it " +"becomes difficult to put one of these things together." msgstr "" "absolutt. Jeg tror at hvis det var noen fair-lisensiering mekanisme--der du " "ikke var underlagt hold-ups, og du ikke var underlagt fraseparerte tidligere " @@ -7848,7 +7840,7 @@ msgstr "" "mennesker kommer til å holde meg opp for penger\", og det blir vanskeligere " "å sette en av disse tingene sammen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7857,13 +7849,13 @@ msgid "" "because the costs of clearing the rights are so high? These costs are the " "burdens of a kind of regulation. Put on a Republican hat for a moment, and " "get angry for a bit. The government defines the scope of these rights, and " -"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate them. " -"(Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the pilot " -"purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles to San " -"Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as " -"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a well-" -"trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and ask, " -"\"Does this still make sense?\"" +"the scope defined determines how much it's going to cost to negotiate " +"them. (Remember the idea that land runs to the heavens, and imagine the " +"pilot purchasing flythrough rights as he negotiates to fly from Los Angeles " +"to San Francisco.) These rights might well have once made sense; but as " +"circumstances change, they make no sense at all. Or at least, a " +"well-trained, regulationminimizing Republican should look at the rights and " +"ask, \"Does this still make sense?\"" msgstr "" "Alben jobbet for et stort selskap. hans selskap var støttet av noen av de " "rikeste investorene i verden. derfor hadde han myndighet og pålogging som " @@ -7891,11 +7883,11 @@ msgid "" "Fairbank, had produced." msgstr "" "Jeg har sett flash av anerkjennelse når folk får dette punktet, men bare et " -"par ganger. Først var på en konferanse av føderale dommere i california. " -"dommernes var samlet for å diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg ble bedt om " -"å være på panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat fra en l.a. " -"firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, robert " -"fairbank, hadde produsert." +"par ganger. Først var på en konferanse av føderale dommere i " +"california. dommernes var samlet for å diskutere nye temaet cyber-loven. Jeg " +"ble bedt om å være på panelet. Harvey saferstein, et godt respektert advokat " +"fra en l.a. firmaet, introdusert i panelet med en video som han og en venn, " +"robert fairbank, hadde produsert." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -7909,7 +7901,7 @@ msgstr "" "var perfekt, ned til seksti minutter stoppeklokken. dommernes elsket enhver " "minutt av den." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7942,17 +7934,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "for selvfølgelig to briljant talentfulle skaperne som laget denne filmen " "ikke hadde gjort hva alben gjorde. de hadde ikke tilbrakte et år å fjerne " -"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd på loven. " -"Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for dette " -"krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale marshals " -"til tross for. men nimmer var å gjøre et viktig poeng: et år før noen hadde " -"hørt om word-napster, og to år før et annet medlem av panelet, david boies, " -"ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, nimmer prøvde å " -"få dommere å se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til kapasitetene som gir denne " -"teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nå gjøre fantastiske ting enkelt; men " -"du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +"rettighetene til disse klippene; teknisk, hva de hadde gjort brudd på " +"loven. Selvfølgelig, det var ikke som om de eller noen skulle prosecuted for " +"dette krenkelse (tilstedeværelse av 250 dommere) og en gaggle av føderale " +"marshals til tross for. men nimmer var å gjøre et viktig poeng: et år før " +"noen hadde hørt om word-napster, og to år før et annet medlem av panelet, " +"david boies, ville forsvare napster før niende circuit court of appeals, " +"nimmer prøvde å få dommere å se at loven ikke skulle vennlig til " +"kapasitetene som gir denne teknologien. teknologi betyr at du kan nå gjøre " +"fantastiske ting enkelt; men du ikke kunne enkelt gjøre dem lovlig." + +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -7987,13 +7979,13 @@ msgstr "" "kritikken av rullebladet industri som det er gjennom blanding av flash! og " "musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " -"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly high. " -"Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never made. " -"And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance rules, it " -"doesn't get released." +"to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " +"high. Therefore, for the law-abiding sorts, a wealth of creativity is never " +"made. And for that part that is made, if it doesn't follow the clearance " +"rules, it doesn't get released." msgstr "" "alle disse kreasjoner er teknisk ulovlig. Selv om skaperne ønsket å være " "\"lovlig\", er kostnadene for å overholde loven impossibly høy. Derfor " @@ -8001,7 +7993,7 @@ msgstr "" "aktuelle delen er gjort, hvis det ikke følger reglene for klaring, det ikke " "komme ut." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -8041,8 +8033,7 @@ msgstr "" "under denne plan, ville produsere nye inntekter for kunstnere. Hva grunn " "ville alle ha til å motsette seg det?" -#. PAGE BREAK 118 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " @@ -8053,14 +8044,14 @@ msgid "" "into the film, thereby creating an entirely new piece of entertainment.\"" msgstr "" "i februar 2003 annonsert dreamworks studios en avtale med mike myers, comic " -"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og drøm-" -"arbeider ville arbeide sammen for å danne en \"unik filmskapning pakten.\" " -"under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige rettigheter " -"til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye storylines " -"og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og andre " -"aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." +"geni av lørdag natt live og austin powers. Ifølge utlysningen, myers og " +"drøm-arbeider ville arbeide sammen for å danne en \"unik filmskapning " +"pakten.\" under avtalen, dreamworks – vil opparbeide seg privatrettslige " +"rettigheter til eksisterende filmselskaper treff og klassikere, skrive nye " +"storylines og--med bruk av stateof-the-art digital teknologi--sett myers og " +"andre aktører i filmen, og dermed skape et helt nytt stykke underholdning." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -8085,8 +8076,8 @@ msgid "" "copyright, the real meaning of the DreamWorks announcement is just this: It " "is Mike Myers and only Mike Myers who is free to sample. Any general freedom " "to build upon the film archive of our culture, a freedom in other contexts " -"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and famous--" -"and presumably rich." +"presumed for us all, is now a privilege reserved for the funny and " +"famous--and presumably rich." msgstr "" "Spielberg er rett. filmen prøvetaking av myers vil bli strålende. men hvis " "du ikke tenke på det, du vil kanskje savne helt utrolig punktet om denne " @@ -8097,7 +8088,7 @@ msgstr "" "sammenhenger antatt for oss alle, er nå et privilegium reservert for morsomt " "og berømte-- og antagelig rik." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -8126,15 +8117,15 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "kapittel 9: samlere" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"--computer codes designed to \"spider,\" " "or automatically search the Internet and copy content--began running across " "the Net. Page by page, these bots copied Internet-based information onto a " -"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's Presidio. " -"Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started again. Over " -"and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took copies of the " -"Internet and stored them." +"small set of computers located in a basement in San Francisco's " +"Presidio. Once the bots finished the whole of the Internet, they started " +"again. Over and over again, once every two months, these bits of code took " +"copies of the Internet and stored them." msgstr "" "i april 1996 fikk begynte millioner av \"bots\"--datakode utformet til " "\"edderkopp\", eller automatisk søke Internett og kopiere innholdet--kjører " @@ -8144,7 +8135,7 @@ msgstr "" "igjen. igjen og igjen, en gang enhver to måneder, disse biter av koden tok " "kopier av Internett og lagret dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -8192,12 +8183,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det er det samme med Internett. Hvis du går til en webside i dag, er det " "ingen måte for deg å vite om innholdet du leser er det samme som innholdet " -"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være forskjellige. " -"Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten noen pålitelig " -"minne." +"du lese før. siden kan virke det samme, men innholdet kan være " +"forskjellige. Internett er orwell's bibliotek--oppdatert hele tiden, uten " +"noen pålitelig minne." -#. f1 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -8208,8 +8198,8 @@ msgstr "" "fristelsene fortsatt, men. Brewster kahle rapporterer at det hvite hus " "endrer sin egen pressemeldinger uten varsel. en mai 13, 2003, pressemelding " "uttalt, \"stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" som ble senere " -"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" e-" -"post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003." +"endret, uten varsel, \"store stridende operasjoner i Irak er avsluttet.\" " +"e-post fra brewster kahle, 1 desember 2003." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8222,37 +8212,37 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember reading. " -"Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your hometown " -"newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's water " -"cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the " +"We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " +"reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " +"hometown newspaper to the race riots in Watts in 1965, or to Bull Connor's " +"water cannon in 1963, you could go to your public library and look at the " "newspapers. Those papers probably exist on microfiche. If you're lucky, they " "exist in paper, too. Either way, you are free, using a library, to go back " "and remember--not just what it is convenient to remember, but remember " "something close to the truth." msgstr "" -"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake til å se hva vi husker jeg leser. " -"Tenk på aviser. Hvis du ønsker å studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa på rase " -"opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan du gå " -"til din offentlige bibliotek og se på avisene. Disse papirene finnes " -"sannsynligvis på mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, også. " -"Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for å gå tilbake og huske--" -"ikke bare hva det er praktisk å huske, men husker noe nær sannheten." +"vi ta det for gitt at vi kan gå tilbake til å se hva vi husker jeg " +"leser. Tenk på aviser. Hvis du ønsker å studere reaksjon i hjembyen avisa på " +"rase opptøyene i watt i 1965, eller til bull connor's vannkanon i 1963, kan " +"du gå til din offentlige bibliotek og se på avisene. Disse papirene finnes " +"sannsynligvis på mikrokort. Hvis du er heldig, finnes de i papir, " +"også. Uansett, du er fri, ved hjelp av et bibliotek, for å gå tilbake og " +"huske--ikke bare hva det er praktisk å huske, men husker noe nær sannheten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat it. " -"That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we have " -"a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key is " -"whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by " +"It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " +"it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we " +"have a way to go back to rediscover what we forget. More directly, the key " +"is whether an objective past can keep us honest. Libraries help do that, by " "collecting content and keeping it, for schoolchildren, for researchers, for " "grandma. A free society presumes this knowedge." msgstr "" -"Det sies at de som ikke klarer å huske historie er dømt til å gjenta den. " -"Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har en " -"måte å gå tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte om " -"en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved å " -"samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et " +"Det sies at de som ikke klarer å huske historie er dømt til å gjenta " +"den. Det er ikke helt riktig. vi alle glemme historie. nøkkelen er om vi har " +"en måte å gå tilbake til Gjenoppdag hva vi glemme. nøkkelen er mer direkte " +"om en objektiv siste kan holde oss ærlig. biblioteker hjelpe gjøre det, ved " +"å samle innhold og holde den, for skolebarn, til forskere for bestemor. et " "fritt samfunn forutsetter dette knowedge." #. PAGE BREAK 121 @@ -8293,36 +8283,36 @@ msgstr "" "2002, arkivet hadde over 10 milliarder sider, og det ble vokser om en " "milliard sider per måned." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " "material\"--and was \"ten times larger than the Library of Congress.\" And " "this was just the first of the archives that Kahle set out to build. In " "addition to the Internet Archive, Kahle has been constructing the Television " -"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the Internet. " -"While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through television, " -"only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone to see today. " -"Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt University--" -"thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That content is " -"indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But other than " -"that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If you were " -"Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you are just " -"a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it," +"Archive. Television, it turns out, is even more ephemeral than the " +"Internet. While much of twentieth-century culture was constructed through " +"television, only a tiny proportion of that culture is available for anyone " +"to see today. Three hours of news are recorded each evening by Vanderbilt " +"University--thanks to a specific exemption in the copyright law. That " +"content is indexed, and is available to scholars for a very low fee. \"But " +"other than that, [television] is almost unavailable,\" Kahle told me. \"If " +"you were Barbara Walters you could get access to [the archives], but if you " +"are just a graduate student?\" As Kahle put it," msgstr "" "vei tilbake er maskinen bortimot komplett arkiv over menneskelig kunnskap i " "menneskehetens historie. på slutten av 2002, det holdt \"to hundre og tredve " -"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of congress." -"\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til å bygge. i " -"tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere TV-arkivet. TV, det " -"viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye av 1900-tallet kultur " -"ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne kulturen tilgjengelig " -"for alle å se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres hver kveld av " -"vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om opphavsrett. " -"innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en svært lav " -"avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" fortalte kahle " -"meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan få tilgang til [arkivene], men " -"hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," +"terabyte materiale\"-- og var \"ti ganger større enn the library of " +"congress.\" og dette var bare først av arkivene at kahle er fastsatt til å " +"bygge. i tillegg til internet archive, har kahle vært konstruere " +"TV-arkivet. TV, det viser seg, er enda mer flyktig enn Internett. mens mye " +"av 1900-tallet kultur ble bygget opp via TV, er bare en liten andel av denne " +"kulturen tilgjengelig for alle å se i dag. tre timer med nyheter registreres " +"hver kveld av vanderbilt university--takket være en bestemt fritak i lov om " +"opphavsrett. innholdet er indeksert, og er tilgjengelig for forskere for en " +"svært lav avgift. \"men annet enn at, [TV] er nesten utilgjengelig,\" " +"fortalte kahle meg. \"Hvis du var barbara walters du kan få tilgang til " +"[arkivene], men hvis du er bare en utdannet student?\" som kahle sa," #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> @@ -8374,6 +8364,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2­3 (1980): 5; Anthony " @@ -8397,7 +8388,7 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted--there was no way to capture the broadcasts, so " @@ -8431,28 +8422,28 @@ msgstr "" "Kahle var ivrig etter å rette opp dette. før september 11, 2001, hadde han " "og hans allierte begynt å fange TV. de tyve radiostasjoner fra hele verden " "er merket, og trykk på record-knappen. etter 11 september, kahle, arbeide " -"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter 11. " -"oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig gratis " -"on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden dekkes " -"hendelsene den dagen." +"med mange andre, merkede tjue radiostasjoner fra hele verden, og starter " +"11. oktober 2001, gjort sin dekning i uken av 11 september tilgjengelig " +"gratis on-line. alle kunne se hvordan nyhetsrapporter fra rundt om i verden " +"dekkes hendelsene den dagen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " "other than Hollywood movies, films that were never copyrighted), Kahle " "established the Movie Archive. Prelinger let Kahle digitize 1,300 films in " -"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for free. " -"Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as stock " -"footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant chunk " -"available for free, his stock footage sales went up dramatically. People " -"could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some downloaded that " -"material and made films on their own. Others purchased copies to enable " -"other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled access to this " -"important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the \"Duck and Cover\" " -"film that instructed children how to save themselves in the middle of " -"nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the film in a few " -"minutes--for free." +"this archive and post those films on the Internet to be downloaded for " +"free. Prelinger's is a for-profit company. It sells copies of these films as " +"stock footage. What he has discovered is that after he made a significant " +"chunk available for free, his stock footage sales went up " +"dramatically. People could easily find the material they wanted to use. Some " +"downloaded that material and made films on their own. Others purchased " +"copies to enable other films to be made. Either way, the archive enabled " +"access to this important part of our culture. Want to see a copy of the " +"\"Duck and Cover\" film that instructed children how to save themselves in " +"the middle of nuclear attack? Go to archive.org, and you can download the " +"film in a few minutes--for free." msgstr "" "Kahle hatt samme idé med film. arbeide med rick prelinger, som har arkiv av " "filmen inkluderer nær 45.000 \"flyktige filmer\" (det vil si filmer enn " @@ -8467,8 +8458,8 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil aktivere andre filmer skal gjøres. Uansett, arkivet aktivert " "tilgang til denne viktige delen av vår kultur. vil du se en kopi av filmen " "\"duck og dekke\" som instruert barn hvordan lagre seg midt i kjernefysisk " -"angrep? gå til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen minutter--" -"gratis." +"angrep? gå til archive.org, og du kan laste ned filmen i noen " +"minutter--gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8496,11 +8487,10 @@ msgstr "" "til dette innholdet, men han ønsker også å gjøre andre til å selge tilgang " "til den. hans mål er å sikre konkurranse i tilgang til denne viktige delen " "av vår kultur. ikke under kommersielle livet av en bit av kreative eiendom, " -"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et ikke-" -"kommersiell liv." +"men under en second life som alle kreative egenskapen har--et " +"ikke-kommersiell liv." -#. PAGE BREAK 124 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -8534,8 +8524,7 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskap om vår historie. i denne second life, kan innholdet fortsette å " "informere selv om denne informasjonen ikke lenger er solgt." -#. f3 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " @@ -8554,12 +8543,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " -"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in used book stores " -"without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in libraries, where " -"many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores and libraries are " -"thus the second life of a book. That second life is extremely important to " -"the spread and stability of culture." +"quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>). After it is out of print, it can be sold in " +"used book stores without the copyright owner getting anything and stored in " +"libraries, where many get to read the book, also for free. Used book stores " +"and libraries are thus the second life of a book. That second life is " +"extremely important to the spread and stability of culture." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -8567,18 +8556,20 @@ msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " "culture in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. For these--television, " -"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second life. " -"For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with Barnes " -"& Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is nothing but " -"what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture disappears." +"movies, music, radio, the Internet--there is no guarantee of a second " +"life. For these sorts of culture, it is as if we've replaced libraries with " +"Barnes & Noble superstores. With this culture, what's accessible is " +"nothing but what a certain limited market demands. Beyond that, culture " +"disappears." msgstr "" "ennå i økende grad holder noen antakelse om en stabil second life for " "kreative egenskapen ikke true med de viktigste komponentene i " "populærkulturen i de tjuende og tjueførste århundrene. for disse--TV, " -"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second life. " -"for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med barnes " -"& noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er noe " -"annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner kultur." +"filmer, musikk, radio, Internett - det er ingen garanti for en second " +"life. for disse slags kultur er det som om vi har erstattet biblioteker med " +"barnes & noble superstores. med denne kulturen, hva er tilgjengelig er " +"noe annet enn hva en viss begrenset marked krav. utover det forsvinner " +"kultur." #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -8591,8 +8582,8 @@ msgid "" "economics. The market made it impossibly difficult to do anything about this " "ephemeral culture; the law had little practical effect." msgstr "" -"for det meste av det tjuende århundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette så. " -"det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt å samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og " +"for det meste av det tjuende århundre var det økonomi som gjorde dette " +"så. det ville ha vært sinnsykt dyrt å samle og gjøre tilgjengelig alle TV og " "film og musikk: kostnaden for analoge Kopier er svært høy. så selv om loven " "i prinsippet ville har begrenset mulighet til en brewster kahle å kopiere " "kultur Generelt, ekte begrensningen var økonomi. markedet gjorde det " @@ -8622,33 +8613,34 @@ msgid "" "for the first time at a point where that dream is possible. As Kahle " "describes," msgstr "" -"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg før. " -"brewster kahles i vår historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første gang " -"ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver," +"omfanget av dette potensielle arkivet er noe vi har aldri forestilt meg " +"før. brewster kahles i vår historie har drømt om det; men vi er for første " +"gang ved et punkt der det er mulig at drømmen. som kahle beskriver," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. Ever. " -"There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, . . . and " -"about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth century. " -"There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All of these " -"would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to be " -"afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our history. " -"Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a different " -"life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the things " -"humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of Alexandria, " -"putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing press." -msgstr "" -"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av musikk. noensinne. " -"Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av filmer,... og om ett til " -"to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende århundre. Det er om lag tjue " -"- seks millioner forskjellige titler på bøker. alle disse ville passe på " -"datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette rommet og kunne ha råd av et lite " -"selskap. så er vi ved et vendepunkt i vår historie. særlige er målet. og " -"muligheten til å lede et annet liv, basert på dette, er... spennende. Det " -"kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville være mest stolt av. å sette " -"en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i " -"alexandria." +"It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " +"Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " +". . . and about one to two million movies [distributed] during the twentieth " +"century. There are about twenty-six million different titles of books. All " +"of these would fit on computers that would fit in this room and be able to " +"be afforded by a small company. So we're at a turning point in our " +"history. Universal access is the goal. And the opportunity of leading a " +"different life, based on this, is . . . thrilling. It could be one of the " +"things humankind would be most proud of. Up there with the Library of " +"Alexandria, putting a man on the moon, and the invention of the printing " +"press." +msgstr "" +"Det ser ut som det er om to til tre millioner opptak av " +"musikk. noensinne. Det er om lag hundre tusen teatralsk utgivelser av " +"filmer,... og om ett til to millioner filmer [fordelt] under det tjuende " +"århundre. Det er om lag tjue - seks millioner forskjellige titler på " +"bøker. alle disse ville passe på datamaskiner som ville passe inn i dette " +"rommet og kunne ha råd av et lite selskap. så er vi ved et vendepunkt i vår " +"historie. særlige er målet. og muligheten til å lede et annet liv, basert på " +"dette, er... spennende. Det kan være en av tingene som menneskeheten ville " +"være mest stolt av. å sette en mann på månen, og oppfinnelsen av " +"trykkpressen oppe med biblioteket i alexandria." #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -8669,13 +8661,13 @@ msgstr "" "eller Arkiver kan være. Når kommersielle livet av kreative egenskapen " "avsluttes, vet jeg ikke. men det gjør. og når den gjør det, kahle og hans " "arkiv hint på en verden der denne kunnskap og kultur, forblir perpetually " -"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke på det å forstå det. noen å kritisere den. " -"noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for å gjenopprette siste for " -"fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for mye av " -"vår fortid--en fremtid for vår fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan gjøre " -"drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." +"tilgjengelig. noen vil trekke på det å forstå det. noen å kritisere " +"den. noen vil bruke den, som walt disney gjorde, for å gjenopprette siste " +"for fremtiden. disse teknologiene lover noe som hadde blitt ufattelig for " +"mye av vår fortid--en fremtid for vår fortid. teknologi for digital arts kan " +"gjøre drømmen om biblioteket i alexandria virkelig igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -8691,7 +8683,7 @@ msgstr "" "noens \"egenskapen.\" og loven om egenskapen begrenser friheter som kahle, " "og andre vil utøve." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "Kapittel 10: \"property\"" @@ -8739,24 +8731,24 @@ msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " "Texan, Valenti has mastered the single most important political skill of a " -"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a lightning-" -"fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble man. But this " -"Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high school at the age " -"of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in World War II, is no " -"Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered the city in a " -"quintessentially Washingtonian way." +"Southerner--the ability to appear simple and slow while hiding a " +"lightning-fast intellect. To this day, Valenti plays the simple, humble " +"man. But this Harvard MBA, and author of four books, who finished high " +"school at the age of fifteen and flew more than fifty combat missions in " +"World War II, is no Mr. Smith. When Valenti went to Washington, he mastered " +"the city in a quintessentially Washingtonian way." msgstr "" "Valenti er bare den tredje presidenten av mpaa. Ingen president før ham har " -"hatt så stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over washington. " -"som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske ferdigheter til " -"en southerner--muligheten til å vises enkle og treg mens skjule en lynrask " -"intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke mann. men denne " -"harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført videregående skole i " -"en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe oppdrag i andre " -"verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. Når valenti gikk til washington, han " -"mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian måte." +"hatt så stor innflytelse over denne organisasjonen eller over " +"washington. som en Texas har valenti mestret enkelt viktigste politiske " +"ferdigheter til en southerner--muligheten til å vises enkle og treg mens " +"skjule en lynrask intellekt. til denne dag har spiller valenti enkel, ydmyke " +"mann. men denne harvard mba, og forfatter av fire bøker, som fullført " +"videregående skole i en alder av femten, og fløy mer enn femti bekjempe " +"oppdrag i andre verdenskrig, er ingen mr. smith. Når valenti gikk til " +"washington, han mestret byen i en typiske washingtonian måte." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -8774,19 +8766,17 @@ msgstr "" "redefinere betydningen av \"kreative property.\"" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" -msgstr "" -"i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" +msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" +msgstr "i 1982 innspilt valenti's vitnesbyrd til Kongressen strategien perfekt:" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, H.R. " -"4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on Courts, " -"Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee on the " -"Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd sess. (1982): 65 " -"(testimony of Jack Valenti)." +"Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " +"H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " +"Courts, Civil Liberties, and the Administration of Justice of the Committee " +"on the Judiciary of the House of Representatives, 97th Cong., 2nd " +"sess. (1982): 65 (testimony of Jack Valenti)." msgstr "" "Hjem registrering av opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk: hearings på hr 4783, hr " "4794, hr 4808, hr 5250, hr 5488 og hr 5705 før subcommittee on domstoler, " @@ -8796,9 +8786,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" -"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the counter-" -"charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and women " -"will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " +"No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " +"counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " +"women will keep returning to the fundamental issue, the central theme which " "animates this entire debate: Creative property owners must be accorded the " "same rights and protection resident in all other property owners in the " "nation. That is the issue. That is the question. And that is the rostrum on " @@ -8806,35 +8796,34 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 129 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " "\"central theme\" to which \"reasonable men and women\" will return is this: " "\"Creative property owners must be accorded the same rights and protections " -"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no second-" -"class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no second-" -"class property owners." +"resident in all other property owners in the nation.\" There are no " +"second-class citizens, Valenti might have continued. There should be no " +"second-class property owners." msgstr "" "strategien for denne retorikk, som strategi for de fleste av valenti's " -"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålende fordi enkel. \"sentrale temaet" -"\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative bolig " -"må substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle andre " -"bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti kanskje har " -"fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." +"retorikk, er strålende og enkel og strålende fordi enkel. \"sentrale " +"temaet\" som \"rimelig menn og kvinner\" vil returnere er dette: \"kreative " +"bolig må substansiell med samme rettigheter og beskyttelsene bosatt i alle " +"andre bolig i nasjonen.\" det er ingen andre klasses borgere, valenti " +"kanskje har fortsatt. Det bør være ingen annenklasses bolig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " "elections to pick presidents. But in fact, there is no more extreme a claim " -"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of Valenti's. " -"Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the nation's " -"foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of \"creative " -"property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual legal " -"tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly redefined " -"that tradition, at least in Washington." +"made by anyone who is serious in this debate than this claim of " +"Valenti's. Jack Valenti, however sweet and however brilliant, is perhaps the " +"nation's foremost extremist when it comes to the nature and scope of " +"\"creative property.\" His views have no reasonable connection to our actual " +"legal tradition, even if the subtle pull of his Texan charm has slowly " +"redefined that tradition, at least in Washington." msgstr "" "denne påstanden har en tydelig og kraftig intuitivt trekk. Det er oppgitt " "med slike klarhet som å gjøre ideen tydelig som oppfatningen at vi bruker " @@ -8848,6 +8837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -8857,13 +8847,13 @@ msgid "" "Private Property and the Constitution (New Haven: Yale University Press, " "1977), 26­27." msgstr "" -"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en bunt " -"av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed gir " -"min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, men ikke " -"rettigheten til å kjøre på 150 miles i timen. å koble den vanlige " -"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan du se " -"bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale university " -"press, 1977), 26­27." +"advokater snakker om \"property\" ikke som en absolute ting, men som en " +"bunt av rettigheter som er noen ganger knyttet til bestemte objekter. Dermed " +"gir min \"eiendom rett\" til bilen min meg retten til eksklusiv bruk, " +"men ikke rettigheten til å kjøre på 150 miles i timen. å koble den vanlige " +"betydningen av \"eiendom\" til \"advokat talk\" beste innsats, kan " +"du se bruce ackerman, privat eiendom og grunnloven (new haven: yale " +"university press, 1977), 26­27." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8909,9 +8899,9 @@ msgstr "" "behandlet rettigheter i kreative egenskapen annerledes fra rettigheter som " "er bosatt i alle andre bolig. de har aldri vært den samme. og de aldri skal " "være den samme, fordi, men counterintuitive dette kan synes å gjøre dem det " -"samme vil være å svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere å lage. " -"kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn perfekt " -"kontroll." +"samme vil være å svekke fundamentalt mulighet for nye skapere å " +"lage. kreativitet, avhenger av eierne av kreativitet som har mindre enn " +"perfekt kontroll." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8934,7 +8924,7 @@ msgstr "" "et snev at det er noe fundamentalt galt i valenti's-argumentet, må vi se " "lenger enn USA Grunnloven selv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -8949,13 +8939,12 @@ msgstr "" "de elsker egenskapen at de innebygd i Grunnloven et viktig krav. Hvis " "regjeringen tar din eiendom--hvis det fordømmer huset, eller kjøper et " "stykke land fra farmen--det er nødvendig, under den femte endringsforslaget " -"\"takings setningen,\" å betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som tar. " -"grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, hellig. " -"den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre regjeringen " -"betaler for privilegiet." +"\"takings setningen,\" å betale deg \"bare erstatning\" for som " +"tar. grunnloven garanterer dermed at egenskapen er, i en viss forstand, " +"hellig. den kan ikke noen gang blir tatt fra eiendommen eier med mindre " +"regjeringen betaler for privilegiet." -#. PAGE BREAK 131 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -8971,13 +8960,13 @@ msgstr "" "men svært samme grunnlov snakker veldig annerledes om hva valenti samtaler " "\"kreative egenskapen.\" i setningsdelen gir Kongressen makt til å opprette " "\"kreative property\" Grunnloven krever at etter en \"begrenset tid,\" " -"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen \"kreative" -"\" gratis til public domain. men når Kongressen gjør dette, når utløpet av " -"en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over til public " -"domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til å betale \"bare erstatning" -"\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever erstatning for ditt " -"land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett uten noen " -"kompensasjon overhodet." +"Kongressen ta tilbake rettighetene at det har gitt og egenskapen " +"\"kreative\" gratis til public domain. men når Kongressen gjør dette, når " +"utløpet av en opphavsrett begrepet \"tar\" din opphavsrett og snur den over " +"til public domain, Kongressen ikke har noen forpliktelse til å betale \"bare " +"erstatning\" for denne \"tar.\" i stedet samme grunnlov som krever " +"erstatning for ditt land krever at du mister din \"kreative eiendom\" rett " +"uten noen kompensasjon overhodet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -8989,11 +8978,11 @@ msgid "" "arguing for a change in our Constitution itself." msgstr "" "grunnlov dermed på sitt ansikt sier at disse to former for egenskapen ikke " -"skal får de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig å bli behandlet annerledes. " -"Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vår tradisjon når han hevder " -"at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som hver andre " -"eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i våre " -"Grunnloven selv." +"skal får de samme rettighetene. de er tydelig å bli behandlet " +"annerledes. Valenti er derfor ikke bare ber om en endring i vår tradisjon " +"når han hevder at creative-bolig bør substansiell de samme rettighetene som " +"hver andre eiendomsrett eier. Han er effektivt kranglet for en endring i " +"våre Grunnloven selv." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -9031,7 +9020,7 @@ msgstr "" "som alle andre eiendom? Hvorfor de krever at for kreative egenskapen det må " "være et frivare?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -9103,7 +9092,8 @@ msgstr "" "reglene satt på forhånd er brutt. så hvis for eksempel du willfully krenke " "madonna's copyright ved å kopiere en sang fra hennes siste CD-ROMen, og " "bokføre det\\/den på weben, kan du bli straffet med en $150.000 fine. fine " -"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av staten." +"er en ex post straff for å bryte en ex ante regelen. Det er pålagt av " +"staten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -9137,26 +9127,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "markedet er en tredje type betingelse. betingelsen er berørt gjennom " "betingelser: du kan gjøre x Hvis du betaler y; vil du få betalt m Hvis du " -"gjør n. slike betingelser er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller normer--" -"det er regler som definerer hva må kjøpes Hvis det er å bli tatt lovlig; Det " -"er normer som sier hva selges på riktig måte. men gitt et sett av normer og " -"bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en samtidige " -"begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." - -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -msgid "" -"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, \"architecture\"--" -"the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on behavior. A fallen " -"bridge might constrain your ability to get across a river. Railroad tracks " -"might constrain the ability of a community to integrate its social life. As " -"with the market, architecture does not effect its constraint through ex post " -"punishments. Instead, also as with the market, architecture effects its " -"constraint through simultaneous conditions. These conditions are imposed not " -"by courts enforcing contracts, or by police punishing theft, but by nature, " -"by \"architecture.\" If a 500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law " -"of gravity that enforces this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands " -"between you and a flight to New York, it is the market that enforces this " -"constraint." +"gjør n. slike betingelser er åpenbart ikke uavhengig av loven eller " +"normer--det er regler som definerer hva må kjøpes Hvis det er å bli tatt " +"lovlig; Det er normer som sier hva selges på riktig måte. men gitt et sett " +"av normer og bakgrunn av eiendom og kontrakt lov, markedet pålegger en " +"samtidige begrensning på hvor en person eller gruppe kan oppføre seg." + +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " +"\"architecture\"--the physical world as one finds it--is a constraint on " +"behavior. A fallen bridge might constrain your ability to get across a " +"river. Railroad tracks might constrain the ability of a community to " +"integrate its social life. As with the market, architecture does not effect " +"its constraint through ex post punishments. Instead, also as with the " +"market, architecture effects its constraint through simultaneous " +"conditions. These conditions are imposed not by courts enforcing contracts, " +"or by police punishing theft, but by nature, by \"architecture.\" If a " +"500-pound boulder blocks your way, it is the law of gravity that enforces " +"this constraint. If a $500 airplane ticket stands between you and a flight " +"to New York, it is the market that enforces this constraint." msgstr "" "til slutt, og for øyeblikket, kanskje mest mysteriously \"arkitektur\"--den " "fysiske verden som en finner den--er en begrensning på atferd. en falne bro " @@ -9174,8 +9164,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " -"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by another. " -"Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another." +"They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " +"another. Or restrictions imposed by one might be undermined by another." msgstr "" "så det første punktet om disse fire metoder av regulering er åpenbare: de " "samhandler. restriksjoner pålagt av en kan bli forsterket av en annen. eller " @@ -9198,11 +9188,11 @@ msgstr "" "blant de viktigste, og eventuelle regulator (enten kontroll eller frigjør) " "må vurdere hvordan disse fire spesielt samhandle." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high speed. " -"That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how fast " -"you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part " +"So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " +"speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " +"fast you can drive in particular places at particular times. It is in part " "restricted by architecture: speed bumps, for example, slow most rational " "drivers; governors in buses, as another example, set the maximum rate at " "which the driver can drive. The freedom is in part restricted by the market: " @@ -9226,22 +9216,23 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " -"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right self-" -"consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is more " -"timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace " -"(New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New Chicago " -"School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998." +"only distinction is that it alone speaks as if it has a right " +"self-consciously to change the other three. The right of the other three is " +"more timidly expressed. See Lawrence Lessig, Code: And Other Laws of " +"Cyberspace (New York: Basic Books, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence Lessig, \"The New " +"Chicago School,\" Journal of Legal Studies, June 1998." msgstr "" "ved å beskrive hvordan trenger ikke loven påvirker andre tre metoder, jeg " "bety å foreslå at tre andre ikke påvirker lov. Selvfølgelig, de gjør. law's " "eneste forskjellen er at det alene snakker som om den har en rett " "selvbevisst til å endre de andre tre. høyre for tre andre uttrykkes mer " "beskjedent. se lawrence lessig, kode: og andre lover av cyberspace (new " -"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye chicago " -"skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." +"york: grunnleggende bøker, 1999): 90­95; Lawrence lessig, \"den nye " +"chicago skolen,\" journal of Jusstudier, Juni 1998." #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -9263,8 +9254,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1361.jpg\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. f4 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -9309,10 +9299,10 @@ msgstr "" "ytringsfriheten, for eksempel fra tyranni av trange sinn, ikke fra frykt for " "regjeringen rettsforfølgelse; John stuart mill, på frihet (indiana: hackett " "publishing co., 1978), 19. John r. commons forsvarte famously økonomiske " -"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pålagt av markedet; John r. " -"commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, " -"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), 62. " -"amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med " +"friheten av arbeidskraft fra begrensninger pålagt av markedet; John " +"r. commons, \"rett til arbeid,\" i malcom rutherford og warren j. samuels, " +"Red., john r. Commons: valgt essays (london: routledge: 1997), " +"62. amerikanerne med funksjonshemminger act øker frihet for personer med " "funksjonshemninger ved å endre arkitekturen i visse offentlige steder, og " "dermed gjør tilgang til de plasserer enklere; 42 united states code, delen " "12101 (2000). hver av disse intervensjoner for å endre eksisterende " @@ -9326,8 +9316,8 @@ msgid "" "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " "particular moment, we must track these changes over time. A restriction " "imposed by one modality might be erased by another. A freedom enabled by one " -"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"modality might be displaced by another.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> @@ -9346,9 +9336,8 @@ msgstr "" "domstolene å forsvare copyright. Denne modellen hjelper oss se hvorfor denne " "samlingspunkt fornuftig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "" -"Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "La oss si at dette er bilde av copyright's regulering før Internett:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> @@ -9373,10 +9362,10 @@ msgstr "" "som kopiere og dele innhold. disse straffer er forsterket av teknologier som " "gjør det vanskelig å kopiere og dele innhold (arkitektur) og det er dyrt å " "kopiere og dele innhold (markedet). til slutt, disse straffer er mitigated " -"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn poster. " -"disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men normer for " -"vårt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med denne form for " -"krenkelse av." +"ved normer vi gjenkjenner--barn, for eksempel taping andre barn " +"poster. disse bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale kan være brudd, men " +"normer for vårt samfunn (før Internett, minst) hadde ingen problemer med " +"denne form for krenkelse av." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -9387,11 +9376,12 @@ msgid "" "warriors, at least) of life before the Internet becomes an effective state " "of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" -"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p fildeling. " -"nå begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør begrensningen av " -"markedet. og som både markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe av med regulering " -"av copyright, normer haug på. happy saldoen (for krigere, minst) av livet " -"før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter Internett." +"Angi Internett eller, mer presist, teknologier som MP3-er og p2p " +"fildeling. nå begrensningen av arkitektur endres dramatisk, som gjør " +"begrensningen av markedet. og som både markedet og arkitektur kan du slappe " +"av med regulering av copyright, normer haug på. happy saldoen (for krigere, " +"minst) av livet før Internett blir en effektiv stat av anarchy etter " +"Internett." #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -9413,7 +9403,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1381.jpg\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -9439,17 +9429,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed--if it was to preserve the " -"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the Internet. " -"And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push for. It is " -"as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as an " -"entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes along " -"to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no " +"particular balance that existed before the change induced by the " +"Internet. And it's just what we should expect the content industry to push " +"for. It is as American as apple pie to consider the happy life you have as " +"an entitlement, and to look to the law to protect it if something comes " +"along to change that happy life. Homeowners living in a flood plain have no " "hesitation appealing to the government to rebuild (and rebuild again) when a " "flood (architecture) wipes away their property (law). Farmers have no " "hesitation appealing to the government to bail them out when a virus " "(architecture) devastates their crop. Unions have no hesitation appealing to " -"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the U.S. " -"steel industry." +"the government to bail them out when imports (market) wipe out the " +"U.S. steel industry." msgstr "" "Dette blandet strategi er bare hva copyright needed--Hvis det var å bevare " "bestemt saldoen som eksisterte før endringen indusert av Internett. og det " @@ -9464,7 +9454,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjeringen å kausjon dem. Når import (markedet) tørke ut amerikanske stål " "industrien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -9484,11 +9474,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " -"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent analysis of Kodak's " -"place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can Kodak Make Up for Lost " -"Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." +"BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #23</ulink>. For a more recent " +"analysis of Kodak's place in the market, see Chana R. Schoenberger, \"Can " +"Kodak Make Up for Lost Moments?\" Forbes.com, 6 October 2003, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #24</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -9496,24 +9486,25 @@ msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " "has weakened a particular way of doing business, it doesn't follow that the " -"government should intervene to support that old way of doing business. " -"Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of their " -"traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital cameras." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the government " -"should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have weakened the " -"freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban trucks from " -"roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the subject of " -"this book, remote channel changers have weakened the \"stickiness\" of " -"television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on the TV, the remote " -"makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this change has weakened " -"the television advertising market. But does anyone believe we should " -"regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? (Maybe by limiting them " -"to function only once a second, or to switch to only ten channels within an " -"hour?)" +"government should intervene to support that old way of doing " +"business. Kodak, for example, has lost perhaps as much as 20 percent of " +"their traditional film market to the emerging technologies of digital " +"cameras.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Does anyone believe the " +"government should ban digital cameras just to support Kodak? Highways have " +"weakened the freight business for railroads. Does anyone think we should ban " +"trucks from roads for the purpose of protecting the railroads? Closer to the " +"subject of this book, remote channel changers have weakened the " +"\"stickiness\" of television advertising (if a boring commercial comes on " +"the TV, the remote makes it easy to surf ), and it may well be that this " +"change has weakened the television advertising market. But does anyone " +"believe we should regulate remotes to reinforce commercial television? " +"(Maybe by limiting them to function only once a second, or to switch to only " +"ten channels within an hour?)" msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170­71." msgstr "fred warshofsky, patent krigene (new york: wiley, 1994), 170­71." @@ -9552,7 +9543,7 @@ msgstr "" "på forespørsel fra de vondt ved å endre teknologi, er endringer som bevare " "insentiver og muligheter for innovasjon og endre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech--which include, obviously, " "copyright law--that duty is even stronger. When the industry complaining " @@ -9562,9 +9553,9 @@ msgid "" "business of regulating speech markets. The risks and dangers of that game " "are precisely why our framers created the First Amendment to our " "Constitution: \"Congress shall make no law . . . abridging the freedom of " -"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would \"abridge" -"\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such regulation " -"is justified." +"speech.\" So when Congress is being asked to pass laws that would " +"\"abridge\" the freedom of speech, it should ask-- carefully--whether such " +"regulation is justified." msgstr "" "i sammenheng med lover som regulerer tale--, og som omfatter, tydeligvis, " "copyright lov--at plikt er enda sterkere. Når industrien klagende om hvordan " @@ -9573,12 +9564,12 @@ msgstr "" "forespørselen. Det er alltid en dårlig deal for regjeringen å komme inn i " "virksomheten av regulerer tale markeder. risikoer og farer av spillet er " "nøyaktig hvorfor våre underskrev opprettet den første endringen til vår " -"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til tale." -"\" så når Kongressen blir bedt om å passere lovgivning som ville \"abridge\" " -"ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er begrunnet." +"grunnlov: \"Kongressen skal gjøre ingen lov... abridging friheten til " +"tale.\" så når Kongressen blir bedt om å passere lovgivning som ville " +"\"abridge\" ytringsfriheten, det bør spørre--nøye--om slike regulering er " +"begrunnet." -#. PAGE BREAK 140 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -9598,6 +9589,7 @@ msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "Her er til metaforen vil fange opp argumentet å følge." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -9612,6 +9604,7 @@ msgstr "" "produksjonen av gården." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -9629,11 +9622,12 @@ msgid "" "the ecology were being destroyed." msgstr "" "men i 1962, rachel carson publisert stille våren, som hevdet at ddt, uansett " -"dens primære fordeler, hadde også utilsiktede miljømessige konsekvenser. " -"fugler var å miste muligheten til å reprodusere. hele kjeder av økologi ble " -"blir ødelagt." +"dens primære fordeler, hadde også utilsiktede miljømessige " +"konsekvenser. fugler var å miste muligheten til å reprodusere. hele kjeder " +"av økologi ble blir ødelagt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -9650,8 +9644,7 @@ msgstr "" "verre enn problemer det løst, minst når de vurderer den andre, mer " "miljøvennlig måten å løse problemer som ddt var ment å løse." -#. f7 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." @@ -9663,13 +9656,13 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " -"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for culture." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I want to " -"develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of copyright " -"are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or that music " -"should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the ways in " -"which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for the " -"cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And " +"appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " +"culture.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His point, and the point I " +"want to develop in the balance of this chapter, is not that the aims of " +"copyright are flawed. Or that authors should not be paid for their work. Or " +"that music should be given away \"for free.\" The point is that some of the " +"ways in which we might protect authors will have unintended consequences for " +"the cultural environment, much like DDT had for the natural environment. And " "just as criticism of DDT is not an endorsement of malaria or an attack on " "farmers, so, too, is criticism of one particular set of regulations " "protecting copyright not an endorsement of anarchy or an attack on authors. " @@ -9711,7 +9704,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "begynnelse" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -9723,18 +9716,17 @@ msgstr "" "property\" fjerner du rettigheter; uttrykkelig begrensninger forsterke den " "engelske mål å unngå altfor kraftig utgivere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " "section 8, clause 8 of our Constitution states that:" msgstr "" "makt til å etablere \"kreative\" eiendomsrettigheter gis til Kongressen på " -"en måte som for vår grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, 8-" -"setningsdelen i vår grunnlov sier at:" +"en måte som for vår grunnlov, minst, er veldig rart. artikkel, del 8, " +"8-setningsdelen i vår grunnlov sier at:" -#. PAGE BREAK 142 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -9754,15 +9746,15 @@ msgstr "" "og formålet er en offentlig, ikke hensikten med berikende utgivere, eller " "med hovedsakelig formålet med givende forfatternes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " "few would not exercise disproportionate control over culture by exercising " "disproportionate control over publishing. We can assume the framers followed " "the English for a similar purpose. Indeed, unlike the English, the framers " -"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to Authors" -"\" only." +"reinforced that objective, by requiring that copyrights extend \"to " +"Authors\" only." msgstr "" "fremdrift-setningsdelen begrenser uttrykkelig begrepet av opphavsretten. som " "vi så i kapittel 6, ville engelsk begrenset av copyright å forsikre om at " @@ -9799,7 +9791,7 @@ msgstr "" "struktur som ble bygd kontrollerer og saldoer i konstitusjonelle rammen, " "strukturert for å hindre at ellers uunngåelig konsentrasjoner av makt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -9847,6 +9839,7 @@ msgstr "loven: varighet" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " "United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, 485­86: " @@ -9855,10 +9848,10 @@ msgid "" "under the Common Law\" (emphasis added)." msgstr "" "William w. crosskey, politikk og Grunnloven i historien av USA (london: " -"cambridge university press, 1953), vol. 1, 485­86: \"slukke [ing], ved vanlig " -"implikasjon av\"øverstkommanderende lov av land\", evigvarende rettigheter " -"som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen å ha, under felles lov\" (vekt " -"legges til)." +"cambridge university press, 1953), vol. 1, 485­86: \"slukke [ing], ved " +"vanlig implikasjon av\"øverstkommanderende lov av land\", evigvarende " +"rettigheter som forfattere hadde eller skulle etter noen å ha, under felles " +"lov\" (vekt legges til)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -9866,8 +9859,8 @@ msgid "" "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " "had confronted in 1774. Many states had passed laws protecting creative " "property, and some believed that these laws simply supplemented common law " -"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public " +"rights that already protected creative authorship.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This meant that there was no guaranteed public " "domain in the United States in 1790. If copyrights were protected by the " "common law, then there was no simple way to know whether a work published in " "the United States was controlled or free. Just as in England, this lingering " @@ -9912,15 +9905,15 @@ msgid "" "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " "Book Publishing in the United States, vol. 1, The Creation of an Industry, " "1630­1865 (New York: Bowker, 1972), 141. Of the 21,000 imprints recorded " -"before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William J. " -"Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of 1790 " -"in Historical Context, 7­10 (2002), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the overwhelming majority of " -"works fell immediately into the public domain. Even those works that were " -"copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, because the term of " -"copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was fourteen years, with " -"the option of renewal for an additional fourteen years. Copyright Act of May " -"31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." +"before 1790, only twelve were copyrighted under the 1790 act; William " +"J. Maher, Copyright Term, Retrospective Extension and the Copyright Law of " +"1790 in Historical Context, 7­10 (2002), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #25</ulink>. Thus, the " +"overwhelming majority of works fell immediately into the public domain. Even " +"those works that were copyrighted fell into the public domain quickly, " +"because the term of copyright was short. The initial term of copyright was " +"fourteen years, with the option of renewal for an additional fourteen " +"years. Copyright Act of May 31, 1790, §1, 1 stat. 124." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -9930,8 +9923,8 @@ msgid "" "under the federal copyright regime. Of all the work created in the United " "States both before 1790 and from 1790 through 1800, 95 percent immediately " "passed into the public domain; the balance would pass into the pubic domain " -"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen years." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"within twenty-eight years at most, and more likely within fourteen " +"years.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 @@ -9951,6 +9944,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -9964,18 +9958,19 @@ msgstr "" "noen rettighetshavere valgte noensinne å fornye sine opphavsrettigheter. for " "eksempel av 25,006 opphavsretten registrert i 1883, ble bare 894 fornyet i " "1910. for et år etter år analyse av opphavsrett fornyelse priser, kan du se " -"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier på " -"opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), 618. Hvis " -"en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard en. Posner, " -"\"på ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of chicago lov gå gjennom " -"70 (2003): 471, 498­501 og tilhørende tallene." +"barbara a. ringer, \"studere nr. 31: fornyelse av opphavsrett,\" studier " +"på opphavsrett, vol. 1 (new york: praktisere loven institute, 1963), " +"618. Hvis en nyere og omfattende analyse, se william m landes og richard " +"en. Posner, \"på ubestemt tid fornybar copyright,\" university of " +"chicago lov gå gjennom 70 (2003): 471, 498­501 og tilhørende tallene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " "them renewed their copyright after fourteen years; the balance allowed their " -"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"work to pass into the public domain.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f11 @@ -10025,9 +10020,10 @@ msgstr "" "vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter; to ganger i de førti år utvidet " "Kongressen begrepet av fremtidige opphavsretten. i utgangspunktet var " "utvidelser av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter kort, bare ett til to år. i " -"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten år. " -"og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven Kongressen " -"utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av tjue år." +"1976 utvidet Kongressen alle eksisterende opphavsrettigheter av nitten " +"år. og i 1998, i sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet forlengelse loven " +"Kongressen utvidet begrepet av eksisterende og fremtidige opphavsretten av " +"tjue år." #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -10045,12 +10041,13 @@ msgstr "" "at allemannseie vil ha blitt kirkeklokkene for trettini fifty-fem år, eller " "70 prosent av tiden siden 1962. i tjue år etter sonny bono loven, mens en " "million patenter vil passere i den offentlige sfæren, vil dermed null " -"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett sikt." +"opphavsrett passerer i public domain kraft av utløpet av en opphavsrett " +"sikt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, little-" -"noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " +"The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " +"little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " "established a two-part copyright regime, requiring a copyright owner to " "renew his copyright after an initial term. The requirement of renewal meant " "that works that no longer needed copyright protection would pass more " @@ -10065,7 +10062,7 @@ msgstr "" "domain. works gjenværende under beskyttelse vil være de som hadde noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term--the maximum term. For " @@ -10083,7 +10080,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett ville substansiell den maksimale betegnelsen deretter " "tilgjengelig. etter sonny bono loven, at begrepet var fem og nitti år." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -10096,11 +10093,10 @@ msgstr "" "forsikre som fungerer som utnyttes ikke lenger sendes til public domain. og " "faktisk, etter disse endringene, er det uklart om det er også mulig å sette " "fungerer i public domain. public domain er foreldreløse av disse endringene " -"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være \"begrenset" -"\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." +"i lov om opphavsrett. til tross for kravet om at vilkårene være " +"\"begrenset\", har vi ingen bevis for at noe vil begrense dem." -#. f12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -10119,38 +10115,38 @@ msgid "" "their copyright. That meant that the average term of copyright in 1973 was " "just 32.2 years. Because of the elimination of the renewal requirement, the " "average term of copyright is now the maximum term. In thirty years, then, " -"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"the average term has tripled, from 32.2 years to 95 years.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "loven: Virkeområde" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " "necessarily bad. But we should understand the extent of the changes if we're " "to keep this debate in context." msgstr "" -"\"område\" av en opphavsrett er området av rettigheter gitt av loven. " -"omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse endringene " -"er ikke nødvendigvis dårlig. men vi bør forstå omfanget av endringene Hvis " -"vi å holde denne debatten i sammenheng." +"\"område\" av en opphavsrett er området av rettigheter gitt av " +"loven. omfanget av amerikanske copyright har endret seg dramatisk. disse " +"endringene er ikke nødvendigvis dårlig. men vi bør forstå omfanget av " +"endringene Hvis vi å holde denne debatten i sammenheng." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " -"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or architecture. " -"More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the author the " -"exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means someone else " -"violated the copyright only if he republished the work without the copyright " -"owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright was an " -"exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to what " -"lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere with " -"the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted book, " -"or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a " +"and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " +"architecture. More significantly, the right granted by a copyright gave the " +"author the exclusive right to \"publish\" copyrighted works. That means " +"someone else violated the copyright only if he republished the work without " +"the copyright owner's permission. Finally, the right granted by a copyright " +"was an exclusive right to that particular book. The right did not extend to " +"what lawyers call \"derivative works.\" It would not, therefore, interfere " +"with the right of someone other than the author to translate a copyrighted " +"book, or to adapt the story to a different form (such as a drama based on a " "published book)." msgstr "" "i 1790 var at omfanget svært smale. Copyright dekket bare \"kart, diagrammer " @@ -10159,13 +10155,13 @@ msgstr "" "forfatteren eneretten til \"Publiser\" opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk. Det " "betyr at noen andre har brutt opphavsretten bare hvis han har publisert " "arbeid uten opphavsrett eierens tillatelse på nytt. Endelig, retten som er " -"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle boken. " -"høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" det vil " -"ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren å oversette en " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller å tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " +"innvilget av en opphavsrett var en eksklusiv rett til den aktuelle " +"boken. høyre ikke strekker seg til det advokater kaller \"avledede works.\" " +"det vil ikke, derfor forstyrre retten av andre enn forfatteren å oversette " +"en opphavsrettsbeskyttet bok, eller å tilpasse historien til et annet skjema " "(for eksempel et drama basert på en publiserte bok)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -10195,6 +10191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -10202,9 +10199,9 @@ msgid "" "renewal requirement, for most of the history of American copyright law, " "there was a requirement that a work be registered before it could receive " "the protection of a copyright. There was also a requirement that any " -"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word copyright. " -"And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was a " -"requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright " +"copyrighted work be marked either with that famous © or the word " +"copyright. And for most of the history of American copyright law, there was " +"a requirement that works be deposited with the government before a copyright " "could be secured." msgstr "" "på samme tid som har utvidet omfanget av copyright, er fremgangsmåter for " @@ -10243,6 +10240,7 @@ msgstr "" "opprinnelige forfatteren." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -10251,19 +10249,19 @@ msgid "" "copyright exists whether or not you actually make a copy available for " "others to copy." msgstr "" -"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet når vi " -"besluttet å følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du " +"alle disse \"formaliteter\" ble avskaffet i det amerikanske systemet når " +"vi besluttet å følge europeiske lov om opphavsrett. Det er ingen krav at du " "registrerer et arbeid for å få en copyright; opphavsretten nå er automatisk; " "opphavsretten finnes om du merker arbeidet med en ©; og opphavsretten finnes " "om du faktisk lage en kopi tilgjengelig for andre å kopiere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "" -"Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." +msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "vurdere et praktisk eksempel å forstå omfanget av disse forskjellene." #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " @@ -10271,20 +10269,20 @@ msgid "" "1790­1800 (U.S. G.P.O., 1987)." msgstr "" "se thomas bender og david sampliner, \"poeter, pirater og etableringen av " -"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal lov " -"og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett " +"amerikansk litteratur,\" 29 new york university journal of internasjonal " +"lov og politikk 255 (1997), og james gilraeth, ed., føderale opphavsrett " "records, 1790­1800 (US g.p.o., 1987)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " -"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your permission. " -"The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent that kind of " -"unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the United States." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act was thus a tiny " -"regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the creative market in the " -"United States--publishers." +"publisher's taking your book and republishing it without your " +"permission. The aim of the act was to regulate publishers so as to prevent " +"that kind of unfair competition. In 1790, there were 174 publishers in the " +"United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Copyright Act " +"was thus a tiny regulation of a tiny proportion of a tiny part of the " +"creative market in the United States--publishers." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 @@ -10301,9 +10299,9 @@ msgstr "" "for hånd, igjen og igjen, som en måte å lære det ved hjertet, var min " "gjerning helt unregulated av 1790 act. Hvis jeg tok romanen og gjorde en " "spiller som er basert på det, eller hvis jeg har oversatt eller utdrag det, " -"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright act. " -"disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til utgivere " -"var behersket." +"var ingen av disse aktivitetene regulert av opprinnelige copyright " +"act. disse kreative aktivitetene forble gratis, mens aktivitetene til " +"utgivere var behersket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -10331,7 +10329,7 @@ msgstr "" "unntak) til å kontrollere hvordan andre kopierer arbeidet, om de kopiere den " "til å publisere den på nytt, eller for å dele et utdrag." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -10388,14 +10386,15 @@ msgid "" "understand the wrong in duplicating and selling someone else's work. But " "whatever that wrong is, transforming someone else's work is a different " "wrong. Some view transformation as no wrong at all--they believe that our " -"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at all." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that far, it " -"seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally different from " -"the wrong of direct piracy." +"law, as the framers penned it, should not protect derivative rights at " +"all.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Whether or not you go that " +"far, it seems plain that whatever wrong is involved is fundamentally " +"different from the wrong of direct piracy." msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -10405,20 +10404,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "professor rubenfeld har presentert en kraftig konstitusjonelle argument om " "forskjellen som lov om opphavsrett bør trekke (fra perspektivet til den " -"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed rubenfeld, " -"\"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's constitutionality,\" yale law " -"journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (se spesielt s. 53­59)." +"første endringen) bare \"Kopier\" og avledede produkter. se jed " +"rubenfeld, \"ytringsfriheten fantasi: opphavsrett 's " +"constitutionality,\" yale law journal 112 (2002): 1­60 (se spesielt " +"s. 53­59)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " -"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my book." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of my " -"creative work are treated the same." +"court and get an injunction against your transformative use of my " +"book.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> These two different uses of " +"my creative work are treated the same." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -10447,8 +10447,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "lov og arkitektur: nå" -#. f16 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"--a public performance of a copyrighted song, " @@ -10471,12 +10470,11 @@ msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " "authors. It regulates them because all three are capable of making copies, " -"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"and the core of the regulation of copyright law is copies.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 151 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " "to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " @@ -10517,14 +10515,17 @@ msgid "" "should at least force us to rethink the conditions under which the law of " "copyright automatically applies,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "because it is clear that the current reach of copyright was never " -"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright law." +"contemplated, much less chosen, by the legislators who enacted copyright " +"law." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty circle." +"We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " +"circle." msgstr "" -"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom sirkel." +"Vi kan se dette punktet abstractly begynner med dette i stor grad tom " +"sirkel." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1521.jpg\"></graphic>" @@ -10576,7 +10577,7 @@ msgstr "" "paradigmatic bruk riktig regulert av opphavsrett regulering (se første " "diagrammet på neste side)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" @@ -10588,7 +10589,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1541.jpg\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -10616,8 +10617,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1551.jpg\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 154 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -10628,8 +10628,7 @@ msgstr "" "bruker som likevel anses \"rettferdig\" uavhengig av copyrighteieren " "visninger." -#. f18 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -10638,8 +10637,8 @@ msgid "" "remain." msgstr "" "Jeg trenger ikke bety \"natur\" i den forstand at det kunne ikke være " -"annerledes, men heller at sin nåværende objektforekomst innebærer en kopi. " -"optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en " +"annerledes, men heller at sin nåværende objektforekomst innebærer en " +"kopi. optisk nettverk ikke trenger lage kopier av innhold de overføre, og en " "digital network kan være utformet for å slette noe det kopierer slik at det " "samme antallet kopier forblir." @@ -10689,14 +10688,15 @@ msgid "" "fifth time, you are making a copy of the book contrary to the copyright " "owner's wish." msgstr "" -"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med regler. " -"nå hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, eller " -"bare en gang i måneden, så lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av " +"men den samme bok som en e-bok styres effektivt av et annet sett med " +"regler. nå hvis eieren av opphavsretten sier du kan lese boken bare én gang, " +"eller bare en gang i måneden, så lov om opphavsrett skulle hjelpe eieren av " "opphavsretten i utøvelse slik grad av kontroll, på grunn av funksjonen " -"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad på det å være en kopi. " -"nå hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare fem " -"ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover den " -"femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens ønske." +"tilfeldig i lov om opphavsrett som utløser sin søknad på det å være en " +"kopi. nå hvis du lese boken ti ganger, og lisensen sier du kan lese det bare " +"fem ganger, deretter hver gang du leser boken (eller deler av det) utover " +"den femte tid, gjør du en kopi av boken i strid med opphavsrett eierens " +"ønske." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -10726,7 +10726,7 @@ msgstr "" "policy her for å skifte. unregulated bruker var en viktig del av fri kultur " "før Internett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -10743,18 +10743,18 @@ msgstr "" "piratkopiering. men loven nå hensikt å regulere alle transformasjoner som du " "gjør i skapende arbeid ved hjelp av en maskin. \"Kopier og Lim inn\" og " "\"klippe og lime\" bli forbrytelser. fiksing og triksing med en historie og " -"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer å minst et krav for justering. " -"troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men det er " -"svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende arbeid." +"slippe det til andre viser til tinkerer å minst et krav for " +"justering. troubling utvidelse med hensyn til kopiere et bestemt arbeid, men " +"det er svært troubling med hensyn til transformative bruk av skapende " +"arbeid." -#. PAGE BREAK 156 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " -"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book on-" -"line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of my " -"fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I " +"copyright owner now tried to control how many times I could read a book " +"on-line, the natural response would be to argue that this is a violation of " +"my fair use rights. But there has never been any litigation about whether I " "have a fair use right to read, because before the Internet, reading did not " "trigger the application of copyright law and hence the need for a fair use " "defense. The right to read was effectively protected before because reading " @@ -10786,21 +10786,21 @@ msgstr "" "store flertallet av bruker er unregulated. men når alt blir presumptively " "regulert, deretter beskyttelse av fair use er ikke nok." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " -"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell videos. " -"Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the trailers " -"on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." +"stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell " +"videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the " +"trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." msgstr "" "tilfelle av video rørledning er et godt eksempel. video rørledningen var i " "bransjen for å gjøre \"trailer\" reklame for filmer tilgjengelig til video " -"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en måte å selge videoer. " -"video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på bånd, og " -"solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." +"butikker. video butikkene vises tilhengere som en måte å selge " +"videoer. video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på " +"bånd, og solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -10816,8 +10816,7 @@ msgstr "" "bokhandel du kan lese noen få sider av en bok før du kjøper boken, så, du " "vil også kunne smake litt fra filmen on-line før du kjøpte den." -#. PAGE BREAK 157 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -10843,7 +10842,7 @@ msgstr "" "de hadde. så de anlagt en sak å be retten å erklære at disse rettighetene " "var faktisk sine rettigheter." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Disney countersued--for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -10880,7 +10879,7 @@ msgstr "" "vise titlene på filmene de solgte, men de var ikke lov til å vise klipp av " "filmer som en måte å selge dem uten disney's tillatelse." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -10923,16 +10922,16 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "ingen tvil, et potensial er ikke et misbruk, og så potensialet for kontroll " "er ikke ennå misbruk av kontroll. Barnes & noble har rett til å si du " -"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det riktig. " -"men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & noble " -"utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre bokhandlere. " -"konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være (mitt argument " -"så langt ikke selv spørsmålet dette) at konkurransen ville hindre noen " -"lignende fare når det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere utøve " -"rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver å regulere hvor mange " -"ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv å opphøre du fra deler av boken med noen. " -"men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette skjer " -"er ganske liten." +"ikke røre en bok i deres store; opphavsrettslovgivningen gir dem det " +"riktig. men markedet beskytter effektivt mot at misbruk. Hvis barnes & " +"noble utestengt surfing, vil deretter forbrukere velge andre " +"bokhandlere. konkurranse beskytter mot ytterpunktene. og det kan godt være " +"(mitt argument så langt ikke selv spørsmålet dette) at konkurransen ville " +"hindre noen lignende fare når det gjelder opphavsrett. sikker, kan utgivere " +"utøve rettigheter som forfattere har tildelt dem prøver å regulere hvor " +"mange ganger du leser en bok, eller prøv å opphøre du fra deler av boken med " +"noen. men i et konkurranseutsatt marked som bok-markedet, farene ved dette " +"skjer er ganske liten." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -10957,9 +10956,9 @@ msgstr "arkitektur og lov: tvinge" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " -"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its significance. " -"This second change does not affect the reach of copyright regulation; it " -"affects how such regulation is enforced." +"important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " +"significance. This second change does not affect the reach of copyright " +"regulation; it affects how such regulation is enforced." msgstr "" "forsvinningen av unregulated bruker ville være endre nok, men andre viktige " "endringer forårsaket av Internett øker sin betydning. denne andre endringen " @@ -10982,6 +10981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 44 (1981): 172­73." @@ -11000,6 +11000,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1­3." msgstr "ibid. se også vaidhyanathan, opphavsrett og copywrongs, 1­3." @@ -11015,14 +11016,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " -"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly claim. " -"This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including Warner " -"Brothers) enjoyed." +"Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " +"claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone (including " +"Warner Brothers) enjoyed." msgstr "" "en absurd og hul trussel, selvfølgelig, fordi warner brothers, the marx " -"brothers, visste at ingen domstol ville noensinne håndheve slikt dumt krav. " -"Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for ekte friheter nytes alle (inkludert " -"warner brothers)." +"brothers, visste at ingen domstol ville noensinne håndheve slikt dumt " +"krav. Denne ekstremisme var irrelevant for ekte friheter nytes alle " +"(inkludert warner brothers)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -11059,10 +11060,8 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet ved hjelp av teknologien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "" -"On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." -msgstr "" -"på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." +msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." +msgstr "på neste er siden et bilde av en gammel versjon av min adobe eBok-leser." #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -11075,12 +11074,13 @@ msgid "" "on my e-book copy of Middlemarch, you'll see a fancy cover, and then a " "button at the bottom called Permissions." msgstr "" -"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken biblioteket. " -"noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: middlemarch, er " -"for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere innhold som ikke er " -"allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennå ikke i public domain. " -"vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker på min e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, " -"vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp på bunnen kalt tillatelser." +"som du ser, har jeg en liten samling av e-bøker i denne e-boken " +"biblioteket. noen av disse bøkene reprodusere innholdet i public domain: " +"middlemarch, er for eksempel i public domain. noen av dem reprodusere " +"innhold som ikke er allemannseie: min egen bok fremtiden for ideer er ennå " +"ikke i public domain. vurdere middlemarch først. Hvis du klikker på min " +"e-bok-kopi av middlemarch, vil du se en fancy cover og deretter en knapp på " +"bunnen kalt tillatelser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> msgid "Acrobat eBook Reader" @@ -11131,8 +11131,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at all. " -"But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." +"According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " +"all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" "i henhold til tillatelsene, ingen utskrift eller kopiering er tillatt i det " "hele tatt. men heldigvis kan du bruke lese høyt knappen for å høre boken." @@ -11182,14 +11182,14 @@ msgid "" "publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For works under " "copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have the power--up to the " "limits of the copyright law. But for work not under copyright, there is no " -"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my e-" -"book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text " +"such copyright power.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> When my " +"e-book of Middlemarch says I have the permission to copy only ten text " "selections into the memory every ten days, what that really means is that " "the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher to control how I use the book on " "my computer, far beyond the control that the law would enable." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code--from the technology within which " "the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are permissions, " @@ -11198,33 +11198,33 @@ msgid "" "she's Cinderella) that she can stay out till 2 A.M., but will suffer a " "punishment if she's caught. But when the Adobe eBook Reader says I have the " "permission to make ten copies of the text into the computer's memory, that " -"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any more. " -"The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook Reader " -"will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly restriction " -"that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my book aloud--" -"it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if you push the " -"Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read aloud." -msgstr "" -"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om e-" -"boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som de " -"fleste av oss håndtere. Når en tenåring blir \"tillatelse\" til å være ute " -"til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute til " -"2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men når adobe eBok reader " -"sier jeg har tillatelse til å lage ti Kopier teksten inn i datamaskinens " -"minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, datamaskinen ikke " -"vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: eBok-leser ikke " -"skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med dum " -"størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen til " -"å lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du " +"means that after I've made ten copies, the computer will not make any " +"more. The same with the printing restrictions: After ten pages, the eBook " +"Reader will not print any more pages. It's the same with the silly " +"restriction that says that you can't use the Read Aloud button to read my " +"book aloud--it's not that the company will sue you if you do; instead, if " +"you push the Read Aloud button with my book, the machine simply won't read " +"aloud." +msgstr "" +"kontrollen kommer i stedet fra koden--fra teknologi som e-bok \"liv.\" om " +"e-boken sier at disse er tillatelsene, de er ikke typen \"tillatelser\" som " +"de fleste av oss håndtere. Når en tenåring blir \"tillatelse\" til å være " +"ute til midnatt, vet hun (med mindre hun er cinderella) at hun kan være ute " +"til 2 am, men vil lide en straff hvis hun er fanget. men når adobe eBok " +"reader sier jeg har tillatelse til å lage ti Kopier teksten inn i " +"datamaskinens minne, som betyr at etter at jeg har gjort ti eksemplarer, " +"datamaskinen ikke vil gjøre noe mer. det samme med utskrift begrensninger: " +"eBok-leser ikke skrives ut flere sider etter ti sider. Det er det samme med " +"dum størrelsesbegrensningen som sier at du ikke kan bruke lese høyt knappen " +"til å lese boken min høyt--det er ikke at selskapet vil saksøke deg hvis du " "gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, maskinen bare " "vil ikke lese høyt." -#. PAGE BREAK 163 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " -"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner Brothers," -"\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." +"sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner " +"Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence." msgstr "" "Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx " "brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde å skrive inn " @@ -11266,8 +11266,8 @@ msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" -"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gå tilbake til adobe eBok-" -"leser." +"Vi har bare riper i overflaten av denne historien. gå tilbake til adobe " +"eBok-leser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -11286,8 +11286,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "<graphic fileref=\"1641.jpg\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 164 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -11359,7 +11358,7 @@ msgstr "" "Hvis du vil se punktet i en spesielt absurd sammenheng, bør du vurdere en " "favoritt historien om mine som gjør det samme punktet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -11386,7 +11385,7 @@ msgstr "" "informasjon om hvordan du lære en aibo å gjøre triks i tillegg til de sony " "hadde lært det på det området." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -11398,15 +11397,15 @@ msgstr "" "\"lære\" har her en spesiell betydning. aibos er bare søt datamaskiner. du " "lære en datamaskin hvor å gjøre noe ved programmering det annerledes. så å " "si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon om hvordan du lære hunden å gjøre nye " -"triks er bare å si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon til brukere av aibo-" -"pet om hvordan å hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " +"triks er bare å si at aibopet.com var å gi informasjon til brukere av " +"aibo-pet om hvordan å hacke datamaskinen \"hund\" slik at den gjør nye triks " "(derfor aibohack.com)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " -"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or weeds. " -"Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or " +"a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or " +"weeds. Nonprogrammers in horror movies do even worse. But to programmers, or " "coders, as I call them, hack is a much more positive term. Hack just means " "code that enables the program to do something it wasn't originally intended " "or enabled to do. If you buy a new printer for an old computer, you might " @@ -11424,14 +11423,16 @@ msgstr "" "kjøper en ny skriver for en gammel datamaskin, kan du finne den gamle " "datamaskinen ikke kjører, eller \"drive\", skriveren. Hvis du oppdaget at, " "vil du senere gjerne til å oppdage en hack på nettet av noen som har skrevet " -"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp kjøpt." +"en driver for å aktivere datamaskinen til å kjøre skriveren du nettopp " +"kjøpt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " -"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult tasks. " -"There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack well. There's a " -"well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack ethically." +"to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " +"tasks. There's a certain respect that goes with the talent to hack " +"well. There's a well-deserved respect that goes with the talent to hack " +"ethically." msgstr "" "noen hacks er lett. noen er utrolig vanskelig. hackere som et fellesskap " "liker å utfordre seg selv og andre med stadig vanskeligere oppgaver. Det er " @@ -11441,9 +11442,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " -"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance jazz. " -"The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of tinkering " -"that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had built." +"offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " +"jazz. The dog wasn't programmed to dance jazz. It was a clever bit of " +"tinkering that turned the dog into a more talented creature than Sony had " +"built." msgstr "" "fan aibo var vise litt av begge når han hacket programmet og tilbød å verden " "litt kode som ville gjøre det mulig for aibo å danse jazz. hunden var ikke " @@ -11464,16 +11466,16 @@ msgid "" "that the owner of aibopet.com thought, What possible problem could there be " "with teaching a robot dog to dance?" msgstr "" -"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor USA. " -"Når jeg ble spurt av en rådvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for en " -"hunden å danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry fremdeles " -"flyter gjennom store deler av verden. så la oss være klare før vi " -"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) å danse jazz. " -"heller ikke er det en forbrytelse å lære din hunden å danse jazz. heller " -"ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye å gå på her) å " -"lære hunden din robot å danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig aktivitet. " -"en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem kan det være " -"med undervisning en robot hunden å danse?" +"Jeg har fortalt denne historien i mange sammenhenger, både i og utenfor " +"USA. Når jeg ble spurt av en rådvill medlem av publikum, er det tillatt for " +"en hunden å danse jazz i USA? Vi glemmer at artikler om backcountry " +"fremdeles flyter gjennom store deler av verden. så la oss være klare før vi " +"fortsetter: det er ikke en forbrytelse hvor som helst (lenger) å danse " +"jazz. heller ikke er det en forbrytelse å lære din hunden å danse " +"jazz. heller ikke bør det være en forbrytelse (selv om vi ikke har mye å gå " +"på her) å lære hunden din robot å danse jazz. dans jazz er en helt lovlig " +"aktivitet. en bilder at eieren av aibopet.com trodde, hva et mulig problem " +"kan det være med undervisning en robot hunden å danse?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -11481,10 +11483,11 @@ msgid "" "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " "Felten prepared for a conference. This Princeton academic is well known and " "respected. He was hired by the government in the Microsoft case to test " -"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own code. " -"In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his coolness. Under " -"heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his ground. He was not " -"about to be bullied into being silent about something he knew very well." +"Microsoft's claims about what could and could not be done with its own " +"code. In that trial, he demonstrated both his brilliance and his " +"coolness. Under heavy badgering by Microsoft lawyers, Ed Felten stood his " +"ground. He was not about to be bullied into being silent about something he " +"knew very well." msgstr "" "La oss sette hunden å sove litt, og slå til en ponni Vis--ikke bokstavelig " "talt en ponni show, men heller et papir som en princeton akademiske kalt ed " @@ -11512,14 +11515,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a paper " -"to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the " +"But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " +"paper to be submitted at conference. The paper was intended to describe the " "weakness in an encryption system being developed by the Secure Digital Music " "Initiative as a technique to control the distribution of music." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -11564,12 +11567,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United States. " -"We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just because " -"it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A strongly " -"protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide range of " -"criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the systems or " -"people or ideas criticized." +"Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " +"States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " +"because it is the law, but also because it is a really great idea. A " +"strongly protected tradition of free speech is likely to encourage a wide " +"range of criticism. That criticism is likely, in turn, to improve the " +"systems or people or ideas criticized." msgstr "" "La oss vurdere bare hva felten gjorde. igjen, dette er USA. Vi har et " "prinsipp for ytringsfrihet. Vi har dette prinsippet ikke bare fordi det er " @@ -11599,8 +11602,8 @@ msgid "" "hack. Though a jazz-dancing dog is perfectly legal, Sony wrote:" msgstr "" "Hva kobler disse to, aibopet.com og felten, er bokstavene de deretter " -"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com banalisere. " -"Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:" +"mottatt. aibopet.com mottatt et brev fra sony om det aibopet.com " +"banalisere. Selv om en jazz-dans hunden er helt lovlig, skrev sony:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -11622,8 +11625,7 @@ msgstr "" "bør også være helt lovlig, felten mottatt et brev fra en riaa advokat som " "lese:" -#. PAGE BREAK 168 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -11709,10 +11711,11 @@ msgstr "" "aktivering omfattet uten tvil bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. men " "som aibopet.com's området var ikke-kommersielt, og bruk ikke aktiverte " "etterfølgende opphavsrett infringements, er det ingen tvil om at aibopet.com " -"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. " -"rettferdig bruk er ennå ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmålet er ikke om bruk " -"av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd på opphavsretten. spørsmålet er om " -"et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var omgikk." +"banalisere var rettferdig bruk av Sonys opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"materiale. rettferdig bruk er ennå ikke krenkelser av dmca. spørsmålet er " +"ikke om bruk av opphavsrettslig materiale var et brudd på " +"opphavsretten. spørsmålet er om et system for opphavsrettsbeskyttelse var " +"omgikk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -11730,7 +11733,7 @@ msgstr "" "selv krenker andres opphavsrett, hans akademiske papir var aktivere andre " "til å krenke andres opphavsrett." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -11750,6 +11753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " @@ -11767,8 +11771,8 @@ msgid "" "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " "it's a real service to families to be able to record such programs and show " "them at appropriate times. I have always felt that with the advent of all of " -"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" off-the-" -"air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I " +"this new technology that allows people to tape the \"Neighborhood\" " +"off-the-air, and I'm speaking for the \"Neighborhood\" because that's what I " "produce, that they then become much more active in the programming of their " "family's television life. Very frankly, I am opposed to people being " "programmed by others. My whole approach in broadcasting has always been " @@ -11789,30 +11793,28 @@ msgstr "" "som var ulovlig, domstolen holdt selskaper produsere vcr ansvarlig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "" -"This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." -msgstr "" -"Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca." +msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." +msgstr "Dette førte conrad å trekke tegneserie nedenfor, som vi kan vedta å dmca." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." -msgstr "" -"ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær." +msgstr "ingen argument jeg har kan topp dette bildet, men la meg prøve å komme nær." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " -"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different ends. " -"They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of copyrighted " -"material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of particular " -"copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair use--a good end." -msgstr "" -"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgåelse teknologier. " -"omgåelse teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan brukes, for " -"eksempel å aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale--en " -"dårlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til å aktivere bruken av bestemt " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale på måter som vil anses rimelig bruk--en god " -"slutt." +"technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " +"ends. They can be used, for example, to enable massive pirating of " +"copyrighted material--a bad end. Or they can be used to enable the use of " +"particular copyrighted materials in ways that would be considered fair " +"use--a good end." +msgstr "" +"anticircumvention bestemmelsene i dmca mot opphavsrett omgåelse " +"teknologier. omgåelse teknologiene kan brukes for ulike ender. de kan " +"brukes, for eksempel å aktivere massiv pirating av opphavsrettsbeskyttet " +"materiale--en dårlig slutt. eller de kan brukes til å aktivere bruken av " +"bestemt opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale på måter som vil anses rimelig " +"bruk--en god slutt." #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -11872,7 +11874,8 @@ msgid "" "otherwise plainly constitute fair use) is beyond the reach of the law. Code " "becomes law; code extends the law; code thus extends the control that " "copyright owners effect--at least for those copyright holders with the " -"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com received." +"lawyers who can write the nasty letters that Felten and aibopet.com " +"received." msgstr "" "Dette er hvordan koden blir lov. Kontroller som er innebygd i teknologien " "for kopiering og tilgang beskyttelse bli regler bryter som er også et brudd " @@ -11904,24 +11907,23 @@ msgstr "" "snoops, så vel som brukere, og snoops er stadig gode på sporing ned " "identiteten til de som bryter reglene." -#. f24 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " "Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1997): 651." msgstr "" -"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, \"legal-" -"fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los angeles " -"underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651." +"for en tidlig og forutseende analyse, kan du se rebecca tushnet, " +"\"legal-fictions, copyright, fanfiction og en ny felles lov,\" loyola av los " +"angeles underholdning law journal 17 (1997): 651." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " "the show. One person would play Spock, another, Captain Kirk. The characters " -"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue it." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"would begin with a plot from a real story, then simply continue " +"it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -11950,13 +11952,13 @@ msgid "" "is quick." msgstr "" "men hvis du har flyttet din klubb til Internett, og gjorde det vanligvis " -"tilgjengelig for andre til å delta, historien ville være svært forskjellige. " -"robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og copyright infringement " -"vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan fiction, avhengig av " -"eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan også inspirere en advokat trussel. " -"og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre kostbart faktisk. loven om " -"opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er alvorlige, og prosessen er " -"rask." +"tilgjengelig for andre til å delta, historien ville være svært " +"forskjellige. robotsøkeprogrammer scouring nettet for varemerke- og " +"copyright infringement vil raskt finne nettstedet. Innleggsaktivitet fan " +"fiction, avhengig av eierskap av serien som du som viser, kan også inspirere " +"en advokat trussel. og ignorerer den advokat trussel ville være uhyre " +"kostbart faktisk. loven om opphavsrett er ekstremt effektiv. straffene er " +"alvorlige, og prosessen er rask." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12043,10 +12045,8 @@ msgstr "" "prosent av media." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "" -"These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." -msgstr "" -"disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." +msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." +msgstr "disse endringene er i to former: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> @@ -12058,8 +12058,7 @@ msgstr "" "FCC oversight: høring før Senatet commerce, science and transport komiteen, " "108th cong., 1 sess. (22 mai 2003) (setning av senator john mccain)." -#. f26 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "New York Times, 23 December 2002." @@ -12067,8 +12066,7 @@ msgstr "" "lynette holloway, \"til tross for en markedsføring blitz cd salg fortsette å " "skyve,\" new york times, 23 desember 2002." -#. f27 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " "May 2003." @@ -12080,24 +12078,25 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " -"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music Group, " -"BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control 84.8 " -"percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> " -"The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the " -"cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +"companies control 85 percent of our media sources.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The five recording labels of Universal Music " +"Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, and EMI control " +"84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent " +"of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " -"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-" -"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. During that " -"period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners dropped by 34 " -"percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters control 74 " -"percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies control 90 " -"percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." +"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " +"seventy-five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 stations. " +"During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio owners " +"dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest broadcasters " +"control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just four companies " +"control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." msgstr "" "historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets " "største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag " @@ -12114,17 +12113,18 @@ msgid "" "eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's " "circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United " "States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The " -"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. " -"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. " -"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the market." +"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable " +"revenue. This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to " +"protect. Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected-- by the " +"market." msgstr "" "avisen eierskap er i ferd med å bli mer konsentrert også. i dag, er det seks " "hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var åtti år siden og ti selskaper " "kontroll halvparten av landets sirkulasjon. Det er tjue stor avis utgivere i " "USA. topp ti film studioer motta 99 prosent av alle inntekter for filmen. ti " -"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for kabel. " -"Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å beskytte. Det er " -"faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet." +"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for " +"kabel. Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt å " +"beskytte. Det er faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet--av markedet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12136,10 +12136,10 @@ msgstr "" "natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " "artikkel om rupert murdoch," -#. f28 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89." +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " +"89." msgstr "" "James fallows, \"en alder av murdoch,\" atlantic monthly (september 2003): " "89." @@ -12147,14 +12147,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " -"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows . . . Fox-" -"controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell the " -"content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the broadcast " -"network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical distribution " -"system through which the content reaches the customers. Murdoch's satellite " -"systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and Asia; if Murdoch " -"becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will serve the same " -"function in the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"integration. They supply content--Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " +". . . Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They sell " +"the content to the public and to advertisers--in newspapers, on the " +"broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"distribution system through which the content reaches the " +"customers. Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in " +"Europe and Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that " +"system will serve the same function in the United States.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12211,38 +12212,37 @@ msgstr "ABC" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " -"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told Lear. " -"Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC was " -"exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less edgy, " -"not more." +"pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told " +"Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy than the first. ABC " +"was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told Lear. We wanted less " +"edgy, not more." msgstr "" "i 1969, norman lear opprettet en pilot for alle i familien. Han tok piloten " "til abc. nettverket liker ikke det. Det var også irritabel, fortalte de " -"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn først. " -"ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket mindre " -"irritabel, ikke mer." +"lear. gjøre det igjen. Lear gjort en andre pilot, mer irritabel enn " +"først. ABC var exasperated. du mangler punktet, fortalte de lear. Vi ønsket " +"mindre irritabel, ikke mer." #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " -"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, not " -"included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." +"3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the Lear story, " +"not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " -"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 176 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -12262,12 +12262,12 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " -"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. " -"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the " -"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, " -"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc " -"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." +"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " +"sess. (2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and " +"the Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes " +"Victoria Riskin, president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks " +"at FCC En Banc Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12279,8 +12279,8 @@ msgid "" "series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last year, " "the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than " "quintupled to 77 percent.\" \"In 1992, 16 new series were produced " -"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one." -"\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime " +"independently of conglomerate control, last year there was " +"one.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime " "time television was owned by the networks that ran it. \"In the ten-year " "period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours per " "week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number of " @@ -12313,8 +12313,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " -"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." +"Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> @@ -12330,14 +12330,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " -"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. " -"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is " -"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is " -"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the " -"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence--not " -"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, " -"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a " -"democracy." +"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " +"safe. Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like " +"this is increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to " +"convey. This is not the communist party, though from the inside, it must " +"feel a bit like the communist party. No one can question without risk of " +"consequence--not necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment " +"nonetheless. Independent, critical, different views are quashed. This is not " +"the environment for a democracy." msgstr "" "dette begrense har en effekt på det som produseres. produktet av slike store " "og konsentrert nettverk er stadig mer homogene. stadig mer trygg. stadig " @@ -12369,10 +12369,10 @@ msgid "" "Dilemma\": the fact that large traditional firms find it rational to ignore " "new, breakthrough technologies that compete with their core business. The " "same analysis could help explain why large, traditional media companies " -"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should not, " -"sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far too " -"little sprinting." +"would find it rational to ignore new cultural trends.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only don't, but should " +"not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, there will be far " +"too little sprinting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12393,13 +12393,14 @@ msgstr "men det er en typiske åpenbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. " -"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal " -"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." +"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " +"wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " +"criminal and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." msgstr "" -"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i narkotika-krigene. " -"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker " -"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen." +"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i " +"narkotika-krigene. regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika " +"cartels; straffesaker og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av " +"denne kampen." #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12423,8 +12424,8 @@ msgstr "" "feil. Jeg er ikke pro narkotika. faktisk, jeg kommer fra en familie en gang " "havarerte av narkotika--om narkotika som havarerte familien min var alle " "helt lovlig. Jeg tror at denne krigen er en dyp feil fordi " -"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig galskap. " -"Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, " +"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er så stor at gjøre føre krig " +"galskap. Når du legger til sammen byrdene på det strafferettslige systemet, " "desperasjon generasjoner av barna som har bare ekte økonomiske muligheter er " "som narkotika krigere, queering av konstitusjonelle vern på grunn av " "konstant overvåking krever at denne krigen, og, mest dypt total ødeleggelse " @@ -12444,7 +12445,7 @@ msgstr "" "avhengig fundamentalt pressen for å informere amerikanerne om disse " "problemene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -12452,9 +12453,10 @@ msgid "" "(the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing the idea of " "legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage from the " "war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The other " -"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the first. " -"In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). The plug " -"at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign." +"responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the " +"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's " +"television). The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization " +"campaign." msgstr "" "starten i 1998, office of nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll lansert en " "kampanje for media som en del av \"krigen mot narkotika.\" kampanjen " @@ -12463,8 +12465,8 @@ msgstr "" "ideen om legalizing narkotika som en måte å unngå noen av " "sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra krigen. en avanserer et argument for narkotika " "legalization. de andre svarer på en kraftig og effektiv måte mot argumentet " -"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). " -"pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen." +"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er " +"TV). pluggen på slutten er en damning angrep på pro-legalization kampanjen." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12478,8 +12480,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " -"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. " -"Can you do it?" +"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug " +"war. Can you do it?" msgstr "" "men la oss si at du tror det er en feil melding, og du ønsker å kjøre en " "countercommercial. si du vil kjøre en rekke annonser som prøver å " @@ -12489,10 +12491,10 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. " -"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to " -"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard " -"then?" +"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " +"money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " +"world to help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be " +"heard then?" msgstr "" "Vel, tydeligvis, koste disse annonsene massevis av penger. Anta du heve " "penger. Anta at en gruppe av berørte borgere donerer alle pengene i verden " @@ -12504,26 +12506,27 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " -"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] policy." -"\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing them. " -"The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and accepted " -"payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned the " -"collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These " +"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as \"against [their] " +"policy.\" The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without reviewing " +"them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the ads and " +"accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and returned " +"the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. These " "restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for example, " "Nat Ives, \"On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet with Rejection " -"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-" -"related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing " -"to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, " -"\"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and " -"Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449­79, and for a more recent " -"summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see Radio-Television News " -"Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal " -"authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a recent example " -"from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority rejected an ad that " -"criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and Andrew Ross, " -"\"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. " -"The ground was that the criticism was \"too controversial.\"" +"from TV Networks,\" New York Times, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of " +"election-related air time there is very little that the FCC or the courts " +"are willing to do to even the playing field. For a general overview, see " +"Rhonda Brown, \"Ad Hoc Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on " +"Television and Radio,\" Yale Law and Policy Review 6 (1988): 449­79, and for " +"a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the courts, see " +"Radio-Television News Directors Association v. FCC, 184 F. 3d 872 " +"(D.C. Cir. 1999). Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the " +"networks. In a recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit " +"authority rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip " +"Matier and Andrew Ross, \"Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,\" " +"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that " +"the criticism was \"too controversial.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12535,8 +12538,8 @@ msgid "" "the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they " "run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a " "crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will " -"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12564,7 +12567,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Together" msgstr "sammen" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -12576,19 +12579,18 @@ msgstr "" "sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en " "Anarkisten kan uenige." -#. PAGE BREAK 180 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed-- when we " "recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to mean " "that the effective constraint on the liberty to cultivate our culture is " -"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and obvious. " -"Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, and (2) " -"the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for dissent, if " -"strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights granted by " -"copyright fundamentally changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate " -"and build upon our past, then we have to ask whether this property should be " -"redefined." +"dramatically different--the claim begins to seem less innocent and " +"obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to supplement the law's control, " +"and (2) the power of concentrated markets to weaken the opportunity for " +"dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively expanded \"property\" rights " +"granted by copyright fundamentally changes the freedom within this culture " +"to cultivate and build upon our past, then we have to ask whether this " +"property should be redefined." msgstr "" "men når vi ser hvor dramatisk denne \"property\" er endret--når vi innser " "hvor den kan nå kommunisere med både teknologi og markeder å bety at " @@ -12623,21 +12625,22 @@ msgid "" "adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's " "regulation--a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." msgstr "" -"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. " -"og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet " -"til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på teknologi " -"som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør kjøre oss " -"til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering som øker " -"copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en justering " -"for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's " -"regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke kreativitet." +"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross " +"for. og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, " +"knyttet til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene på " +"teknologi som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør " +"kjøre oss til å vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering " +"som øker copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en " +"justering for å gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert " +"copyright's regulering--en svekkelse av den reguleringen, å styrke " +"kreativitet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " -"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. " -"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, " -"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " +"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " +"flout. Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of " +"time, as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " "lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the " "past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need " "similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be reductions in " @@ -12648,11 +12651,11 @@ msgstr "" "med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenåringer og " "geeks nå blaffen. i stedet, opphavsrett makt har vokst dramatisk i en kort " "periode, som teknologien av distribusjons- og etableringen er endret og som " -"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av opphavsrett. " -"endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan godt trenger " -"lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være reduksjoner i " -"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som " -"teknologi og markedet aktivere." +"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av " +"opphavsrett. endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder på at vi kan " +"godt trenger lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene må være " +"reduksjoner i omfanget av opphavsrett, svar på det ekstraordinære økning i " +"kontrollen som teknologi og markedet aktivere." #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12673,12 +12676,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159­60." msgstr "" -"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire etableres\" " -"om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, 159­60." +"Siva vaidhyanathan registrerer en liknende punktet i sin \"fire " +"etableres\" om opphavsrett i den digitale tidsalderen. se vaidhyanathan, " +"159­60." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12686,15 +12691,15 @@ msgid "" "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " "tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there " "were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film " -"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " -"Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against as broad " -"a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form of " -"regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a " +"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the " +"networks. Never has copyright protected such a wide range of rights, against " +"as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as long. This form " +"of regulation--a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the creative energy of a " "nation at the founding--is now a massive regulation of the overall creative " "process. Law plus technology plus the market now interact to turn this " "historically benign regulation into the most significant regulation of " -"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"culture that our free society has known.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -12742,16 +12747,17 @@ msgstr "reklamefrie" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. " -"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only " -"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would " -"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free." +"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " +"law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " +"only with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially " +"would register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also " +"free." msgstr "" "loven av publisering på et kart, diagram og boken var regulert av lov om " "opphavsrett. ingenting annet var. transformasjoner var gratis. og som " "copyright tilknyttet bare med registrering, og bare de som ment å gagne " -"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-" -"kommersielt arbeid var også gratis." +"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av " +"ikke-kommersielt arbeid var også gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" @@ -12838,28 +12844,28 @@ msgid "" "for commercial transformation. More commercial transformative work would be " "created if derivative rights were more sharply restricted." msgstr "" -"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " -"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når regulerer (som " -"den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, spesielt, ikke-" -"kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker som skisserte " -"spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer skade enn godt " -"for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil " -"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset." +"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle " +"kopiering. men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra når " +"regulerer (som den regulerer akkurat nå) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, " +"spesielt, ikke-kommersiell transformasjon også. og i økende grad av årsaker " +"som skisserte spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer " +"skade enn godt for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt " +"transformative arbeid vil bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer " +"kraftig begrenset." -#. f36 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " -"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of Property," -"\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. " -"(New York: New York University Press, 1980)." +"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, \"The Disintegration of " +"Property,\" in Nomos XXII: Property, J. Roland Pennock and John W. Chapman, " +"eds. (New York: New York University Press, 1980)." msgstr "" "Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for å " "demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for å balansere " "offentlige og private interesser. se thomas c. grey, \"oppløsningen av " -"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. " -"(new york: new york university press, 1980)." +"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, " +"Red. (new york: new york university press, 1980)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -12873,11 +12879,11 @@ msgid "" "light of new technologies. And for almost half of our tradition, the " "\"copyright\" did not control at all the freedom of others to build upon or " "transform a creative work. American culture was born free, and for almost " -"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." +"180 years our country consistently protected a vibrant and rich free " +"culture." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 184 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -12928,9 +12934,10 @@ msgstr "" "distribusjon av kultur, blir lov og teknologi forvandlet på en måte som vil " "undergrave vår tradisjon for fri kultur. eiendommen er copyright ikke lenger " "rettigheten balansert som det var, eller var ment å være. egenskapen akkurat " -"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en ekstrem. " -"muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der " -"oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en advokat." +"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skråstilt mot en " +"ekstrem. muligheten til å opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden " +"der oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet må kontrollere med en " +"advokat." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "PUZZLES" @@ -12940,8 +12947,7 @@ msgstr "puslespill" msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "Kapittel 11: chimera" -#. f1. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " "Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " @@ -12959,12 +12965,12 @@ msgid "" "extraordinarily beautiful, with \"sweet water, pasture, an even climate, " "slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an excellent " "fruit.\" But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this as an " -"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the One-" -"Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore " +"opportunity. \"In the Country of the Blind,\" he tells himself, \"the " +"One-Eyed Man is King.\" So he resolves to live with the villagers to explore " "life as a king." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -12976,16 +12982,15 @@ msgid "" "blind and I can see. Leave me alone!'\"" msgstr "" "ting går ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver å forklare ideen om " -"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind." -"\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig " -"mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli trappet på, " -"for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin tur blir " -"stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som var ment " -"å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg " -"være! \"\"" +"synet til landsbyboere. de forstår ikke. Han forteller dem at de er " +"\"blind.\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de " +"stadig mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress å bli " +"trappet på, for eksempel), de stadig prøver å kontrollere ham. han, i sin " +"tur blir stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstår, han gråt, i en stemme som " +"var ment å være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan " +"se. La meg være! \"\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 187 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -13006,7 +13011,7 @@ msgstr "" "overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare " "halvparten forstår, men hun var mysteriously glad.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -13018,7 +13023,7 @@ msgstr "" "instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe " "høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." @@ -13026,7 +13031,7 @@ msgstr "" "etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" " "rapporterer han." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" @@ -13034,7 +13039,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"hva påvirker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " "sykelig... på en måte som påvirker hans hjernen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -13044,19 +13049,18 @@ msgstr "" "helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger å gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk " "operasjon – nemlig å fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 188 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " "have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I believe in " "free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It sometimes " "happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion " -"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of DNA. " -"The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of the " -"skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But the " -"DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose blood " -"was at the scene. . . .\"" +"produces a \"chimera.\" A chimera is a single creature with two sets of " +"DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different from the DNA of " +"the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder mysteries. \"But " +"the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was not the person whose " +"blood was at the scene. . . .\"" msgstr "" "\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av " "denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham å være tillatt hans brud. (du må " @@ -13068,7 +13072,7 @@ msgstr "" "muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med " "100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble på scenen....\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -13084,7 +13088,7 @@ msgstr "" "chimera). vår forståelse av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " "virkeligheten." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -13111,7 +13115,7 @@ msgstr "" "relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling " "selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -13129,7 +13133,7 @@ msgstr "" "vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt å dele musikk med \"våre ti tusen beste " "venner.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -13187,24 +13191,25 @@ msgid "" "that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a felony offense with " "punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; see Jon Healey, " "\"House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,\" Los Angeles Times, 17 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. " -"Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent " -"(and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal " -"the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a " -"family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In re. Verizon " -"Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a user could " -"face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical figures " -"furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file sharers. " -"Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students accused of " -"heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere pittance " -"next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter proceed to " -"court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" redandblack." -"com, August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the RIAA's targeting of student file " -"sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to universities to reveal student file-" -"sharer identities, see James Collins, \"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT " -"to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#34</ulink>. Civil penalties are currently set at $150,000 per copied " +"song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) legal challenge to the RIAA's demand " +"that an ISP reveal the identity of a user accused of sharing more than 600 " +"songs through a family computer, see RIAA v. Verizon Internet Services (In " +"re. Verizon Internet Services), 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). Such a " +"user could face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such astronomical " +"figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its prosecution of file " +"sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for four students " +"accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have seemed a mere " +"pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should the matter " +"proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, \"Downloading Could Lead to Fines,\" " +"redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of " +"the RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to " +"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, " +"\"RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,\" Boston Globe, 8 " +"August 2003, D3, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -13215,8 +13220,8 @@ msgid "" "file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to " "monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit " "this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either " -"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -13267,7 +13272,7 @@ msgstr "" "aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny " "innovasjon og nye kreativitet går tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -13340,7 +13345,7 @@ msgid "" "everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." @@ -13362,7 +13367,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "Kapittel 12: skader" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -13376,7 +13381,7 @@ msgstr "" "direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil " "disse skader bli rammet mest av våre egne folk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -13388,7 +13393,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen " "rettferdiggjøres?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -13399,12 +13404,12 @@ msgstr "" "første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare når strømmen av " "egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er på sitt største i vår historie." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " -"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of \"piracy" -"\" still has play." +"in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical rejection of " +"\"piracy\" still has play." msgstr "" "ennå se \"sunn fornuft\" ikke det på denne måten. sunn fornuft er fortsatt " "på siden av causbys og innhold industrien. ekstreme krav til kontroll i " @@ -13433,17 +13438,17 @@ msgstr "Begrensende skaperne" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " -"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. " -"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the " -"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing " -"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are " +"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " +"content. Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done " +"since the dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and " +"sharing through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are " "different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on " "Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about " "the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to " -"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. " -"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a " -"string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a collage and " -"make it available on the Net." +"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against " +"statement. You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave " +"together a string--a mash-up-- of songs from your favorite artists in a " +"collage and make it available on the Net." msgstr "" "i de neste ti årene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse " "teknologiene kan nesten hvem som helst å fange opp og dele innhold. å fange " @@ -13458,7 +13463,7 @@ msgstr "" "sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den tilgjengelig på " "nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -13467,16 +13472,17 @@ msgid "" "\"capturing and sharing\" promises a world of extraordinarily diverse " "creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. And as that creativity is " "applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range of citizens to use " -"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all around." +"technology to express and criticize and contribute to the culture all " +"around." msgstr "" "Denne digitale \"fange og deling\" er delvis en utvidelse for å registrere " -"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. " -"den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-" -"lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en " -"verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand deles. og " -"så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et bredt " -"spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og bidra " -"til kultur rundt." +"og dele det har alltid vært del av vår kultur, og delvis det er noe " +"nytt. den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for " +"kodak-lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" " +"løfter en verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand " +"deles. og så at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et " +"bredt spekter av borgere å bruke teknologi for å uttrykke og kritisere og " +"bidra til kultur rundt." #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13488,9 +13494,10 @@ msgid "" "across the globe." msgstr "" "teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til å gjøre noe med kultur som " -"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra andre. " -"Tenk på en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med naboer i en " -"liten by. Nå forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele verden." +"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i små grupper, isolert fra " +"andre. Tenk på en gammel mann forteller en historie til en samling med " +"naboer i en liten by. Nå forestille det samme fortellinger utvidet over hele " +"verden." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -13520,8 +13527,8 @@ msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " "N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " "see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U.S. District Court Approval for SEC " -"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #37</ulink>." +"Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>." msgstr "" #. f2. @@ -13530,10 +13537,10 @@ msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " "overview, see Tanya Albert, \"Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be Back,' Say " -"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns Back " -"Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has " +"Tort Reformers,\" amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and \"Senate Turns " +"Back Malpractice Caps,\" CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. President Bush has " "continued to urge tort reform in recent months." msgstr "" @@ -13547,23 +13554,23 @@ msgid "" "was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search " "engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com--which defrauded " "investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in market " -"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 million." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation being pushed " -"in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the wrong leg in an " -"operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in damages for pain and " -"suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can common sense " -"recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for downloading " -"two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's negligently " -"butchering a patient?" +"capitalization of over $200 billion--received a fine of a mere $750 " +"million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " +"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the " +"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in " +"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " +"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " +"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " +"negligently butchering a patient?" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. " -"For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #41</ulink>." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13579,10 +13586,10 @@ msgid "" "very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of underground art--not " "because the message is necessarily political, or because the subject is " "controversial, but because the very act of creating the art is legally " -"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United States." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their \"illegality\" " -"consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an expression that " -"is critical or reflective." +"fraught. Already, exhibits of \"illegal art\" tour the United " +"States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what does their " +"\"illegality\" consist? In the act of mixing the culture around us with an " +"expression that is critical or reflective." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13609,8 +13616,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " -"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. " -"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of " +"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the " +"time. Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of " "creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in " "purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't " "worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, " @@ -13661,7 +13668,7 @@ msgstr "" "juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en " "forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg på rettssikkerhet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -13669,18 +13676,19 @@ msgid "" "become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that publishers impose " "upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon filmmakers, the " "rules that newspapers impose upon journalists-- these are the real laws " -"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the \"law" -"\" with which judges comfort themselves." +"governing creativity. And these rules have little relationship to the " +"\"law\" with which judges comfort themselves." msgstr "" "dommere og advokater kan fortelle seg selv at fair use gir tilstrekkelig " -"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal tillate. " -"men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har blitt noen " -"faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, reglene som " -"trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på journalister--" -"disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og disse reglene har " -"lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste seg." +"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal " +"tillate. men det er et mål på hvor ute av touch vår juridiske systemet har " +"blitt noen faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger på forfattere, " +"reglene som trevare legger på filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger på " +"journalister--disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. og " +"disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste " +"seg." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -13695,25 +13703,25 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot " "opphavsrettsstridig krav, og som ville aldri tilbake til wrongfully anklaget " "saksøkte noe av kostnadene lidd hun for å forsvare sin rett til å snakke--i " -"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet \"copyright" -"\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en studert " -"blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er gratis." +"denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under navnet " +"\"copyright\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det tar en " +"studert blindhet for folk å fortsette å tro de bor i en kultur som er " +"gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg," -#. PAGE BREAK 197 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " -"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " -"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " -"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get it " -"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " -"lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it on " -"PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they control " -"it." +"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " +"expressed. And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't " +"get distributed. Even if the stuff gets made . . . you're not going to get " +"it distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from " +"a lawyer saying, \"This has been cleared.\" You're not even going to get it " +"on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which they " +"control it." msgstr "" "Vi miste [kreative] muligheter høyre og venstre. kreative mennesker blir " "tvunget ikke til å uttrykke seg. tanker er ikke angitt. og mens mange ting " @@ -13730,10 +13738,11 @@ msgstr "Begrensende innovators" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story--creativity quashed, " -"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you going. " -"Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough expression " -"that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And if you " -"think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you." +"artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " +"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough " +"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And " +"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry " +"you." msgstr "" "historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie--kreativitet " "ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme " @@ -13741,7 +13750,7 @@ msgstr "" "kritisk til hva synes å være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror " "det er lite i denne historien å bekymre deg over." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -13781,8 +13790,7 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiver er stadig attuned til måtene i hvilke regulering aktiverer bare " "de kraftige industriene i dag for å beskytte seg mot konkurrenter i morgen." -#. PAGE BREAK 198 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -13840,21 +13848,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pålitelig " "måte å anbefale musikk til sine brukere. Ideen bak denne alternative var å " -"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye artister. " -"Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie raitt. og så " -"videre." +"utnytte åpenbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere å anbefale nye " +"artister. Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til å nyte bonnie " +"raitt. og så videre." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3." -"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " -"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. " -"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and " -"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and " -"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted " -"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at home--you could " -"get access to that music once you signed into your account. The system was " -"therefore a kind of music-lockbox." +"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " +"MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " +"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called " +"my.mp3.com. Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an " +"account and then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify " +"the CD, and then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if " +"you inserted a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were--at work or at " +"home--you could get access to that music once you signed into your " +"account. The system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 @@ -13909,8 +13917,8 @@ msgstr "" "måneder senere, en føderal dommer funnet mp3.com å ha vært skyldig i willful " "brudd med hensyn til femte. å bruke loven som det er, pålagt dommeren en bot " "mot mp3.com av 118 millioner. MP3.com deretter utlignet med gjenstående " -"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3." -"com omtrent et år senere." +"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt " +"mp3.com omtrent et år senere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." @@ -13959,9 +13967,9 @@ msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " "the distribution of music, see Janelle Brown, \"The Music Revolution Will " -"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, \"Online " -"Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001." +"Not Be Digitized,\" Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon " +"Healey, \"Online Music Services Besieged,\" Los Angeles Times, 28 May 2001." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -13969,15 +13977,15 @@ msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " "(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " -"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have " -"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry " -"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company " -"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the " -"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company " -"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just " -"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you " -"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " +"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should " +"have recognized the right of the content industry to control how the " +"industry should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a " +"company whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim " +"of the lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a " +"company whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk " +"not just in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment " +"buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, Rafe Needleman describes " "a discussion with BMW:" @@ -13987,8 +13995,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. " -"I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> @@ -14002,13 +14010,14 @@ msgid "" "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia--filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " "empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will obviously " -"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a company. " -"It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by litigation." +"and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to start a " +"company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly threatened by " +"litigation." msgstr "" "Dette er verden av mafiaen--fylt med \"penger eller livet\" tilbyr, " "reguleres av domstolene men av trusler at loven gir innehaver av opphavsrett " @@ -14016,8 +14025,7 @@ msgstr "" "kveler ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok å starte et selskap. Det er " "impossibly vanskelig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmål." -#. PAGE BREAK 201 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -14031,22 +14039,22 @@ msgid "" "uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation " "and much less creativity." msgstr "" -"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig bedrifter. " -"Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av usikkerhet. Vi " -"har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye teknologier. ennå " -"gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved å omfavne de " -"astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, det " -"usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er " +"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til å starte ulovlig " +"bedrifter. Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av " +"usikkerhet. Vi har ingen god måte å vite hvordan den skal brukes på nye " +"teknologier. ennå gir ved å snu vår tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved " +"å omfavne de astonishingly høyt straffene som pålegger lov om opphavsrett, " +"det usikkerheten nå en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er " "rett. Hvis loven pålagt dødsstraff for parkering billetter, vi ville ikke " "bare ha færre parkering billetter, ville vi også ha mye mindre kjøring. det " "samme prinsippet gjelder for innovasjon. Hvis innovasjon er stadig " "kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre " "levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " -"Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " +"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " +"use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " "contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will " "systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some " "industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity " @@ -14105,7 +14113,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold for å bruke loven til å regulere direkte teknologi på Internett slik " "at det bedre beskytter innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -14135,6 +14143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "GartnerG2, 26­27." msgstr "gartnerg2, 26­27." @@ -14143,14 +14152,15 @@ msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " "require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected " -"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore " -"a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device capable " -"of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would disable the " -"copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast flag. Other members " -"of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers from liability for " -"technology they might deploy that would hunt down copyright violators and " -"disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to " +"explore a mandatory \"broadcast flag\" that would be required on any device " +"capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that would " +"disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast " +"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers " +"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down " +"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 @@ -14158,9 +14168,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " -"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. " -"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will " -"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." +"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the " +"day. It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but " +"will likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." msgstr "" "i en forstand synes disse løsningene fornuftig. Hvis problemet er koden, " "hvorfor ikke regulere koden for å fjerne problemet. men noen regulering av " @@ -14168,8 +14178,7 @@ msgstr "" "dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader på teknologi, men vil " "trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene." -#. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." @@ -14180,16 +14189,17 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " -"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not " -"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection " -"should not do more harm than good." +"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " +"impose.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was " +"obviously not that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, " +"any protection should not do more harm than good." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation--" -"again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd." +"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " +"innovation--again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market " +"crowd." msgstr "" "Det er en tydeligere måte der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en " "historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum." @@ -14208,21 +14218,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -msgid "" -"Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." -msgstr "" -"Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." +msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." +msgstr "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " -"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when " -"new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to assure " -"that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, licenses " -"have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of the VCR) " -"has been another." +"Litman in her book Digital Copyright,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 " +"details, when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a " +"balance to assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or " +"statutory, licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the " +"case of the VCR) has been another." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -14243,9 +14251,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " -"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. " -"1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers " -"of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright " +"of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " +"Cir. 1999). There the court of appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that " +"makers of a portable MP3 player were not liable for contributory copyright " "infringement for a device that is unable to record or redistribute music (a " "device whose only copying function is to render portable a music file " "already stored on a user's hard drive). At the district court level, the " @@ -14271,32 +14279,32 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" -"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright " -"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright " -"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, " -"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies " -"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., " -"computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying of that " -"content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings introduced " -"the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, which mandated " -"copyright protection technology in all digital media devices. See GartnerG2, " -"\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" 27 June 2003, 33­34, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." +"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " +"Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " +"copyright holders from liability for damage done to computers when the " +"copyright holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August " +"2002, Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that " +"technologies capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on " +"TV (i.e., computers) respect a \"broadcast flag\" that would disable copying " +"of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz Hollings " +"introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion Act, " +"which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media " +"devices. See GartnerG2, \"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " +"World,\" 27 June 2003, 33­34, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and " -"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses " -"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that " -"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet " -"radio." +"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " +"threatened and actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of " +"those responses here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is " +"one example that captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the " +"demise of Internet radio." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 204 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -14325,16 +14333,16 @@ msgid "" "were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require " "compensation to the recording artists." msgstr "" -"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe fornuftig. " -"Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for annonsering. Plateartist nytte " -"dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, radiostasjonen var å gjøre det " -"mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk " -"noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å " -"gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var " -"ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats for å få Kongressen til å kreve " -"kompensasjon for artistene." +"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe " +"fornuftig. Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for " +"annonsering. Plateartist nytte dermed fordi ved å spille musikken hennes, " +"radiostasjonen var å gjøre det mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være " +"kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis " +"denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre å gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av " +"radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var ganske god til å stoppe enhver innsats " +"for å få Kongressen til å kreve kompensasjon for artistene." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -14421,8 +14429,9 @@ msgstr "ibid., 229." msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized--not because Armstrong was " "wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " -"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing technology." +"\"vested interests, habits, customs and legislation\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing " +"technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -14439,8 +14448,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett er en slik lov. så det første spørsmålet som vi bør spørre er, " "hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?" -#. PAGE BREAK 206 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -14449,9 +14457,9 @@ msgid "" "for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While " "terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " "it plays her hypothetical recording of \"Happy Birthday\" on the air, " -"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet radio--" -"the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens terrestrial " -"radio." +"Internet radio does. Not only is the law not neutral toward Internet " +"radio--the law actually burdens Internet radio more than it burdens " +"terrestrial radio." msgstr "" "men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny " "industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde " @@ -14472,8 +14480,8 @@ msgid "" "2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted " "testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan " "Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral " -"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " +"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " "analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, \"Copyright as Entry " "Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,\" Antitrust Bulletin (Summer/Fall " "2002): 461: \"This was not confusion, these are just old-fashioned entry " @@ -14488,8 +14496,8 @@ msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " "(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total " -"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station " +"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a " +"year.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station " "broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." msgstr "" @@ -14528,8 +14536,7 @@ msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "tidssonen til opprinnelse av overføring;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -msgid "" -"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" +msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -14643,8 +14650,7 @@ msgstr "" "samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy på real " "networks, meg:" -#. PAGE BREAK 208 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -14666,7 +14672,7 @@ msgstr "" "etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen så høyt, du kommer til å " "drive små webcasters ut av business.... \"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " @@ -14723,10 +14729,10 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " -"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet and American " -"Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded music files " -"from the Internet by early 2001." +"and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet " +"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded " +"music files from the Internet by early 2001." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 @@ -14746,8 +14752,7 @@ msgid "" "extreme response by the other." msgstr "" -#. f16. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." @@ -14771,13 +14776,12 @@ msgid "" "discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these suits than it " "would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for example, like Jesse " "Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the case.) Our law is an " -"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our tradition. " -"And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the power can " -"use the law to quash any rights they oppose." +"awful system for defending rights. It is an embarrassment to our " +"tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is that those with the " +"power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." msgstr "" -#. f17. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -14789,15 +14793,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " -"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. " -"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)." +"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " +"P. Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)." msgstr "" "nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll: høre før house government reform " "committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, " "direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)." -#. f19. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " @@ -14818,17 +14821,18 @@ msgid "" "level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number " "were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a " "war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 " -"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of " -"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority " -"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system " -"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but an " -"endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And as a " -"result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some law." +"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent " +"of the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast " +"majority of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax " +"system that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our \"free society,\" but " +"an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our society. And " +"as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate at least some " +"law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -14851,12 +14855,13 @@ msgstr "" "studentene som har ulovlig lastet ned musikk, ulovlig konsumert alkohol og " "noen ganger narkotika, ulovlig arbeidet uten å betale skatt, ulovlig drevet " "biler. disse er barna som oppfører seg ulovlig er stadig normen. og deretter " -"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg etisk--" -"hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt eller ære " -"et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er over. " -"generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika enn i " -"andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv både " -"normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av illegality." +"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan å oppføre seg " +"etisk--hvordan å si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt " +"eller ære et krav til å avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er " +"over. generasjoner av amerikanere--mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika " +"enn i andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag--ikke kan lever sine liv " +"både normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av " +"illegality." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -14893,7 +14898,7 @@ msgstr "" "mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett å utestenge " "drap alltid og overalt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -14901,10 +14906,10 @@ msgid "" "experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in " "most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't " "care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and " -"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. " -"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the " -"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of " -"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We " +"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the " +"law. And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of " +"the extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come " +"of age since the Internet introduced this different idea of \"sharing.\" We " "need to be able to call these twenty million Americans \"citizens,\" not " "\"felons.\"" msgstr "" @@ -14946,14 +14951,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel." -#. PAGE BREAK 212 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " "protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright " "infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store " -"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is free." +"and buy jazz records to replace them. That \"use\" of the recordings is " +"free." msgstr "" "vi alle egne CDer. mange av oss fortsatt eier fonograf poster. disse bitene " "av plast kode musikk at i en viss forstand vi har kjøpt. loven beskytter vår " @@ -14961,7 +14966,7 @@ msgstr "" "opphavsrett for meg å selge min klassisk poster på en brukte platebutikk og " "kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -14977,7 +14982,7 @@ msgstr "" "foreslå at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple " "godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -14985,8 +14990,9 @@ msgid "" "Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, Baroque, " "Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others--the potential is endless. And " "by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies help build a " -"creativity with play lists that is itself independently valuable. " -"Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own right." +"creativity with play lists that is itself independently " +"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own " +"right." msgstr "" "Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor " "prosess hjemme med ripping av alle mine og min kones CDer, og lagre dem i en " @@ -15016,18 +15022,17 @@ msgstr "" "CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer å " "identifisere rippede innhold på folks maskiner." -#. PAGE BREAK 213 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " -"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. " -"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you " -"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection " -"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The " -"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we " -"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a " -"massively complex \"digital rights management\" system." +"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the " +"content. Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't " +"bother you much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these " +"protection technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of " +"CDs. The technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world " +"where we either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were " +"part of a massively complex \"digital rights management\" system." msgstr "" "Hvis disse teknologiene tok av, ville og bygging av store arkiver av din " "egen musikk bli ganske vanskelig. Du kan henge i hacker sirkler, og få " @@ -15083,8 +15088,8 @@ msgid "" "alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing " "and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast " "majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer " -"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-" -"drawn buggy." +"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the " +"horse-drawn buggy." msgstr "" "Jeg tror det er en måte å sikre at kunstnere er betalt uten å slå førti - " "tre millioner amerikanere i felons. men funksjonen fremspringende i denne " @@ -15106,8 +15111,7 @@ msgstr "" "konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " "kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." -#. PAGE BREAK 214 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -15130,13 +15134,11 @@ msgstr "" "prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " "skader på borgerrettigheter vanligvis." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -msgid "" -"\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," -msgstr "" -"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," +msgstr "\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatte lawbreaker,\" forklarer von sang," -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -15171,10 +15173,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " -"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. " -"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and " -"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user " -"is revealed." +"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright " +"law. Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, " +"and without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet " +"user is revealed." msgstr "" "brukere av Internett begynte å se dette vanligvis i 2003 som riaa lanserte " "sin kampanje for å tvinge nettleverandører til å snu navnene på kundene som " @@ -15182,8 +15184,7 @@ msgstr "" "tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i " "det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt." -#. f20. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -15198,14 +15199,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmål møte overrasket over mål; enkelt mor i " "California, 12-år gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 " -"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på filen" -"\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre prøver " -"å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando sentinel " -"tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen industri sues " -"foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, \"hun sier hun " -"er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york times, 25 september " -"2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 " -"september 2003, p7." +"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen på " +"filen\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned på Filbytte, er foreldre " +"prøver å lure programvare fra hjemme-PC å unngå blir saksøkte,\"orlando " +"sentinel tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen " +"industri sues foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, " +"\"hun sier hun er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york " +"times, 25 september 2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" " +"toronto star, 18 september 2003, p7." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -15215,16 +15216,16 @@ msgid "" "potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer " "is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable " "for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of " -"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " -"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #47</ulink>." +"Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15248,11 +15249,12 @@ msgid "" "Becker and Angela Rozas, \"Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students " "Names Are Handed Over; Lawsuit Possible,\" Chicago Tribune, 16 July 2003, " "1C; Beth Cox, \"RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities,\" Internet " -"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, \"Download Warning 101: " -"Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record Industry Warnings Against " -"File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August 2003, E11; \"Raid, " -"Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 September 2000, 3D." +"News, 30 January 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny Evangelista, " +"\"Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to Include Record " +"Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 11 August " +"2003, E11; \"Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,\" USA Today, 26 " +"September 2000, 3D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -15271,8 +15273,7 @@ msgid "" "expelled." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 216 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -15287,28 +15288,29 @@ msgstr "" "advokat for henne (på $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne " "at hun ikke visste noe om kilden til sangene eller at de kom fra napster. og " "det kan godt være at universitetet mener henne. Men universitetet kan ikke " -"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av skyld. " -"og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante forutsetningen om " -"uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke " -"annerledes. sier von sang," +"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av " +"skyld. og som mange studenter har allerede lært, våre arrogante " +"forutsetningen om uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne " +"krigen er ikke annerledes. sier von sang," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " -"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. " -"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any " -"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful " -"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or " -"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, " -"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil " -"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, " -"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " -"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " -"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " -"Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty million Americans have " -"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " -"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." +"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general " +"matter. [I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly " +"choose any person off the street and be confident that they were committing " +"an unlawful act that could put them on the hook for potential felony " +"liability or hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly " +"we all speed, but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely " +"forfeit civil liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the " +"closest analog, [but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded " +"all of our civil liberties because it's treated so many Americans as " +"criminals. Well, I think it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of " +"magnitude larger number of Americans than drug use. . . . If forty to sixty " +"million Americans have become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery " +"slope to lose a lot of civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of " +"them." msgstr "" "så når vi snakker om tall som førti til seksti millioner amerikanere som er " "egentlig opphavsrett varemerkerettigheter, oppretter du en situasjon der " @@ -15327,7 +15329,7 @@ msgstr "" "glatt skråning å miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti " "millioner av dem." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective-- securing rights to " @@ -15336,10 +15338,11 @@ msgid "" "people or a concerted effort through our democracy to change our law?" msgstr "" "Når førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, " -"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet--sikre rettighetene til forfattere--" -"uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er skurk? " -"amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på våre egne " -"folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre vår lov?" +"og når loven kan oppnå det samme målet--sikre rettighetene til " +"forfattere--uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som er " +"skurk? amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig på våre " +"egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vårt demokrati for å endre vår " +"lov?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> msgid "BALANCES" @@ -15348,9 +15351,9 @@ msgstr "saldoer" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " -"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. " -"Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with " -"gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." +"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " +"fire. Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled " +"with gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." msgstr "" "så her er bildet: du står på siden av veien. bilen er på brann. du er sint " "og lei fordi delvis du hjalp starte til brann. nå vet du hvordan du setter " @@ -15432,8 +15435,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "denne utfordringen har vært livet disse siste årene. Det har også vært min " "feil. i to kapitlene som følger, beskriver jeg en liten klammeparentes av " -"innsats, så langt ikke klart, å finne en måte å refokusere denne debatten. " -"Hvis vi å forstå hva suksess vil kreve, må vi forstå disse feil." +"innsats, så langt ikke klart, å finne en måte å refokusere denne " +"debatten. Hvis vi å forstå hva suksess vil kreve, må vi forstå disse feil." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" @@ -15475,8 +15478,8 @@ msgid "" "who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was " "producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney " "turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred " -"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible--" -"technically accessible--today." +"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more " +"accessible--technically accessible--today." msgstr "" "eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært " "enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan få tilgang " @@ -15505,8 +15508,8 @@ msgstr "" "penguin klassikere, ta works fra public domain og produsere trykte utgavene, " "som de selger i bokhandler over hele landet. andre, for eksempel disney, ta " "disse historiene og slå dem i animerte-tegneserier, noen ganger lykkes " -"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). " -"disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." +"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt " +"planeten). disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -15532,12 +15535,12 @@ msgstr "" "klasse eksisterte ikke før Internett kom til å være fordi kostnadene ved å " "distribuere porno var så høy. ennå fikk dette ny klasse med distributører " "spesiell oppmerksomhet i Høyesterett, når domstolen slått ned kommunikasjon " -"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på ikke-" -"kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå Kongressens " -"makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere etter advent " -"av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært få. ennå skulle " -"en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-" -"kommersiell pornographers." +"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis på grunn av byrden på " +"ikke-kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for å overgå " +"Kongressens makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere " +"etter advent av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært " +"få. ennå skulle en tro det minst like viktig å beskytte eldreds av verden " +"som beskytter ikke-kommersiell pornographers." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -15567,8 +15570,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " "dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket å legge " -"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i veien. " -"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, " +"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fått i " +"veien. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti år, " "utvidet Kongressen vilkårene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter--denne tiden " "av tjue år. Eldred ville ikke være fri til å legge til et hvilket som helst " "works som er nyere enn 1923 i sin samling 2020. Faktisk ville ingen " @@ -15576,16 +15579,15 @@ msgstr "" "deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil " "mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain." -#. f2. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " "Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen our " "copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is " -"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. " -"Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 Cong. Rec. " -"H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." +"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one " +"day. Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,\" 144 " +"Cong. Rec. H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." msgstr "" "hele teksten er: \"sonny [bono] ønsket av opphavsrettslig vern til å vare " "evig. Jeg informert av ansatte at slik endring ville bryte Grunnloven. Jeg " @@ -15635,41 +15637,40 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " -"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their . . . " -"Writings. . . ." +"for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " +". . . Writings. . . ." msgstr "" "Kongressen har makt til å fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved å sikre for " "begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " "to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something--for example, " "to regulate \"commerce among the several states\" or \"declare War.\" But " -"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote . . . " -"Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" " +"here, the \"something\" is something quite specific--to \"promote " +". . . Progress\"--through means that are also specific-- by \"securing\" " "\"exclusive Rights\" (i.e., copyrights) \"for limited Times.\"" msgstr "" -"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" -"setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver andre " -"setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt til å " -"gjøre noe--for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" eller " -"\"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--å \"fremme... " -"fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke--av \"sikre\" \"enerett" -"\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" +"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor " +"strøm-granting-setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vår grunnlov. hver " +"andre setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt " +"til å gjøre noe--for eksempel, å regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" " +"eller \"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt--å " +"\"fremme... fremgang\"--gjennom betyr at er også spesifikke--av \"sikre\" " +"\"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" -#. PAGE BREAK 223 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " "Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's " "requirement that terms be \"limited\" will have no practical effect. If " "every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power to extend " -"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly forbids--" -"perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter Jaszi so " -"nicely put it." +"its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " +"forbids--perpetual terms \"on the installment plan,\" as Professor Peter " +"Jaszi so nicely put it." msgstr "" "i de siste 40 årene, har Kongressen fått i praksis for å utvide eksisterende " "vilkår for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rådvill meg om dette var, hvis " @@ -15699,23 +15700,23 @@ msgstr "" "være villig til å betale mye penger å se sine opphavsrett vilkår utvidet. og " "så congress er ganske fornøyd med å holde denne Kjøttsaft tog går." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " -"\"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are bribed. Rather, " -"\"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the beneficiaries of " -"Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to induce it to act. " -"There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress can do. Why not " -"limit its actions to those things it must do--and those things that pay? " -"Extending copyright terms pays." +"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " +"government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " +"bribed. Rather, \"corruption\" in the sense that the system induces the " +"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to " +"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress " +"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do--and those " +"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays." msgstr "" -"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av regjeringen. " -"\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere " -"\"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder beneficiaries av congress's " -"handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen for å få det til å handle. " -"Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke " -"begrense handlingene til disse tingene det må gjøre-- og de tingene som " -"betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." +"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vår nåværende system av " +"regjeringen. \"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er " +"bribed. snarere \"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder " +"beneficiaries av congress's handlinger for å øke og gi penger til Kongressen " +"for å få det til å handle. Det er bare så mye tid; Det er bare så mye " +"kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke begrense handlingene til disse tingene det " +"må gjøre-- og de tingene som betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -15738,17 +15739,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " -"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. " -"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser " -"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:" +"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " +"expire. You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial " +"adviser comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:" msgstr "" "så forestille robert frost eiendom er tjener $100.000 i året fra tre av " "frost's dikt. og forestille seg opphavsretten for disse diktene er i ferd " "med å utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell " "rådgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:" -#. PAGE BREAK 224 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -15758,7 +15758,7 @@ msgstr "" "utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste år, vi vil ikke lenger motta årlige royalty " "kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -15770,14 +15770,13 @@ msgstr "" "tjue år. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. så vi bør håpe " "passerer denne regningen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about it?" -"\"" -msgstr "" -"\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" +"\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " +"it?\"" +msgstr "\"håper?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -15786,7 +15785,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rådgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av " "en rekke representanter å prøve å sikre at de støtter regningen.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -15796,7 +15795,7 @@ msgstr "" "denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi få Hvis denne " "utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rådgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -15812,10 +15811,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" -msgstr "" -"du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" +msgstr "du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -15825,15 +15823,15 @@ msgstr "" "kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker på disse bidragene vil forsikre at " "regningen ble sendt?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " -"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these copyrights. " -"Which for us means over $1,000,000.\"" +"up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " +"copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.\"" msgstr "" "\"absolutt\", svarer rådgiver. \"det er verdt det for deg å bidra med opp " -"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. " -"som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" +"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse " +"opphavsrettigheter. som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -15863,8 +15861,7 @@ msgstr "" "(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til å kjøpe " "ytterligere utvidelser av copyright." -#. f3. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -15885,8 +15882,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +"Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -15903,7 +15900,7 @@ msgid "" "campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -15942,7 +15939,7 @@ msgstr "" "av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 å ramme en lov som forbød " "besittelse av våpen i nærheten av skoler." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15983,15 +15980,15 @@ msgid "" "Supreme Court, the government said, was not in the position to second-guess " "Congress." msgstr "" -"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. " -"lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt " +"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA " +"v. lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha våpen i nærheten av skoler berørt " "utdanningen handel. våpen i nærheten av skoler øke kriminalitet, " "kriminalitet senker egenskapsverdier, og så videre. i argumentet muntlig " "bedt justisministeren regjeringen om det var noen aktivitet som ikke vil " -"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen Avansert. " -"regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet påvirker " -"utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen handel. " -"Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess " +"påvirke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen " +"Avansert. regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet " +"påvirker utdanningen handel, påvirker den aktiviteten utdanningen " +"handel. Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til å second-guess " "Kongressen." #. f6. @@ -16010,12 +16007,11 @@ msgid "" "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " "Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered interstate " "commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The decision in " -"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States v. Morrison." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"Lopez was reaffirmed five years later in United States " +"v. Morrison.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" -#. f8. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -16027,8 +16023,8 @@ msgid "" "copyrights--the limitation to \"limited times\" notwithstanding." msgstr "" "Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra " -"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-" -"setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate " +"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av " +"handel-setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate " "regjeringen unending makt til å regulere handel--begrenset til utdanningen " "handel til tross for. det samme punktet er sant i forbindelse med " "opphavsrett-setningsdel. her også, regjeringens tolkning ville tillate " @@ -16039,8 +16035,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " -"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should " +"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should " "yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If " "Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no \"stopping " "point\" to Congress's power over terms, though the Constitution expressly " @@ -16049,7 +16045,7 @@ msgid "" "extend the term of existing copyrights." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics--a conservative Supreme " @@ -16086,8 +16082,8 @@ msgid "" "envisions: In exchange for a monopoly protected for fifty-six years, they " "created new work. But now these entities were using their power--expressed " "through the power of lobbyists' money--to get another twenty-year dollop of " -"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public domain. " -"Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all." +"monopoly. That twenty-year dollop would be taken from the public " +"domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a piracy that affects us all." msgstr "" "Nå la oss pause for et øyeblikk å sørge for at vi forstår hva argumentet i " "eldred ikke var om. ved å insistere på grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, " @@ -16097,18 +16093,18 @@ msgstr "" "opprettet Mikke Mus, maksimal opphavsrett begrepet var bare femtiseks år. på " "grunn av midlertidige endringer, hadde frost og disney allerede likte " "monopol sytti-fem år for deres arbeid. de hadde fått fordelen av handel som " -"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for femti-" -"seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres makt--" -"uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for å få en annen tyve års " -"dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public " +"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for " +"femti-seks år, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nå disse enhetene bruker deres " +"makt--uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger--for å få en annen tyve " +"års dollop av monopol. at tyve års Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet fra public " "domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som påvirker oss alle." #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U." -"S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." +"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " +"U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #51</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16140,20 +16136,20 @@ msgstr "" "perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper " "ikke, så lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for å utvide dem igjen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " "copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society from copyright " -"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey Mouse. " -"Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s that have " -"continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes not from " -"these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not famous, not " -"commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." -msgstr "" -"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir utvidet. " -"Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for eiere av " -"opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett " +"extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget Mickey " +"Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and 1930s " +"that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension comes " +"not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are not " +"famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." +msgstr "" +"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkårene blir " +"utvidet. Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er også nyttig for " +"eiere av opphavsretter å ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett " "servertilleggene er ikke at Mikke Mus forblir disney. glem Mikke Mus. glem " "robert frost. Glem alle verker fra 1920- og 1930-tallet som har fortsetter " "kommersiell verdi. reell skade sikt-utvidelsen kommer ikke fra disse berømte " @@ -16164,9 +16160,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " -"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " -"See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." +"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " +"ranges. See Brief of Petitioners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 7, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16199,8 +16195,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " -"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-" -"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and " +"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " +"on-line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and " "authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal " "records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still " "under copyright." @@ -16245,7 +16241,7 @@ msgstr "" "slike poster--spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er nødvendigvis " "gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" @@ -16325,8 +16321,7 @@ msgstr "" "vil bare rot bort på hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er " "mye mer dire." -#. f11. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -16368,8 +16363,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " -"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at all--" -"sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now " +"continuing commercial value. The rest--to the extent it survives at " +"all--sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work not now " "commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of the " "vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " "must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution." @@ -16377,9 +16372,9 @@ msgstr "" "hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen " "vedvarende kommersiell verdi. resten--i den grad det er blitt bevart på " "alle--sitter i vaults samle støv. Det kan være at noe av dette arbeidet ikke " -"nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av vaults. " -"for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet overskride " -"kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." +"nå kommersielt verdifull, anses for å være verdifulle av eierne av " +"vaults. for at dette skal skje, men må kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet " +"overskride kostnadene ved å gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> @@ -16387,8 +16382,8 @@ msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " "also Brief of Amicus Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet " -"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." +"Archive, Eldred v. Ashcroft, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16397,8 +16392,8 @@ msgid "" "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " "technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " "$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " -"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16429,17 +16424,17 @@ msgstr "" "kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for å være et svært stort tall. dermed " "kostnadene ved å fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " -"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a felony. " -"And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she does show " -"up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have made. So, " -"if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be getting a call " -"from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you won't make enough " -"to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you have to talk to a " -"lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to talk to a lawyer is " -"the same as saying you won't make any money." +"copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " +"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she " +"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have " +"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be " +"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you " +"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you " +"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to " +"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money." msgstr "" "\"men ikke kan du bare gjenopprette filmen, distribuere den, og deretter " "betale eieren av opphavsretten når hun viser?\" sikker, hvis du vil utføre " @@ -16478,7 +16473,7 @@ msgstr "" "tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nå lagret bli fylt med " "noe mer enn støv." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -16496,17 +16491,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " -"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. " -"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative " -"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial " -"life ends." +"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and " +"film. Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a " +"creative work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the " +"commercial life ends." msgstr "" "men selv for at liten brøkdel, den faktiske tiden da skapende arbeid har en " "kommersiell levetid er ekstremt kort. som jeg har angitt, vil de fleste " -"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og film. " -"kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende arbeid " -"faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid " -"slutter." +"bøker gå ut av Skriv ut innen ett år. det samme gjelder av musikk og " +"film. kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det må bevege. og når en skapende " +"arbeid faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell " +"levetid slutter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -16515,9 +16510,9 @@ msgid "" "have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending " "Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 " "news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and " -"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for knowledge. " -"To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have made the " -"mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." +"valuable--for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for " +"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have " +"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." msgstr "" "Det betyr ennå ikke livet av endene skapende arbeid. vi holde ikke " "biblioteker av bøker for å konkurrere med barnes & noble, og vi har ikke " @@ -16536,19 +16531,19 @@ msgid "" "context do no good." msgstr "" "opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten Kjør ikke en motor gratis " -"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. " -"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." +"uttrykksmåter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv " +"rett. opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " -"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no copyright-" -"related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a book went " -"out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you could still " -"buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells it, in " -"America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner anything. " -"Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended was a use " -"that was independent of copyright law." +"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " +"copyright-related use that would be inhibited by an exclusive right. When a " +"book went out of print, you could not buy it from a publisher. But you " +"could still buy it from a used book store, and when a used book store sells " +"it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the copyright owner " +"anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its commercial life ended " +"was a use that was independent of copyright law." msgstr "" "Likevel, for det meste av vår historie, de også gjorde lite skade. for de " "fleste av vår historie, når et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det " @@ -16646,15 +16641,15 @@ msgid "" "expression. Copyright is a brake." msgstr "" "Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkår: nå som teknologi gjør det " -"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. " -"og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det formål å " -"copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer kultur. Nei, vi " -"snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell levetid. i denne " -"sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle relatert til " -"spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis " -"uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems." +"mulig for oss å gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i " +"veien. og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formål, med det " +"formål å copyright er å aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer " +"kultur. Nei, vi snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell " +"levetid. i denne sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formål på alle " +"relatert til spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en " +"motor gratis uttrykksmåter. Copyright er en brems." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -16664,7 +16659,7 @@ msgstr "" "brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, også. så " "ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i å spre kultur allment?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -16688,8 +16683,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " -"December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #54</ulink>." +"December 2002, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #54</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -16701,11 +16696,11 @@ msgid "" "gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " "films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially " "available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " -"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -16725,8 +16720,8 @@ msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " "claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at " -"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. " -"That dissent gave our claims life." +"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that " +"court. That dissent gave our claims life." msgstr "" "district court avvist påstander om våre uten å selv høre et argument. et " "panel av court of appeals for DC-kretsen også oppsagt våre krav, men etter " @@ -16734,7 +16729,7 @@ msgstr "" "en av de mest konservative dommerne på at domstolen. at ga dissens livet " "vårt krav." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -16755,25 +16750,27 @@ msgstr "" "sentelle hevdet, ville være å nekte Kongressen makt til å utvide " "eksisterende vilkår." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " "cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where " "the court will sit \"en banc\" to hear the case." msgstr "" -"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre tilfelle. " -"tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av viktige saker " -"eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, " -"der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre tilfelle." +"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet å høre " +"tilfelle. tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av " +"viktige saker eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for " +"kretsen som helhet, der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for å høre " +"tilfelle." #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " -"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. " -"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal " -"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds." +"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " +"D.C. Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most " +"liberal judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its " +"bounds." msgstr "" "lagmannsrett avvist vår anmodning om å høre case no banc. Denne gangen " "vurdere sentelle ble med seg mest liberale medlem av DC-krets, bedømme david " @@ -16789,10 +16786,11 @@ msgid "" "court has yet reviewed the statute." msgstr "" "Det var her at de fleste forventet eldred v. ashcroft ville dø, for " -"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i appeller. " -"(det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen appeller.) " -"og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en " -"vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått vedtektene." +"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i " +"appeller. (det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et år, ut av mer enn fem tusen " +"appeller.) og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som " +"opprettholder en vedtekt når ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgått " +"vedtektene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -16827,42 +16825,44 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. " -"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story " -"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." +"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " +"won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " +"story to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." msgstr "" -"men min klient og disse venner var galt. denne saken kunne ha blitt vunnet. " -"Det burde ha blitt vunnet. og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å retell denne " -"historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe å tro at min egen feil " +"men min klient og disse venner var galt. denne saken kunne ha blitt " +"vunnet. Det burde ha blitt vunnet. og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver å retell " +"denne historien til meg selv, jeg kan aldri unnslippe å tro at min egen feil " "mistet den." #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. " -"Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " +"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " +"end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " "lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, " -"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its copyright-" -"protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this pressure " -"(something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout the case, " -"they gave it everything they could." +"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its " +"copyright-protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this " +"pressure (something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout " +"the case, they gave it everything they could." msgstr "" "feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt det ble åpenbart bare på til slutten. vårt " "tilfelle hadde vært støttes helt fra begynnelsen av en ekstraordinære " "advokat, geoffrey stewart, og ved advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til " -"jones, dag, reavis og pogue. Jones dag tok mye varme fra klientene copyright-" -"protectionist for å støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som noen " -"advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de kunne." +"jones, dag, reavis og pogue. Jones dag tok mye varme fra klientene " +"copyright-protectionist for å støtte oss. de ignorert dette presset (noe som " +"noen advokatfirmaer i dag ville gjøre), og i hele saken, de ga det alt de " +"kunne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " -"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " -"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would " -"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the " -"issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if dramatic " -"harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, they would " -"never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the world.\"" +"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " +"involved. Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this " +"case would be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could " +"make the issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as if " +"dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, " +"they would never vote against \"the most powerful media companies in the " +"world.\"" msgstr "" "Det var tre viktige advokater tilfelle fra jones dag. Geoff stewart var " "først, men deretter dan bromberg og don ayer ble ganske involvert. Bromberg " @@ -16872,7 +16872,7 @@ msgstr "" "om dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur; ellers ville " "de aldri stemt mot \"de kraftigste media selskapene i verden.\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16935,10 +16935,10 @@ msgid "" "demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument " "against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " "views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in law and not " -"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible critics--" -"credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, in the " -"aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless of " -"one's politics." +"politics, then, we tried to gather the widest range of credible " +"critics--credible not because they were rich and famous, but because they, " +"in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law was unconstitutional regardless " +"of one's politics." msgstr "" "Det var en måte, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde " "et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre våre " @@ -16954,19 +16954,20 @@ msgstr "" "ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at denne " "loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " -"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. " -"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she " -"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing " -"the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills that " -"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through " -"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general " -"public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial documented, " -"was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's contributions to the " -"key players on the committees. It was money, not justice, that gave Mickey " -"Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, Schlafly argued." +"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " +"Mrs. Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, " +"she wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for " +"allowing the law to pass. As she wrote, \"Do you sometimes wonder why bills " +"that create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily " +"through the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the " +"general public seem to get bogged down?\" The answer, as the editorial " +"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's " +"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not " +"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, " +"Schlafly argued." msgstr "" "det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, " "eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly " @@ -16978,7 +16979,8 @@ msgstr "" "fordelen allmennheten synes å komme bogged ned?\", som de redaksjonelle " "dokumentert, var svaret strømmen av penger. schlafly nummerert disney's " "bidrag til sentrale aktører på komiteene. Det var penger, ikke " -"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet." +"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue år i disney's kontroll, schlafly " +"hevdet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17031,7 +17033,7 @@ msgstr "" "ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre " "gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -17047,9 +17049,9 @@ msgstr "" "friedman, kenneth pilen og george akerlof. økonomer, spredte som viser " "listen over nobel vinnere, det politiske spektret. deres konklusjoner var " "kraftig: det var ingen sannsynlig hevder at utvide vilkårene i eksisterende " -"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å opprette. " -"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt økonomer " -"bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." +"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for å øke insentiver til å " +"opprette. slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"--fancy sikt " +"økonomer bruk å beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17072,7 +17074,8 @@ msgstr "" "konstitusjonelle historie med en rekke banebrytende seire i Høyesterett " "forsvare rettigheter; Min kollega og dean, kathleen sullivan, som hadde " "hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en " -"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt." +"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles " +"stekt." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17080,11 +17083,11 @@ msgid "" "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " "companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only " "one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he " -"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. " -"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the " -"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in " -"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause " -"was a vote of confidence in our argument." +"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme " +"Court. He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power " +"in the context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many " +"positions in the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining " +"the cause was a vote of confidence in our argument." msgstr "" "stekt var en spesiell seier for vår side. hver andre tidligere advokat " "generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, å forsvare congress's kraft til å gi " @@ -17096,15 +17099,15 @@ msgstr "" "posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte årsaken " "var en stemme av tilliten i vår argumentet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " "or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were written " "exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright holders." msgstr "" -"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, også. " -"betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller " +"regjeringen, i å forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, " +"også. betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller " "økonomer. truser på den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av " "store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett." @@ -17112,16 +17115,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either--they were defending their " -"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power induced. " -"And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders would defend " -"the idea that they should continue to have the right to control who did what " -"with content they wanted to control." -msgstr "" -"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på loven. " -"congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var å forsvare sin makt, og " -"indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var " -"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de bør " -"fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " +"power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power " +"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders " +"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control " +"who did what with content they wanted to control." +msgstr "" +"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest å tjene på " +"loven. congressmen var ikke overraskende enten--de var å forsvare sin makt, " +"og indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig " +"var det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare ideen om at de " +"bør fortsette å ha rett til å kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " "ønsket å kontroll." #. f14. @@ -17133,8 +17136,7 @@ msgstr "" "kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 " "amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." -#. f15. -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." @@ -17152,13 +17154,13 @@ msgid "" "create pornography.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also " "the motive of the Gershwin estate, which defended its \"protection\" of the " "work of George Gershwin. They refuse, for example, to license Porgy and Bess " -"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American " +"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American " "culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect " "that control." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -17171,34 +17173,34 @@ msgid "" "in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is traditionally " "meant to block." msgstr "" -"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne debatten. " -"Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, gjør " -"Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det prioriteres. berømte og elskede " -"opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til " -"Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av " -"den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre bedre med dem enn noen andre." -"\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de populære og berømte ved å gi " -"dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk en eksklusiv rett til å " -"snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er " -"tradisjonelt ment å blokkere." +"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne " +"debatten. Når Kongressen beslutter å forlenge eksisterende " +"opphavsrettigheter, gjør Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det " +"prioriteres. berømte og elskede opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin " +"eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue år å " +"kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre " +"bedre med dem enn noen andre.\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig å belønne de " +"populære og berømte ved å gi dem det de ønsker. men når Kongressen gir folk " +"en eksklusiv rett til å snakke på en bestemt måte, det er akkurat hva den " +"første endringen er tradisjonelt ment å blokkere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " -"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights--" -"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean " -"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through " -"copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, " -"there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, " -"I set the strategy." +"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " +"copyrights--extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would " +"also mean that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, " +"through copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and " +"October, there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as " +"I said, I set the strategy." msgstr "" "Vi hevdet så mye i en endelige kort. ikke bare vil opprettholde ctea bety at " -"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge opphavsrett--" -"utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil også bety at " -"det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille favoritter, gjennom " -"opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom februar og oktober var " -"det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig som jeg sa, " -"satt jeg strategien." +"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for å forlenge " +"opphavsrett--utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det vil " +"også bety at det var ingen grense congress's kraft til å spille favoritter, " +"gjennom opphavsrett, med som har rett til å snakke. mellom februar og " +"oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne saken. tidlig " +"som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17206,8 +17208,8 @@ msgid "" "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " "included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, Justice Scalia, Justice " "Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the most consistent in " -"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the Lopez/" -"Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be " +"limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had supported the " +"Lopez/Morrison line of cases that said that an enumerated power had to be " "interpreted to assure that Congress's powers had limits." msgstr "" @@ -17217,11 +17219,11 @@ msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four--Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " "Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer--had repeatedly argued that the Constitution " -"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its powers. " -"In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role should " -"be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the votes " -"that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also the " -"votes that we were least likely to get." +"gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement its " +"powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's role " +"should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices were the " +"votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they were also " +"the votes that we were least likely to get." msgstr "" "resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger på " "Kongressens makt. disse fire--rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet souter, " @@ -17230,7 +17232,8 @@ msgstr "" "implementere sin myndighet. i sak etter sak, hadde disse to andre " "justiariusene hevdet at retten rolle bør være en av deference. om stemmene " "til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest " -"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å få." +"konsekvent avtalt med, var de også stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig å " +"få." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17262,28 +17265,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Lukk bak rettferdighet ginsburg var to justiariusene hvem vi også sett på " "som usannsynlig allierte, om mulig overraskelser. rettferdighet souter " -"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet breyer. " -"men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten bekymringer. og som " -"vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse " -"retrospektiv utvidelser." +"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet " +"breyer. men begge var også svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten " +"bekymringer. og som vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten " +"argument mot disse retrospektiv utvidelser." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. " -"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this " -"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple " -"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for " -"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly " +"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " +"Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " +"on this Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no " +"simple ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued " +"for limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly " "confident he would recognize limits here." msgstr "" -"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet stevens. " -"historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største dommerne på " -"denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare at ingen " -"enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent " +"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg på var at for rettferdighet " +"stevens. historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største " +"dommerne på denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare " +"at ingen enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stå. men han hadde konsekvent " "argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var " "ganske trygg på han ville anerkjenne grenser her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -17298,10 +17301,10 @@ msgstr "" "få minst et flertall å gå på vår måte. dermed enkelt overstyrende argument " "som animert våre krav hvilte på Høyres viktigste jurisprudential innovasjon " "- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at " -"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger." +"Kongressens makt må tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har " +"begrensninger." -#. PAGE BREAK 243 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy--a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -17312,14 +17315,14 @@ msgid "" "Lopez: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was limited, then so, too, " "must Congress's power to regulate copyright be limited." msgstr "" -"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi--en strategi som jeg er ansvarlig. " -"Vi ville få retten å se at akkurat som du er med under regjeringens argument " -"her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha ubegrenset makt til å " -"utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om Kongressens makt under " -"setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var ment for å være " -"\"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme eldred med lopez: " -"Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, deretter så, " -"også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses." +"Dette var deretter kjernen i vår strategi--en strategi som jeg er " +"ansvarlig. Vi ville få retten å se at akkurat som du er med under " +"regjeringens argument her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha " +"ubegrenset makt til å utvide eksisterende vilkår. Hvis noe var vanlig om " +"Kongressens makt under setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var " +"ment for å være \"begrenset.\" vårt mål vil være å få retten å avstemme " +"eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til å regulere handel var begrenset, " +"deretter så, også, congress's makt til å regulere copyright skal begrenses." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17331,9 +17334,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "argumentet på regjeringens side kom ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det " "før. det skal være tillatt å gjøre det igjen. regjeringen hevdet at helt fra " -"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter. " -"så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at praksis er " -"unconstitutional." +"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende " +"opphavsrettigheter. så regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nå si at " +"praksis er unconstitutional." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17344,18 +17347,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt " "at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkårene i og i 1909. og " -"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende regelmessig--" -"betingelser elleve ganger i førti år." +"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende " +"regelmessig--betingelser elleve ganger i førti år." -#. PAGE BREAK 244 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " "extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare extensions " -"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing terms. " -"Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was now " -"gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " +"are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing " +"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was " +"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " "expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where " "Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it " "couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in " @@ -17375,8 +17377,8 @@ msgstr "" "lignende syklus av filtypen. Det var ingen grunn det ikke kunne gripe inn " "her. muntlig argumentet var planlagt for den første uken i oktober. Jeg " "ankom i DC to uker før argumentet. i løpet av de to ukene, ble jeg gjentatte " -"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i tilfelle. " -"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " +"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til å hjelpe i " +"tilfelle. slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " "justiariusene brann spørsmål på wannabe vinnere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17407,7 +17409,7 @@ msgstr "" "stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin " "bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17417,25 +17419,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være " "villig til å opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en " -"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se skade--" -"passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi har " -"ikke noen sjanse til å vinne." +"konsekvent praksis for to hundre år. du har å gjøre dem se " +"skade--passionately få dem til å se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, så vi " +"har ikke noen sjanse til å vinne." #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " -"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right thing--" -"not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, I had " -"spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right thing--not " -"because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to Ayer's plea " -"for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I rejected it. " -"Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians learn to see " -"that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line of people " -"began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a focus of " -"the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in line for " -"the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the Supreme " -"Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." +"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " +"thing--not because of politics but because it was right. As a law professor, " +"I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the right " +"thing--not because of politics but because it is right. As I listened to " +"Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his point, and I " +"rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the politicians " +"learn to see that it was also good. The night before the argument, a line " +"of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " +"focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. Hundreds stood in " +"line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent the night on the " +"Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." msgstr "" "han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han " "forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette--ikke på " @@ -17509,7 +17511,7 @@ msgstr "" "utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes å være en praksis som begynte med " "svært første akt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -17555,8 +17557,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," -msgstr "" -"Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," +msgstr "Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -17587,9 +17588,9 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " -"For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped that he " -"would see this case as its second cousin." +"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " +"crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " +"that he would see this case as its second cousin." msgstr "" "andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for " "justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi håpet at ville han " @@ -17601,8 +17602,8 @@ msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" -"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle sympatisk. " -"til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:" +"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmålet at han ikke var på alle " +"sympatisk. til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. så han spurte:" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -17658,15 +17659,15 @@ msgid "" "Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the Court " "to my side." msgstr "" -"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende rebuttal. " -"olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble " -"sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet som om dette " -"var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på congress's " -"copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke talsmann, jeg " -"lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av domstolen innføre " -"begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett og patent-" -"setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov av " -"Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på " +"Når olson var ferdig, var det min tur til å gi en avsluttende " +"rebuttal. olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede " +"fortsatt ble sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet " +"som om dette var det første tilfellet noensinne å vurdere begrensninger på " +"congress's copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke " +"talsmann, jeg lukket noensinne ved å peke på den lange historien av " +"domstolen innføre begrensninger på Kongressens makt i navnet på opphavsrett " +"og patent-setningsdel--faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov " +"av Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert på " "opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til å flytte " "retten til min side." @@ -17720,8 +17721,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "15. januar 2003, morgenen jeg var fem minutter for sent til kontoret og " "ubesvarte anropet 7: 00 am fra Høyesterett kontorist. lytte til meldingen, " -"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til report." -"the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " +"jeg kunne fortelle på et øyeblikk at hun hadde dårlige nyheter til " +"report.the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " "justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -17735,6 +17736,7 @@ msgstr "" "hadde vært feil i mitt resonnement." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -17763,21 +17765,21 @@ msgid "" "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " "Congress's power not limited here." msgstr "" -"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert kreftene. " -"konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, " -"hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." +"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert " +"kreftene. konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset " +"Generelt, hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" -"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice Souter. " -"Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to write an " -"opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had worked " -"so hard to defeat." +"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable--for her, and for Justice " +"Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " +"write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the doctrine they had " +"worked so hard to defeat." msgstr "" -"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. " -"Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem til å " -"skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de " -"hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire." +"hennes mening var helt rimelig--for henne, og for rettferdighet " +"souter. Ingen av dem tror på lopez. det ville være for mye å forvente dem " +"til å skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som " +"de hadde arbeidet så hardt for å beseire." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17792,12 +17794,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg " "hadde sagt det var ingen måte denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter " -"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med fremgang-setningsdelen. " -"det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to ved adressering ikke " -"argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke ville snakker om to " -"sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av lopez tilfelle: i den " -"sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng " -"vil det ikke." +"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med " +"fremgang-setningsdelen. det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to " +"ved adressering ikke argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke " +"ville snakker om to sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av " +"lopez tilfelle: i den sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, " +"men i denne sammenheng vil det ikke." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -17830,18 +17832,17 @@ msgid "" "were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's charge go " "unanswered." msgstr "" -"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. " -"Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med " -"lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette uberettiget forlengelse " -"av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en parallell analyse som hadde " -"styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde vi). men resten av domstolen " -"nedsatte parallelt--uten å forklare hvordan de samme ord i fremgang-" -"setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige ting som er avhengig av " -"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens " -"kostnad gå ubesvart." +"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk " +"Dissensene. Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at " +"tradisjonen med lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette " +"uberettiget forlengelse av vilkårene. han basert hans argument på en " +"parallell analyse som hadde styrt i sammenheng med patenter (så hadde " +"vi). men resten av domstolen nedsatte parallelt--uten å forklare hvordan de " +"samme ord i fremgang-setningsdelen kan komme til å bety helt forskjellige " +"ting som er avhengig av om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten " +"la rettferdighet stevens kostnad gå ubesvart." -#. PAGE BREAK 250 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17883,29 +17884,29 @@ msgid "" "depression. This anger was of two sorts." msgstr "" "tap bringer depresjon. de sier det er et tegn på helse når depresjon gir " -"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " -"Dette sinne var inälvor." +"måte å sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere " +"depresjon. Dette sinne var inälvor." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " "this case. That wouldn't have been a very convincing argument, I don't " -"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it myself. " -"But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices in " -"particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " +"believe, having read it made by others, and having tried to make it " +"myself. But it at least would have been an act of integrity. These justices " +"in particular have repeatedly said that the proper mode of interpreting the " "Constitution is \"originalism\"--to first understand the framers' text, " -"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. " -"That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" rulings. Where " -"was their \"originalism\" now?" +"interpreted in their context, in light of the structure of the " +"Constitution. That method had produced Lopez and many other \"originalist\" " +"rulings. Where was their \"originalism\" now?" msgstr "" "Det var første sinne på fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for " -"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette tilfellet. " -"ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke tror, etter å " -"ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det selv. men i " -"alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to andre " -"justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke Grunnloven " -"er \"originalism\"--å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin " +"dem å har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette " +"tilfellet. ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke " +"tror, etter å ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd å gjøre det " +"selv. men i alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to " +"andre justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke " +"Grunnloven er \"originalism\"--å først forstå underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin " "sammenheng, i lys av strukturen av Grunnloven. Denne metoden hadde produsert " "lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" " "nå?" @@ -17973,16 +17974,16 @@ msgid "" "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " "different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked " "power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy " -"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. " -"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. " -"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I " -"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. " -"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my " -"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before " -"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort " -"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade " -"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court " -"should decide the issue." +"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his " +"question. Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First " +"Amendment harms. I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the " +"logical point. I had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress " +"if they wanted to. There were a hundred places where I could have helped " +"them want to, yet my stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have " +"stood before hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion " +"in that effort to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and " +"try to persuade with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis " +"on which a court should decide the issue." msgstr "" "som jeg leste tilbake over transkripsjon fra argumentet i oktober, kan jeg " "se hundre steder der svarene kan ha tatt samtalen i forskjellige retninger, " @@ -18035,19 +18036,19 @@ msgstr "" "hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate " "rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " -"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual " -"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a " -"mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue should not " -"be raised until it is." +"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " +"January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " +"intellectual property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case " +"was a mistake. \"The Court is not ready,\" Peter Jaszi said; this issue " +"should not be raised until it is." msgstr "" "og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i " "januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende " -"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en feil. " -"-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves " -"før det er." +"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt å bringe denne saken var en " +"feil. -domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke " +"heves før det er." #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> @@ -18077,11 +18078,12 @@ msgstr "" "beslutning om jeg hadde gjort fire år før--var galt. mens reaksjonen til " "sonny bono handle selv var nesten enstemmig negativ, var reaksjonen til " "domstolens avgjørelse blandet. Ingen, minst i pressen, prøvde å si at " -"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over ideer. " -"der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært skeptisk til " -"retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om det igjen en " -"dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet fordi det igjen " -"en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin redaksjonell," +"utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over " +"ideer. der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært " +"skeptisk til retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om " +"det igjen en dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet " +"fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin " +"redaksjonell," #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> msgid "" @@ -18099,19 +18101,20 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images--of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the case, " -"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and wealthy" -"\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like that." +"was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page. The \"powerful and " +"wealthy\" line is a bit unfair. But the punch in the face felt exactly like " +"that." msgstr "" "de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder--av " "mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " "bolling, gjengis på neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstående\" er en " "smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sånn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -18123,10 +18126,11 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new " "york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? " -"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet Grunnloven." -"\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår grunnlov en " -"engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett " -"effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes." +"Når jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet " +"Grunnloven.\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vår " +"grunnlov en engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall " +"Høyesterett effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se " +"annerledes." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" @@ -18135,12 +18139,12 @@ msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: eldred ii" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " -"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was denied--" -"meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I was " -"giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly " -"long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles " -"was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-" -"ed piece." +"Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " +"denied--meaning the case was really finally over--fate would have it that I " +"was giving a speech to technologists at Disney World.) This was a " +"particularly long flight to my least favorite city. The drive into the city " +"from Dulles was delayed because of traffic, so I opened up my computer and " +"wrote an op-ed piece." msgstr "" "dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var å reise til " "washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet--noe som " @@ -18150,7 +18154,7 @@ msgstr "" "forsinket på grunn av trafikk, så jeg åpnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en " "op-ed brikke." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -18195,7 +18199,7 @@ msgstr "" "eldred var slag nok å la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det " "vil ikke få gått med mindre det er et annet navn." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -18220,18 +18224,18 @@ msgid "" "government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and " "creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is " "blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, " -"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. " -"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." +"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this " +"issue. Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." msgstr "" "reaksjon på denne ideen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en " -"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. " -"Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten " -"til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her " -"regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og som en god " -"demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og spredning av " -"kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell forskjell mellom " -"demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de " -"dumme skader som dagens ordning." +"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker " +"støtte. Når du fokuserer problemet på tapt kreativitet, kan folk se " +"opphavsretten til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, " +"komme her regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og " +"som en god demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og " +"spredning av kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell " +"forskjell mellom demokratene og republikanerne på dette problemet. noen kan " +"gjenkjenne de dumme skader som dagens ordning." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -18244,11 +18248,11 @@ msgid "" "or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing " "at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified." msgstr "" -"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om registrering. " -"for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk som ønsker å " -"lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter gjeldende " -"opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden merking " -"innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er " +"faktisk anerkjent mange den åpenbare fordelen med kravet om " +"registrering. for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk " +"som ønsker å lisens innholdet er at det er ingen åpenbare sted å lete etter " +"gjeldende opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden " +"merking innhold ikke er påkrevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er " "nødvendig, er det ofte impossibly vanskelig å finne eiere av opphavsretter " "for å be om tillatelse til å bruke eller lisensierer sitt arbeid. Dette " "systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved å etablere minst én registret der " @@ -18256,54 +18260,57 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " "formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the " "author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text " "of the Convention has provided that \"the enjoyment and the exercise\" of " -"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any formality." -"\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in Article 5(2) " -"of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries continue to impose " -"some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit not as a condition " -"of copyright. French law, for example, requires the deposit of copies of " -"works in national repositories, principally the National Museum. Copies of " -"books published in the United Kingdom must be deposited in the British " -"Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a Registrar of Authors where " -"the author's true name can be filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous " -"works. Paul Goldstein, International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and " -"Materials (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153­54." +"rights guaranteed by the Convention \"shall not be subject to any " +"formality.\" The prohibition against formalities is presently embodied in " +"Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many countries " +"continue to impose some form of deposit or registration requirement, albeit " +"not as a condition of copyright. French law, for example, requires the " +"deposit of copies of works in national repositories, principally the " +"National Museum. Copies of books published in the United Kingdom must be " +"deposited in the British Library. The German Copyright Act provides for a " +"Registrar of Authors where the author's true name can be filed in the case " +"of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul Goldstein, International " +"Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials (New York: Foundation Press, " +"2001), 153­54." msgstr "" "før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett " "lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med " "formaliteter som registrering, innskudd og affixation av forfatterens " "reklamasjon av opphavsrett. imidlertid, starter med 1908 act, hver tekst av " -"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres ved " -"konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" forbud mot " -"formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten i berne " -"konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd eller " -"registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for opphavsrett. Fransk " -"lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i nasjonale, for, " -"hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i Storbritannia " -"må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en registrar av " -"forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i tilfelle av " -"anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for " -"immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 153­54." +"konvensjonen gitt som \"få glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres " +"ved konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" " +"forbud mot formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten " +"i berne konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt å innføre noen form for innskudd " +"eller registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for " +"opphavsrett. Fransk lov, krever for eksempel innskudd på kopier av works i " +"nasjonale, for, hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i " +"Storbritannia må settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en " +"registrar av forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i " +"tilfelle av anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning " +"for immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), " +"153­54." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " -"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " -"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" -"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " -"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " +"requirement before a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> The Europeans are said to view copyright as a \"natural right.\" " +"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the " +"Anglo-American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if " +"their rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " "respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " "creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -18327,9 +18334,9 @@ msgid "" "Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an i or " "cross a t resulted in the loss of widows' only income." msgstr "" -"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. " -"internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til å " -"kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til " +"kampen mot formaliteter oppnådde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i " +"1908. internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, " +"til å kreve opphavsrett vilkårene i livet pluss femti år, i tillegg til " "avskaffelse av opphavsrett formaliteter. formaliteter ble hatet fordi " "historiene til utilsiktet tap var stadig vanligere. Det var som om et " "charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av å " @@ -18358,19 +18365,18 @@ msgid "" "starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden " "imposed upon creators." msgstr "" -"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og 1900-" -"tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av " +"selv som ville har vært motstått, men fordi registrering i 1800 og " +"1900-tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var også en problemfri. oppløsning av " "formaliteter lovet ikke bare å lagre sultende enker, men også å lette en " "unødvendig regulatoriske belastning påtvang skapere." -#. PAGE BREAK 258 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " -"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-" -"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the " -"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a " -"property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right " +"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " +"second-class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights " +"over the table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has " +"a property right over the table \"naturally,\" and he can assert that right " "against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has informed the " "government of his ownership of the table." msgstr "" @@ -18435,23 +18441,24 @@ msgid "" "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " "makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative " "property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion " -"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. " -"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " +"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular " +"owner. And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " "confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author " "and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without " "formalities. Complex, expensive, lawyer transactions take their place." msgstr "" "på samme måte er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om " "opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen " -"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av kreative-" -"egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en milliard " -"steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt eieren. og " -"som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative egenskapen med " -"tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er forfatter og " -"hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten " -"formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass." +"som gjør det relativt åpenbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av " +"kreative-egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en " +"milliard steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt " +"eieren. og som en bil, det er ingen måte å kjøpe og selge kreative " +"egenskapen med tillit med mindre det er noen enkel måte å godkjenne hvem er " +"forfatter og hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en " +"verden uten formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin " +"plass." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -18489,8 +18496,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " -"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. " -"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your " +"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " +"term. Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your " "permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an " "extended copyright term." msgstr "" @@ -18548,12 +18555,12 @@ msgstr "" "den virkelige problemet av regjeringer stående i kjernen av et system av " "formaliteter. i denne boken tilby jeg en slik løsning. Denne løsningen " "remakes hovedsak copyright kontoret. for nå, kan du anta at det var amazon " -"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk registrering. " -"eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering femti år etter et " -"arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at systemet ville " -"flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle fungerer som " -"ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen femti år. " -"hva tror du?" +"som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk " +"registrering. eldred act ville foreslå en enkel, ett klikk registrering " +"femti år etter et arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert på historiske data, at " +"systemet ville flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle " +"fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen " +"femti år. hva tror du?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> msgid "" @@ -18567,7 +18574,7 @@ msgstr "" "villig til å introdusere eldred act. og jeg hadde noen som direkte foreslo " "at de kan være villige til å ta det første skrittet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18599,8 +18606,7 @@ msgstr "" "viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig " "om." -#. PAGE BREAK 261 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"--that copyrights be renewed. That was true, " @@ -18617,7 +18623,8 @@ msgid "" "less than the costs of clearing the rights for a copyright whose owner is " "not known. Fifth, they worried about the risks if the copyright to a story " "underlying a film were to pass into the public domain. But what risk is " -"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative use." +"that? If it is in the public domain, then the film is a valid derivative " +"use." msgstr "" "mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i " "lovforslaget\"--opphavsrett fornyes. Det var sant, men irrelevant, som " @@ -18703,7 +18710,7 @@ msgstr "" "hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner årsakene til å begrense " "opphavsrett vilkår; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig å se god tro i motstanden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18745,7 +18752,7 @@ msgstr "" "innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen " "kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18753,8 +18760,8 @@ msgid "" "is not simply to protect what is theirs. Their aim is to assure that all " "there is is what is theirs." msgstr "" -"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. " -"mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke " +"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden " +"er. mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som målet ikke " "beskyttelse av \"property\" men avvisningen av en tradisjon. deres mål er " "ikke bare å beskytte hva er deres. deres mål er å sikre at alt er det er hva " "er deres." @@ -18790,7 +18797,7 @@ msgstr "" "at disse eksterne og glemt innehaver av opphavsrett kan blokkere fremdriften " "for andre." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -18813,15 +18820,17 @@ msgstr "konklusjon" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-" -"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have " -"already died. Seventeen million Africans is proportional percentage-wise to " -"seven million Americans. More importantly, it is seventeen million Africans." +"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " +"worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " +"Seventeen million have already died. Seventeen million Africans is " +"proportional percentage-wise to seven million Americans. More importantly, " +"it is seventeen million Africans." msgstr "" -"Det er mer enn 35 millioner mennesker med aids-viruset over hele verden. " -"tyve - fem millioner av dem bor i Subsaharisk Afrika. sytten millioner har " -"allerede døde. sytten millioner afrikanere er proporsjonal percentage-wise " -"syv millioner amerikanere. enda viktigere er det 17 millioner afrikanere." +"Det er mer enn 35 millioner mennesker med aids-viruset over hele " +"verden. tyve - fem millioner av dem bor i Subsaharisk Afrika. sytten " +"millioner har allerede døde. sytten millioner afrikanere er proporsjonal " +"percentage-wise syv millioner amerikanere. enda viktigere er det 17 " +"millioner afrikanere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -18831,21 +18840,21 @@ msgid "" "take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to " "twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible." msgstr "" -"Det er ingen kur for aids, men det er narkotika å redusere sin progresjon. " -"disse antiretroviral terapi er fortsatt eksperimentelle, men de har allerede " -"hatt en dramatisk effekt. i USA øke aids-pasienter som regelmessig tar en " -"cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til tjue år. for noen " -"gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig." +"Det er ingen kur for aids, men det er narkotika å redusere sin " +"progresjon. disse antiretroviral terapi er fortsatt eksperimentelle, men de " +"har allerede hatt en dramatisk effekt. i USA øke aids-pasienter som " +"regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse stoffene deres levealder ved ti til " +"tjue år. for noen gjøre narkotika sykdommen nesten usynlig." #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. " -"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, " -"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive " -"them--and half of them are in Brazil." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#55</ulink>. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 " +"July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing " +"world receive them--and half of them are in Brazil." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -18855,19 +18864,19 @@ msgid "" "some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation " "can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is " "thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these " -"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/>" +"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " -"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " -"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a " -"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to " -"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to " -"keep the prices high." +"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " +"patents. The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at " +"least a twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly " +"power to extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn " +"used to keep the prices high." msgstr "" "disse prisene er ikke høy fordi ingrediensene av narkotika er dyrt. disse " "prisene er høy fordi narkotika er beskyttet av patenter. stoffet selskaper " @@ -18935,11 +18944,11 @@ msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " "for the World Intellectual Property Organization (Washington, D.C., 2000), " -"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #56</" -"ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see " +"14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over South Africa, see " "Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug Policy, and Human " -"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., Ser. " -"No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150­57 (statement of James Love)." +"Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., 1st sess., " +"Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150­57 (statement of James Love)." msgstr "" #. f4. @@ -18956,8 +18965,8 @@ msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " "characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa . . . not to " -"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " +"permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " "Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law--and to " "add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa for " "possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty pharmaceutical " @@ -18965,11 +18974,11 @@ msgid "" "government's actions. The United States was then joined by other governments " "from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the pharmaceutical companies, was " "that South Africa was violating its obligations under international law by " -"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical patents. " -"The demand of these governments, with the United States in the lead, was " -"that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other patent, " -"regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +"discriminating against a particular kind of patent-- pharmaceutical " +"patents. The demand of these governments, with the United States in the " +"lead, was that South Africa respect these patents as it respects any other " +"patent, regardless of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South " +"Africa.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -18983,12 +18992,12 @@ msgid "" "our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa." msgstr "" "Vi bør sette intervensjon av USA i sammenheng. ingen tvil om er patenter " -"ikke den viktigste grunnen at afrikanere ikke har tilgang til narkotika. " -"fattigdom og det totale fraværet av en effektiv helsevesenet infrastruktur " -"saken mer. men om patenter er den viktigste årsaken eller ikke, prisen på " -"narkotika har en effekt på deres behov, og patenter påvirker prisen. og så, " -"om massiv eller marginale, det var en effekt fra vår regjering intervensjon " -"til å stoppe flyten av medikamenter i Afrika." +"ikke den viktigste grunnen at afrikanere ikke har tilgang til " +"narkotika. fattigdom og det totale fraværet av en effektiv helsevesenet " +"infrastruktur saken mer. men om patenter er den viktigste årsaken eller " +"ikke, prisen på narkotika har en effekt på deres behov, og patenter påvirker " +"prisen. og så, om massiv eller marginale, det var en effekt fra vår " +"regjering intervensjon til å stoppe flyten av medikamenter i Afrika." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19032,11 +19041,12 @@ msgid "" "(\"compulsory licenses and gray markets pose a threat to the entire system " "of intellectual property protection\"); Robert Weissman, \"AIDS and " "Developing Countries: Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,\" Foreign " -"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); John A. " -"Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding " -"the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Compassion, a " -"Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring 2001): 175." +"Policy in Focus 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing " +"U.S. policy); John A. Harrelson, \"TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the " +"HIV/AIDS Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property " +"Rights and Compassion, a Synopsis,\" Widener Law Symposium Journal (Spring " +"2001): 175." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19050,7 +19060,7 @@ msgid "" "against the South African response to AIDS." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -19100,8 +19110,7 @@ msgstr "" "sikre at narkotika ikke komme tilbake i USA, men de er bare problemer av " "teknologi. de kan bli overvunnet." -#. PAGE BREAK 268 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -19112,8 +19121,8 @@ msgid "" "companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first step. They reinforce " "the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a rational strategy in " "an irrational context, with the unintended consequence that perhaps millions " -"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this ideal--" -"the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" +"die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in terms of this " +"ideal--the sanctity of an idea called \"intellectual property.\"" msgstr "" "et annet problem, men kunne ikke bli overvunnet. Dette er frykt for den " "grandstanding politikeren som ville kalle presidenter av stoffet selskaper " @@ -19140,14 +19149,14 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " -"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " -"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a " -"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly " -"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a " -"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not " -"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other " -"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright " -"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." +"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " +"way. Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support " +"a copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture " +"perfectly and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly " +"support a patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a " +"country not rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible " +"policy, in other words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, " +"both copyright and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." msgstr "" "en fornuftig patent policy kan godkjenner og støtter patentsystemet uten å " "nå alle overalt på nøyaktig samme måte. akkurat som en fornuftig copyright " @@ -19173,10 +19182,10 @@ msgid "" "don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who are " "dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " "culture that we don't even question when the control of that property " -"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. " -"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would " -"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this " -"common sense open its eyes." +"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture " +"democratically. Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for " +"anyone who would reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way " +"to make this common sense open its eyes." msgstr "" "men vi som en kultur har mistet denne følelse av balanse. Vi har mistet blir " "kritisk blikk som hjelper oss med å se forskjellen mellom sannheten og " @@ -19194,19 +19203,20 @@ msgstr "" "ville gjenvinne retten til å dyrke vår kultur er å finne en måte å gjøre " "dette sunn fornuft åpne sine øyne." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " "this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by " "the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight \"piracy,\" and " "devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of \"creative " -"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day sharecroppers. " -"They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, even though " -"each of the major players in this content war was itself a beneficiary of a " -"more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city like Washington, " -"hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex issues, and MTV " -"attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free culture." +"property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-day " +"sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should be balanced, " +"even though each of the major players in this content war was itself a " +"beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a city " +"like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, complex " +"issues, and MTV attention spans produce the \"perfect storm\" for free " +"culture." msgstr "" "så langt, sunn fornuft sover. Det er ingen opprør. sunn fornuft ser ennå " "ikke hva det kunne til opprør om. ekstremisme som dominerer nå denne " @@ -19229,17 +19239,17 @@ msgid "" "Spurs Stir,\" National Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William " "New, \"U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" National " -"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +"Journal's Technology Daily, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " -"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range of " -"interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and " +"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " +"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide " +"range of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and " "collaborative projects to create public goods.\" These are projects that " "have been successful in producing public goods without relying exclusively " "upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples include the " @@ -19280,16 +19290,15 @@ msgstr "Jeg skal formidle at jeg var en av folk som ba wipo for møtet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " -"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved " -"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this " -"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with " -"intellectual property issues." +"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " +"ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " +"scope included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily " +"involved science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue " +"for this discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing " +"with intellectual property issues." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 271 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -19299,8 +19308,8 @@ msgid "" "in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The " "moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the " "assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be " -"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. " -"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of " +"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of " +"WIPO. In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of " "intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing " "statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was " "no way to talk about an \"Information Society\" unless one also talked about " @@ -19314,15 +19323,15 @@ msgstr "" "faktisk var jeg en gang offentlig scolded for ikke å kjenne igjen dette " "faktum om wipo. i februar 2003 leveres jeg en keynote-adressen til en " "forberedende konferanse for toppmøtet i verden på informasjonssamfunnet " -"(wsis). på en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil si. " -"Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i " +"(wsis). på en pressekonferanse før adressen, ble jeg spurt hva jeg vil " +"si. Jeg svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om betydningen av balanse i " "immaterielle for utviklingen av en informasjonssamfunn. moderator for " "hendelsen deretter umiddelbart avbrutt for å informere meg og sammensatte " "journalister at ingen tvil om immaterielle vil bli diskutert av wsis, siden " "disse spørsmålene var at et eksklusivt domene av wipo. i talk at jeg hadde " -"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av åndsverk som er relativt små. " -"men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle eneste " -"fokus på mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om en " +"forberedt, hadde jeg faktisk gjorde saken av åndsverk som er relativt " +"små. men etter denne forbløffende erklæringen, jeg gjorde immaterielle " +"eneste fokus på mitt snakk. Det var ikke mulig å snakke om en " "\"informasjonssamfunnet\", med mindre en også snakket om omfanget av " "informasjon og kultur som vil være gratis. min snakk gjorde ikke min " "immoderate moderator veldig glad. og hun var uten tvil riktig at omfanget av " @@ -19331,7 +19340,7 @@ msgstr "" "immaterielle er nødvendig, siden etter mitt syn er selve ideen om balanse i " "immaterielle hadde gått tapt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -19343,7 +19352,7 @@ msgstr "" "prosjekter til å opprette offentlige varer\" virket perfekt passende innen " "wipo-agendaen." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -19377,32 +19386,32 @@ msgid "" "the Marketplace to Decide,\" Government Policy Toward Open Source Software " "(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, " "American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. " -"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The Commercial " -"Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of Business " -"(3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " -"#63</ulink>." +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#62</ulink>. See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, The " +"Commercial Software Model, discussion at New York University Stern School of " +"Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " -"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. " -"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open " -"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly " -"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of " -"\"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, to " -"support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial " -"entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is " -"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " +"software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon " +"open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is " +"increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most " +"famous bit of \"free software\"--and IBM is emphatically a commercial " +"entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose " +"commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software " +"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 272 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free software" -"\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is not " -"software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the " +"More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " +"software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " +"not software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, the " "copyright owners of free and open source software insist quite strongly that " "the terms of their software license be respected by adopters of free and " "open source software. The terms of that license are no doubt different from " @@ -19420,31 +19429,32 @@ msgstr "" "programvare, opphavsrett eierne av gratis og åpen kildekode programvare " "insistere ganske sterkt at vilkårene i deres programvarelisens respekteres " "av adoptert av ledig og åpen kilde-programvare. vilkårene i denne lisensen " -"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkårene i en proprietær programvare-" -"lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license (gpl), " -"krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig av " -"alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at kravet er effektivt " -"bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright ikke styre " -"programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pålegge samme type krav på " -"sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett på samme måte som " -"microsoft." +"er ingen tvil om forskjellige fra vilkårene i en proprietær " +"programvare-lisens. fri programvare lisensiert under general public license " +"(gpl), krever for eksempel at kildekoden for programvaren gjøres " +"tilgjengelig av alle som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. men at " +"kravet er effektivt bare hvis copyright styrer programvare. Hvis copyright " +"ikke styre programvare, kan deretter fri programvare ikke pålegge samme type " +"krav på sin adoptert. det dermed avhenger lov om opphavsrett på samme måte " +"som microsoft." #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://" -"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " -"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. " -"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to " -"Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in " -"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was canceled." +"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as " +"well. And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According " +"to Jonathan Krim of the Washington Post, Microsoft's lobbyists succeeded in " +"getting the United States government to veto the meeting.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, the meeting was " +"canceled." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19461,7 +19471,7 @@ msgstr "" "og ingenting veldig overraskende om den mektigste programvare produsenten i " "USA har lyktes i sin lobbyvirksomhet innsats." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -19483,16 +19493,16 @@ msgstr "" msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "disse utsagnene er forbløffende på flere nivåer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " "\"copyright.\" Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses wouldn't " "work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of promoting " -"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in understanding--" -"the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law student, but an " -"embarrassment from a high government official dealing with intellectual " -"property issues." +"intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in " +"understanding--the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year law " +"student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing with " +"intellectual property issues." msgstr "" "først, de er bare flatt feil. som jeg beskrevet, mest åpen kildekode og fri " "programvare avhengig fundamentalt immaterielle rett kalt \"copyright.\" uten " @@ -19502,7 +19512,7 @@ msgstr "" "unnskyldelig i jus første året, men en forlegenhet fra en høy " "statstjenesteperson håndtere intellektuell eiendom problemer." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -19520,24 +19530,24 @@ msgstr "" "konferansen av wsis, wipo er å vurdere hvordan man best kan beskytte " "åndsverk, men også hva beste balanse av åndsverk. som alle økonom og advokat " "vet, er det vanskelige spørsmålet i lovgivning for immaterielle å finne " -"denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, ubestridt. " -"man ønsker å spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler (legemidler basert " -"på narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med wipo-oppdrag? allemannseie " -"svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis protokoller av Internett " -"hadde vært patenterte?" +"denne balansen. men at det bør være grensene er, jeg hadde tenkt, " +"ubestridt. man ønsker å spørre ms. Boland, er generiske legemidler " +"(legemidler basert på narkotika med patent har utløpt) i strid med " +"wipo-oppdrag? allemannseie svekke immaterielle? ville det ha vært bedre hvis " +"protokoller av Internett hadde vært patenterte?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " "are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with " -"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to \"waive" -"\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, totally " -"appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do good in " -"the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the property " -"system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is supposed to " -"be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with their " -"property." +"those rights because, again, they are their rights. If they want to " +"\"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, that is, within our tradition, " +"totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives away more than $20 billion to do " +"good in the world, that is not inconsistent with the objectives of the " +"property system. That is, on the contrary, just what a property system is " +"supposed to be about: giving individuals the right to decide what to do with " +"their property." msgstr "" "tredje, selv om en antatt at hensikten med wipo var å maksimere immaterielle " "rettigheter, i vår tradisjon, immaterielle rettigheter er holdt av individer " @@ -19550,8 +19560,7 @@ msgstr "" "være om: å gi enkeltpersoner retten til å avgjøre hva å gjøre med deres " "eiendom." -#. PAGE BREAK 274 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -19570,7 +19579,7 @@ msgstr "" "at immaterielle rettigheter er maksimert, men at de også kan vere mest " "ekstreme og restriktiv mulig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -19582,28 +19591,29 @@ msgid "" "depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any freedom that " "might interfere with that control." msgstr "" -"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i anglo-" -"amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, ikke " -"bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og entiteter. " -"og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen kraftig og " -"omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for å sikre at " -"eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av frigjørende " -"personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie markedet. " -"Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det kjempet " -"noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen." +"Det er en historie om bare slikt egenskapen system som er godt kjent i " +"anglo-amerikanske tradisjonen. Det kalles \"føydalisme.\" under føydalisme, " +"ikke bare var egenskapen holdt av et relativt lite antall individer og " +"entiteter. og ikke bare var de samme rettighetene som kjørte med egenskapen " +"kraftig og omfattende. men føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse for å " +"sikre at eiendom holders i dette systemet ikke svekke føydalisme av " +"frigjørende personer eller egenskapen innenfor deres kontroll til det frie " +"markedet. Føydalisme depended upon maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. det " +"kjempet noen friheten som kan forstyrre denne kontrollen." #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210­20." msgstr "se drahos med braithwaite, informasjon føydalisme, 210­20." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " -"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only " -"choice now is whether that information society will be free or feudal. The " -"trend is toward the feudal." +"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our " +"only choice now is whether that information society will be free or " +"feudal. The trend is toward the feudal." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -19618,16 +19628,16 @@ msgstr "" "hennes Kommentarer gjort forstand. men det var en kommentar som var spesielt " "deprimerende for meg. skrev en anonym plakat," -#. PAGE BREAK 275 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " "promote the right balance of intellectualproperty rights, not simply to " "promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were talking " -"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything wrong. " -"But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. Always pay " -"attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours." +"about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything " +"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she " +"did. Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and " +"ours." msgstr "" "George, du misforstå lessig: han bare snakker om verden som den skal " "(\"Målet med wipo og mål av enhver regjering, bør være å fremme den rette " @@ -19656,7 +19666,7 @@ msgstr "" "regjering om republikaner eller demokrat. min eneste illusjon angivelig er " "om om vår regjering bør snakke sannheten eller ikke.)" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -19682,6 +19692,7 @@ msgstr "" "akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i vårt eget land historie)." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -19693,8 +19704,8 @@ msgid "" "we, the most powerful democracy in the world, become?" msgstr "" "men når det har blitt dum å anta at rollen som vår regjering bør være å " -"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette har " -"blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at " +"\"søke balanse\", deretter teller meg med dum, for det betyr at dette " +"har blitt ganske alvorlig faktisk. Hvis det skal være klart for alle at " "regjeringen ikke søker balanse, at regjeringen er ganske enkelt de mektigste " "lobbyister verktøyet, at ideen om å holde regjeringen å en annen standard er " "absurd, at ideen om krevende av regjeringen at det taler sannheten og ikke " @@ -19703,17 +19714,17 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " -"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " -"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to " -"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " +"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " +"truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " +"more than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy " +"to argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " "tradition for most of our history--free culture." msgstr "" -"Det kan være gal å forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle å si sannheten. " -"Det kan være gal å tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn handmaiden " -"av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal å argumentere at vi skal " -"bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for de fleste av " -"vår historie--fri kultur." +"Det kan være gal å forvente en høy regjeringen offisielle å si " +"sannheten. Det kan være gal å tro at regjeringens politikk blir noe mer enn " +"handmaiden av de mektigste interessene. Det kan være gal å argumentere at vi " +"skal bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vår tradisjon for de fleste " +"av vår historie--fri kultur." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" @@ -19781,7 +19792,7 @@ msgstr "" "like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter--eiendomsrettighetene til en historisk " "ekstrem form--som gjør deres bigness dårlig." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19792,10 +19803,10 @@ msgstr "" "Det er derfor viktig at så mange vil rally til etterspørselen konkurranse og " "økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis rally er forstått som om bigness alene, det er " "ikke veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang historie med å slåss " -"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til å slåss er \"store" -"\" igjen ikke noe nytt." +"\"stort,\" klokt eller ikke. at vi kunne være motivert til å slåss er " +"\"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19823,24 +19834,25 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " -"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" -"ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " -"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York " -"Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet " -"Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among " -"Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " -"\"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 September 2003, available " -"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " +"8 September 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and " +"Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, \"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among " +"261 Cited as Sharers,\" New York Daily News, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 September " +"2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" Wired News, 10 " +"September 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " -"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #68</ulink>." +"September 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." msgstr "" #. f13. @@ -19848,26 +19860,26 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " -"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." +"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " -"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" someone " -"else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story about Bob " -"Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making the " -"rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from Hollywood--" -"who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing conversation with " -"these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content that they'd love " -"to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got " -"scores of kids who could do amazing things with the content, but it would " -"take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" Congressmen are talking about " -"deputizing computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the " -"law. Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to " -"share content." +"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" " +"someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story " +"about Bob Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished making " +"the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider from " +"Hollywood--who insists he must remain anonymous--reports \"an amazing " +"conversation with these studio guys. They've got extraordinary [old] content " +"that they'd love to use but can't because they can't begin to clear the " +"rights. They've got scores of kids who could do amazing things with the " +"content, but it would take scores of lawyers to clean it first.\" " +"Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer viruses to bring down " +"computers thought to violate the law. Universities are threatening expulsion " +"for kids who use a computer to share content." msgstr "" #. f14. @@ -19890,16 +19902,17 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " -"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" -"\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk " +"BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, himself a folk " "hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to release content " -"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more mixed. A technology " -"has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to understand that this " -"freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free culture into the twenty-" -"first century, without artists losing and without the potential of digital " -"technology being destroyed. It will take some thought, and more importantly, " -"it will take some will to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." +"and free licenses in that Latin American country.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth is more " +"mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin to " +"understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free " +"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without " +"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some " +"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs " +"of our day into the Causbys." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 @@ -19976,7 +19989,7 @@ msgid "" "the choice, then the warriors should win." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19988,15 +20001,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne " "debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror på " -"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser copyright--" -"\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer mener at " -"du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig beskyttede verk " -"som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer tror du burde " -"være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har " -"tillatelse eller ikke." +"maksimal copyright--\"all rights reserved\"-- og de som avviser " +"copyright--\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" sorterer " +"mener at du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en opphavsrettslig " +"beskyttede verk som på noen måte. \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" sorterer " +"tror du burde være i stand til å gjøre med innhold som du ønsker, uavhengig " +"av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." -#. PAGE BREAK 282 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -20012,7 +20024,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " "uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -20038,7 +20050,7 @@ msgstr "" "Internett i dag vil bli en \"få tillatelse til å klippe og lime\" verden som " "er en creator mareritt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle--neither \"all rights " "reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights reserved\"-- and " @@ -20056,7 +20068,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "å gjenoppbygge friheter tidligere antatt: eksempler" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -20078,7 +20090,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "Hva gjorde det forsikret?" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -20107,7 +20119,7 @@ msgstr "" "normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " "friksjon pålegger på alle som ønsker å spy." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -20126,7 +20138,7 @@ msgstr "" "enklere å samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " "\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, også." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -20149,11 +20161,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " -"Review 1 (2001): par. 6­18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" -"notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples in which technology defines " -"privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming " -"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: Random House, 2004) " -"(mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." +"Review 1 (2001): par. 6­18, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink> (describing examples " +"in which technology defines privacy policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, The " +"Naked Crowd: Reclaiming Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age (New York: " +"Random House, 2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 @@ -20161,8 +20173,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " -"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction did." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of " +"before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what friction " +"did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in favor of " "those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We must take " "affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively provided " "before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in privacy to " @@ -20171,18 +20183,19 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " -"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " -"software--both the source code and the binaries-- was free. You couldn't run " -"a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data " -"General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." +"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " +"movement. When computers with software were first made available " +"commercially, the software--both the source code and the binaries-- was " +"free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an " +"IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling " +"their software." msgstr "" -"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-" -"bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig " -"kommersielt, var programvaren--både kildekoden og binærfiler--gratis. Du kan " -"ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en generell data-maskinen på en ibm-" -"maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om hvordan du styrer " -"deres programvare." +"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri " +"programvare-bevegelsen. Når datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort " +"tilgjengelig kommersielt, var programvaren--både kildekoden og " +"binærfiler--gratis. Du kan ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en " +"generell data-maskinen på en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke " +"vare mye om hvordan du styrer deres programvare." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20211,13 +20224,14 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" "i akademiske omgivelser, minst, er det ikke en veldig radikale idé. noen " -"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en matematikk-" -"avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en teorem, kan du " -"ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere avdeling, hvis du " -"trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst var feil, var du " -"fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det åpenbart at du bør " -"være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " -"også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk som noe annet?" +"ville være gratis å tinker med et bevis på at noen tilbys i en " +"matematikk-avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre måte å bevise en " +"teorem, kan du ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere " +"avdeling, hvis du trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst " +"var feil, var du fri til å forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det " +"åpenbart at du bør være gratis å tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en " +"maskin. Dette, også, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være åpen for kritikk " +"som noe annet?" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20248,9 +20262,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "dermed praksisen med proprietære koden begynte å spre seg, og 1980-tallet, " "stallman fant seg selv omringet av proprietære koden. verden av fri " -"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i databehandling. " -"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til å endre og " -"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." +"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i " +"databehandling. og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet " +"til å endre og dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20311,28 +20325,29 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " -"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. " -"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and " -"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-" -"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for " -"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case " -"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court " -"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read " -"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of " -"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective " -"services." +"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute " +"knowledge. Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and " +"libraries and their users are given access to these electronic journals " +"through password-protected sites. Something similar to this has been " +"happening in law for almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had " +"electronic versions of case reports available to subscribers to their " +"service. Although a Supreme Court opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is " +"free to go to a library and read it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to " +"charge users for the privilege of gaining access to that Supreme Court " +"opinion through their respective services." msgstr "" "som digitale teknologien blir bedre, blir det åpenbart for mange som skriver " "ut tusenvis av kopier av journaler hver måned og sende dem til biblioteker " "ikke er kanskje den mest effektive måten å distribuere kunnskap. i stedet, " "journaler er stadig å bli elektronisk, og biblioteker og deres brukere gis " -"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede områder. " -"noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: lexis og " -"westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er tilgjengelig " -"for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett mening ikke er " -"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et bibliotek og lese " -"den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av å få " -"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." +"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede " +"områder. noe som ligner på dette har foregått i loven for nesten tretti år: " +"lexis og westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er " +"tilgjengelig for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett " +"mening ikke er beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til å gå til et " +"bibliotek og lese den, er lexis og westlaw også gjerne Belast brukerne for " +"privilegiet av å få tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine " +"respektive tjenester." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20395,9 +20410,9 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Når journaler blir elektronisk, men er utgivere krevende at biblioteker ikke " "gir generell offentlig tilgang til journalene. Dette betyr at frihetene som " -"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å forsvinne. " -"Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " -"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." +"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner å " +"forsvinne. Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende " +"teknologi og markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -20415,13 +20430,14 @@ msgstr "" "Denne krympende friheten har ført mange å ta bekreftende trinnene for å " "gjenopprette frihet som har gått tapt. public library of science (plos), for " "eksempel er en nonprofit aksjeselskap som er dedikert til å gjøre " -"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en Webtilkobling. " -"forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til public library of " -"science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer review. Dersom de " -"blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et offentlig, elektronisk " -"arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs selger også en " -"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " -"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." +"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en " +"Webtilkobling. forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til " +"public library of science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer " +"review. Dersom de blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et " +"offentlig, elektronisk arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs " +"selger også en utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for " +"utskrift journal forhindre ikke høyre for noen til å videredistribuere " +"arbeidet gratis." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20458,27 +20474,27 @@ msgid "" "aim is to build a layer of reasonable copyright on top of the extremes that " "now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to build upon other " "people's work, by making it simple for creators to express the freedom for " -"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to human-" -"readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this possible." +"others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied to " +"human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this " +"possible." msgstr "" "Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i " "massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. Målet er å bygge " -"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå regjere. " -"Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres arbeid, ved å " -"gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å ta, og bygge på " -"sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til " -"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." +"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett på toppen av den ekstreme som nå " +"regjere. Dette gjøres ved å gjøre det lett for folk å bygge på andres " +"arbeid, ved å gjøre det enkelt for skaperne å uttrykke frihet for andre å " +"ta, og bygge på sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, " +"knyttet til vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." -#. PAGE BREAK 288 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Simple--which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By developing " "a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, Creative " "Commons aims to mark a range of content that can easily, and reliably, be " "built upon. These tags are then linked to machine-readable versions of the " "license that enable computers automatically to identify content that can " -"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a human-" -"readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative " +"easily be shared. These three expressions together--a legal license, a " +"human-readable description, and machine-readable tags--constitute a Creative " "Commons license. A Creative Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom " "to anyone who accesses the license, and more importantly, an expression of " "the ideal that the person associated with the license believes in something " @@ -20499,7 +20515,7 @@ msgstr "" "\"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-merket, som " "ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -20525,11 +20541,11 @@ msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " "use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that " -"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. " -"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer " -"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of " -"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content " -"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." +"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a " +"lawyer. Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by " +"a layer of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary " +"choice of individuals and creators will make this content available. And " +"that content will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." msgstr "" "disse valgene dermed etablere en rekke friheter utover standard om " "opphavsrett. de har også aktivere friheter som går utover tradisjonelle fair " @@ -20540,8 +20556,7 @@ msgstr "" "enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " "innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." -#. PAGE BREAK 289 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -20562,7 +20577,7 @@ msgstr "" "kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " "viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -20574,12 +20589,12 @@ msgid "" "humans without lawyers can use them--are needed. Creative Commons gives " "people a way effectively to begin to build those rules." msgstr "" -"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle dem. " -"problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap " -"og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt til en " -"teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt ha " -"gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de gjør " -"ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med " +"Målet er ikke å kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. Målet er å utfylle " +"dem. problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av " +"galskap og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet århundrer siden, brukt " +"til en teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt " +"ha gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra århundrer siden, men de " +"gjør ikke fornuftig på bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler--med " "forskjellige friheter, uttrykt i måter slik at mennesker uten advokater kan " "bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en måte for effektivt å " "begynne å bygge disse reglene." @@ -20593,10 +20608,10 @@ msgid "" "day that it went on sale in bookstores." msgstr "" "Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i å gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for å " -"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-" -"forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble utgitt på " -"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag som det gikk " -"på salg i bokhandler." +"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science " +"fiction-forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble " +"utgitt på nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens på samme dag " +"som det gikk på salg i bokhandler." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20604,9 +20619,9 @@ msgid "" "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " "Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may " "never hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the " -"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. " -"Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and " -"then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods " +"Internet. Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying " +"it. Call them bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, " +"and then decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods " "than bad-(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will " "probably increase sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" @@ -20614,11 +20629,11 @@ msgstr "" "hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der " "ute: (1) de som vil kjøpe cory bok om det er på Internett, og (2) de som kan " "aldri høre av cory's bok, hvis det ikke er gjort tilgjengelig gratis på " -"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe den. " -"ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker det, og " -"deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis det er mer " -"(2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " -"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." +"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for å kjøpe " +"den. ringe dem dårlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker " +"det, og deretter bestemmer deg for å kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis " +"det er mer (2)-varer enn dårlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok " +"gratis on-line trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -20645,9 +20660,9 @@ msgstr "" "opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri " "programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon " "av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken " -"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for boken. " -"som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker " -"også." +"gikk ut av print. han overvåket deretter brukt boka store priser for " +"boken. som spådd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok " +"øker også." #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> @@ -20663,28 +20678,28 @@ msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " "are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use " -"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be hypocritical. " -"The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial or " -"noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they are " -"just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to others. " -"This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from others. " -"Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, manager of " -"the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of others, has " -"stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample anymore, because " -"the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these " -"artists release into the creative environment content that others can build " -"upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." +"the \"sampling license\" do so because anything else would be " +"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial " +"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they " +"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to " +"others. This is consistent with their own art--they, too, sample from " +"others. Because the legal costs of sampling are so high (Walter Leaphart, " +"manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born sampling the music of " +"others, has stated that he does not \"allow\" Public Enemy to sample " +"anymore, because the legal costs are so high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into the creative environment content " +"that others can build upon, so that their form of creativity might grow." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " "balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you " -"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" model. " -"Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate that " -"rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description of " -"how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The " +"are effectively saying you believe in the \"All Rights Reserved\" " +"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate " +"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description " +"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The " "Creative Commons license expresses this notion of \"Some Rights Reserved,\" " "and gives many the chance to say it to others." msgstr "" @@ -20719,9 +20734,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " -"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. " -"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. " -"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible." +"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and " +"innovation. Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this " +"rebuilding. They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are " +"possible." msgstr "" "Dette er første trinn å gjenoppbygge et frivare. de er ikke bare argumenter; " "de er handlingen. bygge et offentlig-domene er det første skrittet til viser " @@ -20739,11 +20755,11 @@ msgid "" "difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily." msgstr "" "Creative commons er bare ett eksempel på frivillig innsats av enkeltpersoner " -"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet kreative. " -"prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller det. Målet er " -"ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det enklere for " -"forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " -"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere." +"og skaperne å endre blanding av rettigheter som nå styrer feltet " +"kreative. prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller " +"det. Målet er ikke å beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men å gjøre det " +"enklere for forfattere og skaperne å utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt " +"og billig. at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet å spre lettere." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> msgid "THEM, SOON" @@ -20799,7 +20815,7 @@ msgstr "" "disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle må " "bære hvis vi ønsker vår eiendom skal beskyttes." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20831,15 +20847,15 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " -"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. " -"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must " -"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no " -"records, there is no system to trace-- there is no simple way to know how to " -"get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of copyright's " -"rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that builds upon " -"our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces many into silence where " -"they otherwise could speak." +"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " +"burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " +"creativity. Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with " +"whom one must deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of " +"others. There are no records, there is no system to trace-- there is no " +"simple way to know how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in " +"the scope of copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for " +"any work that builds upon our past. And thus, the lack of formalities forces " +"many into silence where they otherwise could speak." msgstr "" "men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en " "byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i " @@ -20864,10 +20880,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to the old, broken " -"system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a system that " -"will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these formalities." +"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>--but it should not change it by going back to " +"the old, broken system. We should require formalities, but we should " +"establish a system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of " +"these formalities." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -20903,15 +20920,15 @@ msgid "" "with the mess that is the Copyright Office." msgstr "" "under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en " -"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. " -"Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av opphavsretten en avgift. " -"som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett kontoret få insentiver til å " -"minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også få insentiver til å minimere " -"gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmålet for regjeringen " -"policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. Således, " -"når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne ideen om formaliteter, deres " -"første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk til å " -"håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." +"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye " +"opphavsretten. Når innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av " +"opphavsretten en avgift. som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett " +"kontoret få insentiver til å minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde også " +"få insentiver til å minimere gebyret. og så opphavsrett kontoret ikke er " +"hovedmålet for regjeringen policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært " +"veldig underfunded. Således, når folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne " +"ideen om formaliteter, deres første reaksjon er panikk--ingenting kunne være " +"verre enn tvinge folk til å håndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> msgid "" @@ -20944,8 +20961,8 @@ msgstr "" "i sammenheng med registrering er en opplagt modell Internett. Det finnes " "minst 32 millioner web-områder som er registrert i verden. domeneeiere navn " "for disse web-områder må betale en avgift for å holde sine registrering " -"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, ." -"net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende " +"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, " +".net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende " "registrarer. at konkurransen stasjoner kostnadene for å registrere ned, og " "enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstår " "opp." @@ -21002,9 +21019,9 @@ msgid "" "to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work." msgstr "" "Målet med merking er med signal til publikum at dette arbeidet er " -"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine rettigheter. " -"mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for å sikre " -"tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet." +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker å håndheve sine " +"rettigheter. mark gjør det også enkelt å finne en som har " +"opphavsrettighetene for å sikre tillatelse til å bruke arbeidet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> msgid "" @@ -21044,12 +21061,13 @@ msgid "" "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " "not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that " "anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains " -"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission." -"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work " -"would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If someone does " -"complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any new " -"work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. This " -"would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." +"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give " +"permission.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an " +"unmarked work would therefore be \"use unless someone complains.\" If " +"someone does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work " +"in any new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing " +"uses. This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark " +"their work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> @@ -21060,11 +21078,11 @@ msgid "" "that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted " "elsewhere." msgstr "" -"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være merket. " -"Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den beste måten " -"å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett kontorets rolle " -"for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært laget andre " -"steder." +"som i sin tur reiser spørsmålet om hvordan arbeidet best bør være " +"merket. Her igjen, må systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den " +"beste måten å sikre at systemet utvikler seg er å begrense opphavsrett " +"kontorets rolle for å godkjenne standarder for å merke innhold som har vært " +"laget andre steder." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> msgid "" @@ -21100,7 +21118,8 @@ msgstr "" "fotografier var preget av forfatteren og år, ville det være liten grunn til " "ikke å tillate en fotograf å registrere på nytt, for eksempel alle bildene " "som er tatt i et bestemt år i ett trinn. Målet med formalitet er å unngå " -"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som mulig." +"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes så enkelt som " +"mulig." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> msgid "" @@ -21151,11 +21170,11 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" -"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in five-" -"year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That seemed " -"radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, the " -"proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal for a " -"fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " +"In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " +"five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " +"seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost Eldred v. Ashcroft, " +"the proposals became even more radical. The Economist endorsed a proposal " +"for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " "Others have proposed tying the term to the term for patents." msgstr "" @@ -21203,9 +21222,9 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> msgid "" -"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" -"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " -"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " +"and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -21241,12 +21260,13 @@ msgstr "" "kan ha vært en feil i 1923 for lov å tilby forfattere bare en femti-seks års " "sikt. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er mulig. Hvis det var en feil, da var " "konsekvensen at vi fikk færre forfattere å opprette i 1923 enn vi ellers " -"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke begrepet. " -"Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som skrev i " -"1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få (eller " -"eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i dag er " -"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " -"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nå." +"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved å øke " +"begrepet. Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som " +"skrev i 1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nå få " +"(eller eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i " +"dag er usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i " +"1923. Hva er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med " +"det nå." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -21258,7 +21278,7 @@ msgstr "" "som er mye kortere enn gjeldende begrepet. frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig " "begrepet bare 32.2 år. Vi bør være sikter for samme." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -21290,11 +21310,11 @@ msgstr "" "gjorde ingen sans lenger for å gi så mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " "nye teknologien." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive right" -"\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right to " -"\"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are " +"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " +"right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " +"to \"their writings\" plus any derivative writings (made by others) that are " "sufficiently close to the author's original work. Thus, if I write a book, " "and you base a movie on that book, I have the power to deny you the right to " "release that movie, even though that movie is not \"my writing.\"" @@ -21320,9 +21340,9 @@ msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " "dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " -"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. " -"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, " -"Judge Benjamin Kaplan." +"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever " +"since. This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest " +"judges, Judge Benjamin Kaplan." msgstr "" #. f6. @@ -21341,16 +21361,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " -"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. " -"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a " +"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " +"sense. More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a " "copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider " "each limitation in turn." msgstr "" "Jeg tror det er på tide å anerkjenne at det er fly i dette feltet og " -"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger fornuftig. " -"mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright kjører. og " -"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " -"igjen." +"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger " +"fornuftig. mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright " +"kjører. og de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver " +"begrensning igjen." #. PAGE BREAK 300 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -21371,7 +21391,7 @@ msgstr "" "inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " "gjort." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -21380,37 +21400,38 @@ msgid "" "material was within the control of businesses, perhaps it made sense to " "require lawyers to negotiate the lines. It no longer makes sense for lawyers " "to negotiate the lines. Think about all the creative possibilities that " -"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the machines. " -"That's what this general requirement of permission does to the creative " -"process. Smothers it." +"digital technologies enable; now imagine pouring molasses into the " +"machines. That's what this general requirement of permission does to the " +"creative process. Smothers it." msgstr "" -"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. " -"igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal " -"angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og unregulated bruk " -"av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" av kreative " -"materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det fornuftig å " -"kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger fornuftig for " -"jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative mulighetene som digital " -"teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses til maskinene. Det er hva " -"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " -"Smothers det." +"område: på samme måte bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli " +"innsnevret. igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er " +"viktig. de skal angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og " +"unregulated bruk av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. Når alle \"gjenbruk\" " +"av kreative materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det " +"fornuftig å kreve advokater å forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger " +"fornuftig for jurister å forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative " +"mulighetene som digital teknologi aktivere; Nå forestille pouring molasses " +"til maskinene. Det er hva denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den " +"kreative prosessen. Smothers det." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " "derivative rights--turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a musical " -"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the unforeseeable. " -"Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." +"score--it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the " +"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." msgstr "" -"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint eastwood-" -"cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede " -"rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk poengsum--det " -"ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, ville en " -"lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." +"Dette var poenget som alben gjort når beskriver inngåelse av clint " +"eastwood-cd. mens det er fornuftig å kreve forhandling for overskuelig " +"avledede rettigheter--snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk " +"poengsum--det ikke fornuftig å kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. her, " +"ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187­216." @@ -21519,8 +21540,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." -msgstr "" -"Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer." +msgstr "Det er noen som bruker deling nettverk som erstatninger for å kjøpe CDer." #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -21560,13 +21580,15 @@ msgid "" "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " "with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon " "the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is " -"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened." +"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly " +"weakened." msgstr "" "noen reform av loven behov for å holde disse ulike bruksområder i fokus. den " "må unngå bebyrde type d selv om formålet er å eliminere type a. den iver " "etter med som loven sikte på å eliminere type a, videre bør avhenger " "omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " -"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." +"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig " +"svekket." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -21576,14 +21598,15 @@ msgid "" "type B, and is the dominant use of sharing networks." msgstr "" "som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forårsaket av deling " -"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " -"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " -"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." +"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er " +"reell. Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større " +"enn type b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " -"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." +"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " +"respond." msgstr "" "Likevel, det er en avgjørende faktor om gjeldende teknologiske kontekst som " "vi må huske på at vi skal forstå hvordan loven skal reagere." @@ -21593,22 +21616,23 @@ msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " "content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of " -"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and slow--" -"we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 MBs, and " -"very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. Although " -"wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across wires. Most " -"only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of the always " -"on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." +"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and " +"slow--we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at 1.5 " +"MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and " +"down. Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access " +"across wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The " +"idea of the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." msgstr "" "i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti år, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive " "i dag fordi det er den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt spekter av " "innhold. det vil ikke være den enkleste måten å få tilgang til et bredt " -"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og sakte--" -"vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden får vi " -"service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om trådløs tilgang " -"er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av ledninger. de " -"fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. ideen om den " -"alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en idé." +"spekter av innhold i ti år. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og " +"sakte--vi i USA er heldig å ha bredbåndstjeneste på 1,5 mbs og svært sjelden " +"får vi service på den hastigheten som er både opp og ned. Selv om trådløs " +"tilgang er økende, få de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang på tvers av " +"ledninger. de fleste bare få tilgang gjennom en maskin med et " +"tastatur. ideen om den alltid på, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig " +"bare en idé." #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -21640,8 +21664,8 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " -"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #76</" -"ulink>." +"2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#76</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -21658,13 +21682,12 @@ msgid "" "services will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge " "money for the content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in " "Japan offer music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs " -"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though \"free" -"\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web.<placeholder type=" -"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +"for headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though " +"\"free\" content is available in the form of MP3s across the " +"Web.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 304 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file sharing--to " @@ -21674,8 +21697,9 @@ msgid "" "problem in light of a technology that will be gone tomorrow. The question " "should not be how to regulate the Internet to eliminate file sharing (the " "Net will evolve that problem away). The question instead should be how to " -"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between twentieth-" -"century models for doing business and twenty-first-century technologies." +"assure that artists get paid, during this transition between " +"twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-first-century " +"technologies." msgstr "" "dette punktet om fremtiden er ment å foreslå et perspektiv på stede: det er " "spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling--i den grad det er et " @@ -21688,7 +21712,7 @@ msgstr "" "betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for å gjøre " "forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content--uncopyrighted content or " @@ -21705,10 +21729,11 @@ msgstr "" "innholdet er å sørge for at teknologien som ville gjøre det mulig for denne " "type deling ikke gjengis ulovlig. Du kan tenke på det på denne måten: betal " "telefoner brukes til å levere løsepenger krav, ingen tvil. men det er mange " -"som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre med ransoms. " -"det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å eliminere kidnapping." +"som trenger å bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting å gjøre med " +"ransoms. det ville være feil å utestenge betale telefoner for å eliminere " +"kidnapping." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -21724,7 +21749,7 @@ msgstr "" "arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte på loven å forenkle tilgang til dette " "innholdet, ideelt på en måte som returnerer noe til kunstneren." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -21743,12 +21768,12 @@ msgstr "" "perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " "mindre enn ideell." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" -"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music " -"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be " -"free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing " +"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " +"out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " +"music available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would " +"be free, under this rule, to \"share\" that content, even though the sharing " "involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the trade; in a " "context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music should be as " "free as trading books." @@ -21785,10 +21810,11 @@ msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " "subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge " -"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. " -"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of " -"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying " -"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher." +"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially " +"available. But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer " +"hard disks of fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for " +"such copying should be much less than the amount owed a commercial " +"publisher." msgstr "" "Dette systemet vil også skape et insentiv for utgivere å holde works " "tilgjengelig kommersielt. verk som er kommersielt tilgjengelige ville ikke " @@ -21854,56 +21880,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Jeg elsker Internett, og så jeg ikke liker likening det til tobakk eller " "asbest. men analogien er en rettferdig en fra et perspektiv av loven. og det " -"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker å ødelegge Internett eller p2p-" -"teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører på Internett, må vi " +"antyder en virkelig svar: i stedet for søker å ødelegge Internett eller " +"p2p-teknologier som er tiden skade innholdsleverandører på Internett, må vi " "finne en relativt enkel måte å kompensere de som er skadet." #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " -"October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and " -"the Future of Entertainment (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " -"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that " -"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would " -"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock " -"Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" " -"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. " -"For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" " -"Washington Post, 8 January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman " -"Networks, A Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate " -"Foreign Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=" -"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A Quick " -"Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available at " -"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " +"October 2000), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of Entertainment " +"(forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004), ch. 6, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor " +"Netanel has proposed a related idea that would exempt noncommercial sharing " +"from the reach of copyright and would establish compensation to artists to " +"balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use " +"Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, " +"see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" Washington Post, 8 " +"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter " +"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations " +"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, A " +"Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3 March 2002, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " "Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, 13 " "May 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " "#82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum " -"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" -"\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" " -"CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." -"cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " -"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not " -"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get " -"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal " -"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-" -"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>." +"Online, 1 July 2002, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, " +"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's " +"proposal is very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike " +"Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, " +"though more popular artists would get more than the less popular. As is " +"typical with Stallman, his proposal predates the current debate by about a " +"decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " -"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" -"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the " -"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would " -"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to " -"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once " -"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to " -"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of " -"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would " -"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." +"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of " +"the Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission " +"would (1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it " +"is to evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade " +"them). Once the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) " +"systems to monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the " +"basis of those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The " +"compensation would be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -21922,20 +21949,19 @@ msgid "" "system of controlling access." msgstr "" "fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million " -"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å holde. " -"endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans forslag " -"erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det utfyller det " -"eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle kompensasjon " -"i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle være " -"midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og det " -"ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å gi " -"mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en " +"spørsmålene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover å " +"holde. endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans " +"forslag erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det " +"utfyller det eksisterende systemet. Målet med forslaget vil være å forenkle " +"kompensasjon i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle " +"være midlertidig, som tar sikte på å lette en overgang mellom regimer. og " +"det ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med årene. Hvis den fortsetter å " +"gi mening å forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en " "skattesystemet, så det kan fortsettes. Hvis denne typen beskyttelse ikke " "lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet å kontrollere " "tilgangen." -#. PAGE BREAK 307 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21954,7 +21980,7 @@ msgstr "" "ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " "begrensninger på hva en var tillatt å gjøre med selve innholdet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -21965,34 +21991,35 @@ msgid "" "proven correct: Apple has sold millions of songs at even the very high price " "of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost is the equivalent of a per-song " "CD price, though the labels have none of the costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's " -"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a song. " -"And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and sell " -"music on-line." +"move was countered by Real Networks, offering music at just 79 cents a " +"song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of competition to offer and " +"sell music on-line." msgstr "" "ingen tvil om ville det være vanskelig å beregne riktig mål for \"skade\" " "til en industri. men vanskeligheten av å gjøre multiplikasjonene ville være " "oppveies av fordel for tilrettelegging innovasjon. Dette bakgrunn-systemet " "for å kompensere ville ikke må også forstyrre nyskapende forslag for " "eksempel Apples musicstore. som eksperter spådd når apple lanserte " -"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er gratis. " -"Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på selv svært " -"høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer en per sang " -"cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å betale.) " -"Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare 79 cents " -"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og selge " -"musikk på nettet." +"musicstore, vil det kunne slå \"gratis\" ved å være enklere enn er " +"gratis. Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger på " +"selv svært høy pris på 99 cents en sang. (på 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer " +"en per sang cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for å " +"betale.) Apple nå går ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk på bare " +"79 cents en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse å tilby og " +"selge musikk på nettet." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " "thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, " "there is nothing impossible at all about \"competing with free.\" Indeed, if " "anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and better " -"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be about. " -"Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " +"products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be " +"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " "luxurious--with \"first class\" seats, and meals served while you watch a " -"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with \"free.\"" +"movie--as they struggle and succeed in finding ways to compete with " +"\"free.\"" msgstr "" "Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd på bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra " "p2p-systemer. som selgere av kabel-TV har kjent for tretti år og selgere av " @@ -22039,8 +22066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" -msgstr "" -"Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" +msgstr "Vi kan minimere den skade samtidig maksimere fordelen til innovasjon av" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> @@ -22065,7 +22091,7 @@ msgstr "" "mens du er i denne overgangen, taxing og kompensere for typen en deling, i " "grad er faktiske skade vist." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -22149,12 +22175,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069­70." msgstr "" -"Lawrence lessig, \"copyright's first endring\" (melville b. nimmer memorial " -"lecture), ucla lov gå gjennom 48 (2001): 1057, 1069­70." +"Lawrence lessig, \"copyright's first endring\" (melville b. nimmer " +"memorial lecture), ucla lov gå gjennom 48 (2001): 1057, 1069­70." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> msgid "" @@ -22164,8 +22191,8 @@ msgid "" "in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for example, thought crazy " "the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term Extension Act. Yet just " "thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and practitioner in the field of " -"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote" -"\" id=\"0\"/>" +"copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> @@ -22273,9 +22300,9 @@ msgid "" "technology--the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about the " "amazing things your community could facilitate with digital technology--a " "wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. Think about all those " -"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the machines. " -"This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, this is " -"the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." +"creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured onto the " +"machines. This is what any regime that requires permission produces. Again, " +"this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." msgstr "" "Tenk på de fantastiske tingene barnet kan gjøre eller gjøre med digital " "teknologi--filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. eller Tenk på de " @@ -22285,8 +22312,7 @@ msgstr "" "hva noen regime som krever tillatelse produserer. igjen, dette er " "virkeligheten av brezhnev's Russland." -#. PAGE BREAK 311 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture--but it should regulate " "culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely test their " @@ -22300,11 +22326,11 @@ msgstr "" "det gjøre gode?\" når utfordret om det utvider nå av loven, advokat-svar, " "\"Hvorfor ikke?\"" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " -"Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your lawyers " -"away." +"We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " +"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " +"lawyers away." msgstr "" "Vi bør spørre: \"Hvorfor?\" Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er " "nødvendig. Vis meg hvordan det fungerer bra. og før du kan vise meg begge, " @@ -22316,8 +22342,8 @@ msgstr "notater" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "" -"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. " -"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " +"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " +"Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " "unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to " "the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each " "link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the " @@ -22359,13 +22385,13 @@ msgstr "" "Jeg fikk veiledning i forskjellige steder fra venner og akademikere, " "inkludert glenn brun, peter dicola, jennifer mnookin, richard posner, " "markere rose og kathleen sullivan. og jeg fikk korreksjon og veiledning fra " -"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford university. " -"de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, christopher " -"guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew kahn, brian-" -"kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig takknemlig " -"overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres forskning " -"og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga sin egen " -"kritisk blikk på mye av dette." +"mange fantastiske studenter ved stanford law school og stanford " +"university. de inkludert andrew b. coan, john eden, james p. fellers, " +"christopher guzelian, erica goldberg, robert hallman, andrew harris, matthew " +"kahn, brian-kobling, ohad mayblum, alina ng og erica platt. Jeg er særlig " +"takknemlig overfor catherine crump og harry surden, som hjalp direkte deres " +"forskning og til laura lynch, som briljant klarte hæren at de samlet, og ga " +"sin egen kritisk blikk på mye av dette." #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> @@ -22387,14 +22413,14 @@ msgstr "" "for å gi meg muligheten til å bruke tid i japan, og tadashi shiraishi og " "kiyokazu yamagami for deres sjenerøs hjelp mens jeg var der." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. " -"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice " -"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have " -"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the " -"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well " -"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my " +"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " +"upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " +"advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who " +"have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about " +"the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as " +"well as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my " "argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik " "Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, " "Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James " @@ -22409,8 +22435,8 @@ msgstr "" "Dette er de tradisjonelle former for hjelp som akademikere regelmessig " "trekke på. men i tillegg til dem, Internett har gjort det mulig å motta råd " "og korrigering fra mange hvem jeg har aldri møtt. blant de som har svart med " -"svært nyttig råd til forespørsler på bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed al-" -"ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som " +"svært nyttig råd til forespørsler på bloggen min om boken er dr. Muhammed " +"al-ubaydli, david gerstein og peter dimauro, samt en lang liste med de som " "hadde spesifikke ideer om måter å utvikle mitt argument. de inkludert " "richard bondi, steven cherry, david coe, nik cubrilovic, bob devine, charles " "eicher, thomas fjord, elihu m gerson, jeremy hunsinger, vaughn iverson, john "