From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Fri, 10 Aug 2012 11:30:37 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Reinsert translations that went missing. No idea how that could happen. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1712 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/c5c5a4b161e2491534c545586fb198e1533ecfe7?ds=inline Reinsert translations that went missing. No idea how that could happen. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 0abaf2f..9094825 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -15943,4 +15943,12364 @@ msgstr "" msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "McCain, John" -#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "" +"Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " +"summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " +"five companies control 85 percent of our media sources. The five recording labels of " +"Universal Music Group, BMG, Sony Music Entertainment, Warner Music Group, " +"and EMI control 84.8 percent of the U.S. music market. The five largest cable companies pipe " +"programming to 74 percent of the cable subscribers nationwide. " +"" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 174 +#. type: Content of:
+#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " +"nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than seventy-" +"five stations. Today one company owns more than 1,200 " +"stations. During that period of consolidation, the total number of radio " +"owners dropped by 34 percent. Today, in most markets, the two largest " +"broadcasters control 74 percent of that market's revenues. Overall, just " +"four companies control 90 percent of the nation's radio advertising revenues." +msgstr "" +"historien med radio er enda mer dramatisk. før dereguleringen, landets " +"største radio sendinger konglomerat eid færre enn sytti-fem stasjoner. i dag " +"eier en selskapet mer enn 1 200 stasjoner. i denne perioden av " +"konsolidering, det totale antallet radio eiere droppet av 34 prosent. i dag, " +"i de fleste markeder styre de to største broadcasters 74 prosent av dette " +"markedet inntekter. Total, bare fire selskaper styre 90 prosent av landets " +"radio annonsering inntekter." + +#. type: Content of:
+#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " +"six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " +"eighty years ago, and ten companies control half of the nation's " +"circulation. There are twenty major newspaper publishers in the United " +"States. The top ten film studios receive 99 percent of all film revenue. The " +"ten largest cable companies account for 85 percent of all cable revenue. " +"This is a market far from the free press the framers sought to protect. " +"Indeed, it is a market that is quite well protected— by the market." +msgstr "" +"avisen eierskap er i ferd med Ã¥ bli mer konsentrert ogsÃ¥. i dag, er det seks " +"hundre færre daglige aviser i USA enn det var Ã¥tti Ã¥r siden og ti selskaper " +"kontroll halvparten av landets sirkulasjon. Det er tjue stor avis utgivere i " +"USA. topp ti film studioer motta 99 prosent av alle inntekter for filmen. ti " +"største kabelselskaper konto for 85 prosent av alle inntekter for kabel. " +"Dette er et marked langt fra fri presse underskrev søkt Ã¥ beskytte. Det er " +"faktisk et marked som er svært godt beskyttet—av markedet." + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Fallows, James" +msgstr "Fallows, James" + +#. type: Content of:
+#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " +"the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " +"article about Rupert Murdoch, " +msgstr "" +"konsentrasjon i størrelse alene er én ting. mer invidious endringen er i " +"natur at konsentrasjon. som forfatter james fallows sette den i en fersk " +"artikkel om rupert murdoch," + +#. type: Content of:
+#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89. " +msgid "" +"James Fallows, The Age of Murdoch, Atlantic " +"Monthly (September 2003): 89. " +msgstr "" +"James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): 89. " + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "" +"Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " +"integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " +"… Fox-controlled sports broadcasts, plus newspapers and books. They " +"sell the content to the public and to advertisers—in newspapers, on " +"the broadcast network, on the cable channels. And they operate the physical " +"distribution system through which the content reaches the customers. " +"Murdoch's satellite systems now distribute News Corp. content in Europe and " +"Asia; if Murdoch becomes DirecTV's largest single owner, that system will " +"serve the same function in the United States." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " +"companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " +"outlets of media as possible. A picture describes this pattern better than a " +"thousand words could do:" +msgstr "" +"mønsteret med murdoch er mønsteret av moderne medier. ikke bare store " +"selskaper å eie mange radiostasjoner, men noen selskaper å eie så mange " +"uttak av media som mulig. et bilde beskriver bedre enn tusen ord kunne gjøre " +"dette mønsteret:" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." +msgstr "Mønster for moderne mediaeierskap." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> +msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" +msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 175 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " +"distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " +"content?" +msgstr "" +"Betyr denne konsentrasjonen noe? PÃ¥virker det hva som blir laget, eller hva " +"som blir distribuert? Eller er det bare en mer effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ produsere og " +"distribuere innhold?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " +"more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " +"listening to a barrage of creators try to convince me to the contrary, I am " +"beginning to change my mind." +msgstr "" +"Mitt syn var at konsentrasjonen ikke betød noe. Jeg tenkte det ikke var noe " +"mer enn en mer effektiv finansiell struktur. Men nÃ¥, etter Ã¥ ha lest og " +"hørt pÃ¥ en haug av skapere prøve Ã¥ overbevise meg om det motsatte, har jeg " +"begynt Ã¥ endre mening." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " +"may matter." +msgstr "" +"Her er en representativ historie som kan foreslÃ¥ hvorfor denne integreringen " +"er viktig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lear, Norman" +msgstr "Lear, Norman" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "All in the Family" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too " +"edgy, they told Lear. Make it again. Lear made a second pilot, more edgy " +"than the first. ABC was exasperated. You're missing the point, they told " +"Lear. We wanted less edgy, not more." +msgstr "" +"I 1969 laget Norman Lear en polit for <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle>. Han tok piloten til ABC, og nettverket likte det ikke. Da sa " +"til Lear at det var for pÃ¥ kanten. Gjør det om igjen. Lear lagde piloten pÃ¥ " +"nytt, mer pÃ¥ kanten enn den første. ABC ble fra seg. Du fÃ¥r ikke med deg " +"poenget, fortalte de Lear. Vi vil ha det mindre pÃ¥ kanten, ikke mer." + +#. f29 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " +"Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " +"St. Louis, Missouri, 3 April 2003 (transcript of prepared remarks available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #28</ulink>; for the " +"Lear story, not included in the prepared remarks, see <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #29</ulink>)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " +"have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " +"Lear held assured an independence from network control.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I stedet for Ã¥ føye seg, to Lear ganske enkelt serien sin til noen andre. " +"CBS var glad for Ã¥ ha seriene, og ABC kunne ikke stoppe Lear fra Ã¥ gÃ¥ til " +"andre. Opphavsretten som Lear hadde sikret uavhengighet fra nettverk-" +"kontroll.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 176 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " +"networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " +"separation between the networks and the content producers; that separation " +"would guarantee Lear freedom. And as late as 1992, because of these rules, " +"the vast majority of prime time television—75 percent of it—was " +"<quote>independent</quote> of the networks." +msgstr "" +"nettverket ikke kontrollere måte av opphavsrettighetene fordi lov forbød " +"nettverk fra controlling the content de skal grupperes. loven kreves et " +"skille mellom nettverkene og innhold produsenter; at separasjon ville " +"garantere lear frihet. og sÃ¥ sent som i 1992, pÃ¥ grunn av disse reglene, det " +"store flertallet av prime-time TV—75 prosent av det—var " +"\"uavhengige\" av nettverk." + +#. f30 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " +"Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. " +"(2003) (testimony of Gene Kimmelman on behalf of Consumers Union and the " +"Consumer Federation of America), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #30</ulink>. Kimmelman quotes Victoria Riskin, " +"president of Writers Guild of America, West, in her Remarks at FCC En Banc " +"Hearing, Richmond, Virginia, 27 February 2003." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " +"that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " +"twenty-five independent television production studios; in 2002, only five " +"independent television studios remained. <quote>In 1992, only 15 percent of " +"new series were produced for a network by a company it controlled. Last " +"year, the percentage of shows produced by controlled companies more than " +"quintupled to 77 percent.</quote> <quote>In 1992, 16 new series were " +"produced independently of conglomerate control, last year there was one.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In 2002, 75 percent of prime " +"time television was owned by the networks that ran it. <quote>In the ten-" +"year period between 1992 and 2002, the number of prime time television hours " +"per week produced by network studios increased over 200%, whereas the number " +"of prime time television hours per week produced by independent studios " +"decreased 63%.</quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the Family</" +"citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show less " +"edgy or to be fired: The content of any show developed for a network is " +"increasingly owned by the network." +msgstr "" +"i dag, en annen norman lear med en annen alle i familien ville finne at han " +"mÃ¥tte velge Ã¥ gjøre showet mindre irritabel eller sparken: innholdet i et " +"hvilket som helst Vis utviklet for et nettverk er i økende grad eid av " +"nettverket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Diller, Barry" +msgstr "Diller, Barry" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Moyers, Bill" +msgstr "Moyers, Bill" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " +"those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " +"Diller said to Bill Moyers, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Mens antall kanaler har økt dramatisk, har eierskapet til disse kanalene " +"snevret inn fra fÃ¥ til stadig færre. Som Barry Diller sa til Bill Moyers, " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" + +#. f32 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " +#| "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</" +#| "ulink>." +msgid "" +"<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " +"Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " +"Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, redigert avskrift " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #31</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +msgid "" +"Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " +"channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " +"controlled distribution system, then what you get is fewer and fewer actual " +"voices participating in the process. [We u]sed to have dozens and dozens of " +"thriving independent production companies producing television programs. Now " +"you have less than a handful.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " +"and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly safe. " +"Increasingly sterile. The product of news shows from networks like this is " +"increasingly tailored to the message the network wants to convey. This is " +"not the communist party, though from the inside, it must feel a bit like the " +"communist party. No one can question without risk of consequence—not " +"necessarily banishment to Siberia, but punishment nonetheless. Independent, " +"critical, different views are quashed. This is not the environment for a " +"democracy." +msgstr "" +"dette begrense har en effekt pÃ¥ det som produseres. produktet av slike store " +"og konsentrert nettverk er stadig mer homogene. stadig mer trygg. stadig " +"sterilt. produktet av nyhetsprogrammer fra nettverk som dette er stadig " +"skreddersydd til meldingen nettverket ønsker Ã¥ formidle. Dette er ikke det " +"kommunistiske parten, selv om fra innsiden, mÃ¥ det føles litt som det " +"kommunistiske parten. Ingen kan spørsmÃ¥let uten risiko for konsekvens—" +"ikke nødvendigvis banishment til Sibir, men straff likevel. uavhengige, " +"kritiske, forskjellige visninger er ødela. Dette er ikke miljø for et " +"demokrati." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Clark, Kim B." +msgstr "Clark, Kim B." + +#. f33 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " +"Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business</" +"citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard Business School Press, 1997). Christensen " +"acknowledges that the idea was first suggested by Dean Kim Clark. See Kim B. " +"Clark, <quote>The Interaction of Design Hierarchies and Market Concepts in " +"Technological Evolution,</quote> <citetitle>Research Policy</citetitle> 14 " +"(1985): 235–51. For a more recent study, see Richard Foster and Sarah " +"Kaplan, <citetitle>Creative Destruction: Why Companies That Are Built to " +"Last Underperform the Market—and How to Successfully Transform Them</" +"citetitle> (New York: Currency/Doubleday, 2001)." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " +"affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " +"<quote>Innovator's Dilemma</quote>: the fact that large traditional firms " +"find it rational to ignore new, breakthrough technologies that compete with " +"their core business. The same analysis could help explain why large, " +"traditional media companies would find it rational to ignore new cultural " +"trends.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Lumbering giants not only " +"don't, but should not, sprint. Yet if the field is only open to the giants, " +"there will be far too little sprinting. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " +"with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " +"are important, and the effect on culture is hard to measure." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror ikke vi vet nok om økonomien i media markedet Ã¥ si med sikkerhet " +"hva konsentrasjon og integrering vil gjøre. effektiviteten er viktig, og " +"effekten pÃ¥ kultur er vanskelig Ã¥ mÃ¥le." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " +"the concern." +msgstr "men det er en typiske Ã¥penbare eksempel som sterkt at bekymringen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug wars. " +"Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; criminal " +"and civil courts are filled with the consequences of this battle." +msgstr "" +"i tillegg til opphavsrett krigene er vi midt i narkotika-krigene. " +"regjeringens politikk er sterkt rettet mot narkotika cartels; straffesaker " +"og sivile domstolene er fylt med konsekvensene av denne kampen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 178 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " +"position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " +"am not pro drugs. Indeed, I come from a family once wrecked by drugs—" +"though the drugs that wrecked my family were all quite legal. I believe this " +"war is a profound mistake because the collateral damage from it is so great " +"as to make waging the war insane. When you add together the burdens on the " +"criminal justice system, the desperation of generations of kids whose only " +"real economic opportunities are as drug warriors, the queering of " +"constitutional protections because of the constant surveillance this war " +"requires, and, most profoundly, the total destruction of the legal systems " +"of many South American nations because of the power of the local drug " +"cartels, I find it impossible to believe that the marginal benefit in " +"reduced drug consumption by Americans could possibly outweigh these costs." +msgstr "" +"La meg herved diskvalifisere meg selv fra en hvilken som helst mulig avtale " +"til enhver posisjon i regjeringen ved Ã¥ si jeg tror denne krigen er en dyp " +"feil. Jeg er ikke pro narkotika. faktisk, jeg kommer fra en familie en gang " +"havarerte av narkotika—om narkotika som havarerte familien min var " +"alle helt lovlig. Jeg tror at denne krigen er en dyp feil fordi " +"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra det som er sÃ¥ stor at gjøre føre krig galskap. " +"NÃ¥r du legger til sammen byrdene pÃ¥ det strafferettslige systemet, " +"desperasjon generasjoner av barna som har bare ekte økonomiske muligheter er " +"som narkotika krigere, queering av konstitusjonelle vern pÃ¥ grunn av " +"konstant overvÃ¥king krever at denne krigen, og, mest dypt total ødeleggelse " +"av juridiske systemer av mange søramerikanske land pÃ¥ grunn av kraften i " +"lokale stoffet cartelsJeg finner det umulig Ã¥ tro at marginal nytte i " +"redusert narkotikabruk av amerikanerne kunne muligens oppveier disse " +"kostnadene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " +"through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " +"fundamentally upon the press to help inform Americans about these issues." +msgstr "" +"Det kan hende du ikke overbevist. Det er fint. Vi lever i et demokrati, og " +"det er gjennom stemmer at vi skal velge policyen. men for Ã¥ gjøre det, vi " +"avhengig fundamentalt pressen for Ã¥ informere amerikanerne om disse " +"problemene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " +"media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " +"produced scores of short film clips about issues related to illegal drugs. " +"In one series (the Nick and Norm series) two men are in a bar, discussing " +"the idea of legalizing drugs as a way to avoid some of the collateral damage " +"from the war. One advances an argument in favor of drug legalization. The " +"other responds in a powerful and effective way against the argument of the " +"first. In the end, the first guy changes his mind (hey, it's television). " +"The plug at the end is a damning attack on the pro-legalization campaign." +msgstr "" +"starten i 1998, office of nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll lansert en " +"kampanje for media som en del av \"krigen mot narkotika.\" kampanjen " +"produsert score til kort film klipp om problemer i forbindelse med illegale " +"rusmidler. i én serie (nick og normen-serie) to menn er i en bar, diskuterer " +"ideen om legalizing narkotika som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ noen av " +"sikkerhetsstillelse skade fra krigen. en avanserer et argument for narkotika " +"legalization. de andre svarer pÃ¥ en kraftig og effektiv mÃ¥te mot argumentet " +"av første. til slutt, den første mann forandrer mening (Hei, det er TV). " +"pluggen pÃ¥ slutten er en damning angrep pÃ¥ pro-legalization kampanjen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " +"message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." +msgstr "" +"Fair nok. Det er en god annonse. ikke veldig misvisende. Det gir sin melding " +"godt. Det er en rettferdig og rimelig melding." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " +"countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " +"demonstrate the extraordinary collateral harm that comes from the drug war. " +"Can you do it?" +msgstr "" +"men la oss si at du tror det er en feil melding, og du ønsker Ã¥ kjøre en " +"countercommercial. si du vil kjøre en rekke annonser som prøver Ã¥ " +"demonstrere den ekstraordinære sikkerhetsstillelse skaden som kommer fra " +"stoffet krigen. kan du gjøre det?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 179 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the money. " +"Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the world to " +"help you get your message out. Can you be sure your message will be heard " +"then?" +msgstr "" +"Vel, tydeligvis, koste disse annonsene massevis av penger. Anta du heve " +"penger. Anta at en gruppe av berørte borgere donerer alle pengene i verden " +"for Ã¥ hjelpe deg Ã¥ fÃ¥ budskapet. kan du være sikker pÃ¥ at meldingen vil " +"deretter bli hørt?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Comcast" +msgstr "Comcast" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "NBC" +msgstr "NBC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "WJOA" +msgstr "WJOA" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "WRC" +msgstr "WRC" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " +"directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " +"Washington, D.C., area. Comcast rejected the ads as <quote>against [their] " +"policy.</quote> The local NBC affiliate, WRC, rejected the ads without " +"reviewing them. The local ABC affiliate, WJOA, originally agreed to run the " +"ads and accepted payment to do so, but later decided not to run the ads and " +"returned the collected fees. Interview with Neal Levine, 15 October 2003. " +"These restrictions are, of course, not limited to drug policy. See, for " +"example, Nat Ives, <quote>On the Issue of an Iraq War, Advocacy Ads Meet " +"with Rejection from TV Networks,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</" +"citetitle>, 13 March 2003, C4. Outside of election-related air time there " +"is very little that the FCC or the courts are willing to do to even the " +"playing field. For a general overview, see Rhonda Brown, <quote>Ad Hoc " +"Access: The Regulation of Editorial Advertising on Television and Radio,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Yale Law and Policy Review</citetitle> 6 (1988): " +"449–79, and for a more recent summary of the stance of the FCC and the " +"courts, see <citetitle>Radio-Television News Directors Association</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>FCC</citetitle>, 184 F. 3d 872 (D.C. Cir. 1999). " +"Municipal authorities exercise the same authority as the networks. In a " +"recent example from San Francisco, the San Francisco transit authority " +"rejected an ad that criticized its Muni diesel buses. Phillip Matier and " +"Andrew Ross, <quote>Antidiesel Group Fuming After Muni Rejects Ad,</quote> " +"SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #32</ulink>. The ground was that the criticism was <quote>too " +"controversial.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " +"<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " +"uncontroversial; ads disagreeing with the government are controversial. " +"This selectivity might be thought inconsistent with the First Amendment, but " +"the Supreme Court has held that stations have the right to choose what they " +"run. Thus, the major channels of commercial media will refuse one side of a " +"crucial debate the opportunity to present its case. And the courts will " +"defend the rights of the stations to be this biased.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " +"media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " +"that condition into doubt. If a handful of companies control access to the " +"media, and that handful of companies gets to decide which political " +"positions it will allow to be promoted on its channels, then in an obvious " +"and important way, concentration matters. You might like the positions the " +"handful of companies selects. But you should not like a world in which a " +"mere few get to decide which issues the rest of us get to know about." +msgstr "" +"Jeg ville være glad for Ã¥ forsvare nettverk rettigheter, samt—hvis vi " +"bodde i en medier markedet som var virkelig mangfoldig. men konsentrasjon i " +"media kaster den betingelsen i tvil. Hvis en hÃ¥ndfull selskaper kontrollere " +"tilgangen til media, og at hÃ¥ndfull selskaper kommer til Ã¥ bestemme hvilke " +"politiske holdninger som den gjør det mulig Ã¥ bli forfremmet pÃ¥ sine " +"kanaler, sÃ¥ i en Ã¥penbare og viktig mÃ¥te, konsentrasjon teller. du kanskje " +"liker posisjoner hÃ¥ndfull selskaper velger. men du bør ikke liker en verden " +"der bare en noen kommer til Ã¥ bestemme hvilke problemer med resten av oss fÃ¥ " +"vite om." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +msgid "Together" +msgstr "Sammen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " +"warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " +"the abstract, it is obviously true and, ordinarily, totally harmless. No " +"sane sort who is not an anarchist could disagree." +msgstr "" +"Det er noe uskyldig og Ã¥penbar om kravet om opphavsrett warriors at " +"regjeringen bør \"beskytte min egenskapen.\" i abstrakt, det er Ã¥penbart " +"sann og, vanligvis helt ufarlig. Ingen forstandig sortering som ikke er en " +"Anarkisten kan uenige." + +#. PAGE BREAK 180 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " +"changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " +"technology and markets to mean that the effective constraint on the liberty " +"to cultivate our culture is dramatically different—the claim begins to " +"seem less innocent and obvious. Given (1) the power of technology to " +"supplement the law's control, and (2) the power of concentrated markets to " +"weaken the opportunity for dissent, if strictly enforcing the massively " +"expanded <quote>property</quote> rights granted by copyright fundamentally " +"changes the freedom within this culture to cultivate and build upon our " +"past, then we have to ask whether this property should be redefined." +msgstr "" +"men nÃ¥r vi ser hvor dramatisk denne \"property\" er endret—nÃ¥r vi " +"innser hvor den kan nÃ¥ kommunisere med bÃ¥de teknologi og markeder Ã¥ bety at " +"effektiv begrensningen pÃ¥ den frihet Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er dramatisk " +"annerledes—kravet begynner Ã¥ synes mindre uskyldig og Ã¥penbar. gitt " +"(1) den kraftige teknologi til Ã¥ supplere lovens kontroll, og (2) makt " +"konsentrert markeder for Ã¥ svekke muligheten for dissens, hvis strengt " +"hÃ¥ndheve massivt utvidet \"property\"-rettigheter som er gitt av copyright " +"fundamentalt endres frihet i denne kulturen til Ã¥ dyrke og bygge pÃ¥ vÃ¥r " +"fortid, sÃ¥ mÃ¥ vi spørre om denne egenskapen skal defineres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " +"or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " +"disastrous for the most important creative enterprises within our culture " +"today." +msgstr "" +"ikke starkly. eller absolutt. Mitt poeng er ikke at vi bør avskaffe " +"copyright eller gÃ¥ tilbake til 1700-tallet. det ville være en totalt feil, " +"katastrofalt for de viktigste kreative bedriftene i vÃ¥r kultur i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " +"notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " +"copyright regulation, tied to increased concentration of the content " +"industry and resting in the hands of technology that will increasingly " +"enable control over the use of culture, should drive us to consider whether " +"another adjustment is called for. Not an adjustment that increases " +"copyright's power. Not an adjustment that increases its term. Rather, an " +"adjustment to restore the balance that has traditionally defined copyright's " +"regulation—a weakening of that regulation, to strengthen creativity." +msgstr "" +"men det er et mellomrom mellom null og én, Internett-kultur til tross for. " +"og disse massiv Skift i effektiv kraft av opphavsrett regulering, knyttet " +"til økt konsentrasjon av innhold industrien og hvile i hendene pÃ¥ teknologi " +"som i økende grad vil aktivere kontroll over bruken av kultur, bør kjøre oss " +"til Ã¥ vurdere om en annen justering kalles for. ikke en justering som øker " +"copyright's strøm. ikke en justering som øker sin sikt. snarere en justering " +"for Ã¥ gjenopprette balansen som tradisjonelt har definert copyright's " +"regulering—en svekkelse av den reguleringen, Ã¥ styrke kreativitet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " +"commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now flout. " +"Instead, copyright power has grown dramatically in a short period of time, " +"as the technologies of distribution and creation have changed and as " +"lobbyists have pushed for more control by copyright holders. Changes in the " +"past in response to changes in technology suggest that we may well need " +"similar changes in the future. And these changes have to be " +"<emphasis>reductions</emphasis> in the scope of copyright, in response to " +"the extraordinary increase in control that technology and the market enable." +msgstr "" +"lov om opphavsrett har ikke vært en rock of gibraltar. Det er ikke et sett " +"med konstant forpliktelser gir at for noen mystisk grunn, tenÃ¥ringer og " +"geeks nÃ¥ blaffen. i stedet, opphavsrett makt har vokst dramatisk i en kort " +"periode, som teknologien av distribusjons- og etableringen er endret og som " +"lobbyister har presset for mer kontroll av innehaver av opphavsrett. " +"endringer i siste endringene i teknologi tyder pÃ¥ at vi kan godt trenger " +"lignende endringer i fremtiden. og disse endringene mÃ¥ være reduksjoner i " +"omfanget av opphavsrett, svar pÃ¥ det ekstraordinære økning i kontrollen som " +"teknologi og markedet aktivere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 181 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " +"see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " +"the effect of changing law, concentrated markets, and changing technology, " +"together they produce an astonishing conclusion: <emphasis>Never in our " +"history have fewer had a legal right to control more of the development of " +"our culture than now</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"for enkeltpunkt som er tapt i denne krigen mot pirater er et punkt som vi " +"ser bare etter kartlegging pÃ¥ rekke disse endringene. NÃ¥r du legger sammen " +"til effekten av Ã¥ endre loven, konsentrert markeder, og endre teknologien, " +"sammen de produserer en forbløffende konklusjon: aldri i vÃ¥r historie har " +"færre hadde en lovfestet rett til Ã¥ styre flere av utviklingen av vÃ¥r kultur " +"enn nÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " +#| "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four surrenders</" +"quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " +"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Siva Vaidhyanathan fanger et lignende poeng i hans \"fire kapitulasjoner\" " +"for opphavsrettsloven i den digitale tidsalder. Se Vaidhyanathan, " +"159–60. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " +"affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " +"tools to publish, for the market then was much more diverse. Not when there " +"were only three television networks, for even then, newspapers, film " +"studios, radio stations, and publishers were independent of the networks. " +"<emphasis>Never</emphasis> has copyright protected such a wide range of " +"rights, against as broad a range of actors, for a term that was remotely as " +"long. This form of regulation—a tiny regulation of a tiny part of the " +"creative energy of a nation at the founding—is now a massive " +"regulation of the overall creative process. Law plus technology plus the " +"market now interact to turn this historically benign regulation into the " +"most significant regulation of culture that our free society has known." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." +msgstr "Dette har vært en lang kapittel. sitt punkt kan nÃ¥ kort oppgis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " +"noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " +"between copying a work and transforming it. We can now combine these two " +"distinctions and draw a clear map of the changes that copyright law has " +"undergone. In 1790, the law looked like this:" +msgstr "" +"i starten av denne boken skilte jeg mellom kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell " +"kultur. i løpet av dette kapitlet, har jeg skilte mellom kopiere et arbeid " +"og transformerer det. Vi kan nÃ¥ kombinere disse to utmerkelser og tegne en " +"Fjern tilordning av endringene som har gjennomgÃ¥tt en lov om opphavsrett. i " +"1790, loven sÃ¥ ut som dette:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +msgid "PUBLISH" +msgstr "Publisere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +msgid "TRANSFORM" +msgstr "Omforme" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +msgid "Commercial" +msgstr "Kommersiell" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +msgid "©" +msgstr "©" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +msgid "Free" +msgstr "Fri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +msgid "Noncommercial" +msgstr "Ikke-kommersiell" + +#. PAGE BREAK 182 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright law. " +"Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached only " +"with registration, and only those who intended to benefit commercially would " +"register, copying through publishing of noncommercial work was also free." +msgstr "" +"loven av publisering pÃ¥ et kart, diagram og boken var regulert av lov om " +"opphavsrett. ingenting annet var. transformasjoner var gratis. og som " +"copyright tilknyttet bare med registrering, og bare de som ment Ã¥ gagne " +"kommersielt ville registrere, kopiere gjennom publisering av ikke-" +"kommersielt arbeid var ogsÃ¥ gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ slutten av det nittende Ã¥rhundre hadde loven blitt endret til dette:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " +"which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " +"commercially. But noncommercial publishing and transformation were still " +"essentially free." +msgstr "" +"avledede var nÃ¥ regulert av lov om opphavsrett—Hvis publisert, som " +"igjen, gitt økonomien i publisering pÃ¥ tiden, betyr hvis tilbudt " +"kommersielt. men ikke-kommersiell publisering og transformasjon var fortsatt " +"hovedsakelig gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " +"change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " +"copying became more prevalent, the reach of the law expanded. Thus by 1975, " +"as photocopying machines became more common, we could say the law began to " +"look like this:" +msgstr "" +"i 1909 loven endres til regulere Kopier, ikke publisere, og etter denne " +"endringen omfanget av loven var knyttet til teknologi. som teknologi med Ã¥ " +"kopiere ble mer utbredt, utvidet rekkevidden av loven. dermed ved 1975, " +"kunne som fotokopiering maskiner ble mer vanlig, vi si loven begynte Ã¥ se " +"slik ut:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> +msgid "COPY" +msgstr "Kopiere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> +msgid "©/Free" +msgstr "©/Fri" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " +"machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " +"remained free. But the consequence of the emergence of digital technologies, " +"especially in the context of a digital network, means that the law now looks " +"like this:" +msgstr "" +"loven ble tolket for Ã¥ nÃ¥ reklamefrie kopiering gjennom, si, kopimaskiner, " +"men fortsatt mye med Ã¥ kopiere utenfor det kommersielle markedet vært " +"gratis. men konsekvensen av fremveksten av digitale teknologier, spesielt i " +"sammenheng med en digital network, betyr at loven nÃ¥ ser slik ut:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 183 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " +"not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " +"not, transformative or not—with the same rules designed to regulate " +"commercial publishers." +msgstr "" +"hver riket er underlagt lov om opphavsrett, mens før de fleste kreativitet " +"ikke var. loven regulerer nÃ¥ hele omfanget av kreativitet—kommersielle " +"eller ikke, transformative eller ikke – med de samme reglene som er utformet " +"for Ã¥ regulere kommersielle utgivere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " +"no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " +"extending the regulations of copyright law into each of these domains " +"actually does any good." +msgstr "" +"tydeligvis er lov om opphavsrett ikke fienden. fienden er regulering som " +"virker ikke godt. SÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør spørre akkurat nÃ¥ er enten utvide " +"forskrifter om opphavsrett i hver av disse domenene faktisk gjør noe bra." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " +"also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " +"regulates just now) noncommercial copying and, especially, noncommercial " +"transformation. And increasingly, for the reasons sketched especially in " +"chapters <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/> and " +"<xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"transformers\"/>, one " +"might well wonder whether it does more harm than good for commercial " +"transformation. More commercial transformative work would be created if " +"derivative rights were more sharply restricted." +msgstr "" +"Jeg har ingen tvil om at den gjør bra i regulerer kommersielle kopiering. " +"men jeg har ingen tvil om at det gjør mer skade enn bra nÃ¥r regulerer (som " +"den regulerer akkurat nÃ¥) ikke-kommersiell kopiering og, spesielt, ikke-" +"kommersiell transformasjon ogsÃ¥. og i økende grad av Ã¥rsaker som skisserte " +"spesielt i kapitlene 7 og 8, en kan vel rart om det gjør mer skade enn godt " +"for kommersielle transformasjon. mer kommersielt transformative arbeid vil " +"bli opprettet hvis avledede rettigheter ble mer kraftig begrenset." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "legal realist movement" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " +"to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " +"and private interests. See Thomas C. Grey, <quote>The Disintegration of " +"Property,</quote> in <citetitle>Nomos XXII: Property</citetitle>, J. Roland " +"Pennock and John W. Chapman, eds. (New York: New York University Press, " +"1980). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det var enkelt viktigste bidrag av juridiske realist-bevegelse for Ã¥ " +"demonstrere at alle eiendomsrettigheter alltid er laget for Ã¥ balansere " +"offentlige og private interesser. se thomas c. grey, \"oppløsningen av " +"eiendom,\" i nomos xxii: eiendom, j. roland pennock og john w. Chapman, Red. " +"(new york: new york university press, 1980)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " +"copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " +"property, the state ought to protect it. But first impressions " +"notwithstanding, historically, this property right (as with all property " +"rights<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>) has been crafted to " +"balance the important need to give authors and artists incentives with the " +"equally important need to assure access to creative work. This balance has " +"always been struck in light of new technologies. And for almost half of our " +"tradition, the <quote>copyright</quote> did not control <emphasis>at all</" +"emphasis> the freedom of others to build upon or transform a creative work. " +"American culture was born free, and for almost 180 years our country " +"consistently protected a vibrant and rich free culture." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 184 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " +"the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " +"birth of <quote>copyright</quote> as a statutory right recognized those " +"limits, by granting copyright owners protection for a limited time only (the " +"story of chapter 6). The tradition of <quote>fair use</quote> is animated by " +"a similar concern that is increasingly under strain as the costs of " +"exercising any fair use right become unavoidably high (the story of chapter " +"7). Adding statutory rights where markets might stifle innovation is another " +"familiar limit on the property right that copyright is (chapter 8). And " +"granting archives and libraries a broad freedom to collect, claims of " +"property notwithstanding, is a crucial part of guaranteeing the soul of a " +"culture (chapter 9). Free cultures, like free markets, are built with " +"property. But the nature of the property that builds a free culture is very " +"different from the extremist vision that dominates the debate today." +msgstr "" +"Vi oppnÃ¥dde at fri kultur fordi vÃ¥r lov respektert viktig begrensninger pÃ¥ " +"omfanget av interessene beskyttet av \"egenskapen.\" svært fødselen av " +"\"copyright\" som en lovfestet rett gjenkjennes disse grensene, ved Ã¥ gi " +"eiere av opphavsretter beskyttelse for en begrenset tid bare (historien om " +"kapittel 6). tradisjonen med \"fair use\" animert av et lignende problem som " +"er stadig under press som kostnadene for Ã¥ utøve noen rettferdig bruk høyre " +"bli uunngÃ¥elig høy (historien om kapittel 7). legge lovbestemte rettigheter " +"der markeder kan kveler innovasjon er en annen kjent grensen pÃ¥ eiendommen " +"høyre at opphavsretten er (kapittel 8). og gi arkiver og biblioteker en bred " +"frihet til Ã¥ samle inn, pÃ¥stander om egenskapen tross, er en avgjørende del " +"av garanterer sjelen til en kultur (kapittel 9). gratis kulturer, som gratis " +"markeder, er bygget med egenskapen. men innholdet i egenskapen som bygger en " +"fri kultur er svært forskjellig fra ekstremistgrupper visjonen som dominerer " +"debatten i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " +"to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " +"Internet present to twentieth-century business models for producing and " +"distributing culture, the law and technology are being transformed in a way " +"that will undermine our tradition of free culture. The property right that " +"is copyright is no longer the balanced right that it was, or was intended to " +"be. The property right that is copyright has become unbalanced, tilted " +"toward an extreme. The opportunity to create and transform becomes weakened " +"in a world in which creation requires permission and creativity must check " +"with a lawyer." +msgstr "" +"fri kultur er stadig havariet i denne krigen mot piratkopiering. som svar pÃ¥ " +"en ekte, hvis ikke kvantifisert, trusselen som teknologien av Internett " +"presentere til 1900-tallet forretningsmodeller for produksjon og " +"distribusjon av kultur, blir lov og teknologi forvandlet pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som vil " +"undergrave vÃ¥r tradisjon for fri kultur. eiendommen er copyright ikke lenger " +"rettigheten balansert som det var, eller var ment Ã¥ være. egenskapen akkurat " +"det vil si opphavsrett har blitt ubalansert, skrÃ¥stilt mot en ekstrem. " +"muligheten til Ã¥ opprette og transformere blir svekket i en verden der " +"oppretting krever tillatelse og kreativitet mÃ¥ kontrollere med en advokat." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +msgid "PUZZLES" +msgstr "Nøtter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" +msgstr "Kapittel elleve: Chimera" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "chimeras" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Wells, H. G." +msgstr "Wells, H. G." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" +msgstr "" + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " +#| "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, " +#| "Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." +msgid "" +"H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See H. G. " +"Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, " +"Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." +msgstr "" +"H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). Se H. G. Wells, " +"<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " +"Sherborne, ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1996)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " +"trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " +"the Peruvian Andes.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The valley is " +"extraordinarily beautiful, with <quote>sweet water, pasture, an even " +"climate, slopes of rich brown soil with tangles of a shrub that bore an " +"excellent fruit.</quote> But the villagers are all blind. Nunez takes this " +"as an opportunity. <quote>In the Country of the Blind,</quote> he tells " +"himself, <quote>the One-Eyed Man is King.</quote> So he resolves to live " +"with the villagers to explore life as a king." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " +"to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are <quote>blind." +"</quote> They don't have the word <citetitle>blind</citetitle>. They think " +"he's just thick. Indeed, as they increasingly notice the things he can't do " +"(hear the sound of grass being stepped on, for example), they increasingly " +"try to control him. He, in turn, becomes increasingly frustrated. " +"<quote>`You don't understand,' he cried, in a voice that was meant to be " +"great and resolute, and which broke. `You are blind and I can see. Leave me " +"alone!'</quote>" +msgstr "" +"ting gÃ¥r ikke helt som han har planlagt. han prøver Ã¥ forklare idéen om " +"synet til landsbyboere. de forstÃ¥r ikke. Han forteller dem at de er \"blind." +"\" de ikke har word-blind. de tror han er bare tykk. faktisk, som de stadig " +"mer merke tingene han ikke kan gjøre (høre lyden av gress Ã¥ bli trappet pÃ¥, " +"for eksempel), de stadig prøver Ã¥ kontrollere ham. han, i sin tur blir " +"stadig mer frustrert. \"du ikke forstÃ¥r, han grÃ¥t, i en stemme som var ment " +"Ã¥ være stor og resolutt, og som brøt. ' du er blind, og jeg kan se. La meg " +"være! \"\"" + +#. PAGE BREAK 187 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " +"virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " +"a young woman who to him seems <quote>the most beautiful thing in the whole " +"of creation,</quote> understands the beauty of sight. Nunez's description of " +"what he sees <quote>seemed to her the most poetical of fancies, and she " +"listened to his description of the stars and the mountains and her own sweet " +"white-lit beauty as though it was a guilty indulgence.</quote> <quote>She " +"did not believe,</quote> Wells tells us, and <quote>she could only half " +"understand, but she was mysteriously delighted.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"landsbyboere la ikke ham være. heller ikke har de ser (sÃ¥ Ã¥ si) kraft av sin " +"spesielle kraft. ikke engang ultimate mÃ¥let for hans hengivenhet, en ung " +"kvinne som til ham synes \"det vakreste tingen i hele skapelse,\" forstÃ¥r " +"skjønnheten av syne. nunez's beskrivelse av det han ser \"syntes Ã¥ henne de " +"mest poetiske liker, og hun lyttet til hans beskrivelse av stjerner og " +"fjellene og hennes egen søte hvite tent skjønnhet som om det var en skyldig " +"overbærenhet.\" \"hun ikke tro,\" brønner forteller oss, og \"hun kunne bare " +"halvparten forstÃ¥r, men hun var mysteriously glad.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously delighted</" +"quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, my dear,</" +"quote> her father instructs, <quote>he's an idiot. He has delusions. He " +"can't do anything right.</quote> They take Nunez to the village doctor." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r nunez kunngjør hans ønske om Ã¥ gifte seg med hans \"mysteriously glad\" " +"kjærlighet, Faderen og landsbyen-objekt. \"du se, min kjære,\" hennes far " +"instruerer, \"han er en idiot. Han har delusions. han kan ikke gjøre noe " +"høyre. \"de tar nunez til landsbyen legen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " +"is affected,</quote> he reports." +msgstr "" +"etter en forsiktig eksamen gir legen sin mening. \"hans hjernen er berørt,\" " +"rapporterer han." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " +"that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " +"affect his brain.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"hva pÃ¥virker det?\" spør Faderen. \"de skeiv ting som kalles øynene... er " +"sykelig... pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som pÃ¥virker hans hjernen.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " +"that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " +"easy surgical operation—namely, to remove these irritant bodies [the " +"eyes].</quote>" +msgstr "" +"legen fortsetter: \"Jeg tror jeg kan si med rimelig sikkerhet at for Ã¥ " +"helbrede ham helt, alt vi trenger Ã¥ gjøre er en enkel og lett kirurgisk " +"operasjon – nemlig Ã¥ fjerne disse irriterende organer [øynene].\"" + +#. PAGE BREAK 188 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " +"inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " +"(You'll have to read the original to learn what happens in the end. I " +"believe in free culture, but never in giving away the end of a story.) It " +"sometimes happens that the eggs of twins fuse in the mother's womb. That " +"fusion produces a <quote>chimera.</quote> A chimera is a single creature " +"with two sets of DNA. The DNA in the blood, for example, might be different " +"from the DNA of the skin. This possibility is an underused plot for murder " +"mysteries. <quote>But the DNA shows with 100 percent certainty that she was " +"not the person whose blood was at the scene. …</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"thank heaven for science!\", sier faren til legen. de informere nunez av " +"denne tilstanden som er nødvendig for ham Ã¥ være tillatt hans brud. (du mÃ¥ " +"lese den opprinnelige Hvis du vil vite hva som skjer i slutten. jeg tror i " +"fri kultur, men aldri i slutten av en historie for utdeling.) det skjer noen " +"ganger at egg med tvillinger sikring i en mors mage. at fusion produserer en " +"\"chimera.\" en chimera er en enkelt skapning med to sett med dna. dna i " +"blodet, for eksempel, kan være forskjellig fra dna av huden. Denne " +"muligheten er en underused tomten for mordet mysteriene. \"men dna viser med " +"100 prosent sikkerhet at hun ikke var personen med blod ble pÃ¥ scenen....\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " +"single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " +"the code of an individual. Yet in fact, not only can two individuals have " +"the same set of DNA (identical twins), but one person can have two different " +"sets of DNA (a chimera). Our understanding of a <quote>person</quote> should " +"reflect this reality." +msgstr "" +"før jeg hadde lest om regenererende, ville jeg sagt de var umulig. en enkelt " +"person kan ikke ha to sett med dna. selve idéen om dna er at det er koden " +"for en person. men faktisk, ikke bare kan to personer har samme sett med dna " +"(identisk tvillinger), men en person kan ha to forskjellige sett med dna (en " +"chimera). vÃ¥r forstÃ¥else av en \"person\" skal gjenspeile denne " +"virkeligheten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " +"culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " +"enough, <quote>the copyright wars,</quote> the more I think we're dealing " +"with a chimera. For example, in the battle over the question <quote>What is " +"p2p file sharing?</quote> both sides have it right, and both sides have it " +"wrong. One side says, <quote>File sharing is just like two kids taping each " +"others' records—the sort of thing we've been doing for the last thirty " +"years without any question at all.</quote> That's true, at least in part. " +"When I tell my best friend to try out a new CD that I've bought, but rather " +"than just send the CD, I point him to my p2p server, that is, in all " +"relevant respects, just like what every executive in every recording company " +"no doubt did as a kid: sharing music." +msgstr "" +"Jo mer jeg arbeider for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ gjeldende kampen over copyright og kultur, " +"som jeg har noen ganger kalt urettferdig, og noen ganger ikke urettferdig " +"nok, \"copyright krigene,\" jo mer jeg tror vi arbeider med en chimera. for " +"eksempel i strid om spørsmÃ¥let \"Hva er p2p fildeling?\" begge sider har det " +"rett, og begge sider har det galt. ene siden sier, \"fildeling er akkurat " +"som to barn taping hverandres poster—slags ting vi har gjort de siste " +"tretti Ã¥rene uten spørsmÃ¥l ved alt.\" som er sann, i det minste delvis. NÃ¥r " +"jeg forteller min beste venn Ã¥ prøve ut en ny cd som jeg har kjøpt, men i " +"stedet for Ã¥ bare sende cd, jeg peke ham til p2p-serveren, det vil si i alle " +"relevante henseender, akkurat som hva hver executive i hver innspilling " +"selskapet uten tvil gjorde som en unge: deling av musikk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " +"p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " +"friends can get access, but it stretches the meaning of <quote>friends</" +"quote> beyond recognition to say <quote>my ten thousand best friends</quote> " +"can get access. Whether or not sharing my music with my best friend is what " +"<quote>we have always been allowed to do,</quote> we have not always been " +"allowed to share music with <quote>our ten thousand best friends.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"men beskrivelsen er ogsÃ¥ falske delvis. for nÃ¥r min p2p-serveren er pÃ¥ en " +"p2p kan nettverk som alle kan fÃ¥ tilgang til min musikk, deretter sikker, " +"mine venner kan fÃ¥ tilgang, men det strekker seg betydningen av \"venner\" " +"det ugjenkjennelige Ã¥ si \"mine ti tusen beste venner\" fÃ¥ tilgang. om dele " +"min musikk med min beste venn er hva \"vi har alltid vært tillatt Ã¥ gjøre,\" " +"vi har ikke alltid vært tillatt Ã¥ dele musikk med \"vÃ¥re ti tusen beste " +"venner.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " +"into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,</" +"quote> that's true, at least in part. If, after Lyle Lovett (finally) " +"releases a new album, rather than buying it, I go to Kazaa and find a free " +"copy to take, that is very much like stealing a copy from Tower. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te nÃ¥r den andre siden, sier, \"fildeling er akkurat som Ã¥ vandre " +"inn i en tower records og tar en cd av sokkelen og vandre ut med det,\" som " +"er sann, i det minste delvis. Hvis, etter at lyle lovett (endelig) slipper " +"et nytt album, heller enn Ã¥ kjøpe det, jeg gÃ¥r til kazaa og finne en gratis " +"kopi til Ã¥ ta, det er veldig mye som Ã¥ stjele en kopi fra tÃ¥rnet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 189 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " +"Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " +"Tower Records, I get a bit of plastic and a cover, and something to show on " +"my shelves. (And, while we're at it, we could also note that when I take a " +"CD from Tower Records, the maximum fine that might be imposed on me, under " +"California law, at least, is $1,000. According to the RIAA, by contrast, if " +"I download a ten-song CD, I'm liable for $1,500,000 in damages.)" +msgstr "" +"men det er ikke helt stjele fra tÃ¥rnet. tross alt, nÃ¥r jeg tar en cd fra " +"tower records, har tÃ¥rnet en mindre cd Ã¥ selge. og nÃ¥r jeg tar en cd fra " +"tower records, fÃ¥r jeg en bit av plast og et dekke, og noe Ã¥ vise pÃ¥ min " +"hyller. (og mens vi er i gang, vi kan ogsÃ¥ oppmerksom pÃ¥ at nÃ¥r jeg tar en " +"cd fra tower records, maksimum fine som kan bli pÃ¥lagt pÃ¥ meg, under " +"california lov, i det minste er $1000. Ifølge riaa, derimot, er hvis jeg " +"dataoverføre en ti-sang-cd, jeg ansvarlig for $1,500,000 i skader.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " +"is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " +"a chimera. And rather than simply denying what the other side asserts, we " +"need to begin to think about how we should respond to this chimera. What " +"rules should govern it?" +msgstr "" +"Poenget er ikke at det er som verken side beskriver. Poenget er at det er " +"bÃ¥de—bÃ¥de som riaa beskriver det og som kazaa beskriver den. Det er en " +"chimera. og i stedet for bare nekte pÃ¥ den andre siden hevder, vi trenger " +"for Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ hvordan vi skal reagere pÃ¥ denne chimera. hvilke " +"regler bør styre det?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." +msgstr "Conyers, John, Jr." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Berman, Howard L." +msgstr "Berman, Howard L." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " +"Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, " +"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> 27 June " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #33</" +"ulink>. Reps. John Conyers Jr. (D-Mich.) and Howard L. Berman (D-Calif.) " +"have introduced a bill that would treat unauthorized on-line copying as a " +"felony offense with punishments ranging as high as five years imprisonment; " +"see Jon Healey, <quote>House Bill Aims to Up Stakes on Piracy,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 17 July 2003, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #34</ulink>. Civil penalties are " +"currently set at $150,000 per copied song. For a recent (and unsuccessful) " +"legal challenge to the RIAA's demand that an ISP reveal the identity of a " +"user accused of sharing more than 600 songs through a family computer, see " +"<citetitle>RIAA</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Verizon Internet Services (In re. " +"Verizon Internet Services)</citetitle>, 240 F. Supp. 2d 24 (D.D.C. 2003). " +"Such a user could face liability ranging as high as $90 million. Such " +"astronomical figures furnish the RIAA with a powerful arsenal in its " +"prosecution of file sharers. Settlements ranging from $12,000 to $17,500 for " +"four students accused of heavy file sharing on university networks must have " +"seemed a mere pittance next to the $98 billion the RIAA could seek should " +"the matter proceed to court. See Elizabeth Young, <quote>Downloading Could " +"Lead to Fines,</quote> redandblack.com, August 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #35</ulink>. For an example of the " +"RIAA's targeting of student file sharing, and of the subpoenas issued to " +"universities to reveal student file-sharer identities, see James Collins, " +"<quote>RIAA Steps Up Bid to Force BC, MIT to Name Students,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 8 August 2003, D3, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #36</ulink>. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " +"with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " +"could prosecute families for millions of dollars in damages just because " +"file sharing occurred on a family computer. And we can get universities to " +"monitor all computer traffic to make sure that no computer is used to commit " +"this crime. These responses might be extreme, but each of them has either " +"been proposed or actually implemented.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " +"though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " +"copyright liability, either civil or criminal, for making copyrighted " +"content available on the Net. Make file sharing like gossip: regulated, if " +"at all, by social norms but not by law." +msgstr "" +"Alternativt kan vi svare pÃ¥ fildeling mÃ¥ten mange barn handle som om vi har " +"svart. Vi kunne helt legalisere det. La det være ingen opphavsrett ansvar, " +"sivil- eller strafferettslige, for Ã¥ gjøre opphavsrettsbeskyttet innhold " +"tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet. gjøre fildeling som sladder: regulert, hvis i det " +"hele tatt, av sosiale normer, men ikke av loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " +"embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " +"recognizes the truth in both. And while I end this book with a sketch of a " +"system that does just that, my aim in the next chapter is to show just how " +"awful it would be for us to adopt the zero-tolerance extreme. I believe " +"<emphasis>either</emphasis> extreme would be worse than a reasonable " +"alternative. But I believe the zero-tolerance solution would be the worse " +"of the two extremes." +msgstr "" +"enten svar er mulig. Jeg tror enten ville være feil. i stedet for Ã¥ omfavne " +"en av disse to ytterpunktene, bør vi omfavne noe som gjenkjenner sannheten i " +"begge. og mens jeg ender denne boken med en skisse av et system som gjør " +"bare at mÃ¥let mitt i neste kapittel er Ã¥ vise hvor forferdelig det ville " +"være for oss Ã¥ vedta nulltoleranse ekstreme. Jeg tror begge ekstrem ville " +"være verre enn et rimelig alternativ. men jeg tror den nulltoleranse " +"løsningen ville være verre av to ytterpunktene." + +#. PAGE BREAK 190 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " +"the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " +"occurring. The law and technology are being shifted to give content holders " +"a kind of control over our culture that they have never had before. And in " +"this extremism, many an opportunity for new innovation and new creativity " +"will be lost." +msgstr "" +"Nulltoleranse er ennÃ¥ stadig vÃ¥re regjeringens politikk. midt i kaoset som " +"Internett har opprettet, skjer en ekstraordinære land grip. lov og teknologi " +"er flyttet for Ã¥ gi innhold holdere en type kontroll over vÃ¥r kultur at de " +"aldri har hatt før. og i denne ekstremisme, mange en mulighet for ny " +"innovasjon og nye kreativitet gÃ¥r tapt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " +"music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " +"war will also kill. We have never seen the power to innovate spread so " +"broadly among our citizens, and we have just begun to see the innovation " +"that this power will unleash. Yet the Internet has already seen the passing " +"of one cycle of innovation around technologies to distribute content. The " +"law is responsible for this passing. As the vice president for global public " +"policy at one of these new innovators, eMusic.com, put it when criticizing " +"the DMCA's added protection for copyrighted material," +msgstr "" +"Jeg snakker ikke om mulighetene for barn Ã¥ \"stjele\" musikk. mitt fokus i " +"stedet er kommersielle og kulturelle innovasjon som denne krigen vil ogsÃ¥ " +"drepe. Vi har aldri sett makt til Ã¥ skape noe nytt spredning sÃ¥ bredt blant " +"vÃ¥re borgere, og vi har bare begynt Ã¥ se innovasjon som denne myndighet vil " +"utløse. ennÃ¥ har Internett allerede sett bestÃ¥tt av en syklus av innovasjon " +"rundt teknologier for Ã¥ distribuere innhold. loven er ansvarlig for denne " +"bestÃ¥tt. som vice president for global public policy pÃ¥ en av disse nye " +"innovators sette emusic.com, det nÃ¥r kritiserer dmca ekstra beskyttelse for " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " +"and we want to protect those rights." +msgstr "" +"eMusic motsetter musikk piratkopiering. Vi er distributør av " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale, og vi ønsker Ã¥ beskytte disse rettighetene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " +"labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " +"necessarily the best. It is simply too early to answer that question. Market " +"forces operating naturally may very well produce a totally different " +"industry model." +msgstr "" +"men bygge en teknologi festning som lÃ¥ser i innflytelse av de store " +"etikettene er ikke den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ beskytte opphavsretten interesser, og " +"heller ikke er det nødvendigvis best. Det er rett og Slett for tidlig Ã¥ " +"besvare det spørsmÃ¥let. markedskrefter operere naturlig kan godt gi en helt " +"annen industri-modell." + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " +"Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " +"Subcommittee on Telecommunications, Trade, and Consumer Protection, House " +"Committee on Commerce, 106th Cong. 29 (1999) (statement of Peter Harter, " +"vice president, Global Public Policy and Standards, EMusic.com), available " +"in LEXIS, Federal Document Clearing House Congressional Testimony File." +msgstr "" +"WIPO og dmca ett Ã¥r senere: vurdering av forbruker tilgang til digital " +"underholdning pÃ¥ Internett og andre medier: høre før subcommittee on " +"telekommunikasjon, handel og consumer protection, huset committee on " +"commerce, 106th cong. 29 (1999) (setning av peter harter, vice president, " +"global offentlig politikk og standarder, emusic.com), tilgjengelig i lexis, " +"føderale dokumentet Ã¥ fjerne huset Kongressens vitnesbyrd fil." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +msgid "" +"This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " +"respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " +"digital media and the manner in which digital media are distributed. This in " +"turn will directly influence the options that are available to consumers, " +"both in terms of the ease with which they will be able to access digital " +"media and the equipment that they will require to do so. Poor choices made " +"this early in the game will retard the growth of this market, hurting " +"everyone's interests.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Vivendi Universal" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " +"<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " +"changed. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"i april 2001, ble emusic.com kjøpt av vivendi universal, en av \"den store " +"etiketter.\" posisjonen pÃ¥ disse sakene er nÃ¥ endret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " +"will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " +"opportunities that could be extraordinarily valuable." +msgstr "" +"snu vÃ¥r tradisjon toleranse nÃ¥ vil ikke bare quash piratkopiering. det vil " +"ofre verdier som er viktig for denne kulturen og vil drepe muligheter som " +"kan være svært verdifull." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" +msgstr "Kapittel tolv: Skader" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To fight <quote>piracy,</quote> to protect <quote>property,</quote> the " +"content industry has launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign " +"contributions have now brought the government into this war. As with any " +"war, this one will have both direct and collateral damage. As with any war " +"of prohibition, these damages will be suffered most by our own people." +msgstr "" +"for Ã¥ bekjempe \"piratkopiering\", for Ã¥ beskytte \"eiendom\" har innhold " +"industrien lansert en krig. Lobbying og massevis av kampanjen bidrag har nÃ¥ " +"ført regjeringen i denne krigen. som med noen krig, vil dette ha bÃ¥de " +"direkte og sikkerhetsstillelse skade. som med noen krig av forbudet, vil " +"disse skader bli rammet mest av vÃ¥re egne folk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " +"particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " +"is to extend this description of consequences into an argument. Is this war " +"justified?" +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let mitt hittil har vært Ã¥ beskrive konsekvensene av denne krigen, " +"spesielt konsekvenser for \"gratis kultur.\" men min mÃ¥let nÃ¥ er Ã¥ utvide " +"denne beskrivelsen av konsekvenser til et argument. er denne krigen " +"rettferdiggjøres?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " +"time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " +"the property called <quote>intellectual property</quote> is at its greatest " +"in our history." +msgstr "" +"i min mening er det ikke. Det er ingen god grunn hvorfor denne gangen, for " +"første gang, loven skal forsvare gamle mot den nye, bare nÃ¥r strømmen av " +"egenskap kalt \"intellectual property\" er pÃ¥ sitt største i vÃ¥r historie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " +"still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " +"claims of control in the name of property still resonate; the uncritical " +"rejection of <quote>piracy</quote> still has play." +msgstr "" +"ennÃ¥ se \"sunn fornuft\" ikke det pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten. sunn fornuft er fortsatt " +"pÃ¥ siden av causbys og innhold industrien. ekstreme krav til kontroll i " +"navnet pÃ¥ egenskapen fortsatt appellerer; ukritisk avvisningen av " +"\"piratkopiering\" har fortsatt spille." + +#. PAGE BREAK 193 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " +"just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " +"the third is unintended. I'm less sure about the first two. The first two " +"protect modern RCAs, but there is no Howard Armstrong in the wings to fight " +"today's monopolists of culture." +msgstr "" +"det vil være mange konsekvensene av fortsetter denne krigen. Jeg vil " +"beskrive bare tre. alle tre kan sies Ã¥ være utilsiktede. Jeg er ganske " +"sikker pÃ¥ tredjepart er utilsiktet. Jeg er mindre sikker pÃ¥ om to første. to " +"første beskytte moderne rcas, men det er ingen howard armstrong i vingene Ã¥ " +"bekjempe dagens monopolists kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Constraining Creators" +msgstr "Begrensende skaperne" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " +"These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share content. " +"Capturing and sharing content, of course, is what humans have done since the " +"dawn of man. It is how we learn and communicate. But capturing and sharing " +"through digital technology is different. The fidelity and power are " +"different. You could send an e-mail telling someone about a joke you saw on " +"Comedy Central, or you could send the clip. You could write an essay about " +"the inconsistencies in the arguments of the politician you most love to " +"hate, or you could make a short film that puts statement against statement. " +"You could write a poem to express your love, or you could weave together a " +"string—a mash-up— of songs from your favorite artists in a " +"collage and make it available on the Net." +msgstr "" +"i de neste ti Ã¥rene vil vi se en eksplosjon av digitale teknologier. disse " +"teknologiene kan nesten hvem som helst Ã¥ fange opp og dele innhold. Ã¥ fange " +"og dele innhold, selvfølgelig, er det mennesker har gjort siden begynnelsen " +"av mannen. Det er hvordan vi lære og kommunisere. men Ã¥ fange og dele " +"gjennom digital teknologi er forskjellig. gjengivelse og makt er " +"forskjellige. Du kan sende en e-postmelding fortelle noen om en spøk-du sÃ¥ " +"pÃ¥ comedy central, eller du kan sende klippet. Du kan skrive et essay om " +"inkonsekvenser i argumentene politiker du mest elsker Ã¥ hate, eller du kan " +"lage en kortfilm som setter setning mot setningen. Du kan skrive et dikt for " +"Ã¥ uttrykke din kjærlighet, eller du kan veve sammen en streng—en " +"Mashup—av sanger fra dine favoritt artister i en collage og gjøre den " +"tilgjengelig pÃ¥ nettet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " +"the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " +"in part it is something new. It is continuous with the Kodak, but it " +"explodes the boundaries of Kodak-like technologies. The technology of " +"digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> promises a world of " +"extraordinarily diverse creativity that can be easily and broadly shared. " +"And as that creativity is applied to democracy, it will enable a broad range " +"of citizens to use technology to express and criticize and contribute to the " +"culture all around." +msgstr "" +"Denne digitale \"fange inn og dele\" er delvis en utvidelse for Ã¥ registrere " +"og dele det har alltid vært del av vÃ¥r kultur, og delvis det er noe nytt. " +"den er kontinuerlig med kodak, men den eksploderer grensene for kodak-" +"lignende teknologier. teknologi for digital \"fange og deling av\" løfter en " +"verden av svært mangfoldig kreativitet som kan enkelt og forstand deles. og " +"sÃ¥ at kreativiteten brukes til demokrati, det vil muliggjøre et bredt " +"spekter av borgere Ã¥ bruke teknologi for Ã¥ uttrykke og kritisere og bidra " +"til kultur rundt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 194 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " +"that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " +"from others. Think about an old man telling a story to a collection of " +"neighbors in a small town. Now imagine that same storytelling extended " +"across the globe." +msgstr "" +"Teknologien har dermed gitt oss en mulighet til Ã¥ gjøre noe med kultur som " +"bare har vært mulig for enkeltpersoner i smÃ¥ grupper, isolert fra andre " +"grupper. Forestill deg en gammel mann som forteller en historie til en " +"samling med naboer i en liten landsby. Forestill deg sÃ¥ den samme " +"historiefortellingen utvidet til Ã¥ nÃ¥ over hele verden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " +"current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " +"moment. Think about your favorite amazing sites on the Net. Web sites that " +"offer plot summaries from forgotten television shows; sites that catalog " +"cartoons from the 1960s; sites that mix images and sound to criticize " +"politicians or businesses; sites that gather newspaper articles on remote " +"topics of science or culture. There is a vast amount of creative work spread " +"across the Internet. But as the law is currently crafted, this work is " +"presumptively illegal." +msgstr "" +"ennÃ¥ er alt dette mulig bare hvis aktiviteten er presumptively lovlig. i " +"dagens regime av juridiske regulering er det ikke. glem fildeling for et " +"øyeblikk. Tenk pÃ¥ din favoritt fantastiske nettsteder pÃ¥ nettet. webomrÃ¥der " +"som tilbyr tomten sammendrag fra glemt TV viser; omrÃ¥der katalogen " +"tegneserier fra 1960-tallet; omrÃ¥der som blande bilder og lyd Ã¥ kritisere " +"politikere eller foretak. omrÃ¥der som samler avisartikler pÃ¥ ekstern emner " +"av vitenskap eller kultur. Det er en enorm mengde skapende arbeid spredt " +"over Internett. men som loven er nÃ¥ laget, dette arbeidet er presumptively " +"ugyldig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Worldcom" +msgstr "Worldcom" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " +#| "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, " +#| "204; for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, \"MCI Wins U." +#| "S. District Court Approval for SEC Settlement\" (7 July 2003), available " +#| "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " +"WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " +"for details of the settlement, see MCI press release, <quote>MCI Wins U.S. " +"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement</quote> (7 July 2003), available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom</" +"citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for " +"detaljer om dette forliket, se pressemelding fra MCI, \"MCI Wins U.S. " +"District Court Approval for SEC Settlement\" (7. juli 2003), tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #37</ulink>. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bush, George W." +msgstr "Bush, George W." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " +"House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " +"overview, see Tanya Albert, <quote>Measure Stalls in Senate: `We'll Be " +"Back,' Say Tort Reformers,</quote> amednews.com, 28 July 2003, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #38</ulink>, and " +"<quote>Senate Turns Back Malpractice Caps,</quote> CBSNews.com, 9 July 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #39</ulink>. " +"President Bush has continued to urge tort reform in recent months. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " +"extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " +"impossible to get a clear sense of what's allowed and what's not, and at the " +"same time, the penalties for crossing the line are astonishingly harsh. The " +"four students who were threatened by the RIAA ( Jesse Jordan of chapter 3 " +"was just one) were threatened with a $98 billion lawsuit for building search " +"engines that permitted songs to be copied. Yet World-Com—which " +"defrauded investors of $11 billion, resulting in a loss to investors in " +"market capitalization of over $200 billion—received a fine of a mere " +"$750 million.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And under legislation " +"being pushed in Congress right now, a doctor who negligently removes the " +"wrong leg in an operation would be liable for no more than $250,000 in " +"damages for pain and suffering.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Can " +"common sense recognize the absurdity in a world where the maximum fine for " +"downloading two songs off the Internet is more than the fine for a doctor's " +"negligently butchering a patient? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +#| "citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +#| "notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the exhibition, see <ulink " +#| "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." +msgid "" +"See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For an overview of the " +"exhibition, see <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</" +"ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" <citetitle>Wired</" +"citetitle>, 7. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #40</ulink>. For en oversikt over utstillingen, se <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #41</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " +"penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " +"be exercised, or never be exercised in the open. We drive this creative " +"process underground by branding the modern-day Walt Disneys <quote>pirates.</" +"quote> We make it impossible for businesses to rely upon a public domain, " +"because the boundaries of the public domain are designed to be unclear. It " +"never pays to do anything except pay for the right to create, and hence only " +"those who can pay are allowed to create. As was the case in the Soviet " +"Union, though for very different reasons, we will begin to see a world of " +"underground art—not because the message is necessarily political, or " +"because the subject is controversial, but because the very act of creating " +"the art is legally fraught. Already, exhibits of <quote>illegal art</quote> " +"tour the United States.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In what " +"does their <quote>illegality</quote> consist? In the act of mixing the " +"culture around us with an expression that is critical or reflective." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " +"law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " +"labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>. But an even bigger part has to do " +"with the increasing ease with which infractions can be tracked. As users of " +"file-sharing systems discovered in 2002, it is a trivial matter for " +"copyright owners to get courts to order Internet service providers to reveal " +"who has what content. It is as if your cassette tape player transmitted a " +"list of the songs that you played in the privacy of your own home that " +"anyone could tune into for whatever reason they chose." +msgstr "" +"en del av Ã¥rsaken til denne frykten for illegality har Ã¥ gjøre med endring " +"loven. jeg beskrevet den endringen i detalj i kapittel 10. men en enda " +"større del har Ã¥ gjøre med den økende enkelt som brudd kan spores. som " +"brukere av fildelings-systemer som er oppdaget i 2002, det er en triviell " +"sak for opphavsrett eiere Ã¥ fÃ¥ domstoler Ã¥ bestille Internett-leverandører Ã¥ " +"avsløre hvem som har hvilket innhold. Det er som hvis tape kassettspilleren " +"sendt en liste over sanger som du har spilt i personvernet til din egen " +"hjemmeside som noen kunne tune inn uansett grunn de valgte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " +"infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " +"tools of Photoshop, sharing content on the Web, must worry all the time. " +"Images are all around, but the only safe images to use in the act of " +"creation are those purchased from Corbis or another image farm. And in " +"purchasing, censoring happens. There is a free market in pencils; we needn't " +"worry about its effect on creativity. But there is a highly regulated, " +"monopolized market in cultural icons; the right to cultivate and transform " +"them is not similarly free." +msgstr "" +"aldri i vÃ¥r historie har en maler hadde Ã¥ bekymre deg om hans maleri krenket " +"pÃ¥ noen andre 's arbeid; men dagens maleren, ved hjelp av verktøyene i " +"photoshop, deling av innhold pÃ¥ nettet, mÃ¥ bekymre deg hele tiden. bilder er " +"rundt, men de eneste sikre bildene som skal brukes i loven av etableringen " +"er de kjøpt fra corbis eller en annen bilde farm. og i Ã¥ kjøpe, sensurere " +"skjer. Det er et fritt marked i blyanter; Vi trenger ikke bekymre deg om sin " +"effekt pÃ¥ kreativitet. men det er en svært regulert, monopolized markedet i " +"kulturelle: ikoner; retten til Ã¥ dyrke og forvandle dem er ikke pÃ¥ samme " +"mÃ¥te gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " +"in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " +"in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, I have been " +"lectured again and again by lawyers who insist Else's use was fair use, and " +"hence I am wrong to say that the law regulates such a use." +msgstr "" +"advokater se sjelden dette fordi advokater er sjelden empirisk. som jeg " +"beskrevet i kapittel 7, som svar pÃ¥ historien om dokumentar filmskaper jon " +"annet, jeg har vært forelest igjen og igjen av advokater som insisterer " +"ellers har bruk var rettferdig bruk, og derfor er jeg feil Ã¥ si at loven " +"regulerer slik bruk." + +#. PAGE BREAK 196 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " +"your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " +"defending rights such as fair use is astonishingly bad—in practically " +"every context, but especially here. It costs too much, it delivers too " +"slowly, and what it delivers often has little connection to the justice " +"underlying the claim. The legal system may be tolerable for the very rich. " +"For everyone else, it is an embarrassment to a tradition that prides itself " +"on the rule of law." +msgstr "" +"men rimelig bruk i Amerika betyr ganske enkelt rett til Ã¥ leie en advokat " +"for Ã¥ forsvare din rett til Ã¥ opprette. og som advokater elsker Ã¥ glemme, " +"systemet vÃ¥rt for Ã¥ forsvare rettigheter for eksempel rimelig bruk er " +"astonishingly dÃ¥rlig—i praktisk talt alle sammenheng, men spesielt " +"her. Det koster for mye, det leverer for tregt, og hva leverer ofte har " +"liten forbindelse til rettferdighet underliggende kravet. Det kan hende at " +"juridisk system utholdelig for de svært rike. for alle andre er det en " +"forlegenhet til en tradisjon som prides seg pÃ¥ rettssikkerhet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " +"<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " +"the law should allow. But it is a measure of how out of touch our legal " +"system has become that anyone actually believes this. The rules that " +"publishers impose upon writers, the rules that film distributors impose upon " +"filmmakers, the rules that newspapers impose upon journalists— these " +"are the real laws governing creativity. And these rules have little " +"relationship to the <quote>law</quote> with which judges comfort themselves." +msgstr "" +"dommere og advokater kan fortelle seg selv at fair use gir tilstrekkelig " +"\"puste rommet\" mellom regulering av loven, og access loven skal tillate. " +"men det er et mÃ¥l pÃ¥ hvor ute av touch vÃ¥r juridiske systemet har blitt noen " +"faktisk mener dette. reglene som utgivere legger pÃ¥ forfattere, reglene som " +"trevare legger pÃ¥ filmskapere, reglene at aviser legger pÃ¥ " +"journalister—disse er de virkelige lovene som regulerer kreativitet. " +"og disse reglene har lite i forhold til \"loven\" med hvilken dommere trøste " +"seg." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " +"a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " +"against a copyright infringement claim, and which would never return to the " +"wrongfully accused defendant anything of the costs she suffered to defend " +"her right to speak—in that world, the astonishingly broad regulations " +"that pass under the name <quote>copyright</quote> silence speech and " +"creativity. And in that world, it takes a studied blindness for people to " +"continue to believe they live in a culture that is free." +msgstr "" +"for i en verden som truer $150.000 for en enkelt willful brudd pÃ¥ " +"opphavsretten, og som krever titusenvis av dollar til selv forsvar mot " +"opphavsrettsstridig krav, og som ville aldri tilbake til wrongfully anklaget " +"saksøkte noe av kostnadene lidd hun for Ã¥ forsvare sin rett til Ã¥ " +"snakke—i denne verden, astonishingly bred regelverket at pass under " +"navnet \"copyright\" stillhet tale og kreativitet. og i denne verden, det " +"tar en studert blindhet for folk Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ tro de bor i en kultur som er " +"gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," +msgstr "som jed horovitz, forretningsmann bak video rørledning, sa til meg," + +#. PAGE BREAK 197 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " +"being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being expressed. " +"And while a lot of stuff may [still] be created, it still won't get " +"distributed. Even if the stuff gets made … you're not going to get it " +"distributed in the mainstream media unless you've got a little note from a " +"lawyer saying, <quote>This has been cleared.</quote> You're not even going " +"to get it on PBS without that kind of permission. That's the point at which " +"they control it." +msgstr "" +"Vi miste [kreative] muligheter høyre og venstre. kreative mennesker blir " +"tvunget ikke til Ã¥ uttrykke seg. tanker er ikke angitt. og mens mange ting " +"kan [fortsatt] opprettes, den fremdeles ikke fÃ¥r distribuert. Selv om ting " +"blir gjort... du ikke kommer til Ã¥ fÃ¥ det distribueres i mainstream media, " +"med mindre du har et lite notat fra en advokat sier, \"Dette er tømt.\" du " +"skal ikke engang fÃ¥ det pÃ¥ pbs uten den typen tillatelse. Det er poenget som " +"de kontrollen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Constraining Innovators" +msgstr "Begrensende innovators" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " +"quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " +"going. Maybe you think there's enough weird art out there, and enough " +"expression that is critical of what seems to be just about everything. And " +"if you think that, you might think there's little in this story to worry you." +msgstr "" +"historien om den siste delen var en crunchy lefty historie—kreativitet " +"ødela, kunstnere som ikke kan snakke, yada babbelet. kanskje det ikke komme " +"i gang. kanskje tror du det er nok rare kunst der ute, og nok uttrykk som er " +"kritisk til hva synes Ã¥ være omtrent alt. og hvis du tror at du kanskje tror " +"det er lite i denne historien Ã¥ bekymre deg over." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " +"it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " +"ideologue. And if you're one of these sorts (and a special one at that, 188 " +"pages into a book like this), then you can see this other aspect by " +"substituting <quote>free market</quote> every place I've spoken of " +"<quote>free culture.</quote> The point is the same, even if the interests " +"affecting culture are more fundamental." +msgstr "" +"men det er en del av denne historien ikke er lefty i noen betydning. Det er " +"faktisk et aspekt som kan være skrevet av den mest ekstreme promarket " +"ideologue. og hvis du er en av disse sorterer (og en spesiell en pÃ¥ at 188 " +"sider i en bok som dette), sÃ¥ du kan se dette andre aspekter ved Ã¥ erstatte " +"\"fritt marked\" hvert sted som jeg har omtalt \"gratis kultur.\" poenget er " +"det samme, selv om interesser som pÃ¥virker kultur er mer grunnleggende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " +"charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " +"concedes that some regulation of markets is necessary—at a minimum, we " +"need rules of property and contract, and courts to enforce both. Likewise, " +"in this culture debate, everyone concedes that at least some framework of " +"copyright is also required. But both perspectives vehemently insist that " +"just because some regulation is good, it doesn't follow that more regulation " +"is better. And both perspectives are constantly attuned to the ways in which " +"regulation simply enables the powerful industries of today to protect " +"themselves against the competitors of tomorrow." +msgstr "" +"Jeg har vært Ã¥ gjøre om regulering av kultur er samme tillegget gratis " +"markedsførere gjøre om regulerer markeder. enhver, selvfølgelig innrømme at " +"noen regulering av markeder er nødvendig—et minimum, vi trenger " +"reglene for egenskapen og kontrakt og domstolene for Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve begge. pÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥te i denne kultur debatten innrømme enhver at minst noen rammen av " +"copyright er ogsÃ¥ nødvendig. men begge perspektiver insisterer vehemently at " +"bare fordi noen regulering er bra, ikke det følger at mer regulering er " +"bedre. og begge perspektiver er stadig attuned til mÃ¥tene i hvilke " +"regulering aktiverer bare de kraftige industriene i dag for Ã¥ beskytte seg " +"mot konkurrenter i morgen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Barry, Hank" +msgstr "Barry, Hank" + +#. PAGE BREAK 198 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " +"that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>. The consequence of this massive threat of liability tied " +"to the murky boundaries of copyright law is that innovators who want to " +"innovate in this space can safely innovate only if they have the sign-off " +"from last generation's dominant industries. That lesson has been taught " +"through a series of cases that were designed and executed to teach venture " +"capitalists a lesson. That lesson—what former Napster CEO Hank Barry " +"calls a <quote>nuclear pall</quote> that has fallen over the Valley—" +"has been learned." +msgstr "" +"Dette er single mest dramatiske effekten av skiftet i regulatoriske strategi " +"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10. konsekvens av denne massiv trussel av " +"ansvar knyttet til skummel grensene om opphavsrett er at innovators som " +"ønsker Ã¥ skape noe nytt i denne plassen kan trygt innovate bare hvis de har " +"avlogging fra siste generasjon dominerende bransjer. denne leksjonen har " +"lært gjennom en rekke tilfeller som ble utformet og utført for Ã¥ lære " +"venture kapitalister en leksjon. denne leksjonen—hva tidligere napster " +"ceo hank barry kaller en \"kjernefysisk pall\" som har falt over dalen—" +"har blitt lært." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " +"<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " +"that even I (pessimist extraordinaire) would never have predicted." +msgstr "" +"vurdere ett eksempel for Ã¥ gjøre punktet, en historie som begynnelsen jeg " +"fortalt i fremtiden for idéer og som har kommet i en mÃ¥te at selv jeg " +"(pessimist extraordinaire) ville aldri ha forutsett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Roberts, Michael" +msgstr "Roberts, Michael" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " +"keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " +"ways to get access to content. Their goal was also to facilitate new ways to " +"create content. Unlike the major labels, MP3.com offered creators a venue to " +"distribute their creativity, without demanding an exclusive engagement from " +"the creators." +msgstr "" +"i 1997, michael roberts lansert et firma som heter mp3.com. MP3.com var " +"opptatt av Ã¥ remake musikkbransjen. deres mÃ¥l var ikke bare for Ã¥ lette nye " +"mÃ¥ter Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold. deres mÃ¥l var ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ lette nye mÃ¥ter Ã¥ lage " +"innhold. i motsetning til de store plateselskapene tilbudt mp3.com skaperne " +"en arena for Ã¥ distribuere sine kreativitet, uten Ã¥ kreve en eksklusiv " +"engasjement fra skaperne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " +"recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " +"leverage the revealed preferences of music listeners to recommend new " +"artists. If you like Lyle Lovett, you're likely to enjoy Bonnie Raitt. And " +"so on. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Hvis du vil gjøre dette systemet fungerer, men trengte mp3.com en pÃ¥litelig " +"mÃ¥te Ã¥ anbefale musikk til sine brukere. idéen bak denne alternative var Ã¥ " +"utnytte Ã¥penbarte innstillingene av musikk lyttere Ã¥ anbefale nye artister. " +"Hvis du liker lyle lovett, sannsynligvis du til Ã¥ nyte bonnie raitt. og sÃ¥ " +"videre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. MP3." +"com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " +"data. In January 2000, the company launched a service called my.mp3.com. " +"Using software provided by MP3.com, a user would sign into an account and " +"then insert into her computer a CD. The software would identify the CD, and " +"then give the user access to that content. So, for example, if you inserted " +"a CD by Jill Sobule, then wherever you were—at work or at home—" +"you could get access to that music once you signed into your account. The " +"system was therefore a kind of music-lockbox." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 199 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " +"opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " +"service was to give users access to their own content, and as a by-product, " +"by seeing the content they already owned, to discover the kind of content " +"the users liked." +msgstr "" +"ingen tvil kan noen bruker dette systemet til Ã¥ kopiere ulovlig innhold. men " +"at mulighet eksistert med eller uten mp3.com. mÃ¥let for my.mp3.com-tjenesten " +"var Ã¥ gi brukere tilgang til sitt eget innhold, og er et biprodukt ved Ã¥ se " +"innholdet de allerede eid, til Ã¥ oppdage hva slags innhold som brukerne " +"likte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " +"a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " +"but that would have taken a great deal of time, and would have produced a " +"product of questionable quality.) It therefore purchased 50,000 CDs from a " +"store, and started the process of making copies of those CDs. Again, it " +"would not serve the content from those copies to anyone except those who " +"authenticated that they had a copy of the CD they wanted to access. So while " +"this was 50,000 copies, it was 50,000 copies directed at giving customers " +"something they had already bought." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du vil gjøre denne systemfunksjon, men mp3.com nødvendig Ã¥ kopiere " +"50.000 CDer til en server. (i prinsippet, det kunne ha vært brukeren som " +"lastet opp musikken, men som ville ha tatt mye tid, og ville har produsert " +"et produkt av tvilsom kvalitet.) Det er derfor kjøpt 50.000 CDer fra en " +"butikk, og startet prosessen med Ã¥ lage kopier av disse CDene. igjen, det " +"ville ikke tjene innholdet fra de kopiene til alle bortsett fra de som " +"godkjent at de hadde en kopi av cd de ønsket Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til. sÃ¥ selv om " +"dette var 50 000 eksemplarer, det var 50,000 kopier som er rettet mot Ã¥ gi " +"kunder noe de hadde allerede kjøpt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " +"by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " +"the five. Nine months later, a federal judge found MP3.com to have been " +"guilty of willful infringement with respect to the fifth. Applying the law " +"as it is, the judge imposed a fine against MP3.com of $118 million. MP3.com " +"then settled with the remaining plaintiff, Vivendi Universal, paying over " +"$54 million. Vivendi purchased MP3.com just about a year later." +msgstr "" +"ni dager etter mp3.com lansert sin tjeneste, brakte de fem store etikettene, " +"ledet av riaa, en sak mot mp3.com. MP3.com utlignet med fire av de fem. ni " +"mÃ¥neder senere, en føderal dommer funnet mp3.com Ã¥ ha vært skyldig i willful " +"brudd med hensyn til femte. Ã¥ bruke loven som det er, pÃ¥lagt dommeren en bot " +"mot mp3.com av 118 millioner. MP3.com deretter utlignet med gjenstÃ¥ende " +"saksøker, vivendi universal, betaler over $54 millioner. Vivendi kjøpt mp3." +"com omtrent et Ã¥r senere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." +msgstr "Den delen av historien har jeg fortalt før. NÃ¥ kommer konklusjonen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " +"malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " +"good faith claim that the service they wanted to offer would be considered " +"legal under copyright law. This lawsuit alleged that it should have been " +"obvious that the courts would find this behavior illegal; therefore, this " +"lawsuit sought to punish any lawyer who had dared to suggest that the law " +"was less restrictive than the labels demanded." +msgstr "" +"Etter at Vivendi kjøpte MP3.com, snudde Vivendi seg rundt og saksøkte for " +"malpractice juristene som hadde anbefalt at de hadde en god tro hevder at de " +"ønsket Ã¥ tilby tjenesten vil bli vurdert juridiske lover om opphavsrett. " +"Dette søksmÃ¥let pÃ¥stÃ¥tt at det burde vært Ã¥penbart at domstolene ville finne " +"denne virkemÃ¥ten ulovlig; Derfor var dette søksmÃ¥let søkt Ã¥ straffe noen " +"advokat som hadde vÃ¥get Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ at loven mindre restriktive enn etikettene " +"krevde." + +#. PAGE BREAK 200 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " +"amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " +"send an unequivocal message to lawyers advising clients in this space: It is " +"not just your clients who might suffer if the content industry directs its " +"guns against them. It is also you. So those of you who believe the law " +"should be less restrictive should realize that such a view of the law will " +"cost you and your firm dearly." +msgstr "" +"Den Ã¥penbare hensikten med dette søksmÃ¥let (som ble avsluttet med et forlik " +"for et uspesifisert beløp like etter at saken ikke lenger fikk " +"pressedekning), var Ã¥ sende en melding som ikke kan misforstÃ¥s til advokater " +"som gir rÃ¥d til klienter pÃ¥ dette omrÃ¥det: Det er ikke bare dine klienter " +"som fÃ¥r lide hvis innholdsindustrien retter sine vÃ¥pen mot dem. Det fÃ¥r " +"ogsÃ¥ du. SÃ¥ de av dere som tror loven burde være mindre restriktiv bør " +"innse at et slikt syn pÃ¥ loven vil koste deg og ditt firma dyrt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hummer, John" +msgstr "Hummer, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hummer Winblad" +msgstr "Hummer Winblad" + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " +"argument about the effects on innovation in the distribution of music, see " +"Janelle Brown, <quote>The Music Revolution Will Not Be Digitized,</quote> " +"Salon.com, 1 June 2001, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #42</ulink>. See also Jon Healey, <quote>Online Music " +"Services Besieged,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 28 May " +"2001." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " +"and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " +"(VC) that had funded Napster at a certain stage of its development, its " +"cofounder ( John Hummer), and general partner (Hank Barry).<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The claim here, as well, was that the VC should have " +"recognized the right of the content industry to control how the industry " +"should develop. They should be held personally liable for funding a company " +"whose business turned out to be beyond the law. Here again, the aim of the " +"lawsuit is transparent: Any VC now recognizes that if you fund a company " +"whose business is not approved of by the dinosaurs, you are at risk not just " +"in the marketplace, but in the courtroom as well. Your investment buys you " +"not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " +"environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " +"that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> +msgid "BMW" +msgstr "BMW" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Needleman, Rafe" +msgstr "Needleman, Rafe" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +#| "citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +#| "cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli " +#| "for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. I am grateful to Dr. " +"Mohammad Al-Ubaydli for this example. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business 2.0</" +"citetitle>, 16. juni 2003, tilgjengelig via <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #43</ulink>. Jeg er Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli takknemlig mot " +"for dette eksemplet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +msgid "" +"I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " +"there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " +"had rigged a new vehicle to play MP3s via the car's built-in sound system, " +"but that the company's marketing and legal departments weren't comfortable " +"with pushing this forward for release stateside. Even today, no new cars are " +"sold in the United States with bona fide MP3 players. … <placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life" +#| "\" offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the " +#| "law empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that will " +#| "obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to " +#| "start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly " +#| "threatened by litigation." +msgid "" +"This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " +"life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " +"that the law empowers copyright holders to exercise. It is a system that " +"will obviously and necessarily stifle new innovation. It is hard enough to " +"start a company. It is impossibly hard if that company is constantly " +"threatened by litigation." +msgstr "" +"Dette er verden til mafiaen—fylt med \"penger eller livet\"-trusler, " +"som ikke er regulert av domstolene men av trusler som loven gir " +"rettighetsinnehaver mulighet til Ã¥ komme med. Det er et system som Ã¥penbart " +"og nødvendigvis vil kvele ny innovasjon. Det er vanskelig nok Ã¥ starte et " +"selskap. Det blir helt umulig hvis selskapet er stadig truet av søksmÃ¥l." + +#. PAGE BREAK 201 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " +"enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " +"is a mess of uncertainty. We have no good way to know how it should apply to " +"new technologies. Yet by reversing our tradition of judicial deference, and " +"by embracing the astonishingly high penalties that copyright law imposes, " +"that uncertainty now yields a reality which is far more conservative than is " +"right. If the law imposed the death penalty for parking tickets, we'd not " +"only have fewer parking tickets, we'd also have much less driving. The same " +"principle applies to innovation. If innovation is constantly checked by this " +"uncertain and unlimited liability, we will have much less vibrant innovation " +"and much less creativity." +msgstr "" +"Poenget er ikke at virksomheter bør ha rett til Ã¥ starte ulovlig bedrifter. " +"Poenget er definisjonen av \"ulovlig.\" loven er et rot av usikkerhet. Vi " +"har ingen god mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hvordan den skal brukes pÃ¥ nye teknologier. ennÃ¥ " +"gir ved Ã¥ snu vÃ¥r tradisjon av juridisk deference, og ved Ã¥ omfavne de " +"astonishingly høyt straffene som pÃ¥legger lov om opphavsrett, det " +"usikkerheten nÃ¥ en realitet som er langt mer konservative enn det som er " +"rett. Hvis loven pÃ¥lagt dødsstraff for parkering billetter, vi ville ikke " +"bare ha færre parkering billetter, ville vi ogsÃ¥ ha mye mindre kjøring. det " +"samme prinsippet gjelder for innovasjon. Hvis innovasjon er stadig " +"kontrolleres av denne usikker og ubegrenset ansvar, har vi mye mindre " +"levende innovasjon og mye mindre kreativitet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair use. " +"Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of law in " +"both contexts is the same. This wildly punitive system of regulation will " +"systematically stifle creativity and innovation. It will protect some " +"industries and some creators, but it will harm industry and creativity " +"generally. Free market and free culture depend upon vibrant competition. " +"Yet the effect of the law today is to stifle just this kind of competition. " +"The effect is to produce an overregulated culture, just as the effect of too " +"much control in the market is to produce an overregulatedregulated market." +msgstr "" +"Poenget er direkte parallell til crunchy lefty punktet om fair use. Uansett " +"\"ekte\" loven er, er realisme om effekten av loven i begge sammenhenger den " +"samme. Denne vill straffende system av regulering vil systematisk kveler " +"kreativitet og innovasjon. den vil beskytte noen bransjer og noen skapere, " +"men det vil skade industri og kreativitet generelt. fritt marked og fri " +"kultur, avhenger av levende konkurranse. enda er virkningen av loven i dag Ã¥ " +"undertrykke akkurat denne type konkurranse. effekten er Ã¥ produsere en " +"overregulated kultur, akkurat som effekten av for mye kontroll i markedet er " +"Ã¥ produsere en overregulatedregulated markedet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 202 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " +"first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " +"innovation. A permission culture means a lawyer's culture—a culture in " +"which the ability to create requires a call to your lawyer. Again, I am not " +"antilawyer, at least when they're kept in their proper place. I am certainly " +"not antilaw. But our profession has lost the sense of its limits. And " +"leaders in our profession have lost an appreciation of the high costs that " +"our profession imposes upon others. The inefficiency of the law is an " +"embarrassment to our tradition. And while I believe our profession should " +"therefore do everything it can to make the law more efficient, it should at " +"least do everything it can to limit the reach of the law where the law is " +"not doing any good. The transaction costs buried within a permission culture " +"are enough to bury a wide range of creativity. Someone needs to do a lot of " +"justifying to justify that result. The uncertainty of the law is one burden " +"on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " +"the effort by many in the content industry to use the law to directly " +"regulate the technology of the Internet so that it better protects their " +"content." +msgstr "" +"byggingen av en tillatelse-kultur, i stedet for en fri kultur, er den første " +"viktige mÃ¥ten der vil endringene jeg har beskrevet byrden innovasjon. en " +"tillatelse kultur betyr en advokat kultur—en kultur der muligheten til " +"Ã¥ opprette krever en telefonsamtale til din advokat. igjen, jeg er ikke " +"antilawyer, minst nÃ¥r de er holdt i deres riktig sted. Jeg er sikkert ikke " +"antilaw. Men vÃ¥rt yrke har mistet følelsen av sine grenser. og ledere i vÃ¥r " +"profesjon har mistet en styrking av de høye kostnadene som vÃ¥rt yrke " +"pÃ¥legger over andre. ineffektiviteten i loven er en forlegenhet til vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon. og mens jeg tror vÃ¥rt yrke bør derfor gjøre alt den kan for Ã¥ " +"effektivisere loven, det bør minst gjøre alt den kan for Ã¥ begrense " +"rekkevidden av loven der loven ikke gjør noe bra. transaksjonskostnader " +"begravde innen en tillatelse kultur er nok Ã¥ begrave et bredt spekter av " +"kreativitet. noen mÃ¥ gjøre en masse rettferdiggjørende for Ã¥ rettferdiggjøre " +"dette resultatet. Usikkerheten av loven er en byrde pÃ¥ innovasjon. Det er en " +"andre byrde som opererer mer direkte. Dette er innsats av mange i bransjen " +"innhold for Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ regulere direkte teknologi pÃ¥ Internett slik " +"at det bedre beskytter innholdet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " +"efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " +"design. But from the perspective of the content industry, this feature is a " +"<quote>bug.</quote> The efficient spread of content means that content " +"distributors have a harder time controlling the distribution of content. " +"One obvious response to this efficiency is thus to make the Internet less " +"efficient. If the Internet enables <quote>piracy,</quote> then, this " +"response says, we should break the kneecaps of the Internet." +msgstr "" +"motivasjon for dette svaret er Ã¥penbart. Internett gjør det mulig for " +"effektiv spredning av innhold. at effektiviteten er en funksjon av " +"internetts design. men fra perspektiv av innhold industrien, denne " +"funksjonen er en \"bug.\" effektiv spredning av innhold betyr at innhold " +"distributører har en hardere tid kontrollere distribusjon av innhold. ettall " +"Ã¥penbare svaret Ã¥ denne effektiviteten er derfor Ã¥ gjøre Internett mindre " +"effektivt. Hvis Internett gjør at \"piratkopiering\", deretter dette svaret " +"sier, vi bør bryte kneecaps av Internett." + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " +"GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " +"School (2003), 33–35, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #44</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. f7. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." +msgstr "gartnerg2, 26­27." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " +"content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " +"require computers to determine whether the content they access is protected " +"or not, and to disable the spread of protected content.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Congress has already launched proceedings to explore " +"a mandatory <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would be required on any " +"device capable of transmitting digital video (i.e., a computer), and that " +"would disable the copying of any content that is marked with a broadcast " +"flag. Other members of Congress have proposed immunizing content providers " +"from liability for technology they might deploy that would hunt down " +"copyright violators and disable their machines.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 203 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " +"not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " +"infrastructure will always be tuned to the particular technology of the day. " +"It will impose significant burdens and costs on the technology, but will " +"likely be eclipsed by advances around exactly those requirements." +msgstr "" +"i en forstand synes disse løsningene fornuftig. Hvis problemet er koden, " +"hvorfor ikke regulere koden for Ã¥ fjerne problemet. men noen regulering av " +"tekniske infrastruktur vil alltid er stilt inn pÃ¥ bestemt teknologi av " +"dagen. det vil innføre betydelig byrder og kostnader pÃ¥ teknologi, men vil " +"trolig være eclipsed av fremskritt rundt akkurat disse kravene." + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " +"Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." +msgstr "" +"se david mcguire, \"tech execs torget off over piratkopiering,\" newsbytes, " +"februar 2002 (underholdning)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Intel" +msgstr "Intel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " +"tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would impose." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Their argument was obviously not " +"that copyright should not be protected. Instead, they argued, any protection " +"should not do more harm than good. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/" +">" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed innovation—" +"again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free market crowd." +msgstr "" +"Det er en tydeligere mÃ¥te der denne krigen har skadet innovasjon - igjen, en " +"historie som vil være ganske kjent for fritt marked publikum." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " +"regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " +"done right, it benefits creators and harms leeches. When done wrong, it is " +"regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors." +msgstr "" +"Copyright kanskje eiendom, men som all eiendom, det er ogsÃ¥ en form for " +"regulering. Det er en forordning som fordeler noen og skader andre. NÃ¥r det " +"gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. NÃ¥r gjort galt, det " +"er regulering kraftig bruk Ã¥ beseire konkurrenter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " +"Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, and " +"subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica Litman in her book " +"<citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> overall this history of copyright is not bad. As chapter 10 details, " +"when new technologies have come along, Congress has struck a balance to " +"assure that the new is protected from the old. Compulsory, or statutory, " +"licenses have been one part of that strategy. Free use (as in the case of " +"the VCR) has been another." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " +"rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " +"new technology and the legitimate rights of content creators, both the " +"courts and Congress have imposed legal restrictions that will have the " +"effect of smothering the new to benefit the old." +msgstr "" +"men dette mønsteret av deference til nye teknologier er nÃ¥ endret med " +"veksten av Internett. i stedet for Ã¥ treffe en balanse mellom kravene til en " +"ny teknologi og legitime rettighetene til skapere av innhold, har bÃ¥de " +"domstoler og Kongressen innført juridiske restriksjoner som vil ha effekten " +"av smothering ny for Ã¥ dra nytte av gamle." + +#. f10. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " +"Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " +"Systems</citetitle>, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th Cir. 1999). There the court of " +"appeals for the Ninth Circuit reasoned that makers of a portable MP3 player " +"were not liable for contributory copyright infringement for a device that is " +"unable to record or redistribute music (a device whose only copying function " +"is to render portable a music file already stored on a user's hard drive). " +"At the district court level, the only exception is found in <citetitle>Metro-" +"Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Grokster, Ltd</" +"citetitle>., 259 F. Supp. 2d 1029 (C.D. Cal., 2003), where the court found " +"the link between the distributor and any given user's conduct too attenuated " +"to make the distributor liable for contributory or vicarious infringement " +"liability." +msgstr "" +"Det eneste unntaket fra circuit court er funnet i innspillingen industry " +"association of america (riaa) v. diamond multimedia systems, 180 f. 3d 1072 " +"(9 cir. 1999). det begrunnet court of appeals for niende circuit at skaperne " +"av en bærbar mp3-spiller ikke var ansvarlig for medvirkende opphavsretten " +"for en enhet som ikke kan registrere eller videredistribuere musikk (en " +"enhet Hvis bare kopiering funksjon er Ã¥ gjengi bærbare en musikkfil som " +"allerede er lagret pÃ¥ brukerens harddisk). pÃ¥ district court-nivÃ¥, er det " +"eneste unntaket funnet i metro-goldwyn-mayer studios, inc. v. grokster, " +"ltd., 259 f. supp. 2d 1029 (Deportivo klientadgangslisens (CAL), 2003), der " +"domstolen fant koblingen mellom distributøren og noen gitt bruker 's " +"gjennomføre for attenuated Ã¥ gjøre distributøren ansvarlig for krenkelse av " +"medvirkende eller stedfortredende erstatningsansvar." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hollings, Fritz" +msgstr "Hollings, Fritz" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-" +"to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize copyright " +"holders from liability for damage done to computers when the copyright " +"holders use technology to stop copyright infringement. In August 2002, " +"Representative Billy Tauzin introduced a bill to mandate that technologies " +"capable of rebroadcasting digital copies of films broadcast on TV (i.e., " +"computers) respect a <quote>broadcast flag</quote> that would disable " +"copying of that content. And in March of the same year, Senator Fritz " +"Hollings introduced the Consumer Broadband and Digital Television Promotion " +"Act, which mandated copyright protection technology in all digital media " +"devices. See GartnerG2, <quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster " +"World,</quote> 27 June 2003, 33–34, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #44</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses threatened and " +"actually implemented by Congress. I won't catalog all of those responses " +"here.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> But there is one example that " +"captures the flavor of them all. This is the story of the demise of Internet " +"radio." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording artist " +"doesn't get paid for that <quote>radio performance</quote> unless he or she " +"is also the composer. So, for example if Marilyn Monroe had recorded a " +"version of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote>—to memorialize her famous " +"performance before President Kennedy at Madison Square Garden— then " +"whenever that recording was played on the radio, the current copyright " +"owners of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> would get some money, whereas " +"Marilyn Monroe would not. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 4, nÃ¥r en radiostasjon spiller en sang, fÃ¥r " +"ikke innspillingen artisten betalt for at \"radio ytelse\" med mindre han " +"eller hun er ogsÃ¥ komponisten. sÃ¥, for eksempel hvis marilyn monroe hadde " +"spilt inn en versjon av \"happy birthday\"—for Ã¥ memorialize sin " +"berømte opptreden før president kennedy i madison square garden—" +"deretter nÃ¥r denne innspillingen ble spilt pÃ¥ radio, gjeldende opphavsrett " +"eierne av \"happy birthday\" ville fÃ¥ noen penger, mens marilyn monroe ville " +"ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " +"justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " +"thus benefited because by playing her music, the radio station was making it " +"more likely that her records would be purchased. Thus, the recording artist " +"got something, even if only indirectly. Probably this reasoning had less to " +"do with the result than with the power of radio stations: Their lobbyists " +"were quite good at stopping any efforts to get Congress to require " +"compensation to the recording artists." +msgstr "" +"begrunnelsen bak denne balansen truffet av Kongressen gjør noe fornuftig. " +"Begrunnelsen var at radio var en form for annonsering. Plateartist nytte " +"dermed fordi ved Ã¥ spille musikken hennes, radiostasjonen var Ã¥ gjøre det " +"mer sannsynlig at hennes poster ville være kjøpt. dermed Plateartist fikk " +"noe, selv om bare indirekte. sannsynligvis denne begrunnelsen hadde mindre Ã¥ " +"gjøre med resultatet enn med makten av radiostasjoner: deres lobbyister var " +"ganske god til Ã¥ stoppe enhver innsats for Ã¥ fÃ¥ Kongressen til Ã¥ kreve " +"kompensasjon for artistene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " +"stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " +"across the Internet, not across the ether of radio spectrum. Thus, I can " +"<quote>tune in</quote> to an Internet radio station in Berlin while sitting " +"in San Francisco, even though there's no way for me to tune in to a regular " +"radio station much beyond the San Francisco metropolitan area." +msgstr "" +"Skriv inn Internett-radio. som vanlige radio er Internett-radio en teknologi " +"Ã¥ direktesende innhold fra en kringkasteren til en lytter. kringkastingen " +"reiser over Internett, ikke pÃ¥ tvers av Eter av radio spectrum. SÃ¥ledes, jeg " +"kan \"stille inn\" til Internett-radiostasjonen i berlin mens du sitter i " +"san francisco, selv om det er ingen mÃ¥te for meg Ã¥ stille inn pÃ¥ en vanlig " +"radiostasjon langt utover san francisco metropolitan area." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " +"potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " +"to using her computer, whereas under the existing architecture for broadcast " +"radio, there is an obvious limit to the number of broadcasters and clear " +"broadcast frequencies. Internet radio could therefore be more competitive " +"than regular radio; it could provide a wider range of selections. And " +"because the potential audience for Internet radio is the whole world, niche " +"stations could easily develop and market their content to a relatively large " +"number of users worldwide. According to some estimates, more than eighty " +"million users worldwide have tuned in to this new form of radio." +msgstr "" +"Denne funksjonen i arkitekturen av Internett-radio betyr at det er " +"potensielt et ubegrenset antall radiostasjoner at en bruker kan stille inn " +"til Ã¥ bruke sin datamaskin, mens under den eksisterende arkitekturen for " +"kringkasting, det er en Ã¥penbar grense for hvor mange broadcasters og fjerne " +"kringkastingsfrekvenser. Internett-radio kan derfor være mer " +"konkurransedyktige enn vanlige radio; den kunne gi et bredere spekter av " +"valgene. og fordi potensielle publikum for Internett-radio er hele verden, " +"nisje-stasjoner kan lett utvikle og markedsføre innholdet til et relativt " +"stort antall brukere over hele verden. Ifølge noen anslag har mer enn Ã¥tti " +"millioner brukere over hele verden stilt inn pÃ¥ denne nye formen for radio." + +#. PAGE BREAK 205 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " +"potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " +"not only is the technology better, so, too, is the competition. Indeed, " +"there is a direct parallel between the fight to establish FM radio and the " +"fight to protect Internet radio. As one author describes Howard Armstrong's " +"struggle to enable FM radio," +msgstr "" +"Internett-radio er dermed til radio hva fm var Ã¥ am. Det er en forbedring " +"potensielt vesentlig større betydning enn fm-forbedring over am, siden ikke " +"bare er teknologien bedre, sÃ¥, ogsÃ¥, er konkurransen. faktisk er det en " +"direkte parallell mellom kampen for Ã¥ etablere fm-radio og kampen for Ã¥ " +"beskytte Internett-radio. som en forfatter beskriver howard Armstrongs kamp " +"for Ã¥ aktivere fm-radio," + +#. f12. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Lessing, 239." +msgstr "Lessing, 239." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +msgid "" +"An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " +"thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " +"longwaves. If FM were freely developed, the number of stations would be " +"limited only by economics and competition rather than by technical " +"restrictions. … Armstrong likened the situation that had grown up in " +"radio to that following the invention of the printing press, when " +"governments and ruling interests attempted to control this new instrument of " +"mass communications by imposing restrictive licenses on it. This tyranny was " +"broken only when it became possible for men freely to acquire printing " +"presses and freely to run them. FM in this sense was as great an invention " +"as the printing presses, for it gave radio the opportunity to strike off its " +"shackles.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f13. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid., 229." +msgstr "ibid., 229." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " +"was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " +"<quote>vested interests, habits, customs and legislation</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> to retard the growth of this competing " +"technology." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " +"is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " +"stations. The only restrictions on Internet radio are those imposed by the " +"law. Copyright law is one such law. So the first question we should ask is, " +"what copyright rules would govern Internet radio?" +msgstr "" +"nÃ¥ kunne samme kravet gjort om Internett-radio. for pÃ¥ nytt finnes det ingen " +"teknisk begrensning som kan begrense hvor mange Internett-radiostasjoner. de " +"eneste begrensningene pÃ¥ Internett-radio som er pÃ¥lagt av loven. lov om " +"opphavsrett er en slik lov. sÃ¥ det første spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør spørre er, " +"hvilke opphavsrett regler ville styre Internett-radio?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 206 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " +"industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " +"lobby, the RIAA. Thus when Congress considered the phenomenon of Internet " +"radio in 1995, the lobbyists had primed Congress to adopt a different rule " +"for Internet radio than the rule that applies to terrestrial radio. While " +"terrestrial radio does not have to pay our hypothetical Marilyn Monroe when " +"it plays her hypothetical recording of <quote>Happy Birthday</quote> on the " +"air, <emphasis>Internet radio does</emphasis>. Not only is the law not " +"neutral toward Internet radio—the law actually burdens Internet radio " +"more than it burdens terrestrial radio." +msgstr "" +"men her kraften i lobbyister tilbakeføres. Internett-radio er en ny " +"industri. artister, derimot, har en svært kraftig lobby, riaa. dermed hadde " +"Kongressen vurdert nÃ¥r fenomenet Internett-radio i 1995, lobbyister primed " +"Kongressen Ã¥ adoptere en annen regel for Internett-radio enn regelen som " +"gjelder bakkesendte radio. mens bakkesendte radio ikke trenger Ã¥ betale vÃ¥re " +"hypotetisk marilyn monroe nÃ¥r den spilles hennes hypotetisk innspillingen av " +"\"happy birthday\" pÃ¥ luften, Internett-radio gjør. ikke bare er loven ikke " +"nøytral mot Internett-radio—loven faktisk byrder Internettradio mer " +"enn det byrder bakkesendte radio." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " +"Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " +"Professor William Fisher. Conference Proceedings, iLaw (Stanford), 3 July " +"2003, on file with author. Professors Fisher and Zittrain submitted " +"testimony in the CARP proceeding that was ultimately rejected. See Jonathan " +"Zittrain, Digital Performance Right in Sound Recordings and Ephemeral " +"Recordings, Docket No. 2000-9, CARP DTRA 1 and 2, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #45</ulink>. For an excellent " +"analysis making a similar point, see Randal C. Picker, <quote>Copyright as " +"Entry Policy: The Case of Digital Distribution,</quote> <citetitle>Antitrust " +"Bulletin</citetitle> (Summer/Fall 2002): 461: <quote>This was not confusion, " +"these are just old-fashioned entry barriers. Analog radio stations are " +"protected from digital entrants, reducing entry in radio and diversity. Yes, " +"this is done in the name of getting royalties to copyright holders, but, " +"absent the play of powerful interests, that could have been done in a media-" +"neutral way.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " +"estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " +"(on average) ten thousand listeners, twenty-four hours a day, the total " +"artist fees that radio station would owe would be over $1 million a year." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> A regular radio station " +"broadcasting the same content would pay no equivalent fee." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " +"proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " +"would have to collect the following data from <emphasis>every listening " +"transaction</emphasis>:" +msgstr "" +"byrden er ikke økonomiske bare. under de opprinnelige reglene som ble " +"foreslÃ¥tt, Internett-radiostasjonen (men ikke en terrestriske radiostasjon) " +"ville ha til Ã¥ samle inn følgende data fra hver lytting transaksjon:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "name of the service;" +msgstr "navn pÃ¥ tjenesten," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" +msgstr "kanalen til programmet (AM/FM-stasjoner bruker stasjons-ID);" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" +msgstr "type program (fra arkivet/i løkke/direkte);" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "date of transmission;" +msgstr "dato for sending;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "time of transmission;" +msgstr "tidspunkt for sending;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" +msgstr "tidssone til opprinnelsen for sending;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" +msgstr "numeriske angivelsen av i stedet for lydopptak programmet;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" +msgstr "varigheten av sending (til nærmeste sekund):" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "sound recording title;" +msgstr "lydinnspilling-tittel;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" +msgstr "ISRC-kode for opptaket;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " +"compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " +"the track;" +msgstr "" +"gi Ã¥r av albumet per opphavsrett og nÃ¥r det gjelder samlealbum, utgivelsesÃ¥r " +"av albumet og kopi høyre datoen for spor;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "featured recording artist;" +msgstr "spillende plateartist;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "retail album title;" +msgstr "tittel pÃ¥ album i butikker;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "recording label;" +msgstr "plateselskap;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" +msgstr "UPC-koden for albumet i butikker;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "catalog number;" +msgstr "katalognummer;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "copyright owner information;" +msgstr "informasjon om opphavsrettsinnehaver;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" +msgstr "musikksjanger for kanal eller programmet (stasjonsformat);" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "name of the service or entity;" +msgstr "navn pÃ¥ tjenesten eller selskap;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "channel or program;" +msgstr "kanal eller program;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" +msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget pÃ¥ (i brukerens tidssone);" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" +msgstr "datoen og klokkeslettet da brukeren logget ut (i brukerens tidssone);" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" +msgstr "tidssone der signalet ble mottatt (bruker);" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "unique user identifier;" +msgstr "unik bruker-identifikator;" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." +msgstr "landet til brukeren som mottok sendingene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " +"pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " +"arbitration panel charged with setting rates. But the basic difference " +"between Internet radio and terrestrial radio remains: Internet radio has to " +"pay a <emphasis>type of copyright fee</emphasis> that terrestrial radio does " +"not." +msgstr "" +"bibliotekaren til Kongressen stoppet til slutt disse rapportering krav, " +"ventende videre studium. og han endret ogsÃ¥ de opprinnelige prisene ved " +"voldgift panelet belastet med angivelse av priser. men den grunnleggende " +"forskjellen mellom Internett-radio og bakkesendte radio gjenstÃ¥r: Internett " +"radio har Ã¥ betale en type opphavsrett gebyr som bakkesendte radio ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " +"consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " +"the motive to protect artists against piracy?" +msgstr "" +"hvorfor? Hva rettferdiggjør denne forskjellen? var det noen studier av " +"økonomiske konsekvensene fra Internett-radio som ville forsvare disse " +"forskjellene? var motivet Ã¥ beskytte kunstnere mot piratkopiering?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Real Networks" +msgstr "Real Networks" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " +"everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " +"Real Networks, told me," +msgstr "" +"i sjeldne litt candor innrømmet én riaa ekspert hva syntes Ã¥penbar for alle " +"samtidig. som alex alben fortalte visepresident for public policy pÃ¥ real " +"networks, meg:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 208 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " +"about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " +"it was much higher. It was ten times higher than what radio stations pay to " +"perform the same songs for the same period of time. And so the attorneys " +"representing the webcasters asked the RIAA, … <quote>How do you come " +"up with a rate that's so much higher? Why is it worth more than radio? " +"Because here we have hundreds of thousands of webcasters who want to pay, " +"and that should establish the market rate, and if you set the rate so high, " +"you're going to drive the small webcasters out of business. …</quote>" +msgstr "" +"riaa, som var som representerer plateselskapene, presentert noen vitnesbyrd " +"om hva de tenkte en villig kjøper betaler til en villig selger, og det var " +"mye høyere. Det var ti ganger høyere enn hva radiostasjoner betale for Ã¥ " +"utføre de samme sangene i samme periode av tid. og sÃ¥ advokater som " +"representerer webcasters spurte riaa... \"hvordan kan du komme opp med en " +"hastighet som er sÃ¥ mye høyere? Hvorfor er det verdt mer enn radio? fordi " +"her har vi hundretusener av webcasters som ønsker Ã¥ betale, og som bør " +"etablere markedet rate, og hvis du angir satsen sÃ¥ høyt, du kommer til Ã¥ " +"drive smÃ¥ webcasters ut av business.... \"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " +"industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " +"industry with, you know, five or seven big players who can pay a high rate " +"and it's a stable, predictable market</emphasis>.</quote> (Emphasis added.)" +msgstr "" +"og riaa eksperter sa, \"Vel, vi ikke virkelig modell dette som industri med " +"tusenvis av webcasters, vi tror det bør være en bransje med, du vet, fem " +"eller sju store spillere som kan betale en høy hastighet, og det er en " +"stabil, forutsigbar marked.\" (vekt legges)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " +"this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " +"diversity and range of content available to explode, would not cause pain to " +"the dinosaurs of old. There is no one, on either the right or the left, who " +"should endorse this use of the law. And yet there is practically no one, on " +"either the right or the left, who is doing anything effective to prevent it." +msgstr "" +"oversettelse: mÃ¥let er Ã¥ bruke loven til Ã¥ eliminere konkurranse, slik at " +"denne plattformen av potensielt enorme konkurransen, som ville føre til " +"mangfoldet og omfanget av innholdet tilgjengelig til Ã¥ eksplodere, ikke " +"ville forÃ¥rsake smerte til dinosaurs av gamle. Det er ingen, enten til høyre " +"eller venstre, som bør bifaller denne bruken av loven. og ennÃ¥ er det " +"praktisk talt ingen, enten til høyre eller venstre, som gjør noe effektivt " +"for Ã¥ hindre den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Corrupting Citizens" +msgstr "ødelegge borgere" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " +"dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " +"for a democratic creativity that digital technology enables." +msgstr "" +"overregulation stifles kreativitet. det smothers innovasjon. Det gir " +"dinosaurer vetorett over fremtiden. det avfall ekstraordinær mulighet for en " +"demokratisk kreativitet som digital teknologi gjør det mulig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " +"to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " +"citizens and weakens the rule of law." +msgstr "" +"i tillegg til disse viktige skadene er det en mer som var viktig for vÃ¥re " +"forfedre, men synes glemt i dag. overregulation skader borgere og svekker " +"rettssikkerhet." + +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " +"Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #46</ulink>. The Pew Internet " +"and American Life Project reported that 37 million Americans had downloaded " +"music files from the Internet by early 2001." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 209 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " +"of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " +"of citizens. According to <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, 43 " +"million Americans downloaded music in May 2002.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> According to the RIAA, the behavior of those 43 million " +"Americans is a felony. We thus have a set of rules that transform 20 percent " +"of America into criminals. As the RIAA launches lawsuits against not only " +"the Napsters and Kazaas of the world, but against students building search " +"engines, and increasingly against ordinary users downloading content, the " +"technologies for sharing will advance to further protect and hide illegal " +"use. It is an arms race or a civil war, with the extremes of one side " +"inviting a more extreme response by the other." +msgstr "" + +#. f16. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." +msgstr "" +"Alex pham, \"etikettene streik tilbake: ny jente settles riaa tilfelle,\" " +"los angeles times, 10 september 2003, business." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " +"system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " +"Jordan it had found a scapegoat, not a defendant. The threat of having to " +"pay either all the money in the world in damages ($15,000,000) or almost all " +"the money in the world to defend against paying all the money in the world " +"in damages ($250,000 in legal fees) led Jordan to choose to pay all the " +"money he had in the world ($12,000) to make the suit go away. The same " +"strategy animates the RIAA's suits against individual users. In September " +"2003, the RIAA sued 261 individuals—including a twelve-year-old girl " +"living in public housing and a seventy-year-old man who had no idea what " +"file sharing was.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> As these " +"scapegoats discovered, it will always cost more to defend against these " +"suits than it would cost to simply settle. (The twelve year old, for " +"example, like Jesse Jordan, paid her life savings of $2,000 to settle the " +"case.) Our law is an awful system for defending rights. It is an " +"embarrassment to our tradition. And the consequence of our law as it is, is " +"that those with the power can use the law to quash any rights they oppose." +msgstr "" + +#. f17. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " +"Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. " +"2 (1991): 242." +msgstr "" +"Jeffrey a. miron og jeffrey zwiebel, \"alkoholforbruk under forbudstiden,\" " +"amerikanske økonomiske anmeldelse 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." + +#. f18. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " +"Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John P. " +"Walters, director of National Drug Control Policy)." +msgstr "" +"nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll: høre før house government reform " +"committee, 108th cong., 1 sess. (5 mars 2003) (setning av john p. walters, " +"direktør for nasjonale narkotikapolitikken kontroll)." + +#. f19. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " +"Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " +"(1998): 818 (survey of compliance literature)." +msgstr "" +"se james andreoni, brian Eberhard og jonathon feinstein, \"skatt samsvar,\" " +"journal av økonomiske litteratur 36 (1998): 818 (undersøkelse av samsvar " +"litteratur)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "alcohol prohibition" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " +"more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " +"prohibition, at a time when the per capita consumption of alcohol was 1.5 " +"gallons per capita per year. The war against drinking initially reduced that " +"consumption to just 30 percent of its preprohibition levels, but by the end " +"of prohibition, consumption was up to 70 percent of the preprohibition " +"level. Americans were drinking just about as much, but now, a vast number " +"were criminals.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> We have launched a " +"war on drugs aimed at reducing the consumption of regulated narcotics that 7 " +"percent (or 16 million) Americans now use.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"1\"/> That is a drop from the high (so to speak) in 1979 of 14 percent of " +"the population. We regulate automobiles to the point where the vast majority " +"of Americans violate the law every day. We run such a complex tax system " +"that a majority of cash businesses regularly cheat.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> We pride ourselves on our <quote>free society,</" +"quote> but an endless array of ordinary behavior is regulated within our " +"society. And as a result, a huge proportion of Americans regularly violate " +"at least some law. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "law schools" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " +"salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " +"about the importance of <quote>ethics.</quote> As my colleague Charlie " +"Nesson told a class at Stanford, each year law schools admit thousands of " +"students who have illegally downloaded music, illegally consumed alcohol and " +"sometimes drugs, illegally worked without paying taxes, illegally driven " +"cars. These are kids for whom behaving illegally is increasingly the norm. " +"And then we, as law professors, are supposed to teach them how to behave " +"ethically—how to say no to bribes, or keep client funds separate, or " +"honor a demand to disclose a document that will mean that your case is over. " +"Generations of Americans—more significantly in some parts of America " +"than in others, but still, everywhere in America today—can't live " +"their lives both normally and legally, since <quote>normally</quote> entails " +"a certain degree of illegality. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"denne tilstanden av saker er ikke uten konsekvens. Det er en spesielt " +"fremtredende spørsmÃ¥let for lærere som meg, hvis jobb er det Ã¥ undervise law " +"studenter om betydningen av \"etikk.\" som min kollega charlie nesson " +"fortalte en klasse ved stanford, hvert Ã¥r lov skoler innrømme tusenvis av " +"studentene som har ulovlig lastet ned musikk, ulovlig konsumert alkohol og " +"noen ganger narkotika, ulovlig arbeidet uten Ã¥ betale skatt, ulovlig drevet " +"biler. disse er barna som oppfører seg ulovlig er stadig normen. og deretter " +"vi, som loven professorer, skal lære dem hvordan Ã¥ oppføre seg etisk—" +"hvordan Ã¥ si nei til bestikkelser, holde klienten midler atskilt eller ære " +"et krav til Ã¥ avsløre et dokument som betyr at ditt tilfelle er over. " +"generasjoner av amerikanere—mer betydelig i enkelte deler av Amerika " +"enn i andre, men likevel, overalt i Amerika i dag—ikke kan lever sine " +"liv bÃ¥de normalt og lovlig, siden \"normalt\" innebærer en viss grad av " +"illegality." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " +"severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " +"that choice more rationally. Whether a law makes sense depends, in part, at " +"least, upon whether the costs of the law, both intended and collateral, " +"outweigh the benefits. If the costs, intended and collateral, do outweigh " +"the benefits, then the law ought to be changed. Alternatively, if the costs " +"of the existing system are much greater than the costs of an alternative, " +"then we have a good reason to consider the alternative." +msgstr "" +"response til denne generelle illegality er Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve loven mer alvorlig " +"eller endre loven. Vi har som et samfunn Ã¥ lære hvordan du gjør mer " +"rasjonelt. om en lov er fornuftig avhenger, delvis i det minste om " +"kostnadene ved loven, bÃ¥de tiltenkte og sikkerhetsstillelse, oppveier " +"fordelene. Hvis kostnader, ment og sikkerhetsstillelse, oppveier fordelene, " +"burde loven endres. Alternativt, hvis kostnadene for eksisterende systemet " +"er mye større enn kostnadene for et alternativ, vi har en god grunn til Ã¥ " +"vurdere alternativet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 211 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " +"should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " +"dramatically by legalizing murder on Wednesdays and Fridays. But that " +"wouldn't make any sense, since murder is wrong every day of the week. A " +"society is right to ban murder always and everywhere." +msgstr "" +"Mitt poeng er ikke den idiotisk: bare fordi folk bryter en lov, vi bør " +"derfor oppheve den. Vi kan selvfølgelig redusere mord statistikk dramatisk " +"ved legalizing drap for pÃ¥ onsdager og fredager. men det ville ikke gi noen " +"mening, siden drap er galt hver dag i uken. et samfunn er rett Ã¥ utestenge " +"drap alltid og overalt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " +"that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " +"obeying the law. The more often, and more repeatedly, we as citizens " +"experience violating the law, the less we respect the law. Obviously, in " +"most cases, the important issue is the law, not respect for the law. I don't " +"care whether the rapist respects the law or not; I want to catch and " +"incarcerate the rapist. But I do care whether my students respect the law. " +"And I do care if the rules of law sow increasing disrespect because of the " +"extreme of regulation they impose. Twenty million Americans have come of " +"age since the Internet introduced this different idea of <quote>sharing.</" +"quote> We need to be able to call these twenty million Americans " +"<quote>citizens,</quote> not <quote>felons.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Mitt poeng er i stedet en som demokratier forstÃ¥tt i generasjoner, men som " +"vi nylig har lært Ã¥ glemme. rettssikkerhet, er avhengig av folk som følge " +"loven. Jo oftere og mer gjentatte ganger, vi som borgere oppleve brudd pÃ¥ " +"loven, jo mindre vi respekterer loven. Tydeligvis, i de fleste tilfeller, " +"det viktige spørsmÃ¥let er lov, ikke respekt for loven. jeg ikke bryr seg om " +"voldtektsforbryter respekterer loven eller ikke; Jeg ønsker Ã¥ fange og " +"fengsle voldtektsforbryter. men jeg bryr seg om mine studenter respekterer " +"loven. og jeg bryr seg Hvis reglene for loven purke økende aktelse pÃ¥ grunn " +"av ekstreme regulering de innføre. fem millioner amerikanere har kommet av " +"alder siden Internett innført denne annen idé om \"deling.\" vi trenger Ã¥ " +"kunne ringe disse fem millioner amerikanere \"borgere,\" ikke \"felons\"." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " +"Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " +"unauthorized by copyright holders, the first question we should be asking is " +"not how best to involve the FBI. The first question should be whether this " +"particular prohibition is really necessary in order to achieve the proper " +"ends that copyright law serves. Is there another way to assure that artists " +"get paid without transforming forty-three million Americans into felons? " +"Does it make sense if there are other ways to assure that artists get paid " +"without transforming America into a nation of felons?" +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r minst førti - tre millioner innbyggere dataoverføre innhold fra " +"Internett, og nÃ¥r de bruker verktøy til Ã¥ kombinere at innhold pÃ¥ mÃ¥ter " +"uautorisert ved innehaver av opphavsrett, det første spørsmÃ¥let som vi bør " +"spørre ikke er hvordan man best kan innebære fbi. det første spørsmÃ¥let bør " +"være om dette bestemte forbudet er virkelig nødvendig for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ riktig " +"ender som serverer lov om opphavsrett. er det en annen mÃ¥te Ã¥ forsikre at " +"artister fÃ¥r betalt uten Ã¥ transformere førti - tre millioner amerikanere i " +"felons? betyr det fornuftig hvis det finnes andre mÃ¥ter Ã¥ sikre at artister " +"fÃ¥r betalt uten Ã¥ transformere Amerika til en nasjon av felons?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." +msgstr "Denne abstrakte punkt kan gjøres mer tydelig med en bestemt eksempel." + +#. PAGE BREAK 212 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " +"plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " +"protects our right to buy and sell that plastic: It is not a copyright " +"infringement for me to sell all my classical records at a used record store " +"and buy jazz records to replace them. That <quote>use</quote> of the " +"recordings is free." +msgstr "" +"vi alle egne CDer. mange av oss fortsatt eier fonograf poster. disse bitene " +"av plast kode musikk at i en viss forstand vi har kjøpt. loven beskytter vÃ¥r " +"rett til Ã¥ kjøpe og selge den plasten: det er ikke en krenkelse av " +"opphavsrett for meg Ã¥ selge min klassisk poster pÃ¥ en brukte platebutikk og " +"kjøpe jazz poster hvis du vil erstatte dem. \"Bruk\" av opptak er gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " +"records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " +"copy-protection technologies, I am <quote>free</quote> to copy, or " +"<quote>rip,</quote> music from my records onto a computer hard disk. Indeed, " +"Apple Corporation went so far as to suggest that <quote>freedom</quote> was " +"a right: In a series of commercials, Apple endorsed the <quote>Rip, Mix, " +"Burn</quote> capacities of digital technologies." +msgstr "" +"men som mp3-Mani har vist, er det en annen bruk av fonogram som er effektivt " +"gratis. Disse opptakene ble gjort uten kopibeskyttelse teknologier, og jeg " +"er det \"gratis\" for Ã¥ kopiere eller \"rip\" musikk fra min poster pÃ¥ en " +"harddisk pÃ¥ datamaskinen. faktisk apple corporation gikk sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ " +"foreslÃ¥ at \"friheten\" var en rett: i en rekke reklamefilmer, apple " +"godkjent \"rip, mikse, brenne\" kapasiteter digitale teknologier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Adromeda" +msgstr "Adromeda" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " +"large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " +"them in one archive. Then, using Apple's iTunes, or a wonderful program " +"called Andromeda, we can build different play lists of our music: Bach, " +"Baroque, Love Songs, Love Songs of Significant Others—the potential is " +"endless. And by reducing the costs of mixing play lists, these technologies " +"help build a creativity with play lists that is itself independently " +"valuable. Compilations of songs are creative and meaningful in their own " +"right." +msgstr "" +"Denne \"Bruk\" av min poster er absolutt verdifull. Jeg har begynt en stor " +"prosess hjemme med ripping av alle mine og min kones CDer, og lagre dem i en " +"arkiv. deretter bruker Apples itunes eller en praktfull program kalt " +"andromeda, kan vi bygge forskjellige spillelister over vÃ¥re musikk: bach, " +"barokk, love songs, love songs av betydelige andre—potensialet er " +"uendelige. og ved Ã¥ redusere kostnadene ved Ã¥ blande spillelister, disse " +"teknologier hjelpe bygge en kreativitet med spille lister som selv er " +"uavhengig verdifull. samlinger av sanger er kreative og meningsfull i egen " +"rett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " +"unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " +"the content industry believes) the ability of creators to earn a fair return " +"from their creativity. And thus, many are beginning to experiment with " +"technologies to eliminate unprotected media. These technologies, for " +"example, would enable CDs that could not be ripped. Or they might enable spy " +"programs to identify ripped content on people's machines." +msgstr "" +"denne bruken er aktivert av ubeskyttet media—CDer eller poster. men " +"ubeskyttet media ogsÃ¥ aktivere fildeling. fildeling truer (eller sÃ¥ innhold " +"industrien mener) evne til skaperne Ã¥ tjene en god avkastning fra sin " +"kreativitet. og dermed mange begynner Ã¥ eksperimentere med teknologier for Ã¥ " +"eliminere ubeskyttet media. disse teknologiene, for eksempel ville aktivere " +"CDer som ikke blir rippet. eller de kan aktivere spion programmer Ã¥ " +"identifisere rippede innhold pÃ¥ folks maskiner." + +#. PAGE BREAK 213 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " +"own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " +"and get technology to disable the technologies that protect the content. " +"Trading in those technologies is illegal, but maybe that doesn't bother you " +"much. In any case, for the vast majority of people, these protection " +"technologies would effectively destroy the archiving use of CDs. The " +"technology, in other words, would force us all back to the world where we " +"either listened to music by manipulating pieces of plastic or were part of a " +"massively complex <quote>digital rights management</quote> system." +msgstr "" +"Hvis disse teknologiene tok av, ville og bygging av store arkiver av din " +"egen musikk bli ganske vanskelig. Du kan henge i hacker sirkler, og fÃ¥ " +"teknologi for Ã¥ deaktivere teknologier som beskytter innholdet. handel i " +"disse teknologiene er ulovlig, men kanskje som bry ikke deg mye. i alle fall " +"for de aller fleste mennesker ville disse beskyttelse teknologiene effektivt " +"ødelegge arkivering bruk av CDer. teknologi, med andre ord, vil tvinge oss " +"alle tilbake til verden der vi lyttet til musikk ved Ã¥ manipulere stykker av " +"plast eller var del av en svært kompleks \"digital rights management\" " +"systemet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " +"ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " +"the freedom to move content would be justifiable. But what if there were " +"another way to assure that artists are paid, without locking down any " +"content? What if, in other words, a different system could assure " +"compensation to artists while also preserving the freedom to move content " +"easily?" +msgstr "" +"Hvis den eneste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ sikre at artister fÃ¥r betalt var eliminering av " +"muligheten til Ã¥ fritt flytte innhold, ville sÃ¥ disse teknologiene Ã¥ " +"forstyrre bevege innhold være forsvarlig. men hva hvis det var en annen mÃ¥te " +"Ã¥ forsikre at kunstnere er betalt, uten Ã¥ lÃ¥se ned innhold? Hva om, med " +"andre ord, et annet system kan forsikre kompensasjon til kunstnere samtidig " +"som du beholder ogsÃ¥ bevege innhold lett?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " +"version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " +"point is the relatively uncontroversial one: If a different system achieved " +"the same legitimate objectives that the existing copyright system achieved, " +"but left consumers and creators much more free, then we'd have a very good " +"reason to pursue this alternative—namely, freedom. The choice, in " +"other words, would not be between property and piracy; the choice would be " +"between different property systems and the freedoms each allowed." +msgstr "" +"Mitt poeng er akkurat nÃ¥ ikke for Ã¥ bevise at det er et slikt system. Jeg " +"tilbyr en versjon av slikt system i det siste kapitlet av denne boken. for " +"nÃ¥, det eneste punktet er den relativt ukontroversiell: Hvis et annet system " +"oppnÃ¥dd mÃ¥lene er samme legitime som eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet " +"oppnÃ¥dd, men forlot forbrukere og skaperne mye mer gratis, sÃ¥ vi ville ha en " +"svært god grunn til Ã¥ forfølge denne alternative—nemlig frihet. valg, " +"med andre ord, ville ikke være mellom eiendom og piratkopiering; valget " +"ville være mellom forskjellige eiendom systemer og frihetene hver tillatt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " +"forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " +"alternative is that it would lead to a very different market for producing " +"and distributing creativity. The dominant few, who today control the vast " +"majority of the distribution of content in the world, would no longer " +"exercise this extreme of control. Rather, they would go the way of the horse-" +"drawn buggy." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror det er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere er betalt uten Ã¥ slÃ¥ førti - " +"tre millioner amerikanere i felons. men funksjonen fremspringende i denne " +"alternativ er at det ville føre til en svært forskjellige markedet for " +"produksjon og distribusjon av kreativitet. de dominerende fÃ¥, som i dag " +"kontrollerer det store flertallet av distribusjon av innhold i verden, ville " +"ikke lenger utøve denne ekstreme av kontroll. de ville heller gÃ¥ veien for " +"hest trukket buggy." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " +"Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " +"of competition. For them the choice is between fortythree million Americans " +"as criminals and their own survival." +msgstr "" +"bortsett fra at denne generasjon vognen produsenter har allerede saddled " +"Kongressen, og sykle loven for Ã¥ beskytte seg mot denne nye formen for " +"konkurranse. for dem er valget mellom fortythree millioner amerikanere som " +"kriminelle og deres egen overlevelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " +"why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " +"but not so charming as to justify giving up a tradition as deep and " +"important as our tradition of free culture. There's one more aspect to this " +"corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " +"directly from any war of prohibition. As Electronic Frontier Foundation " +"attorney Fred von Lohmann describes, this is the <quote>collateral damage</" +"quote> that <quote>arises whenever you turn a very large percentage of the " +"population into criminals.</quote> This is the collateral damage to civil " +"liberties generally. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er forstÃ¥elig hvorfor de velger som de gjør. Det er ikke forstÃ¥elig " +"hvorfor vi som et demokrati fortsette Ã¥ velge som vi gjør. Jack valenti er " +"sjarmerende; men ikke sÃ¥ sjarmerende som Ã¥ rettferdiggjøre Ã¥ gi opp en " +"tradisjon som dypt og viktig som vÃ¥r tradisjon for fri kultur. Det er en mer " +"aspekt til dette kan føre til minnefeil som er spesielt viktig for " +"borgerrettigheter, og følger direkte fra noen krig av forbudet. som " +"electronic frontier foundation advokat fred von sang beskriver, dette er den " +"\"sikkerhetsstillelse skaden\" som \"oppstÃ¥r nÃ¥r du slÃ¥r en veldig stor " +"prosentandel av befolkningen i kriminelle.\" Dette er sikkerhetsstillelse " +"skader pÃ¥ borgerrettigheter vanligvis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" +msgstr "von Lohmann, Fred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann " +#| "explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " +"Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"\"Hvis du kan behandle noen som en antatt lovbryter,\" forklarer von " +"Lohmann, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " +"one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " +"hope to have any privacy rights? If you're a copyright infringer, how can " +"you hope to be secure against seizures of your computer? How can you hope to " +"continue to receive Internet access? … Our sensibilities change as " +"soon as we think, <quote>Oh, well, but that person's a criminal, a " +"lawbreaker.</quote> Well, what this campaign against file sharing has done " +"is turn a remarkable percentage of the American Internet-using population " +"into <quote>lawbreakers.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"sÃ¥ plutselig en rekke grunnleggende frihet for sivil beskyttelse fordampe " +"til en grad eller annen.... Hvis du er en opphavsrett pÃ¥ lovgivningen, " +"hvordan kan du hÃ¥per Ã¥ ha noen personvernet? Hvis du er en opphavsrett pÃ¥ " +"lovgivningen, hvordan kan du hÃ¥per Ã¥ bli sikker mot beslag av datamaskinen? " +"Hvordan kan du hÃ¥per Ã¥ fortsette Ã¥ motta Internett-tilgang? ... vÃ¥r " +"sensibilities endre sÃ¥ snart vi tror, \"oh, vel, men denne personen er en " +"kriminell, lawbreaker.\" Vel, hva denne kampanjen mot fildeling har gjort er " +"Ã¥ slÃ¥ en bemerkelsesverdig prosent av den amerikanske internett-bruker " +"befolkningen i \"lawbreakers.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " +"criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " +"effectively erase much of the privacy most would presume." +msgstr "" +"og konsekvens av denne transformasjonen av den amerikanske offentligheten " +"til kriminelle er at den blir triviell, som et spørsmÃ¥l om grunn prosessen " +"til Ã¥ effektivt viske ut mye av personvernet mest ville anta." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " +"launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " +"names of customers who the RIAA believed were violating copyright law. " +"Verizon fought that demand and lost. With a simple request to a judge, and " +"without any notice to the customer at all, the identity of an Internet user " +"is revealed." +msgstr "" +"brukere av Internett begynte Ã¥ se dette vanligvis i 2003 som riaa lanserte " +"sin kampanje for Ã¥ tvinge nettleverandører til Ã¥ snu navnene pÃ¥ kundene som " +"riaa trodde var bryter loven om opphavsrett. Verizon kjempet som krever, og " +"tapte. med en enkel forespørsel til en dommer, og uten varsel til kunden i " +"det hele tatt, er identiteten til en Internett-bruker avslørt." + +#. f20. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " +"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Chris Cobbs, " +"<quote>Worried Parents Pull Plug on File `Stealing'; With the Music Industry " +"Cracking Down on File Swapping, Parents are Yanking Software from Home PCs " +"to Avoid Being Sued,</quote> <citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</" +"citetitle>, 30 August 2003, C1; Jefferson Graham, <quote>Recording Industry " +"Sues Parents,</quote> <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 15 September 2003, " +"4D; John Schwartz, <quote>She Says She's No Music Pirate. No Snoop Fan, " +"Either,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 25 September 2003, " +"C1; Margo Varadi, <quote>Is Brianna a Criminal?</quote> <citetitle>Toronto " +"Star</citetitle>, 18 September 2003, P7." +msgstr "" +"se frank ahrens, \"riaa's søksmÃ¥l møte overrasket over mÃ¥l; enkelt mor i " +"California, 12-Ã¥r gammel jente i ny blant saksøkte,\"washington post, 10 " +"september 2003, e1; Chris cobbs, \"bekymret foreldre trekke pluggen pÃ¥ filen" +"\"stjele\"; med musikkbransjen cracking ned pÃ¥ Filbytte, er foreldre prøver " +"Ã¥ lure programvare fra hjemme-PC Ã¥ unngÃ¥ blir saksøkte,\"orlando sentinel " +"tribune, 30 august 2003, c1; Jefferson graham, \"innspillingen industri sues " +"foreldre,\" usa today, 15 september 2003, 4 d; John schwartz, \"hun sier hun " +"er ingen musikk pirat. ikke snoop fan, enten,\"new york times, 25 september " +"2003, c1; Margo varadi, \"er brianna en kriminell?\" toronto star, 18 " +"september 2003, p7." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " +"sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " +"copyrighted music from file-sharing systems. But as we've seen, the " +"potential damages from these suits are astronomical: If a family's computer " +"is used to download a single CD's worth of music, the family could be liable " +"for $2 million in damages. That didn't stop the RIAA from suing a number of " +"these families, just as they had sued Jesse Jordan.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f21. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +#| "ulink>." +msgid "" +"See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " +"Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #47</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " +"report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " +"to track Napster users.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Using a " +"sophisticated hashing algorithm, the RIAA took what is in effect a " +"fingerprint of every song in the Napster catalog. Any copy of one of those " +"MP3s will have the same <quote>fingerprint.</quote>" +msgstr "" + +#. f22. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; " +"Frank Ahrens, <quote>Four Students Sued over Music Sites; Industry Group " +"Targets File Sharing at Colleges,</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 4 April 2003, E1; Elizabeth Armstrong, <quote>Students `Rip, " +"Mix, Burn' at Their Own Risk,</quote> <citetitle>Christian Science Monitor</" +"citetitle>, 2 September 2003, 20; Robert Becker and Angela Rozas, " +"<quote>Music Pirate Hunt Turns to Loyola; Two Students Names Are Handed " +"Over; Lawsuit Possible,</quote> <citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 16 " +"July 2003, 1C; Beth Cox, <quote>RIAA Trains Antipiracy Guns on Universities," +"</quote> <citetitle>Internet News</citetitle>, 30 January 2003, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #48</ulink>; Benny " +"Evangelista, <quote>Download Warning 101: Freshman Orientation This Fall to " +"Include Record Industry Warnings Against File Sharing,</quote> " +"<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 11 August 2003, E11; " +"<quote>Raid, Letters Are Weapons at Universities,</quote> <citetitle>USA " +"Today</citetitle>, 26 September 2000, 3D." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " +"CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " +"used to make as a kid. You don't know, and neither does your daughter, where " +"these songs came from. But she copies these songs onto her computer. She " +"then takes her computer to college and connects it to a college network, and " +"if the college network is <quote>cooperating</quote> with the RIAA's " +"espionage, and she hasn't properly protected her content from the network " +"(do you know how to do that yourself ?), then the RIAA will be able to " +"identify your daughter as a <quote>criminal.</quote> And under the rules " +"that universities are beginning to deploy,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> your daughter can lose the right to use the university's computer " +"network. She can, in some cases, be expelled." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " +"lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " +"she didn't know anything about the source of the songs or that they came " +"from Napster. And it may well be that the university believes her. But the " +"university might not believe her. It might treat this <quote>contraband</" +"quote> as presumptive of guilt. And as any number of college students have " +"already learned, our presumptions about innocence disappear in the middle of " +"wars of prohibition. This war is no different. Says von Lohmann, " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"nÃ¥, selvfølgelig, hun vil ha rett til Ã¥ forsvare seg selv. Du kan leie en " +"advokat for henne (pÃ¥ $300 per time, hvis du er heldig), og hun kan erkjenne " +"at hun ikke visste noe om kilden til sangene eller at de kom fra napster. og " +"det kan godt være at universitetet mener henne. Men universitetet kan ikke " +"tro henne. Det kan behandle denne \"Kontrabande\" som presumptive av skyld. " +"og som mange studenter har allerede lært, vÃ¥re arrogante forutsetningen om " +"uskyld forsvinne i midten av krigene om forbud. denne krigen er ikke " +"annerledes. sier von sang," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " +"that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " +"civil liberties of those people are very much in peril in a general matter. " +"[I don't] think [there is any] analog where you could randomly choose any " +"person off the street and be confident that they were committing an unlawful " +"act that could put them on the hook for potential felony liability or " +"hundreds of millions of dollars of civil liability. Certainly we all speed, " +"but speeding isn't the kind of an act for which we routinely forfeit civil " +"liberties. Some people use drugs, and I think that's the closest analog, " +"[but] many have noted that the war against drugs has eroded all of our civil " +"liberties because it's treated so many Americans as criminals. Well, I think " +"it's fair to say that file sharing is an order of magnitude larger number of " +"Americans than drug use. … If forty to sixty million Americans have " +"become lawbreakers, then we're really on a slippery slope to lose a lot of " +"civil liberties for all forty to sixty million of them." +msgstr "" +"sÃ¥ nÃ¥r vi snakker om tall som førti til seksti millioner amerikanere som er " +"egentlig opphavsrett varemerkerettigheter, oppretter du en situasjon der " +"borgerrettigheter av dem er svært mye i fare i en generell sak. [jeg ikke] " +"[det er noen] analog hvor du kunne tilfeldig velge en person av gaten og " +"være trygg pÃ¥ at de var begÃ¥ en ulovlig handling som kan sette dem pÃ¥ kroken " +"for potensielle forbrytelse erstatningsansvar eller hundrevis av millioner " +"av dollar til sivilrettslig ansvar. sikkert vi alle hastighet, men fart er " +"ikke typen en handling som vi miste rutinemessig borgerrettigheter. noen " +"mennesker bruker narkotika, og jeg tror det er den nærmeste analoge, [men] " +"mange har bemerket at krigen mot narkotika har eroded alle vÃ¥re " +"borgerrettigheter fordi det har behandlet sÃ¥ mange amerikanere som " +"kriminelle. Vel, jeg tror det er rimelig Ã¥ si at fildeling er en bestilling " +"av omfanget større antall amerikanere enn narkotikabruk.... Hvis førti til " +"seksti millioner amerikanere har blitt lawbreakers, da er vi virkelig pÃ¥ en " +"glatt skrÃ¥ning Ã¥ miste mye av borgerrettigheter for alle førti til seksti " +"millioner av dem." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When forty to sixty million Americans are considered <quote>criminals</" +"quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the same " +"objective— securing rights to authors—without these millions " +"being considered <quote>criminals,</quote> who is the villain? Americans or " +"the law? Which is American, a constant war on our own people or a concerted " +"effort through our democracy to change our law?" +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r førti til seksti millioner amerikanere anses \"kriminelle\" under loven, " +"og nÃ¥r loven kan oppnÃ¥ det samme mÃ¥let—sikre rettighetene til " +"forfattere—uten disse millioner blir betraktet som \"kriminelle\", som " +"er skurk? amerikanere eller loven? som er amerikansk, en konstant krig pÃ¥ " +"vÃ¥re egne folk eller en felles innsats gjennom vÃ¥rt demokrati for Ã¥ endre " +"vÃ¥r lov?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><title> +msgid "BALANCES" +msgstr "Maktfordeling" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " +"on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the fire. " +"Now you don't know how to put it out. Next to you is a bucket, filled with " +"gasoline. Obviously, gasoline won't put the fire out." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ her er bildet: Du stÃ¥r pÃ¥ siden av veien. Bilen din er pÃ¥ brann. Du er " +"sint og opprørt fordi du delvis bidro til Ã¥ starte brannen. NÃ¥ vet du ikke " +"hvordan du slokker den. Ved siden av deg er en bøtte, fylt med bensin. " +"Bensin vil Ã¥penbart ikke slukke brannen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " +"bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " +"understands just why she should stop—the bucket is in the air. The " +"gasoline is about to hit the blazing car. And the fire that gasoline will " +"ignite is about to ignite everything around." +msgstr "" +"Mens du tenker over situasjonen, kommer noen andre forbi. I panikk griper " +"hun bøtta, og før du har hatt sjansen til Ã¥ be henne stoppe—eller før " +"hun forstÃ¥r hvorfor hun bør stoppe—er bøtten i svevet. Bensinen er pÃ¥ " +"tur mot den brennende bilen. Og brannen som bensinen kommer til Ã¥ fyre opp " +"vil straks sette fyr pÃ¥ alt i omgivelsene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " +"wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " +"No doubt they may threaten artists. But technologies change. The industry " +"and technologists have plenty of ways to use technology to protect " +"themselves against the current threats of the Internet. This is a fire that " +"if let alone would burn itself out." +msgstr "" +"En krig om opphavsrett pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt— og vi fokuserer alle pÃ¥ feil " +"ting. Det er ingen tvil om at dagens teknologier truer eksisterende " +"virksomheter. Uten tvil kan de true artister. Men teknologier endrer seg. " +"Industrien og teknologer har en rekke mÃ¥ter Ã¥ bruke teknologi til Ã¥ beskytte " +"dem selv mot dagens trusler pÃ¥ Internet. Dette er en brann som overlatt til " +"seg selv vil brenne ut." + +#. PAGE BREAK 219 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " +"plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " +"problem they perceive. But the problem they perceive is not the real threat " +"this culture faces. For while we watch this small fire in the corner, there " +"is a massive change in the way culture is made that is happening all around." +msgstr "" +"Likevel er ikke besluttningstagere villig til Ã¥ la denne brannen i fred. " +"Ladet med masse penger fra lobbyister er de lystne pÃ¥ Ã¥ gÃ¥ i mellom for Ã¥ " +"fjerne problemet slik de oppfatter det. Men problemet slik de oppfatter det " +"er ikke den reelle trusselen som denne kulturen stÃ¥r med ansiktet mot. For " +"mens vi ser pÃ¥ denne lille brannen i hjørnet er det en massiv endring i " +"hvordan kultur blir skapt som pÃ¥gÃ¥r over alt. " + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " +"fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " +"onto this fire." +msgstr "" +"PÃ¥ en eller annen mÃ¥te mÃ¥ vi klare Ã¥ snu oppmerksomheten mot dette mer " +"viktige og fundametale problemet. Vi mÃ¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ unngÃ¥ Ã¥ helle " +"bensin pÃ¥ denne brannen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " +"binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " +"broadly, it is the simple, binary view that remains. We rubberneck to look " +"at the fire when we should be keeping our eyes on the road." +msgstr "" +"Vi har ikke funne denne mÃ¥ten ennÃ¥. Istedet synes vi Ã¥ være fanget i en " +"enklere og sort-hvit tenkning. Uansett hvor mange folk som presser pÃ¥ for Ã¥ " +"gjøre rammen for debatten litt bredere, er det dette enkle sort-hvit-synet " +"som bestÃ¥r. Vi kjører sakte forbi og stirrer pÃ¥ brannen nÃ¥r vi i stedet " +"burde holde øynene pÃ¥ veien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> +msgid "" +"This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " +"failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " +"efforts, so far failed, to find a way to refocus this debate. We must " +"understand these failures if we're to understand what success will require." +msgstr "" +"Denne utfordringen har vært livet mitt de siste Ã¥rene. Det har ogsÃ¥ vært " +"min falitt. I de to neste kapittlene, beskriver jeg en liten innsats, sÃ¥ " +"langt uten suksess, pÃ¥ Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ endre fokus pÃ¥ denne debatten. Vi " +"mÃ¥ forstÃ¥ disse mislyktede forsøkene hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hva som kreves for " +"Ã¥ lykkes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" +msgstr "Kapittel tretten: Eldred" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" +msgstr "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " +"Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " +"did something about it. Eric Eldred, a retired computer programmer living in " +"New Hampshire, decided to put Hawthorne on the Web. An electronic version, " +"Eldred thought, with links to pictures and explanatory text, would make this " +"nineteenth-century author's work come alive." +msgstr "" +"i 1995 var en far frustrert at hans døtre ikke synes Ã¥ ha hawthorne. uten " +"tvil var det flere slike far, men minst én gjorde noe med det. Eric eldred, " +"en pensjonert datamaskinen programmerer bor i new hampshire, besluttet Ã¥ " +"sette hawthorne pÃ¥ nettet. en elektronisk versjon eldred trodde, med " +"koblinger til bilder og forklarende tekst, ville gjøre av 1800-tallet " +"forfatterens arbeid blir levende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " +"any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " +"hobby, and his hobby begat a cause: Eldred would build a library of public " +"domain works by scanning these works and making them available for free." +msgstr "" +"den gjorde ikke arbeide—minst for hans døtre. de finner ikke hawthorne " +"noe mer interessant enn før. men eldred's eksperimentet fødte en hobby og " +"hans hobby fikk en Ã¥rsak: eldred ville bygge et bibliotek med bøker ved " +"skanning disse verkene og gjøre dem tilgjengelig gratis." + +#. PAGE BREAK 221 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " +"though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " +"who can't get access to printed versions of these works. Instead, Eldred was " +"producing derivative works from these public domain works. Just as Disney " +"turned Grimm into stories more accessible to the twentieth century, Eldred " +"transformed Hawthorne, and many others, into a form more accessible—" +"technically accessible—today." +msgstr "" +"eldred's biblioteket var ikke bare en kopi av visse bøker, men ville ha vært " +"enda en kopi av stor verdi til folk over hele verden som ikke kan fÃ¥ tilgang " +"til trykte versjoner av disse verkene. eldred var i stedet brukes til Ã¥ " +"produsere avledede produkter fra disse offentlige verker. akkurat som disney " +"omgjort grimm til historier mer tilgjengelig for det tjuende Ã¥rhundre, " +"eldred transformert hawthorne, og mange andre, til et skjema som er mer " +"tilgjengelig—teknisk tilgjengelig—i dag." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " +"as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " +"into the public domain in 1907. It was free for anyone to take without the " +"permission of the Hawthorne estate or anyone else. Some, such as Dover Press " +"and Penguin Classics, take works from the public domain and produce printed " +"editions, which they sell in bookstores across the country. Others, such as " +"Disney, take these stories and turn them into animated cartoons, sometimes " +"successfully (<citetitle>Cinderella</citetitle>), sometimes not " +"(<citetitle>The Hunchback of Notre Dame</citetitle>, <citetitle>Treasure " +"Planet</citetitle>). These are all commercial publications of public domain " +"works." +msgstr "" +"eldred's frihet til Ã¥ gjøre dette med hawthorne's arbeid vokste fra den " +"samme kilden som disney's. hawthorne's sange hadde gÃ¥tt inn i den offentlige " +"sfæren, i 1907. Det var gratis for alle Ã¥ ta uten tillatelse fra den " +"hawthorne eiendommen eller noen andre. noen, for eksempel dover trykk og " +"penguin klassikere, ta works fra public domain og produsere trykte utgavene, " +"som de selger i bokhandler over hele landet. andre, for eksempel disney, ta " +"disse historiene og slÃ¥ dem i animerte-tegneserier, noen ganger lykkes " +"(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). " +"disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " +"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " +"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " +"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " +"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " +"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " +"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " +"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " +"noncommercial speakers that the statute was found to exceed Congress's " +"power. The same point could have been made about noncommercial publishers " +"after the advent of the Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the " +"Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it at least as important to " +"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." +msgstr "" +"Det er en parallell her med pornografi som er litt vanskelig Ã¥ beskrive, men " +"det er en sterk en. ett fenomen som Internett opprettet var en verden av " +"ikke-kommersiell pornographers—personer som var distribuere porno, men " +"var ikke Ã¥ gjøre penger direkte eller indirekte fra at distribusjonen. slike " +"en klasse eksisterte ikke før Internett kom til Ã¥ være fordi kostnadene ved " +"Ã¥ distribuere porno var sÃ¥ høy. ennÃ¥ fikk dette ny klasse med distributører " +"spesiell oppmerksomhet i Høyesterett, nÃ¥r domstolen slÃ¥tt ned kommunikasjon " +"sømmelighet act of 1996. Det var delvis pÃ¥ grunn av byrden pÃ¥ ikke-" +"kommersiell høyttalere som Vedtektene ble funnet for Ã¥ overgÃ¥ Kongressens " +"makt. samme punkt kunne vært gjort om ikke-kommersiell utgivere etter advent " +"av Internett. eric eldreds av verden før Internett var svært fÃ¥. ennÃ¥ skulle " +"en tro det minst like viktig Ã¥ beskytte eldreds av verden som beskytter ikke-" +"kommersiell pornographers." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " +"domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " +"others. Hundreds of thousands from across the world have discovered this " +"platform of expression and now use it to share works that are, by law, free " +"for the taking. This has produced what we might call the " +"<quote>noncommercial publishing industry,</quote> which before the Internet " +"was limited to people with large egos or with political or social causes. " +"But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of individuals and groups " +"dedicated to spreading culture generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " +"of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " +"public domain. Eldred wanted to post that collection in his free public " +"library. But Congress got in the way. As I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, in 1998, for the " +"eleventh time in forty years, Congress extended the terms of existing " +"copyrights—this time by twenty years. Eldred would not be free to add " +"any works more recent than 1923 to his collection until 2019. Indeed, no " +"copyrighted work would pass into the public domain until that year (and not " +"even then, if Congress extends the term again). By contrast, in the same " +"period, more than 1 million patents will pass into the public domain." +msgstr "" +"som jeg sa, bor eldred i new hampshire. i 1998, var robert frost samling av " +"dikt i new hampshire slated skjedde i public domain. Eldred ønsket Ã¥ legge " +"samlingen i hans gratis offentlig bibliotek. men landsmøtet fÃ¥tt i veien. " +"som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, i 1998, for ellevte gang i førti Ã¥r, " +"utvidet Kongressen vilkÃ¥rene i eksisterende opphavsrettigheter—denne " +"tiden av tjue Ã¥r. Eldred ville ikke være fri til Ã¥ legge til et hvilket som " +"helst works som er nyere enn 1923 i sin samling 2020. Faktisk ville ingen " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttede passere i public domain til samme Ã¥r (og ikke engang " +"deretter, hvis Kongressen utvider sikt igjen). derimot i samme periode, vil " +"mer enn 1 million patenter passere i public domain." + +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright " +"protection to last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would " +"violate the Constitution. I invite all of you to work with me to strengthen " +"our copyright laws in all of the ways available to us. As you know, there is " +"also Jack Valenti's proposal for a term to last forever less one day. " +"Perhaps the Committee may look at that next Congress,</quote> 144 Cong. Rec. " +"H9946, 9951-2 (October 7, 1998)." +msgstr "" +"hele teksten er: \"sonny [bono] ønsket av opphavsrettslig vern til Ã¥ vare " +"evig. Jeg informert av ansatte at slik endring ville bryte Grunnloven. Jeg " +"inviterer alle til Ã¥ arbeide med meg Ã¥ styrke vÃ¥re lover om opphavsrett i " +"alle mÃ¥ter som er tilgjengelig for oss. som du vet, er det ogsÃ¥ jack valenti " +"forslag til et uttrykk til Ã¥ vare evig mindre en dag. Komiteen kan kanskje " +"se pÃ¥ at neste Kongressen,\"144 cong. REC h9946, 9951-2 (7. oktober 1998)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " +"memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " +"Mary Bono, says, believed that <quote>copyrights should be forever.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " +"civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " +"would publish as planned, CTEA notwithstanding. But because of a second law " +"passed in 1998, the NET (No Electronic Theft) Act, his act of publishing " +"would make Eldred a felon—whether or not anyone complained. This was a " +"dangerous strategy for a disabled programmer to undertake." +msgstr "" +"Eldred besluttet Ã¥ kjempe denne loven. han først løst Ã¥ bekjempe den gjennom " +"sivil ulydighet. i en rekke intervjuer kunngjort eldred at han vil publisere " +"som planlagt, ctea til tross for. men pÃ¥ grunn av en andre lov vedtatt i " +"1998, net (ingen elektronisk tyveri)-act hans handling av publisering ville " +"gjøre eldred en forbryter—om noen klaget. Dette var en farlig strategi " +"for en deaktivert programmerer Ã¥ gjennomføre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " +"constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " +"interpretation. And though constitutional law courses never focus upon the " +"Progress Clause of the Constitution, it had always struck me as importantly " +"different. As you know, the Constitution says," +msgstr "" +"Det var her at jeg ble involvert i slaget ved eldred's. Jeg var en " +"konstitusjonelle lærd der første lidenskap var konstitusjonelle tolkning. og " +"selv om konstitusjonell rett kurs aldri fokus pÃ¥ setningsdelen fremdriften " +"av Grunnloven, hadde det alltid slo meg som viktigere forskjellige. som du " +"vet, Grunnloven sier," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " +"securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " +"… Writings. …" +msgstr "" +"Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ fremme utviklingen av vitenskap... ved Ã¥ sikre for " +"begrenset ganger til forfattere... eksklusive rett til deres... skrifter...." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " +"Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " +"to Congress simply says Congress has the power to do something—for " +"example, to regulate <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> or " +"<quote>declare War.</quote> But here, the <quote>something</quote> is " +"something quite specific—to <quote>promote … Progress</" +"quote>—through means that are also specific— by <quote>securing</" +"quote> <quote>exclusive Rights</quote> (i.e., copyrights) <quote>for limited " +"Times.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"som jeg har beskrevet, denne bestemmelsen er unikt innenfor strøm-granting-" +"setningsdel i artikkelen i, Seksjon 8 av vÃ¥r grunnlov. hver andre " +"setningsdelen gi strøm til Kongressen sier bare Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ " +"gjøre noe—for eksempel, Ã¥ regulere \"handel mellom flere stater\" " +"eller \"erklærer krig\" men her, \"noe\" er noe helt spesielt—Ã¥ " +"\"fremme... fremgang\"—gjennom betyr at er ogsÃ¥ spesifikke—av " +"\"sikre\" \"enerett\" (det vil si opphavsrett) \"for begrenset ganger.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Jaszi, Peter" +msgstr "Jaszi, Peter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " +"existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " +"Congress has the power to extend existing terms, then the Constitution's " +"requirement that terms be <quote>limited</quote> will have no practical " +"effect. If every time a copyright is about to expire, Congress has the power " +"to extend its term, then Congress can achieve what the Constitution plainly " +"forbids—perpetual terms <quote>on the installment plan,</quote> as " +"Professor Peter Jaszi so nicely put it. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"i de siste 40 Ã¥rene, har Kongressen fÃ¥tt i praksis for Ã¥ utvide eksisterende " +"vilkÃ¥r for opphavsrettslig vern. Hva rÃ¥dvill meg om dette var, hvis " +"Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r, sÃ¥ for grunnlovens " +"krav at vilkÃ¥rene være \"begrenset\" vil ha noen praktiske effekten. Hvis " +"hver gang en opphavsrett er om Ã¥ opphøre, Kongressen har makt til Ã¥ utvide " +"sin sikt, Kongressen kan oppnÃ¥ hva Grunnloven tydelig forbyr—" +"evigvarende vilkÃ¥r \"pÃ¥ avbetaling plan,\" som professor peter jaszi sÃ¥ pent " +"sette den." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " +"late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " +"of the question. No one had ever challenged Congress's practice of extending " +"existing terms. That failure may in part be why Congress seemed so " +"untroubled in its habit. That, and the fact that the practice had become so " +"lucrative for Congress. Congress knows that copyright owners will be willing " +"to pay a great deal of money to see their copyright terms extended. And so " +"Congress is quite happy to keep this gravy train going." +msgstr "" +"som en akademiker var min første reaksjon Ã¥ trykke bøker. Jeg husker " +"sittende sent pÃ¥ kontoret, scouring on-line databaser for noen seriøs " +"vurdering av spørsmÃ¥let. Ingen hadde noen gang utfordret congress's praksis " +"for Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. at feil kan delvis være grunnen kongress " +"syntes sÃ¥ untroubled i sin vane. det, og det faktum at praksis hadde blitt " +"sÃ¥ lukrative for Kongressen. landsmøtet vet at eiere av opphavsretter vil " +"være villig til Ã¥ betale mye penger Ã¥ se sine opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r utvidet. og " +"sÃ¥ congress er ganske fornøyd med Ã¥ holde denne Kjøttsaft tog gÃ¥r." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of government. " +"<quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives are bribed. " +"Rather, <quote>corruption</quote> in the sense that the system induces the " +"beneficiaries of Congress's acts to raise and give money to Congress to " +"induce it to act. There's only so much time; there's only so much Congress " +"can do. Why not limit its actions to those things it must do—and those " +"things that pay? Extending copyright terms pays." +msgstr "" +"for dette er kjernen i korrupsjon i vÃ¥r nÃ¥værende system av regjeringen. " +"\"ødelagt\" ikke i den forstand at representanter er bribed. snarere " +"\"corruption\" i den forstand at systemet leder beneficiaries av congress's " +"handlinger for Ã¥ øke og gi penger til Kongressen for Ã¥ fÃ¥ det til Ã¥ handle. " +"Det er bare sÃ¥ mye tid; Det er bare sÃ¥ mye kongress kan gjøre. Hvorfor ikke " +"begrense handlingene til disse tingene det mÃ¥ gjøre— og de tingene som " +"betaler? forlengelse av lønner seg." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " +"very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " +"hundred years after it was created. The Estate of Robert Frost is a good " +"example. Frost died in 1963. His poetry continues to be extraordinarily " +"valuable. Thus the Robert Frost estate benefits greatly from any extension " +"of copyright, since no publisher would pay the estate any money if the poems " +"Frost wrote could be published by anyone for free." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det ikke er Ã¥penbart for deg, kan du vurdere følgende: si du er en av " +"svært fÃ¥ heldige opphavsrett eierne som har copyright fortsetter Ã¥ gjøre " +"penger ett hundre Ã¥r etter at den ble opprettet. eiendom av robert frost er " +"et godt eksempel. Frost døde i 1963. hans poesi fortsetter Ã¥ være svært " +"verdifull. Dermed kan robert frost eiendom fordelene sterkt fra noen " +"utvidelse av opphavsrett, siden ingen publisher vil betale eiendom noen " +"penger hvis dikt frost skrev publiseres av alle gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " +"Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to expire. " +"You sit on the board of the Robert Frost estate. Your financial adviser " +"comes to your board meeting with a very grim report:" +msgstr "" +"sÃ¥ forestille robert frost eiendom er tjener $100.000 i Ã¥ret fra tre av " +"frost's dikt. og forestille seg opphavsretten for disse diktene er i ferd " +"med Ã¥ utløpe. du sitter i styret for robert frost eiendom. finansiell " +"rÃ¥dgiver kommer til din styremøte med en svært dystre rapport:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 224 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " +"works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " +"longer be receiving the annual royalty check of $100,000 from the publishers " +"of those works.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"neste Ã¥r,\" rÃ¥dgiver kunngjør, \"vÃ¥re opphavsrett i works a, b og c vil " +"utløpe. Det betyr at etter neste Ã¥r, vi vil ikke lenger motta Ã¥rlige royalty " +"kontroll av $100.000 fra utgivere av disse fungerer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " +"<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " +"extend the terms of copyright by twenty years. That bill would be " +"extraordinarily valuable to us. So we should hope this bill passes.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"det er et forslag i Kongressen, men,\" hun fortsetter, \"som kan endre " +"dette. noen congressmen flyter en regning Ã¥ utvide vilkÃ¥rene i copyright ved " +"tjue Ã¥r. at regningen ville være ekstremt verdifullt for oss. sÃ¥ vi bør hÃ¥pe " +"passerer denne regningen.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " +"something about it?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"hÃ¥per?\" styremedlem stipendiat sier. \"kan ikke vi gjøre noe med det?\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " +"contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " +"that they support the bill.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"Vel, tydeligvis ja,\" rÃ¥dgiver svarer. \"vi kunne bidra til kampanjene av " +"en rekke representanter Ã¥ prøve Ã¥ sikre at de støtter regningen.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " +"whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " +"if this extension were passed?</quote> you ask the adviser. <quote>How much " +"is it worth?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"du hater politikk. du hater at bidra til kampanjer. sÃ¥ du ønsker Ã¥ vite om " +"denne motbydelig praksis er verdt det. \"hvor mye ville vi fÃ¥ Hvis denne " +"utvidelsen ble passert?\" du be rÃ¥dgiver. \"hvor mye er det verdt?\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " +"will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " +"use the `discount rate' that we use to evaluate estate investments (6 " +"percent), then this law would be worth $1,146,000 to the estate.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"Vel,\" rÃ¥dgiver sier, \"Hvis du er sikker pÃ¥ at du vil fortsette Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"minst $100.000 i Ã¥ret fra disse opphavsrett, og du bruker 'diskontosats' som " +"vi bruker til Ã¥ evaluere eiendom investeringer (6 prosent), og denne loven " +"vil være verdt $1,146,000 til eiendom.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " +"conclusion:" +msgstr "" +"du er litt sjokkert av nummeret, men du komme raskt til riktig konklusjon:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " +"$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " +"contributions would assure that the bill was passed?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"sÃ¥ du sier det ville være verdt det for oss Ã¥ betale mer enn $1,000,000 i " +"kampanjen bidrag om vi var sikker pÃ¥ disse bidragene vil forsikre at " +"regningen ble sendt?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " +"you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " +"these copyrights. Which for us means over $1,000,000.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"absolutt\", svarer rÃ¥dgiver. \"det er verdt det for deg Ã¥ bidra med opp " +"til stede verdien av inntekten du forventer fra disse opphavsrettigheter. " +"som for oss betyr over $1,000,000.\"" + +#. PAGE BREAK 225 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " +"you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " +"in the position of the Robert Frost estate faces the same choice: If they " +"can contribute to get a law passed to extend copyrights, they will benefit " +"greatly from that extension. And so each time copyrights are about to " +"expire, there is a massive amount of lobbying to get the copyright term " +"extended." +msgstr "" +"du raskt fÃ¥ poeng—du som medlem av styret, og jeg stoler du leseren. " +"hver gang opphavsrett er om Ã¥ opphøre, hver mottaker i posisjon av robert " +"frost eiendom stÃ¥r overfor det samme valget: Hvis de kan bidra til Ã¥ fÃ¥ en " +"lov vedtatt for Ã¥ utvide opphavsrettigheter, de vil ha stor nytte fra denne " +"filtypen. og sÃ¥ hver gang opphavsrett er om Ã¥ opphøre, det er en enorm " +"mengde lobbyvirksomhet for Ã¥ fÃ¥ opphavsrett begrepet utvidet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " +"bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " +"buy further extensions of copyright." +msgstr "" +"dermed en Kongressens evighetsmaskin maskin: sÃ¥ lenge lovgivning kan kjøpes " +"(riktignok indirekte), vil det være alle ansporingen i verden til Ã¥ kjøpe " +"ytterligere utvidelser av copyright." + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " +#| "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +#| "<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." +msgid "" +"Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " +"Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17 October 1998, 22." +msgstr "" +"Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " +"Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " +"<citetitle>Chicago Tribune</citetitle>, 17. oktober 1998, 22." + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +#| "ulink>." +msgid "" +"See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,</" +"quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +"ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Se Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</" +"ulink>." + +#. f5. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +#| "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</" +#| "ulink>." +msgid "" +"Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " +"<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8. august 1990, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #50</" +"ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " +"Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved real. " +"Ten of the thirteen original sponsors of the act in the House received the " +"maximum contribution from Disney's political action committee; in the " +"Senate, eight of the twelve sponsors received contributions.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The RIAA and the MPAA are estimated to have " +"spent over $1.5 million lobbying in the 1998 election cycle. They paid out " +"more than $200,000 in campaign contributions.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/> Disney is estimated to have contributed more than $800,000 to " +"reelection campaigns in the cycle.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " +"be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " +"never-ending incentives to increase the copyright term was central to my " +"thinking. In my view, a pragmatic court committed to interpreting and " +"applying the Constitution of our framers would see that if Congress has the " +"power to extend existing terms, then there would be no effective " +"constitutional requirement that terms be <quote>limited.</quote> If they " +"could extend it once, they would extend it again and again and again." +msgstr "" +"konstitusjonelle loven er ikke oblivious til det Ã¥penbare. eller i det " +"minste, det trenger ikke være. sÃ¥ nÃ¥r jeg var vurderer eldred's klage, denne " +"virkeligheten om never-ending insentiver til Ã¥ øke opphavsrett begrepet var " +"sentral til min tenkning. i min mening, vil en pragmatisk domstol forpliktet " +"til Ã¥ tolke og bruke Grunnloven av vÃ¥re underskrev se at hvis Kongressen har " +"makt til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r, og det vil være ingen effektiv " +"konstitusjonelle krav at vilkÃ¥rene være \"begrenset.\" Hvis de kunne " +"forlenge det en gang, de ville utvide den igjen og igjen og igjen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 226 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " +"not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " +"Court's work knows, this Court has increasingly restricted the power of " +"Congress when it has viewed Congress's actions as exceeding the power " +"granted to it by the Constitution. Among constitutional scholars, the most " +"famous example of this trend was the Supreme Court's decision in 1995 to " +"strike down a law that banned the possession of guns near schools." +msgstr "" +"Det var ogsÃ¥ mitt skjønn at denne Høyesterett ikke ville tillate at " +"Kongressen til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. alle nær Høyesterett arbeid " +"vet, har denne retten i økende grad begrenset kraften i Kongressen nÃ¥r det " +"har sett congress's handlinger som overstiger makt som er gitt til det av " +"Grunnloven. blant konstitusjonelle forskere var det mest kjente eksempelet " +"av denne trenden Høyesterett beslutning i 1995 Ã¥ ramme en lov som forbød " +"besittelse av vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " +"broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " +"only <quote>commerce among the several states</quote> (aka <quote>interstate " +"commerce</quote>), the Supreme Court had interpreted that power to include " +"the power to regulate any activity that merely affected interstate commerce." +msgstr "" +"siden 1937, hadde Høyesterett tolket congress's gitt krefter svært bredt; sÃ¥ " +"mens Grunnloven gir Kongressen makt til Ã¥ regulere bare \"handel mellom " +"flere stater\" (aka \"utdanningen handel\"), Høyesterett hadde tolket som " +"makt til Ã¥ inkludere makt til Ã¥ regulere alle aktiviteter som bare berørt " +"utdanningen handel." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " +"limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " +"considered on a national scale, affects interstate commerce. A Constitution " +"designed to limit Congress's power was instead interpreted to impose no " +"limit." +msgstr "" +"som økonomien vokste, mente denne standarden stadig at det var ingen grense " +"congress's makt til Ã¥ regulere, siden omtrent hver aktivitet, nÃ¥r det i " +"nasjonal skala, pÃ¥virker utdanningen handel. en konstitusjon som er utformet " +"for Ã¥ begrense Kongressens makt ble i stedet tolket for Ã¥ innføre ingen " +"grense." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Rehnquist, William H." +msgstr "Rehnquist, William H." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " +"government had argued that possessing guns near schools affected interstate " +"commerce. Guns near schools increase crime, crime lowers property values, " +"and so on. In the oral argument, the Chief Justice asked the government " +"whether there was any activity that would not affect interstate commerce " +"under the reasoning the government advanced. The government said there was " +"not; if Congress says an activity affects interstate commerce, then that " +"activity affects interstate commerce. The Supreme Court, the government " +"said, was not in the position to second-guess Congress." +msgstr "" +"Høyesterett, under chief justice rehnquist kommando, endret som i USA v. " +"lopez. regjeringen hadde hevdet at ha vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler berørt " +"utdanningen handel. vÃ¥pen i nærheten av skoler øke kriminalitet, " +"kriminalitet senker egenskapsverdier, og sÃ¥ videre. i argumentet muntlig " +"bedt justisministeren regjeringen om det var noen aktivitet som ikke vil " +"pÃ¥virke utdanningen handel under begrunnelsen regjeringen Avansert. " +"regjeringen sa det var ikke; Hvis Kongressen sier en aktivitet pÃ¥virker " +"utdanningen handel, pÃ¥virker den aktiviteten utdanningen handel. " +"Høyesterett, regjeringen sa, var ikke i posisjon til Ã¥ second-guess " +"Kongressen." + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 U." +"S. 549, 564 (1995)." +msgstr "USA v. lopez, 514 amerikanske 549, 564 (1995)." + +#. f7. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " +"U.S. 598 (2000)." +msgstr "USA v. morrison, 529 amerikanske 598 (2000)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,</" +"quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If " +"anything Congress says is interstate commerce must therefore be considered " +"interstate commerce, then there would be no limit to Congress's power. The " +"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> was reaffirmed five years later in " +"<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " +"from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " +"the Commerce Clause was that the interpretation offered by the government " +"would allow the government unending power to regulate commerce—the " +"limitation to interstate commerce notwithstanding. The same point is true in " +"the context of the Copyright Clause. Here, too, the government's " +"interpretation would allow the government unending power to regulate " +"copyrights—the limitation to <quote>limited times</quote> " +"notwithstanding." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det er et prinsipp om nummerert kreftene, deretter bærer prinsippet fra " +"en nummerert power til en annen. animert poenget i konteksten av handel-" +"setningsdelen var at tolkningen tilbys av regjeringen ville tillate " +"regjeringen unending makt til Ã¥ regulere handel—begrenset til " +"utdanningen handel til tross for. det samme punktet er sant i forbindelse " +"med opphavsrett-setningsdel. her ogsÃ¥, regjeringens tolkning ville tillate " +"regjeringen unending makt til Ã¥ regulere opphavsrett—begrenset til " +"\"begrenset ganger\" til tross for." + +#. PAGE BREAK 227 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " +"Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> And if it is applied to the Progress Clause, the principle should " +"yield the conclusion that Congress can't extend an existing term. If " +"Congress could extend an existing term, then there would be no " +"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power over terms, though the " +"Constitution expressly states that there is such a limit. Thus, the same " +"principle applied to the power to grant copyrights should entail that " +"Congress is not allowed to extend the term of existing copyrights." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " +"decision in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for politics—a " +"conservative Supreme Court, which believed in states' rights, using its " +"power over Congress to advance its own personal political preferences. But I " +"rejected that view of the Supreme Court's decision. Indeed, shortly after " +"the decision, I wrote an article demonstrating the <quote>fidelity</quote> " +"in such an interpretation of the Constitution. The idea that the Supreme " +"Court decides cases based upon its politics struck me as extraordinarily " +"boring. I was not going to devote my life to teaching constitutional law if " +"these nine Justices were going to be petty politicians." +msgstr "" +"Hvis, det vil si at prinsippet annonsert i lopez stod for et prinsipp. mange " +"trodde beslutningen i lopez stod for politikk—en konservativ " +"Høyesterett, som trodde pÃ¥ states rettigheter, ved hjelp av sin makt over " +"Kongressen for Ã¥ fremme sine egne personlige politiske preferanser. men jeg " +"har avvist denne visningen av Høyesterett beslutning. faktisk, kort tid " +"etter vedtaket skrev jeg en artikkel demonstrere \"kvalitet\" i en slik " +"tolkning av Grunnloven. idéen at Høyesterett bestemmer tilfeller basert pÃ¥ " +"sin politikk slo meg som svært kjedelig. Jeg hadde ikke tenkt Ã¥ vie livet " +"til undervisning statsrett Hvis disse ni justiariusene skulle være smÃ¥lig " +"politikere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " +"Constitution's limits to copyright, obviously Eldred was not endorsing " +"piracy. Indeed, in an obvious sense, he was fighting a kind of piracy—" +"piracy of the public domain. When Robert Frost wrote his work and when Walt " +"Disney created Mickey Mouse, the maximum copyright term was just fifty-six " +"years. Because of interim changes, Frost and Disney had already enjoyed a " +"seventy-five-year monopoly for their work. They had gotten the benefit of " +"the bargain that the Constitution envisions: In exchange for a monopoly " +"protected for fifty-six years, they created new work. But now these entities " +"were using their power—expressed through the power of lobbyists' " +"money—to get another twenty-year dollop of monopoly. That twenty-year " +"dollop would be taken from the public domain. Eric Eldred was fighting a " +"piracy that affects us all." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥ la oss pause for et øyeblikk Ã¥ sørge for at vi forstÃ¥r hva argumentet i " +"eldred ikke var om. ved Ã¥ insistere pÃ¥ grunnlovens grenser for opphavsrett, " +"var Ã¥penbart eldred ikke støttet piratkopiering. faktisk i en Ã¥penbar " +"forstand kjemper han en form for piratkopiering—piratkopiering av den " +"offentlige sfæren. da robert frost skrev hans arbeid og nÃ¥r walt disney " +"opprettet Mikke Mus, maksimal opphavsrett begrepet var bare femtiseks Ã¥r. pÃ¥ " +"grunn av midlertidige endringer, hadde frost og disney allerede likte " +"monopol sytti-fem Ã¥r for deres arbeid. de hadde fÃ¥tt fordelen av handel som " +"Grunnloven ser for seg: i bytte for et monopol som er beskyttet for femti-" +"seks Ã¥r, de opprettet nytt arbeid. men nÃ¥ disse enhetene bruker deres " +"makt—uttrykt gjennom strømmen av lobbyister penger—for Ã¥ fÃ¥ en " +"annen tyve Ã¥rs dollop av monopol. at tyve Ã¥rs Dollop dollop ville bli Hentet " +"fra public domain. Eric eldred var kjemper en piratkopiering som pÃ¥virker " +"oss alle." + +#. f9. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, <citetitle>Eldred</" +"citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. " +"01-618), n.10, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #51</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " +"Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " +"domain is nothing more than <quote>legal piracy.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> But it is not piracy when the law allows it; and in " +"our constitutional system, our law requires it. Some may not like the " +"Constitution's requirements, but that doesn't make the Constitution a " +"pirate's charter. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " +"way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " +"development and distribution of our culture. Yet, as Eric Eldred discovered, " +"we have set up a system that assures that copyright terms will be repeatedly " +"extended, and extended, and extended. We have created the perfect storm for " +"the public domain. Copyrights have not expired, and will not expire, so long " +"as Congress is free to be bought to extend them again." +msgstr "" +"som vi har sett, krever systemet vÃ¥rt konstitusjonelle begrensninger pÃ¥ " +"opphavsrett som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ sikre at innehaver av opphavsrett ikke for sterkt " +"pÃ¥virke utviklingen og distribueringen av vÃ¥r kultur. ennÃ¥, som eric eldred " +"oppdaget, har vi satt opp et system som sikrer at opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene vil " +"være gjentatte ganger utvidet, og utvidet, og utvidet. Vi har opprettet den " +"perfekte stormen for public domain. opphavsrett er utløpt ikke, og utløper " +"ikke, sÃ¥ lenge congress er gratis kjøpes for Ã¥ utvide dem igjen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " +"Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in Blue.</quote> These works are too " +"valuable for copyright owners to ignore. But the real harm to our society " +"from copyright extensions is not that Mickey Mouse remains Disney's. Forget " +"Mickey Mouse. Forget Robert Frost. Forget all the works from the 1920s and " +"1930s that have continuing commercial value. The real harm of term extension " +"comes not from these famous works. The real harm is to the works that are " +"not famous, not commercially exploited, and no longer available as a result." +msgstr "" +"Det er verdifull opphavsrett som er ansvarlig for vilkÃ¥rene blir utvidet. " +"Mikke Mus og \"rhapsody in blue.\" disse verkene er ogsÃ¥ nyttig for eiere av " +"opphavsretter Ã¥ ignorere. men reell skade samfunnet fra opphavsrett " +"servertilleggene er ikke at Mikke Mus forblir disney. glem Mikke Mus. glem " +"robert frost. Glem alle verker fra 1920- og 1930-tallet som har fortsetter " +"kommersiell verdi. reell skade sikt-utvidelsen kommer ikke fra disse berømte " +"verk. reell skade er Works ikke er kjent, ikke kommersielt utnyttede og ikke " +"lenger tilgjengelig som et resultat." + +#. f10. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " +"Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal ranges. " +"See Brief of Petitioners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 7, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #52</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " +"affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " +"work has any continuing commercial value. It was the copyright holders for " +"that 2 percent who pushed the CTEA through. But the law and its effect were " +"not limited to that 2 percent. The law extended the terms of copyright " +"generally.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 229 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " +"as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " +"10,047 books were published. In 2000, 174 of those books were still in " +"print. Let's say you were Brewster Kahle, and you wanted to make available " +"to the world in your iArchive project the remaining 9,873. What would you " +"have to do?" +msgstr "" +"Tenk praktisk talt konsekvens av denne utvidelsen—praktisk talt, som " +"en businessperson, og ikke som en advokat ivrige etter Ã¥ fÃ¥ mer juridisk " +"arbeid. i 1930, ble 10,047 bøker utgitt. i 2000 var 174 av bøkene fortsatt i " +"utskriften. La oss si at du var brewster kahle, og du vil gjøre tilgjengelig " +"for verden i iarchive prosjektet gjenværende 9,873. Hva ville du trenger Ã¥ " +"gjøre?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " +"under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not on-" +"line) and paging through tomes of books, cross-checking the titles and " +"authors of the 9,873 books with the copyright registration and renewal " +"records for works published in 1930. That will produce a list of books still " +"under copyright." +msgstr "" +"Vel, først, ville du har til Ã¥ bestemme hvilke av de 9,873 bøkene var " +"fortsatt under copyright. som krever skal et bibliotek (disse dataene ikke " +"er on-line) og sidevekslingsfilen gjennom tomes bøker, pÃ¥ tvers av " +"kontrollere titler og forfatterne av 9,873 bøker med copyright registrering " +"og fornyelse postene for verk utgitt i 1930. som vil produsere en liste over " +"bøker som fortsatt under opphavsrett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " +"current copyright owners. How would you do that?" +msgstr "" +"deretter for bøkene fortsatt under opphavsrett trenger du Ã¥ finne gjeldende " +"opphavsrett eiere. How 'd du gjøre det?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " +"somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " +"thousands of government monopolies without there being at least a list?" +msgstr "" +"de fleste mennesker tror at det mÃ¥ være en liste over disse eiere av " +"opphavsretter et sted. praktisk folk tror pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten. Hvordan kunne det " +"være tusenvis og tusenvis av regjeringen monopoler uten det er minst en " +"liste?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " +"the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " +"how impossibly difficult it would be to track down thousands of such " +"records—especially since the person who registered is not necessarily " +"the current owner. And we're just talking about 1930!" +msgstr "" +"men det er ingen liste. Det kan være et navn fra 1930, og deretter i 1959, " +"pÃ¥ personen som registrerte opphavsretten. men det er bare tenke praktisk " +"talt pÃ¥ hvordan impossibly vanskelig det ville være Ã¥ spore opp tusenvis av " +"slike poster—spesielt siden personen som registrert ikke er " +"nødvendigvis gjeldende eier. og vi snakker bare om 1930!" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " +"apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " +"copyright owners?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"\"men det er ikke en liste av hvem som eier egenskapen vanligvis\" " +"apologists for systemet svarer. \"Hvorfor skulle det være en liste over " +"eiere av opphavsretter?\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " +"of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " +"to cars. And where there isn't a list, the code of real space is pretty " +"good at suggesting who the owner of a bit of property is. (A swing set in " +"your backyard is probably yours.) So formally or informally, we have a " +"pretty good way to know who owns what tangible property." +msgstr "" +"Vel, egentlig, er Hvis du tenker pÃ¥ det, det masse av lister av hvem som " +"eier hva egenskapen. Tenk pÃ¥ gjerninger pÃ¥ hus eller titler til biler. og " +"der det ikke finnes en liste, koden for virkelige rommet er ganske god til Ã¥ " +"foreslÃ¥ som eieren av en bit av egenskapen er. (en sving i bakgÃ¥rden er " +"sannsynligvis ditt.) sÃ¥ har formelt eller uformelt, vi en ganske god mÃ¥te Ã¥ " +"vite hvem som eier hvilke konkrete-egenskapen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 230 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " +"by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " +"ordinarily a license plate that will link the owner to the car. If you see a " +"bunch of children's toys sitting on the front lawn of a house, it's fairly " +"easy to determine who owns the toys. And if you happen to see a baseball " +"lying in a gutter on the side of the road, look around for a second for some " +"kids playing ball. If you don't see any kids, then okay: Here's a bit of " +"property whose owner we can't easily determine. It is the exception that " +"proves the rule: that we ordinarily know quite well who owns what property." +msgstr "" +"slik: du gÃ¥ ned en gate og ser et hus. du vet hvem som eier huset ved slÃ¥ " +"opp i courthouse registret. Hvis du ser en bil, er det vanligvis en lisens " +"plate som skal knytte eieren til bilen. Hvis du ser en rekke barneleker " +"sitter pÃ¥ fremsiden plen av et hus, er det ganske enkelt Ã¥ finne ut hvem som " +"eier leketøy. og hvis du tilfeldigvis ser en baseball liggende i en " +"innbindingsmarg pÃ¥ siden av veien, se deg rundt for andre for noen barn " +"spille ball. Hvis du ikke ser noen barn, deretter OK: Her er litt av eiendom " +"der eieren vi ikke finner lett. Det er unntaket som beviser regelen: at vi " +"vanligvis vet svært godt hvem som eier hva egenskapen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " +"library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " +"described, there's no list of copyright owners. There are authors' names, of " +"course, but their copyrights could have been assigned, or passed down in an " +"estate like Grandma's old jewelry. To know who owns what, you would have to " +"hire a private detective. The bottom line: The owner cannot easily be " +"located. And in a regime like ours, in which it is a felony to use such " +"property without the property owner's permission, the property isn't going " +"to be used." +msgstr "" +"sammenligne denne historien til immaterielle eiendom. du gÃ¥r inn i et " +"bibliotek. biblioteket eier bøkene. men hvem som eier opphavsretten? som jeg " +"allerede har beskrevet, er det ingen liste over eiere av opphavsretter. Det " +"finnes forfatternes navn, selvfølgelig, men sine opphavsrettigheter kan er " +"tilordnet, eller gÃ¥tt ned i en eiendom som grandma's gamle smykker. Hvis du " +"vil vite hvem som eier hva, ville du har til Ã¥ ansette en privat " +"etterforsker. Bunnlinjen: eieren ikke lett blir funnet. og i et regime som " +"vÃ¥rt, der er det en forbrytelse Ã¥ bruke slike eiendom uten egenskapen " +"eierens tillatelse, egenskapen er ikke skal brukes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " +"and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " +"creative works is much more dire." +msgstr "" +"konsekvens med hensyn til gamle bøker er at de ikke digitalisert, og dermed " +"vil bare rot bort pÃ¥ hyller. men konsekvensen for andre kreative verker er " +"mye mer dire." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Agee, Michael" +msgstr "Agee, Michael" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Hal Roach Studios" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" +msgstr "" + +#. f11. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " +"Streitfeld, <quote>Classic Movies, Songs, Books at Stake; Supreme Court " +"Hears Arguments Today on Striking Down Copyright Extension,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Orlando Sentinel Tribune</citetitle>, 9 October 2002." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du vil se david g. savage, \"high court scene av showdown pÃ¥ lov om " +"opphavsrett\" los angeles times, 6 oktober 2002; David streitfeld, " +"\"klassiske filmer, sanger, bøker pÃ¥ spill; Høyesterett hører argumenter i " +"dag pÃ¥ støtning ned opphavsrett forlengelsen,\"orlando sentinel tribune, 9 " +"oktober 2002." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lucky Dog, The" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " +"owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " +"beneficiary of the Bono Act. The Laurel and Hardy films were made between " +"1921 and 1951. Only one of these films, <citetitle>The Lucky Dog</" +"citetitle>, is currently out of copyright. But for the CTEA, films made " +"after 1923 would have begun entering the public domain. Because Agee " +"controls the exclusive rights for these popular films, he makes a great deal " +"of money. According to one estimate, <quote>Roach has sold about 60,000 " +"videocassettes and 50,000 DVDs of the duo's silent films.</" +"quote><placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " +"culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " +"the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act will, if left standing, destroy " +"a whole generation of American film." +msgstr "" +"ennÃ¥ imot agee ctea. hans grunner demonstrere en sjelden dyd i denne " +"kulturen: selflessness. Han hevdet i en kort før Høyesterett at sonny bono " +"opphavsrett begrepet filtypen act vil, hvis stÃ¥ stÃ¥ende, ødelegge en hel " +"generasjon av american film." + +#. PAGE BREAK 231 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " +"continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " +"all—sits in vaults gathering dust. It may be that some of this work " +"not now commercially valuable will be deemed to be valuable by the owners of " +"the vaults. For this to occur, however, the commercial benefit from the work " +"must exceed the costs of making the work available for distribution." +msgstr "" +"hans argument er enkelt. en liten brøkdel av dette arbeidet har noen " +"vedvarende kommersiell verdi. resten—i den grad det er blitt bevart pÃ¥ " +"alle—sitter i vaults samle støv. Det kan være at noe av dette arbeidet " +"ikke nÃ¥ kommersielt verdifull, anses for Ã¥ være verdifulle av eierne av " +"vaults. for at dette skal skje, men mÃ¥ kommersiell fordel fra arbeidet " +"overskride kostnadene ved Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet tilgjengelig for distribusjon." + +#. f12. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " +"Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</" +"citetitle>, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See also Brief of Amicus " +"Curiae filed on behalf of Petitioners by the Internet Archive, " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, available " +"at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #53</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " +"of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " +"technology has lowered these costs substantially. While it cost more than " +"$10,000 to restore a ninety-minute black-and-white film in 1993, it can now " +"cost as little as $100 to digitize one hour of mm film.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " +"Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " +"addition to preserving the film, a distributor needs to secure the rights. " +"And to secure the rights for a film that is under copyright, you need to " +"locate the copyright owner." +msgstr "" +"restaurering teknologien er ikke den eneste kostnaden, og heller ikke det " +"viktigste. advokater, er ogsÃ¥ en kostnad, og i økende grad, en meget " +"betydelig ettall. i tillegg til bevare filmen, mÃ¥ en distributør Ã¥ sikre " +"rettighetene. og for Ã¥ sikre rettighetene for en film som er under " +"opphavsrett, du trenger Ã¥ finne eieren av opphavsretten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " +"only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " +"a single person whom you can contact about those copyrights; there are as " +"many as can hold the rights, which turns out to be an extremely large " +"number. Thus the costs of clearing the rights to these films is " +"exceptionally high." +msgstr "" +"eller mer nøyaktig, eiere. som vi har sett, det er ikke bare en enkelt " +"copyright tilknyttet en film; Det er mange. Det er ikke en eneste person " +"hvem du kan kontakte om måte av opphavsrettighetene; Det er sÃ¥ mange som " +"kan holde rettigheter, som viser seg for Ã¥ være et svært stort tall. dermed " +"kostnadene ved Ã¥ fjerne rettighetene til disse filmene er usedvanlig høy." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " +"copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " +"felony. And even if you're not worried about committing a felony, when she " +"does show up, she'll have the right to sue you for all the profits you have " +"made. So, if you're successful, you can be fairly confident you'll be " +"getting a call from someone's lawyer. And if you're not successful, you " +"won't make enough to cover the costs of your own lawyer. Either way, you " +"have to talk to a lawyer. And as is too often the case, saying you have to " +"talk to a lawyer is the same as saying you won't make any money." +msgstr "" +"\"men ikke kan du bare gjenopprette filmen, distribuere den, og deretter " +"betale eieren av opphavsretten nÃ¥r hun viser?\" sikker, hvis du vil utføre " +"en forbrytelse. og selv om din ikke ' bekymret nÃ¥r hun viser, begÃ¥r du en " +"forbrytelse, hun vil ha rett til Ã¥ saksøke deg for alle fortjeneste du har " +"gjort. sÃ¥, hvis du lykkes, du kan være ganske sikker pÃ¥ at du fÃ¥r et anrop " +"fra noens advokat. og hvis du ikke er vellykket, kan du gjøre ikke nok til Ã¥ " +"dekke kostnadene for din egen advokat. Uansett, du har Ã¥ snakke med en " +"advokat. og som for ofte er tilfellet, sier du har til Ã¥ snakke med en " +"advokat er det samme som Ã¥ si du ikke gjøre noen penger." + +#. PAGE BREAK 232 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " +"costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " +"outweigh the legal costs. Thus, for the vast majority of old films, Agee " +"argued, the film will not be restored and distributed until the copyright " +"expires." +msgstr "" +"for noen filmer, kan fordelen av Ã¥ slippe filmen godt overskride disse " +"kostnadene. men for de aller fleste av dem, det er ikke mulig nytte ville " +"oppveier saksomkostninger. SÃ¥ledes, for de aller fleste av gamle filmer, " +"agee hevdet, filmen vil ikke bli restaurert og distribuert til opphavsretten " +"utløper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " +"expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " +"dissolves over time. They will be gone, and the metal canisters in which " +"they are now stored will be filled with nothing more than dust." +msgstr "" +"men da opphavsretten for disse filmene utløper, vil filmen har utløpt. disse " +"filmene ble produsert pÃ¥ nitrat-basert lager, og nitrat lager oppløser over " +"tid. de vil være borte, og metall canisters der de er nÃ¥ lagret bli fylt med " +"noe mer enn støv." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " +"continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " +"crucially important legal device. For that tiny fraction, the copyright " +"creates incentives to produce and distribute the creative work. For that " +"tiny fraction, the copyright acts as an <quote>engine of free expression.</" +"quote>" +msgstr "" +"av alle kreative arbeidet produsert av mennesker overalt, har en liten " +"brøkdel fortsetter kommersiell verdi. for at liten brøkdel er opphavsretten " +"en svært viktig juridisk enhet. for at liten brøkdel oppretter opphavsretten " +"incentiver til Ã¥ produsere og distribuere skapende arbeid. for at liten " +"brøkdel fungerer opphavsretten som en \"motoren i fri ytring.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " +"work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " +"go out of print within one year. The same is true of music and film. " +"Commercial culture is sharklike. It must keep moving. And when a creative " +"work falls out of favor with the commercial distributors, the commercial " +"life ends." +msgstr "" +"men selv for at liten brøkdel, den faktiske tiden da skapende arbeid har en " +"kommersiell levetid er ekstremt kort. som jeg har angitt, vil de fleste " +"bøker gÃ¥ ut av Skriv ut innen ett Ã¥r. det samme gjelder av musikk og film. " +"kommersielle kultur er sharklike. Det mÃ¥ bevege. og nÃ¥r en skapende arbeid " +"faller ut av tjeneste med kommersielle distributører, kommersiell levetid " +"slutter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " +"libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " +"have archives of films because we expect people to choose between spending " +"Friday night watching new movies and spending Friday night watching a 1930 " +"news documentary. The noncommercial life of culture is important and " +"valuable—for entertainment but also, and more importantly, for " +"knowledge. To understand who we are, and where we came from, and how we have " +"made the mistakes that we have, we need to have access to this history." +msgstr "" +"Det betyr ennÃ¥ ikke livet av endene skapende arbeid. vi holde ikke " +"biblioteker av bøker for Ã¥ konkurrere med barnes & noble, og vi har ikke " +"arkiver av filmer fordi forventer vi folk til Ã¥ velge mellom utgifter fredag " +"kveld Ã¥ se nye filmer og utgifter fredag kveld Ã¥ se en 1930 nyheter " +"dokumentar. ikke-kommersiell livet av kultur er viktig og verdifull—" +"for underholdning men ogsÃ¥, og enda viktigere, for kunnskap. for Ã¥ forstÃ¥ " +"hvem vi er, og der vi kom fra, og hvordan vi har gjort feil som vi har, " +"trenger vi Ã¥ ha tilgang til denne historien." + +#. PAGE BREAK 233 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " +"this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " +"context do no good." +msgstr "" +"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten Kjør ikke en motor gratis " +"uttrykksmÃ¥ter. i denne sammenheng er det ikke behov for en eksklusiv rett. " +"opphavsrettigheter i denne konteksten ikke nytter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " +"history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " +"<emphasis>copyright-related use</emphasis> that would be inhibited by an " +"exclusive right. When a book went out of print, you could not buy it from a " +"publisher. But you could still buy it from a used book store, and when a " +"used book store sells it, in America, at least, there is no need to pay the " +"copyright owner anything. Thus, the ordinary use of a book after its " +"commercial life ended was a use that was independent of copyright law." +msgstr "" +"Likevel, for det meste av vÃ¥r historie, de ogsÃ¥ gjorde lite skade. for de " +"fleste av vÃ¥r historie, nÃ¥r et arbeid endte sin kommersielle liv, var det " +"ingen copyright-relaterte bruk som ville være inhibited med en eksklusiv " +"rett. NÃ¥r en bok gikk ut av print, kan du ikke kjøpe det fra en utgiver. men " +"du kan fortsatt kjøpe den fra brukt boka store, og nÃ¥r brukt boka store " +"selger den, i Amerika, minst, det er ikke nødvendig Ã¥ betale eieren av " +"opphavsretten noe. dermed var vanlig bruk av en bok etter sin kommersiell " +"levetid avsluttet en bruk som var uavhengig av lov om opphavsrett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " +"film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " +"it was never at all feasible to preserve or restore film. Like the remains " +"of a great dinner, when it's over, it's over. Once a film passed out of its " +"commercial life, it may have been archived for a bit, but that was the end " +"of its life so long as the market didn't have more to offer." +msgstr "" +"det samme var effektivt sant av film. fordi kostnadene for Ã¥ gjenopprette en " +"film—den virkelige økonomiske kostnader, ikke advokat kostnadene—" +"var sÃ¥ høyt, det var aldri i det hele tatt mulig Ã¥ beholde eller " +"gjenopprette filmen. som restene av en stor middag, nÃ¥r det er over, er " +"over. NÃ¥r en film gikk ut av sine kommersielle livet, det kan ha blitt " +"arkivert for litt, men det var slutten av sitt liv sÃ¥ lenge markedet ikke " +"har mer Ã¥ tilby." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " +"history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " +"their commercial value. Long copyrights for these works would not have " +"interfered with anything." +msgstr "" +"med andre ord, om copyright har vært relativt kort for mesteparten av vÃ¥r " +"historie, ville ikke lang opphavsrett ha mattered for arbeider som mistet " +"sin kommersiell verdi. lang opphavsretten for disse arbeider ville ikke har " +"interfered med noe." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "But this situation has now changed." +msgstr "men denne situasjonen er nÃ¥ endret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " +"is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " +"technologies now make it possible to preserve and give access to all sorts " +"of knowledge. Once a book goes out of print, we can now imagine digitizing " +"it and making it available to everyone, forever. Once a film goes out of " +"distribution, we could digitize it and make it available to everyone, " +"forever. Digital technologies give new life to copyrighted material after it " +"passes out of its commercial life. It is now possible to preserve and assure " +"universal access to this knowledge and culture, whereas before it was not." +msgstr "" +"en svært viktig konsekvens av fremveksten av digital teknologi er Ã¥ aktivere " +"arkivet at brewster kahle drømmer om. Digital teknologi gjør det nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ " +"bevare og gi tilgang til alle slags kunnskap. NÃ¥r en bok gÃ¥r ute av print, " +"kan vi nÃ¥ forestille digitalisere det og gjøre den tilgjengelig for alle, " +"evig. NÃ¥r en film gÃ¥r ut av distribusjon, kunne vi digitalisere det og gjøre " +"den tilgjengelig for alle, evig. Digital teknologi gi nytt liv til " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale nÃ¥r den sender ut av sin kommersiell " +"levetid. Det er nÃ¥ mulig Ã¥ bevare og forsikrer særlige til denne kunnskap og " +"kultur, mens før det ikke var." + +#. PAGE BREAK 234 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " +"digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " +"copyright. To digitize a book is to copy it. To do that requires permission " +"of the copyright owner. The same with music, film, or any other aspect of " +"our culture protected by copyright. The effort to make these things " +"available to history, or to researchers, or to those who just want to " +"explore, is now inhibited by a set of rules that were written for a " +"radically different context." +msgstr "" +"og nÃ¥ lov om opphavsrett komme i veien. hvert trinn for Ã¥ produsere denne " +"digitalt arkiv av vÃ¥r kultur krenker pÃ¥ eksklusive rett er copyright. Hvis " +"du vil digitalisere en bok er Ã¥ kopiere den. Hvis du vil gjøre som krever " +"tillatelse fra eieren av opphavsretten. det samme med musikk, film eller " +"noen andre aspekter av vÃ¥r kultur som er beskyttet av opphavsrett. innsatsen " +"for Ã¥ gjøre disse tingene tilgjengelig til historien, forskere, eller til de " +"som ønsker Ã¥ utforske, er nÃ¥ inhibited med et sett med regler som ble " +"skrevet for en radikalt annen sammenheng." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " +"technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " +"the way. And it doesn't get in the way for any useful <emphasis>copyright</" +"emphasis> purpose, for the purpose of copyright is to enable the commercial " +"market that spreads culture. No, we are talking about culture after it has " +"lived its commercial life. In this context, copyright is serving no purpose " +"<emphasis>at all</emphasis> related to the spread of knowledge. In this " +"context, copyright is not an engine of free expression. Copyright is a brake." +msgstr "" +"Her er kjernen av skade kommer fra utvide vilkÃ¥r: nÃ¥ som teknologi gjør det " +"mulig for oss Ã¥ gjenoppbygge biblioteket i alexandria, loven kommer i veien. " +"og det ikke komme i veien for nyttig opphavsrett formÃ¥l, med det formÃ¥l Ã¥ " +"copyright er Ã¥ aktivere det kommersielle markedet som sprer kultur. Nei, vi " +"snakker om kultur etter at det har bodd sin kommersiell levetid. i denne " +"sammenhengen er copyright serverer ingen formÃ¥l pÃ¥ alle relatert til " +"spredning av kunnskap. i denne sammenheng er copyright ikke en motor gratis " +"uttrykksmÃ¥ter. Copyright er en brems." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " +"Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " +"won't Random House do as well as Brewster Kahle in spreading culture widely?" +"</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Du kan ogsÃ¥ spørre, \"men hvis digital teknologi lavere kostnader for " +"brewster kahle, deretter de vil lavere kostnader for random house, ogsÃ¥. sÃ¥ " +"ikke random house gjøre samt brewster kahle i Ã¥ spre kultur allment?\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " +"publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " +"to lend books from its stores for a low price, would that eliminate the need " +"for libraries? Only if you think that the only role of a library is to serve " +"what <quote>the market</quote> would demand. But if you think the role of a " +"library is bigger than this—if you think its role is to archive " +"culture, whether there's a demand for any particular bit of that culture or " +"not—then we can't count on the commercial market to do our library " +"work for us." +msgstr "" +"kanskje. en dag. men det er absolutt ingen bevis som tyder pÃ¥ at utgivere " +"ville være sÃ¥ fullstendig som biblioteker. Hvis barnes & noble tilbudt Ã¥ " +"lÃ¥ne bøker fra sine butikker for en lav pris, ville som eliminerer behovet " +"for biblioteker? bare hvis du mener at et bibliotek eneste rolle er Ã¥ tjene " +"\"markedet\" ville kreve. men hvis du tror rollen til et bibliotek er større " +"enn dette—hvis du tror sin rolle er Ã¥ arkivere kultur, om det er en " +"etterspørsel etter en bestemt bit av denne kulturen eller ikke— sÃ¥ vi " +"ikke stole pÃ¥ det kommersielle markedet Ã¥ gjøre arbeidet vÃ¥rt bibliotek for " +"oss." + +#. f13. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " +#| "December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #54</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " +"20 December 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #54</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " +"December 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #54</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " +"rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " +"message is absolutely not antimarket. But where we see the market is not " +"doing the job, then we should allow nonmarket forces the freedom to fill the " +"gaps. As one researcher calculated for American culture, 94 percent of the " +"films, books, and music produced between and 1946 is not commercially " +"available. However much you love the commercial market, if access is a " +"value, then 6 percent is a failure to provide that value.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " +"district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " +"Bono Copyright Term Extension Act unconstitutional. The two central claims " +"that we made were (1) that extending existing terms violated the " +"Constitution's <quote>limited Times</quote> requirement, and (2) that " +"extending terms by another twenty years violated the First Amendment." +msgstr "" +"i januar 1999 anlagt vi en sak pÃ¥ eric eldred vegne i federal district court " +"i washington, DC, spør domstolen Ã¥ erklære sonny bono opphavsrett begrepet " +"forlengelse loven unconstitutional. to sentrale krav som vi gjorde var (1) " +"at utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene krenket av Grunnloven \"begrenset ganger\" " +"krav, og (2) at utvide vilkÃ¥rene ved en annen tjue Ã¥r krenket first endring." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " +"panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " +"claims, though after hearing an extensive argument. But that decision at " +"least had a dissent, by one of the most conservative judges on that court. " +"That dissent gave our claims life." +msgstr "" +"district court avvist pÃ¥stander om vÃ¥re uten Ã¥ selv høre et argument. et " +"panel av court of appeals for DC-kretsen ogsÃ¥ oppsagt vÃ¥re krav, men etter " +"høre et omfattende argument. men at beslutningen hadde minst en dissens, av " +"en av de mest konservative dommerne pÃ¥ at domstolen. at ga dissens livet " +"vÃ¥rt krav." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " +"be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " +"was simple: If Congress can extend existing terms, then there is no " +"<quote>stopping point</quote> to Congress's power under the Copyright " +"Clause. The power to extend existing terms means Congress is not required to " +"grant terms that are <quote>limited.</quote> Thus, Judge Sentelle argued, " +"the court had to interpret the term <quote>limited Times</quote> to give it " +"meaning. And the best interpretation, Judge Sentelle argued, would be to " +"deny Congress the power to extend existing terms." +msgstr "" +"dommer david sentelle sa ctea brutt kravet opphavsrett være for \"begrenset " +"ganger\" bare. hans argument var like elegant som den var enkel: Hvis " +"Kongressen kan utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r, sÃ¥ det er ingen \"stoppe poeng\" " +"til Kongressens makten under opphavsrett-setningsdel. strøm for Ã¥ forlenge " +"eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene betyr Kongressen ikke er nødvendig Ã¥ gi vilkÃ¥rene at " +"er \"begrenset.\" derfor dømme sentelle hevdet, domstolen hadde Ã¥ tolke " +"begrepet \"begrenset ganger\" Ã¥ gi den mening. og beste tolkningen, dommer " +"sentelle hevdet, ville være Ã¥ nekte Kongressen makt til Ã¥ utvide " +"eksisterende vilkÃ¥r." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " +"case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " +"cases or cases that raise issues specific to the circuit as a whole, where " +"the court will sit <quote>en banc</quote> to hear the case." +msgstr "" +"vi spurte court of appeals for DC-kretsen som helhet Ã¥ høre tilfelle. " +"tilfeller er vanligvis hørt i paneler med tre, med unntak av viktige saker " +"eller tilfeller som øke problemer som er spesifikke for kretsen som helhet, " +"der domstolen skal sitte \"no banc\" for Ã¥ høre tilfelle." + +#. PAGE BREAK 236 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " +"time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the D.C. " +"Circuit, Judge David Tatel. Both the most conservative and the most liberal " +"judges in the D.C. Circuit believed Congress had overstepped its bounds." +msgstr "" +"lagmannsrett avvist vÃ¥r anmodning om Ã¥ høre case no banc. Denne gangen " +"vurdere sentelle ble med seg mest liberale medlem av DC-krets, bedømme david " +"tatel. bÃ¥de den mest konservative og mest liberale dommere i DC-krets mente " +"Kongressen hadde overstepped sin grensene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " +"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " +"hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it " +"practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other " +"court has yet reviewed the statute." +msgstr "" +"Det var her at de fleste forventet eldred v. ashcroft ville dø, for " +"Høyesterett vurderinger sjelden noen avgjørelse av en domstol i appeller. " +"(det hører rundt hundre tilfeller et Ã¥r, ut av mer enn fem tusen appeller.) " +"og det praktisk talt aldri vurderinger en beslutning som opprettholder en " +"vedtekt nÃ¥r ingen andre domstolen har gjennomgÃ¥tt vedtektene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " +"petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " +"2002. The summer would be spent writing briefs and preparing for argument." +msgstr "" +"men i februar 2002, Høyesterett overrasket verden ved Ã¥ gi vÃ¥r " +"underskriftskampanje for Ã¥ gÃ¥ gjennom DC krets oppfatning. argumentet ble " +"satt for oktober 2002. sommeren ville være utbrent skrive truser og " +"forberede for argumentet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " +"hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " +"the appeal. And if you know something more than just the minimum, you " +"probably think there was no way this case could have been won. After our " +"defeat, I received literally thousands of missives by well-wishers and " +"supporters, thanking me for my work on behalf of this noble but doomed " +"cause. And none from this pile was more significant to me than the e-mail " +"from my client, Eric Eldred." +msgstr "" +"Det er over et Ã¥r senere som jeg skriver disse ordene. Det er fortsatt " +"astonishingly vanskelig. Hvis du vet noe om denne historien, vet du at vi " +"mistet appell. og hvis du vet noe mer enn bare minste, du tror sannsynligvis " +"det var ingen mÃ¥te dette tilfellet kunne ha blitt vunnet. etter vÃ¥rt " +"nederlag fikk jeg bokstavelig talt tusenvis av missives ved godt wishers og " +"støttespillere, takke meg for mitt arbeid pÃ¥ vegne av denne edle men dømt " +"Ã¥rsaken. og ingen fra jordhaugen var mer betydelig for meg enn e-post fra " +"min klient, eric eldred." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been won. " +"It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this story " +"to myself, I can never escape believing that my own mistake lost it." +msgstr "" +"Men min klient og disse vennene tok feil. Denne saken kunne vært vunnet. Det " +"burde ha vært vunnet. Og uansett hvor hardt jeg prøver Ã¥ fortelle den " +"historien til meg selv, kan jeg aldri unnslippe troen pÃ¥ at det er min feil " +"at vi ikke vant." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" +msgstr "Steward, Geoffrey" + +#. PAGE BREAK 237 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very end. " +"Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " +"lawyer, Geoffrey Stewart, and by the law firm he had moved to, Jones, Day, " +"Reavis and Pogue. Jones Day took a great deal of heat from its copyright-" +"protectionist clients for supporting us. They ignored this pressure " +"(something that few law firms today would ever do), and throughout the case, " +"they gave it everything they could." +msgstr "" +"Feil ble gjort tidlig, skjønt den ble først Ã¥penbart pÃ¥ slutten. VÃ¥r sak " +"hadde støtte hos en ekstraordinær advokat, Geoffrey Stewart, helt fra " +"starten, og hos advokatfirmaet hadde han flyttet til, Jones, Day, Reavis og " +"Pogue. Jones Day mottok mye press fra sine opphavsrettsbeskyttende klienter " +"pÃ¥ grunn av sin støtte til oss. De ignorert dette presset (noe veldig fÃ¥ " +"advokatfirmaer noen sinne ville gjøre), og ga alt de hadde gjennom hele " +"saken." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Ayer, Don" +msgstr "Ayer, Don" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bromberg, Dan" +msgstr "Bromberg, Dan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart " +#| "was the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " +#| "Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case " +#| "would be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could " +#| "make the issue seem \"important\" to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as " +#| "if dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; " +#| "otherwise, they would never vote against \"the most powerful media " +#| "companies in the world.\"" +msgid "" +"There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " +"the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite involved. " +"Bromberg and Ayer in particular had a common view about how this case would " +"be won: We would only win, they repeatedly told me, if we could make the " +"issue seem <quote>important</quote> to the Supreme Court. It had to seem as " +"if dramatic harm were being done to free speech and free culture; otherwise, " +"they would never vote against <quote>the most powerful media companies in " +"the world.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det var tre viktige advokater pÃ¥ saken fra Jones DaY. Geoff Stewart var den " +"først, men siden ble Dan Bromberg og Don Ayer ganske involvert. Bromberg og " +"Ayer spesielt hadde en felles oppfatning om hvordan denne saken ville bli " +"vunnet: vi ville bare vinne, fortalte de gjentatte ganger til meg, hvis vi " +"fÃ¥ problemet til Ã¥ virke \"viktig\" for Høyesterett. Det mÃ¥tte synes som om " +"dramatisk skade ble gjort til ytringsfriheten og fri kultur, ellers ville de " +"aldri stemt mot \"de mektigste mediaselskapene i verden\"." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " +"dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " +"is. But the idea that the Supreme Court decides the law based on how " +"important they believe the issues are is just wrong. It might be " +"<quote>right</quote> as in <quote>true,</quote> I thought, but it is " +"<quote>wrong</quote> as in <quote>it just shouldn't be that way.</quote> As " +"I believed that any faithful interpretation of what the framers of our " +"Constitution did would yield the conclusion that the CTEA was " +"unconstitutional, and as I believed that any faithful interpretation of what " +"the First Amendment means would yield the conclusion that the power to " +"extend existing copyright terms is unconstitutional, I was not persuaded " +"that we had to sell our case like soap. Just as a law that bans the " +"swastika is unconstitutional not because the Court likes Nazis but because " +"such a law would violate the Constitution, so too, in my view, would the " +"Court decide whether Congress's law was constitutional based on the " +"Constitution, not based on whether they liked the values that the framers " +"put in the Constitution." +msgstr "" +"Jeg hater dette synet pÃ¥ loven. Selvfølgelig trodde jeg Sonny Bono-loven var " +"en dramatisk skade pÃ¥ ytringsfriheten og fri kultur. Selvfølgelig tror jeg " +"fortsatt dette. Men idéen om at Høyesterett bestemmer loven basert pÃ¥ hvor " +"viktig de tror problemene er er bare galt. Det kan være \"riktig\" som i " +"\"sann,\" jeg tenkte, men det er \"galt\" som i \"det bare bør ikke være den " +"mÃ¥ten.\" som jeg mente at alle trofaste tolkning av forfatterne av vÃ¥r " +"grunnlov gjorde gi konklusjonen at ctea var forfatningsstridig, og som jeg " +"mente at alle trofaste tolkning av hva den første endring betyr ville gi " +"konklusjonen som strøm for Ã¥ forlenge eksisterende opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene er " +"unconstitutionalJeg var ikke overbevist om at vi mÃ¥tte selge vÃ¥rt tilfelle " +"som sÃ¥pe. akkurat som en lov som forbud swastika er unconstitutional ikke " +"fordi retten liker nazistene, men fordi slik lov ville bryte Grunnloven, sÃ¥ " +"ogsÃ¥, i min mening, ville domstol bestemmer om congress's lov var " +"konstitusjonelle basert pÃ¥ Grunnloven, ikke basert pÃ¥ om de likte verdiene " +"som underskrev de innlegge Grunnloven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " +"caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " +"reason to hear the case in the Supreme Court if they weren't convinced that " +"this regulation was harmful. So in my view, we didn't need to persuade them " +"that this law was bad, we needed to show why it was unconstitutional." +msgstr "" +"Uansett, jeg tenkte, domstolen mÃ¥ allerede se faren og skade som skyldes " +"denne typen lov. Hvorfor ville de gir gjennomgang? Det var ingen grunn Ã¥ " +"høre tilfelle i Høyesterett hvis de ikke var overbevist om at denne " +"reguleringen var skadelig. sÃ¥ etter min mening, vi ikke trenger Ã¥ overtale " +"dem at denne loven var ille, vi trengte Ã¥ vise hvorfor det var " +"forfatningsstridig." + +#. PAGE BREAK 238 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " +"which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " +"would not hear our arguments if it thought these were just the arguments of " +"a group of lefty loons. This Supreme Court was not about to launch into a " +"new field of judicial review if it seemed that this field of review was " +"simply the preference of a small political minority. Although my focus in " +"the case was not to demonstrate how bad the Sonny Bono Act was but to " +"demonstrate that it was unconstitutional, my hope was to make this argument " +"against a background of briefs that covered the full range of political " +"views. To show that this claim against the CTEA was grounded in " +"<emphasis>law</emphasis> and not politics, then, we tried to gather the " +"widest range of credible critics—credible not because they were rich " +"and famous, but because they, in the aggregate, demonstrated that this law " +"was unconstitutional regardless of one's politics." +msgstr "" +"Det var en mÃ¥te, men i som jeg følte politikk ville saken og som jeg trodde " +"et svar var riktig. Jeg var overbevist om at domstolen ikke ville høre vÃ¥re " +"argumenter Hvis det trodde disse var bare argumentene i en gruppe av lefty " +"loons. Denne Høyesterett var ikke om Ã¥ lansere i et nytt felt med juridisk " +"vurdering Hvis det syntes at dette feltet av nytt var bare preferanse av et " +"lite politisk mindretall. Selv om mitt fokus i tilfelle var ikke til Ã¥ " +"demonstrere hvor ille sonny bono handle var, men for Ã¥ demonstrere at det " +"var forfatningsstridig, mitt hÃ¥p var Ã¥ gjøre dette argumentet mot et " +"bakteppe av truser som dekket hele spekteret av politiske synspunkter. Ã¥ " +"vise at denne pÃ¥standen mot ctea ble jordet i loven og ikke politikk, sÃ¥ vi " +"prøvde Ã¥ samle sÃ¥ mange søkeordresultater troverdig kritikere—" +"troverdig ikke fordi de var rike og berømte, men fordi de, i samlet, vist at " +"denne loven var forfatningsstridig uavhengig av ens politikk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Eagle Forum" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" +msgstr "Schlafly, Phyllis" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " +"Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. Mrs. " +"Schlafly viewed the CTEA as a sellout by Congress. In November 1998, she " +"wrote a stinging editorial attacking the Republican Congress for allowing " +"the law to pass. As she wrote, <quote>Do you sometimes wonder why bills that " +"create a financial windfall to narrow special interests slide easily through " +"the intricate legislative process, while bills that benefit the general " +"public seem to get bogged down?</quote> The answer, as the editorial " +"documented, was the power of money. Schlafly enumerated Disney's " +"contributions to the key players on the committees. It was money, not " +"justice, that gave Mickey Mouse twenty more years in Disney's control, " +"Schlafly argued. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"det første trinnet skjedde alt av seg selv. Phyllis schlafly organisasjon, " +"eagle forum, hadde vært motstander av ctea fra begynnelsen. Mrs. schlafly " +"sett ctea som en sellout av Kongressen. i november 1998 skrev hun en " +"stinging redaksjonelle angripe det republikanske Kongressen for Ã¥ la loven " +"skjedde. som hun skrev, \"noen ganger lurer du hvorfor regninger som " +"oppretter en finansiell nedfallsfrukt for Ã¥ begrense spesielle interesser " +"skyv lett gjennom den intrikate lovgivende prosessen, mens regninger at " +"fordelen allmennheten synes Ã¥ komme bogged ned?\", som de redaksjonelle " +"dokumentert, var svaret strømmen av penger. schlafly nummerert disney's " +"bidrag til sentrale aktører pÃ¥ komiteene. Det var penger, ikke " +"rettferdighet, som ga Mikke Mus tjue Ã¥r i disney's kontroll, schlafly hevdet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " +"our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " +"the Supreme Court: If Congress can extend the term of existing copyrights, " +"there is no limit to Congress's power to set terms. That strong " +"conservative argument persuaded a strong conservative judge, Judge Sentelle." +msgstr "" +"i lagmannsrett var eagle forum ivrig etter Ã¥ inngi en kort som støtter vÃ¥r " +"posisjon. sine kort gjort argumentet om at ble kjernen kravet i Høyesterett: " +"Hvis Kongressen kan forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, det er ingen " +"grense for Kongressens makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. som sterkt konservativ " +"argumentet overtalt en sterk konservative dommer, dommer sentelle." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " +"gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " +"Foundation (home of the GNU project that made GNU/ Linux possible). They " +"included a powerful brief about the costs of uncertainty by Intel. There " +"were two law professors' briefs, one by copyright scholars and one by First " +"Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the " +"world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there " +"was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "National Writers Union" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " +"there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " +"the Internet Archive, the American Association of Law Libraries, and the " +"National Writers Union. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"disse truser innrammet et juridisk argument. deretter for Ã¥ støtte " +"argumentet juridiske, var det en rekke kraftige truser av biblioteker og " +"arkiver, inkludert internet archive, american association av loven " +"biblioteker og den nasjonale forfattere unionen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " +"already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " +"was struck, a whole generation of American film would disappear. The other " +"made the economic argument absolutely clear." +msgstr "" +"men to truser fanget argumentet policyen best. en gjort argumentet jeg har " +"allerede beskrevet: en kort av hal mort studios hevdet at med mindre loven " +"ble truffet, en hel generasjon av american film ville forsvinne. den andre " +"gjort argumentet økonomiske helt klart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Akerlof, George" +msgstr "Akerlof, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" +msgstr "Arrow, Kenneth" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Buchanan, James" +msgstr "Buchanan, James" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Coase, Ronald" +msgstr "Coase, Ronald" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Friedman, Milton" +msgstr "Friedman, Milton" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " +"Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " +"Friedman, Kenneth Arrow, and George Akerlof. The economists, as the list of " +"Nobel winners demonstrates, spanned the political spectrum. Their " +"conclusions were powerful: There was no plausible claim that extending the " +"terms of existing copyrights would do anything to increase incentives to " +"create. Such extensions were nothing more than <quote>rent-seeking</" +"quote>—the fancy term economists use to describe special-interest " +"legislation gone wild." +msgstr "" +"Denne økonomer kort ble signert av sytten økonomer, inkludert fem " +"Nobelprisen vinnerne, inkludert ronald Coases, james buchanan, milton " +"friedman, kenneth pilen og george akerlof. økonomer, spredte som viser " +"listen over nobel vinnere, det politiske spektret. deres konklusjoner var " +"kraftig: det var ingen sannsynlig hevder at utvide vilkÃ¥rene i eksisterende " +"opphavsrettigheter ville gjøre noe for Ã¥ øke insentiver til Ã¥ opprette. " +"slike utvidelser var ingenting mer enn \"leie-søker\"—fancy sikt " +"økonomer bruk Ã¥ beskrive spesielle interesser lovgivning gone wild." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fried, Charles" +msgstr "Fried, Charles" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Morrison, Alan" +msgstr "Morrison, Alan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Public Citizen" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Reagan, Ronald" +msgstr "Reagan, Ronald" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " +"write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " +"the start. But when the case got to the Supreme Court, we added three " +"lawyers to help us frame this argument to this Court: Alan Morrison, a " +"lawyer from Public Citizen, a Washington group that had made constitutional " +"history with a series of seminal victories in the Supreme Court defending " +"individual rights; my colleague and dean, Kathleen Sullivan, who had argued " +"many cases in the Court, and who had advised us early on about a First " +"Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" +"samme innsats pÃ¥ balanse ble reflektert i det juridiske teamet vi samles for " +"Ã¥ skrive vÃ¥re truser i tilfelle. jones dag advokater hadde blitt med oss fra " +"starten. men da saken kom til Høyesterett, vi har lagt tre advokater for Ã¥ " +"hjelpe oss ramme dette argumentet til denne retten: alan morrison, en " +"advokat fra offentlige borger, en washington gruppe som hadde gjort " +"konstitusjonelle historie med en rekke banebrytende seire i Høyesterett " +"forsvare rettigheter; Min kollega og dean, kathleen sullivan, som hadde " +"hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en " +"første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " +"general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " +"companies the special favor of extended copyright terms. Fried was the only " +"one who turned down that lucrative assignment to stand up for something he " +"believed in. He had been Ronald Reagan's chief lawyer in the Supreme Court. " +"He had helped craft the line of cases that limited Congress's power in the " +"context of the Commerce Clause. And while he had argued many positions in " +"the Supreme Court that I personally disagreed with, his joining the cause " +"was a vote of confidence in our argument. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"stekt var en spesiell seier for vÃ¥r side. hver andre tidligere advokat " +"generelt ble ansatt av den andre siden, Ã¥ forsvare congress's kraft til Ã¥ gi " +"medieselskaper spesiell gunst utvidet opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene. stekt var den " +"eneste som slÃ¥tt ned lukrative tildelingen til Ã¥ stÃ¥ opp for noe han mente " +"i. han hadde vært ronald reagan's sjef advokat i Høyesterett. Han hadde " +"bidratt til Ã¥ skape linjen i tilfeller som begrenset Kongressens makt i " +"forbindelse med handel-setningsdel. og mens han hadde hevdet mange " +"posisjoner i Høyesterett som jeg personlig uenige med, hans begynte Ã¥rsaken " +"var en stemme av tilliten i vÃ¥r argumentet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " +"well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " +"historians or economists. The briefs on the other side of the case were " +"written exclusively by major media companies, congressmen, and copyright " +"holders." +msgstr "" +"regjeringen, i Ã¥ forsvare statutten, hadde sin samling av venner, ogsÃ¥. " +"betydelig, men ingen av disse \"vennene\" inkludert historikere eller " +"økonomer. truser pÃ¥ den andre siden av saken ble skrevet utelukkende av " +"store medieselskaper, congressmen og innehaver av opphavsrett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " +"law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " +"their power and, indirectly, the gravy train of contributions such power " +"induced. And of course it was not surprising that the copyright holders " +"would defend the idea that they should continue to have the right to control " +"who did what with content they wanted to control." +msgstr "" +"media selskapene var ikke overraskende. de har mest Ã¥ tjene pÃ¥ loven. " +"congressmen var ikke overraskende enten—de var Ã¥ forsvare sin makt, og " +"indirekte, Kjøttsaft tog av bidrag slik makt indusert. og selvfølgelig var " +"det ikke overraskende at rettighetshavere ville forsvare idéen om at de bør " +"fortsette Ã¥ ha rett til Ã¥ kontrollere hvem som gjorde hva med innhold de " +"ønsket Ã¥ kontroll." + +#. f14. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. " +"<citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." +msgstr "" +"kort av gikk dr. seuss enterprise et al., eldred v. ashcroft, 537 " +"amerikanske (2003) (nr 01-618), 19." + +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " +"Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " +"1998, B7." +msgstr "" +"dinitia smith, \"udødelig ord, udødelig royalties? selv Mikke Mus tiltrer " +"fray,\"new york times, 28 mars 1998, b7." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gershwin, George" +msgstr "Gershwin, George" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " +"Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " +"than allowing it to fall into the public domain—because if this " +"creativity were in the public domain, then people could use it to " +"<quote>glorify drugs or to create pornography.</quote><placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> That was also the motive of the Gershwin estate, " +"which defended its <quote>protection</quote> of the work of George Gershwin. " +"They refuse, for example, to license <citetitle>Porgy and Bess</citetitle> " +"to anyone who refuses to use African Americans in the cast.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> That's their view of how this part of American " +"culture should be controlled, and they wanted this law to help them effect " +"that control. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " +"When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " +"making a choice about which speakers it will favor. Famous and beloved " +"copyright owners, such as the Gershwin estate and Dr. Seuss, come to " +"Congress and say, <quote>Give us twenty years to control the speech about " +"these icons of American culture. We'll do better with them than anyone else." +"</quote> Congress of course likes to reward the popular and famous by giving " +"them what they want. But when Congress gives people an exclusive right to " +"speak in a certain way, that's just what the First Amendment is " +"traditionally meant to block." +msgstr "" +"Dette argumentet gjort klart et tema som er sjelden merke i denne debatten. " +"NÃ¥r Kongressen beslutter Ã¥ forlenge eksisterende opphavsrettigheter, gjør " +"Kongressen et valg om hvilke høyttalere det prioriteres. berømte og elskede " +"opphavsrett eiere, for eksempel gershwin eiendom og dr. seuss, komme til " +"Kongressen og si, \"gi oss tjue Ã¥r Ã¥ kontrollere tale om disse ikonene av " +"den amerikanske kulturen. Vi vil gjøre bedre med dem enn noen andre." +"\"Kongressen liker selvfølgelig Ã¥ belønne de populære og berømte ved Ã¥ gi " +"dem det de ønsker. men nÃ¥r Kongressen gir folk en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"snakke pÃ¥ en bestemt mÃ¥te, det er akkurat hva den første endringen er " +"tradisjonelt ment Ã¥ blokkere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " +"that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend copyrights—" +"extensions that would further concentrate the market; it would also mean " +"that there was no limit to Congress's power to play favorites, through " +"copyright, with who has the right to speak. Between February and October, " +"there was little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, " +"I set the strategy." +msgstr "" +"Vi hevdet sÃ¥ mye i en endelige kort. ikke bare vil opprettholde ctea bety at " +"det var ingen grense for strøm av Kongressen for Ã¥ forlenge " +"opphavsrett—utvidelser som ytterligere konsentrere seg markedet; det " +"vil ogsÃ¥ bety at det var ingen grense congress's kraft til Ã¥ spille " +"favoritter, gjennom opphavsrett, med som har rett til Ã¥ snakke. mellom " +"februar og oktober var det lite jeg gjorde utover forbereder for denne " +"saken. tidlig som jeg sa, satt jeg strategien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " +"<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the Rest.</" +"quote> The Conservatives included Chief Justice Rehnquist, Justice O'Connor, " +"Justice Scalia, Justice Kennedy, and Justice Thomas. These five had been the " +"most consistent in limiting Congress's power. They were the five who had " +"supported the <citetitle>Lopez/Morrison</citetitle> line of cases that said " +"that an enumerated power had to be interpreted to assure that Congress's " +"powers had limits." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Breyer, Stephen" +msgstr "Breyer, Stephen" + +#. PAGE BREAK 242 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " +"Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " +"Ginsburg, and Justice Breyer—had repeatedly argued that the " +"Constitution gives Congress broad discretion to decide how best to implement " +"its powers. In case after case, these justices had argued that the Court's " +"role should be one of deference. Though the votes of these four justices " +"were the votes that I personally had most consistently agreed with, they " +"were also the votes that we were least likely to get." +msgstr "" +"resten var fire justiariusene som hadde sterkt imot begrensninger pÃ¥ " +"Kongressens makt. disse fire—rettferdighet stevens, rettferdighet " +"souter, rettferdighet ginsburg og rettferdighet breyer—hadde gjentatte " +"ganger hevdet at grunnloven gir Kongressen bred skjønn Ã¥ bestemme hvordan du " +"best Ã¥ implementere sin myndighet. i sak etter sak, hadde disse to andre " +"justiariusene hevdet at retten rolle bør være en av deference. om stemmene " +"til disse fire justiariusene var stemmene som jeg personlig hadde mest " +"konsekvent avtalt med, var de ogsÃ¥ stemmene som vi var minst sannsynlig Ã¥ fÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " +"general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " +"involved), she had been particularly deferential in the context of " +"intellectual property protections. She and her daughter (an excellent and " +"well-known intellectual property scholar) were cut from the same " +"intellectual property cloth. We expected she would agree with the writings " +"of her daughter: that Congress had the power in this context to do as it " +"wished, even if what Congress wished made little sense." +msgstr "" +"spesielt var minst sannsynlig rettferdighet ginsburg. i tillegg til hennes " +"Generelt-visningen om deference Kongressen (unntatt der utgaver av kjønn er " +"involvert), hadde hun vært spesielt deferential i forbindelse med " +"beskyttelse av intellektuell eiendom. Hun og hennes datter (en glimrende og " +"velkjente immaterielle scholar) ble kuttet fra samme immaterielle klut. vi " +"ventet Hun vil være enig med skriftene til datteren: at Kongressen hadde " +"makt i denne sammenheng Ã¥ gjøre som det ønsket, selv om hva Kongressen " +"ønsket gjort lite fornuftig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " +"unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " +"deference to Congress, as did Justice Breyer. But both were also very " +"sensitive to free speech concerns. And as we strongly believed, there was a " +"very important free speech argument against these retrospective extensions." +msgstr "" +"Lukk bak rettferdighet ginsburg var to justiariusene hvem vi ogsÃ¥ sett pÃ¥ " +"som usannsynlig allierte, om mulig overraskelser. rettferdighet souter " +"favoriserte sterkt deference Kongressen, som gjorde rettferdighet breyer. " +"men begge var ogsÃ¥ svært sensitive til ytringsfriheten bekymringer. og som " +"vi sterkt mente, det var en svært viktig ytringsfriheten argument mot disse " +"retrospektiv utvidelser." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice Stevens. " +"History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges on this " +"Court. His votes are consistently eclectic, which just means that no simple " +"ideology explains where he will stand. But he had consistently argued for " +"limits in the context of intellectual property generally. We were fairly " +"confident he would recognize limits here." +msgstr "" +"den eneste stemme som vi kan være trygg pÃ¥ var at for rettferdighet stevens. " +"historie registrerer rettferdighet stevens som en av de største dommerne pÃ¥ " +"denne retten. hans stemmer er konsekvent variert, som betyr bare at ingen " +"enkel ideologi forklarer hvor han vil stÃ¥. men han hadde konsekvent " +"argumentert for grenser i forbindelse med immaterielle generelt. Vi var " +"ganske trygg pÃ¥ han ville anerkjenne grenser her." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " +"had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " +"these five and get at least a majority to go our way. Thus, the single " +"overriding argument that animated our claim rested on the Conservatives' " +"most important jurisprudential innovation—the argument that Judge " +"Sentelle had relied upon in the Court of Appeals, that Congress's power must " +"be interpreted so that its enumerated powers have limits." +msgstr "" +"Denne analysen av \"resten\" viste mest tydelig der vÃ¥rt fokus mÃ¥tte være: " +"pÃ¥ høyre. for Ã¥ vinne dette tilfellet, vi hadde Ã¥ sprekk Ã¥pne disse fem og " +"fÃ¥ minst et flertall Ã¥ gÃ¥ pÃ¥ vÃ¥r mÃ¥te. dermed enkelt overstyrende argument " +"som animert vÃ¥re krav hvilte pÃ¥ Høyres viktigste jurisprudential innovasjon " +"- argumentet at dommer sentelle hadde grunnlag i lagmannsrett, at " +"Kongressens makt mÃ¥ tolkes slik at dens nummerert kreftene har begrensninger." + +#. PAGE BREAK 243 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " +"responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, under the government's argument here, " +"Congress would always have unlimited power to extend existing terms. If " +"anything was plain about Congress's power under the Progress Clause, it was " +"that this power was supposed to be <quote>limited.</quote> Our aim would be " +"to get the Court to reconcile <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> with " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>: If Congress's power to regulate commerce was " +"limited, then so, too, must Congress's power to regulate copyright be " +"limited." +msgstr "" +"Dette var deretter kjernen i vÃ¥r strategi—en strategi som jeg er " +"ansvarlig. Vi ville fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ se at akkurat som du er med under " +"regjeringens argument her i tilfelle lopez, Kongressen ville alltid ha " +"ubegrenset makt til Ã¥ utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. Hvis noe var vanlig om " +"Kongressens makt under setningsdelen fremdrift, det var at dette makt var " +"ment for Ã¥ være \"begrenset.\" vÃ¥rt mÃ¥l vil være Ã¥ fÃ¥ retten Ã¥ avstemme " +"eldred med lopez: Hvis Kongressens makt til Ã¥ regulere handel var begrenset, " +"deretter sÃ¥, ogsÃ¥, congress's makt til Ã¥ regulere copyright skal begrenses." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " +"it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " +"from the very beginning, Congress has been extending the term of existing " +"copyrights. So, the government argued, the Court should not now say that " +"practice is unconstitutional." +msgstr "" +"argumentet pÃ¥ regjeringens side kom ned til dette: Kongressen har gjort det " +"før. det skal være tillatt Ã¥ gjøre det igjen. regjeringen hevdet at helt fra " +"starten, Kongressen har blitt utvidelse av eksisterende opphavsrettigheter. " +"sÃ¥ regjeringen hevdet, domstolen bør ikke nÃ¥ si at praksis er " +"unconstitutional." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " +"agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " +"course, in 1962, Congress began extending existing terms regularly—" +"eleven times in forty years." +msgstr "" +"Det var noen sannhet til regjeringens krav, men ikke mye. Vi absolutt avtalt " +"at Kongressen hadde utvidet eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene i og i 1909. og " +"selvfølgelig, i 1962, Kongressen begynte utvide eksisterende " +"regelmessig—betingelser elleve ganger i førti Ã¥r." + +#. PAGE BREAK 244 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " +"extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " +"then extended existing terms once again in the next fifty. Those rare " +"extensions are in contrast to the now regular practice of extending existing " +"terms. Whatever restraint Congress had had in the past, that restraint was " +"now gone. Congress was now in a cycle of extensions; there was no reason to " +"expect that cycle would end. This Court had not hesitated to intervene where " +"Congress was in a similar cycle of extension. There was no reason it " +"couldn't intervene here. Oral argument was scheduled for the first week in " +"October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During those two " +"weeks, I was repeatedly <quote>mooted</quote> by lawyers who had volunteered " +"to help in the case. Such <quote>moots</quote> are basically practice " +"rounds, where wannabe justices fire questions at wannabe winners." +msgstr "" +"men dette \"konsistens\" bør holdes i perspektiv. Kongressen utvidet " +"eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene en gang i første hundre Ã¥r av Republikken. det " +"deretter utvidet eksisterende vilkÃ¥rene igjen i de neste femti. disse " +"sjeldne utvidelser er i motsetning til nÃ¥ vanlig praksis for Ã¥ utvide " +"eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. Uansett selvbeherskelse Kongressen hadde hatt i siste, " +"at selvbeherskelse nÃ¥ var borte. Kongressen var nÃ¥ i en syklus av " +"utvidelser; Det var ingen grunn til Ã¥ forvente at syklus ville end. denne " +"domstolen hadde ikke vil nøle med Ã¥ intervenere der Kongressen var i en " +"lignende syklus av filtypen. Det var ingen grunn det ikke kunne gripe inn " +"her. muntlig argumentet var planlagt for den første uken i oktober. Jeg " +"ankom i DC to uker før argumentet. i løpet av de to ukene, ble jeg gjentatte " +"ganger \"mooted\" av advokater som hadde frivillig til Ã¥ hjelpe i tilfelle. " +"slike \"moots\" er i utgangspunktet praksis runder, der wannabe " +"justiariusene brann spørsmÃ¥l pÃ¥ wannabe vinnere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " +"point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " +"power to set terms. Going with the government would mean that terms would be " +"effectively unlimited; going with us would give Congress a clear line to " +"follow: Don't extend existing terms. The moots were an effective practice; I " +"found ways to take every question back to this central idea." +msgstr "" +"Jeg var overbevist om at for Ã¥ vinne, jeg mÃ¥tte holde domstolen fokusert pÃ¥ " +"et enkelt punkt: at hvis denne utvidelsen er tillatt, sÃ¥ det er ingen grense " +"makt til Ã¥ angi vilkÃ¥r. Going med regjeringen ville bety at vilkÃ¥rene vil " +"være effektivt ubegrenset; Going med oss ville gi Kongressen en klar linje Ã¥ " +"følge: ikke utvide eksisterende vilkÃ¥r. moots var en effektiv praksis, Jeg " +"har funnet mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ta alle spørsmÃ¥l tilbake til dette sentrale idéen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " +"had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " +"Fried. He had argued many cases before the Supreme Court. And in his review " +"of the moot, he let his concern speak: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"en moot var før jurister pÃ¥ jones dag. Don ayer var skeptisk. Han " +"tjenestegjorde i Justisdepartementet reagan med advokat general charles " +"stekt. Han hadde hevdet mange tilfeller før Høyesterett. og han la sin " +"bekymring snakke i sin anmeldelse av moot:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " +"willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " +"consistent practice for two hundred years. You have to make them see the " +"harm—passionately get them to see the harm. For if they don't see " +"that, then we haven't any chance of winning.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg er bare redd at med mindre de ser virkelig skade, de ikke vil være " +"villig til Ã¥ opprørt denne praksis som regjeringen sier har vært en " +"konsekvent praksis for to hundre Ã¥r. du har Ã¥ gjøre dem se skade—" +"passionately fÃ¥ dem til Ã¥ se skaden. for hvis de ser ikke som, sÃ¥ vi har " +"ikke noen sjanse til Ã¥ vinne." + +#. PAGE BREAK 245 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " +"understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " +"thing—not because of politics but because it was right. As a law " +"professor, I had spent my life teaching my students that this Court does the " +"right thing—not because of politics but because it is right. As I " +"listened to Ayer's plea for passion in pressing politics, I understood his " +"point, and I rejected it. Our argument was right. That was enough. Let the " +"politicians learn to see that it was also good. The night before the " +"argument, a line of people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The " +"case had become a focus of the press and of the movement to free culture. " +"Hundreds stood in line for the chance to see the proceedings. Scores spent " +"the night on the Supreme Court steps so that they would be assured a seat." +msgstr "" +"han kanskje har hevdet mange tilfeller før denne retten, jeg tenkte, men han " +"forstod ikke sin sjel. Jeg hadde sett justiariusene gjøre rette—ikke " +"pÃ¥ grunn av politikk som en kontorist, men fordi det var rett. Jeg hadde " +"tilbrakt livet undervise elevene mine at denne retten gjør rette—ikke " +"pÃ¥ grunn av politikk som en lov professor, men fordi det er riktig. da jeg " +"lyttet til ayer's pÃ¥stand om lidenskap i presserende politikk, jeg forsto " +"hans punkt, og jeg avviste den. VÃ¥rt argument var rett. Det var nok. La " +"politikerne lære Ã¥ se at det var ogsÃ¥ god. natten før argumentet, en linje " +"av mennesker begynte Ã¥ form foran Høyesterett. saken hadde blitt et fokus av " +"pressen og bevegelse for fri kultur. hundrevis sto i kø for sjansen til Ã¥ se " +"proceedings. score tilbragte natten pÃ¥ Høyesterett trinnene slik at de ville " +"være trygg pÃ¥ et sete." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " +"seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " +"parents, for example.) Members of the Supreme Court bar can get a seat in a " +"special section reserved for them. And senators and congressmen have a " +"special place where they get to sit, too. And finally, of course, the press " +"has a gallery, as do clerks working for the Justices on the Court. As we " +"entered that morning, there was no place that was not taken. This was an " +"argument about intellectual property law, yet the halls were filled. As I " +"walked in to take my seat at the front of the Court, I saw my parents " +"sitting on the left. As I sat down at the table, I saw Jack Valenti sitting " +"in the special section ordinarily reserved for family of the Justices." +msgstr "" +"ikke alle har til Ã¥ vente pÃ¥ linjen. folk som vet de to andre justiariusene " +"kan be om seter de kontroll. (jeg spurte rettferdighet scalia kamre for " +"plasser for mine foreldre, for eksempel.) medlemmer av Høyesterett baren kan " +"fÃ¥ et sete i en spesiell del reservert for dem. og senators og congressmen " +"har et spesielt sted hvor de fÃ¥r Ã¥ sitte, ogsÃ¥. og til slutt, selvfølgelig, " +"pressen har et galleri som gjør clerks som jobber for de to andre " +"justiariusene pÃ¥ domstol. som vi har angitt den morgenen, var det ikke noe " +"sted som ikke ble tatt. Dette var et argument om lovgivning for " +"immaterielle, men hallene var fylt. sÃ¥ jeg gikk i Ã¥ ta min plass pÃ¥ forsiden " +"av retten, sÃ¥ jeg mine foreldre som sitter til venstre. som jeg satte meg " +"ned ved bordet, sÃ¥ jeg jack valenti sitter i delen spesielle vanligvis " +"forbeholdt familie av de to andre justiariusene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " +"intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " +"was a case about enumerated powers, I said, and whether those enumerated " +"powers had any limit." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r justisministeren ringte meg Ã¥ starte mitt argument, jeg begynte hvor jeg " +"skal bo: pÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let om begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt. Dette var en " +"sak om nummerert kreftene, jeg sa, og om de nummerert kreftene hadde noen " +"grense." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " +"was bothering her." +msgstr "" +"rettferdighet o'connor stoppet meg ett minutts min Ã¥pning. historien var " +"plaget henne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " +"and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " +"of time? I mean, this seems to be a practice that began with the very first " +"act." +msgstr "" +"rettferdighet o'connor: Kongressen har utvidet begrepet sÃ¥ ofte gjennom " +"Ã¥rene, og hvis du har rett, ikke vi kjøre risikoen for upsetting tidligere " +"utvidelser av tid? Jeg mener, dette synes Ã¥ være en praksis som begynte med " +"svært første akt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " +"of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " +"to emphasize limits on Congress's power." +msgstr "" +"Hun var ganske villig til Ã¥ innrømme \"at dette flyr direkte i møte med hva " +"underskrev hadde i tankene.\", men mitt svar var igjen og igjen Ã¥ " +"understreke begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt." + +#. PAGE BREAK 246 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " +"then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " +"effect to what they had in mind, and the answer is yes." +msgstr "" +"Mr. lessig: Vel, hvis det flyr i ansiktet av hva underskrev hadde i tankene, " +"sÃ¥ spørsmÃ¥let er, er det en mÃ¥te Ã¥ tolke sine ord som gir kraft til hva de " +"hadde i tankene, og svaret er Ja." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " +"Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," +msgstr "" +"Det var to poeng i dette argumentet nÃ¥r jeg burde ha sett hvor domstolen " +"skulle. Først var et spørsmÃ¥l av rettferdighet kennedy, som observert," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " +"too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " +"because of the disruption, is that for all these years the act has impeded " +"progress in science and the useful arts. I just don't see any empirical " +"evidence for that." +msgstr "" +"rettferdighet kennedy: Vel, jeg antar implisitt i argumentet at ' 76-loven, " +"ogsÃ¥, bør har blitt gjort ugyldige, og at vi kan la det være pÃ¥ grunn av " +"avbrudd, er som for alle disse Ã¥rene loven har hindret fremgang i vitenskap " +"og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser ikke noen empiriske bevis for dette." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " +"answered," +msgstr "" +"Her følger min klart feil. som professor korrigere en student, svarte jeg," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " +"in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " +"impeding progress. Our only argument is this is a structural limit necessary " +"to assure that what would be an effectively perpetual term not be permitted " +"under the copyright laws." +msgstr "" +"Mr. lessig: rettferdighet, vi ikke gjør en empirisk krav pÃ¥ alle. ingenting " +"i vÃ¥re opphavsrett-setningsdel krav henger pÃ¥ empirisk pÃ¥standen om hindrer " +"fremdrift. vÃ¥r eneste argumentet er at dette er en strukturell begrensning " +"som er nødvendig for Ã¥ sikre at det ville være et effektivt evigvarende sikt " +"ikke tillates under lover om opphavsrett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " +"was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " +"briefs had been written about it. He wanted to hear it. And here was the " +"place Don Ayer's advice should have mattered. This was a softball; my answer " +"was a swing and a miss." +msgstr "" +"Det var riktig svar, men det var ikke riktig svar. riktig svar var i stedet " +"at det var en opplagt og dyptgripende skade. en rekke truser hadde vært " +"skrevet om den. han ønsket Ã¥ høre den. og her var sted don ayer's rÃ¥d skal " +"ha mattered. Dette var en softball; mitt svar var en swing og en glipp." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been crafted. " +"For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> ruling, " +"and we hoped that he would see this case as its second cousin." +msgstr "" +"andre kom fra sjefen, som hele saken hadde blitt utformet. for " +"justisministeren hadde utformet lopez avgjørelse, og vi hÃ¥pet at ville han " +"se denne saken som sin andre fetter." + +#. PAGE BREAK 247 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " +"To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" +msgstr "" +"Det var klart en andre i sin spørsmÃ¥let at han ikke var pÃ¥ alle sympatisk. " +"til ham var vi en gjeng med anarkistene. sÃ¥ han spurte:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " +"verbatim other people's books, don't you?" +msgstr "" +"Chief justice: godt, men du ønsker mer enn som. du vil ha rett til Ã¥ kopiere " +"ordrett andres bøker, ikke du?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " +"public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " +"cannot be justified under ordinary First Amendment analysis or under a " +"proper reading of the limits built into the Copyright Clause." +msgstr "" +"Mr. lessig: vi vil ha rett til Ã¥ kopiere ordrett verk som bør være i den " +"offentlige sfæren, og ville være allemannseie, men for en vedtekter som ikke " +"kan begrunnes under vanlige første endring analyse eller under en riktig " +"lesing av grensene som er innebygd i setningsdelen opphavsrett." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " +"Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " +"General Olson," +msgstr "" +"ting gikk bedre for oss nÃ¥r regjeringen ga argumentet; for nÃ¥ domstolen " +"plukket opp pÃ¥ kjernen av vÃ¥re krav. som rettferdighet spurte scalia advokat " +"generelt olson" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " +"would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " +"argument that's being made by petitioners here, that a limited time which is " +"extendable is the functional equivalent of an unlimited time." +msgstr "" +"rettferdighet scalia: du si at samme en ubegrenset tid ville være et brudd " +"[av Grunnloven], men det er nettopp argumentet som gjøres av petitioners " +"her, det en begrenset periode som er utvidbart er samme en ubegrenset tid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " +"flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " +"academic, not the practical. The government was arguing as if this were the " +"first case ever to consider limits on Congress's Copyright and Patent Clause " +"power. Ever the professor and not the advocate, I closed by pointing out the " +"long history of the Court imposing limits on Congress's power in the name of " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause— indeed, the very first case striking " +"a law of Congress as exceeding a specific enumerated power was based upon " +"the Copyright and Patent Clause. All true. But it wasn't going to move the " +"Court to my side." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r olson var ferdig, var det min tur til Ã¥ gi en avsluttende rebuttal. " +"olson's flailing hadde gjenopplivet sinnet mitt. men min vrede fortsatt ble " +"sendt til akademiske, ikke praktiske. regjeringen var kranglet som om dette " +"var det første tilfellet noensinne Ã¥ vurdere begrensninger pÃ¥ congress's " +"copyright og patent-setningsdel makt. professoren og ikke talsmann, jeg " +"lukket noensinne ved Ã¥ peke pÃ¥ den lange historien av domstolen innføre " +"begrensninger pÃ¥ Kongressens makt i navnet pÃ¥ opphavsrett og patent-" +"setningsdel—faktisk, det aller første tilfellet støtning en lov av " +"Kongressen som overskrider en bestemt, nummerert makt var basert pÃ¥ " +"opphavsrett og patent-setningsdel. alle sanne. men det var ikke til Ã¥ flytte " +"retten til min side." + +#. PAGE BREAK 248 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " +"could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " +"differently. But one way of thinking about this case left me optimistic." +msgstr "" +"som jeg venstre retten denne dagen, jeg visste det var en hundre punkter jeg " +"ønsket at jeg kunne remake. var det en hundre spørsmÃ¥l jeg ønsket at jeg " +"hadde svart pÃ¥ en annen mÃ¥te. men en mÃ¥te Ã¥ tenke pÃ¥ dette tilfellet forlatt " +"meg optimistisk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " +"and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " +"answer I wanted the Court to hear. For I could not imagine how the Court " +"could understand that the government believed Congress's power was unlimited " +"under the terms of the Copyright Clause, and sustain the government's " +"argument. The solicitor general had made my argument for me. No matter how " +"often I tried, I could not understand how the Court could find that " +"Congress's power under the Commerce Clause was limited, but under the " +"Copyright Clause, unlimited. In those rare moments when I let myself believe " +"that we may have prevailed, it was because I felt this Court—in " +"particular, the Conservatives—would feel itself constrained by the " +"rule of law that it had established elsewhere." +msgstr "" +"regjeringen hadde blitt spurt om og om igjen, hva er grensen? igjen og " +"igjen, det hadde besvart det er ingen begrensning. Dette var nettopp svaret " +"jeg ville retten Ã¥ høre. for jeg ikke kan forestille meg hvordan domstol " +"kunne forstÃ¥ at regjeringen trodde congress's makt var ubegrenset under " +"betingelsene i setningsdelen opphavsrett, og opprettholde regjeringens " +"argumentet. advokat-general hadde gjort mitt argument for meg. uansett hvor " +"ofte jeg forsøkt, kunne jeg ikke forstÃ¥ hvordan domstol finner at " +"Kongressens makt under handel-setningsdel var begrenset, men under den " +"opphavsrett setningen, ubegrenset. i de sjeldne øyeblikkene nÃ¥r jeg la meg " +"tro at vi kan ha kommet, det var fordi jeg følte denne retten—spesielt " +"ville konservative—føle seg begrenset av rettssikkerhet at det hadde " +"etablert andre steder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " +"missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " +"message, I could tell in an instant that she had bad news to report.The " +"Supreme Court had affirmed the decision of the Court of Appeals. Seven " +"justices had voted in the majority. There were two dissents." +msgstr "" +"15. januar 2003, morgenen jeg var fem minutter for sent til kontoret og " +"ubesvarte anropet 7: 00 am fra Høyesterett kontorist. lytte til meldingen, " +"jeg kunne fortelle pÃ¥ et øyeblikk at hun hadde dÃ¥rlige nyheter til report." +"the hadde Høyesterett bekreftet avgjørelsen til court of appeals. syv " +"justiariusene hadde stemt i fleste. Det var to Dissensene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " +"the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " +"had been wrong in my reasoning." +msgstr "" +"noen sekunder senere, kom meninger via e-post. Jeg tok telefonen av kroken, " +"postet en kunngjøring til vÃ¥r blogg, og satte meg ned for Ã¥ se hvor jeg " +"hadde vært feil i mitt resonnement." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " +"in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " +"naïve law professor, scouring the pages, looking for reasoning." +msgstr "" +"mitt resonnement. Her var en sak som pitted alle pengene i verden mot " +"resonnement. og her var den siste naivt lov professoren, scouring sider, pÃ¥ " +"jakt etter resonnement." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " +"principle in this case from the principle in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. " +"The argument was nowhere to be found. The case was not even cited. The " +"argument that was the core argument of our case did not even appear in the " +"Court's opinion." +msgstr "" +"Jeg scoured først mening, ser for hvordan domstol vil skille prinsippet i " +"dette tilfellet fra prinsippet i lopez. argumentet var ingensteds Ã¥ bli " +"funnet. saken ble ikke selv sitert. argumentet som ble argumentet kjernen i " +"vÃ¥rt tilfelle ikke engang vises i retten mening." + +#. PAGE BREAK 249 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " +"with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " +"Congress's power not limited here." +msgstr "" +"rettferdighet ginsburg ganske enkelt ignorert argumentet nummerert kreftene. " +"konsekvent med hennes syn at Kongressen makt var ikke begrenset Generelt, " +"hun hadde funnet Kongressens makt ikke begrenset her." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice Souter. " +"Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too much to " +"expect them to write an opinion that recognized, much less explained, the " +"doctrine they had worked so hard to defeat." +msgstr "" +"hennes mening var helt rimelig—for henne, og for rettferdighet souter. " +"Ingen av dem tror pÃ¥ lopez. det ville være for mye Ã¥ forvente dem til Ã¥ " +"skrive en uttalelse som gjenkjennes, mye mindre forklart, doktrine som de " +"hadde arbeidet sÃ¥ hardt for Ã¥ beseire." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " +"reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " +"powers with the Commerce Clause and unlimited powers with the Progress " +"Clause. It had never even occurred to me that they could reconcile the two " +"simply <emphasis>by not addressing the argument</emphasis>. There was no " +"inconsistency because they would not talk about the two together. There was " +"therefore no principle that followed from the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " +"case: In that context, Congress's power would be limited, but in this " +"context it would not." +msgstr "" +"men som jeg hva som hadde skjedd, jeg kunne ikke helt tro hva jeg leser. Jeg " +"hadde sagt det var ingen mÃ¥te denne retten kan avstemme begrenset krefter " +"med handel-setningsdelen og ubegrensede krefter med fremgang-setningsdelen. " +"det hadde aldri skjedd for meg at de kunne forene to ved adressering ikke " +"argumentet. Det var ingen inkonsekvens fordi de ikke ville snakker om to " +"sammen. Det ble derfor ingen prinsippet som fulgt av lopez tilfelle: i den " +"sammenhengen, Kongressens makt ville være begrenset, men i denne sammenheng " +"vil det ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " +"would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " +"select the part of the Constitution they would enforce based on the values " +"they thought important? We were right back to the argument that I said I " +"hated at the start: I had failed to convince them that the issue here was " +"important, and I had failed to recognize that however much I might hate a " +"system in which the Court gets to pick the constitutional values that it " +"will respect, that is the system we have." +msgstr "" +"ennÃ¥ ved hvilken rett de fikk til Ã¥ velge hvilke av de underskrev verdiene " +"de ville respekt? ved hvilken rett gjorde de—de stille fem—fÃ¥r Ã¥ " +"velge delen av Grunnloven de ville hÃ¥ndheve basert pÃ¥ verdiene de trodde " +"viktig? Vi var tilbake til argumentet at jeg sa jeg hatet i starten: Jeg " +"hadde mislyktes med Ã¥ overbevise dem om at problemet her var viktig, og jeg " +"hadde unnlot Ã¥ innse at det er systemet vi har, men mye jeg kan hater et " +"system der domstolen fÃ¥r velge konstitusjonelle verdiene som det vil " +"respektere,." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " +"was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " +"intellectual property law should not support this unjustified extension of " +"terms. He based his argument on a parallel analysis that had governed in the " +"context of patents (so had we). But the rest of the Court discounted the " +"parallel—without explaining how the very same words in the Progress " +"Clause could come to mean totally different things depending upon whether " +"the words were about patents or copyrights. The Court let Justice Stevens's " +"charge go unanswered." +msgstr "" +"to andre justiariusene breyer og stevens skrev veldig sterk Dissensene. " +"Stevens mening laget interne til loven: han hevdet at tradisjonen med " +"lovgivning for immaterielle ikke bør støtter dette uberettiget forlengelse " +"av vilkÃ¥rene. han basert hans argument pÃ¥ en parallell analyse som hadde " +"styrt i sammenheng med patenter (sÃ¥ hadde vi). men resten av domstolen " +"nedsatte parallelt—uten Ã¥ forklare hvordan de samme ord i fremgang-" +"setningsdelen kan komme til Ã¥ bety helt forskjellige ting som er avhengig av " +"om ordene var om patenter eller opphavsrett. Retten la rettferdighet stevens " +"kostnad gÃ¥ ubesvart." + +#. PAGE BREAK 250 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " +"external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " +"become so long as to be effectively unlimited. We had said that under the " +"current term, a copyright gave an author 99.8 percent of the value of a " +"perpetual term. Breyer said we were wrong, that the actual number was " +"99.9997 percent of a perpetual term. Either way, the point was clear: If the " +"Constitution said a term had to be <quote>limited,</quote> and the existing " +"term was so long as to be effectively unlimited, then it was " +"unconstitutional." +msgstr "" +"rettferdighet breyer oppfatning, kanskje den beste mening han noensinne har " +"skrevet, var eksterne for Grunnloven. Han hevdet at begrepet av " +"opphavsretten har blitt sÃ¥ lenge som Ã¥ være effektivt ubegrenset. Vi hadde " +"sagt at under gjeldende begrepet, opphavsretten ga en forfatter 99.8 prosent " +"av verdien av et evigvarende begrep. Breyer sa vi var galt, at det faktiske " +"antallet var 99.9997 prosent av en evigvarende sikt. Uansett, punktet var " +"klart: Hvis grunnloven sa en term mÃ¥tte være \"begrenset\", og eksisterende " +"begrepet var sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ være effektivt ubegrenset, sÃ¥ det var " +"forfatningsstridig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " +"neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " +"willing to push it as a reason to reject this extension. The case was " +"decided without anyone having addressed the argument that we had carried " +"from Judge Sentelle. It was <citetitle>Hamlet</citetitle> without the Prince." +msgstr "" +"disse to justiariusene forstÃ¥tt alle argumentene vi hadde gjort. men fordi " +"ingen trodde i lopez-saken, heller ikke var villig til Ã¥ skyve den som en " +"grunn til Ã¥ avvise denne utvidelsen. tilfellet var besluttet uten at noen " +"har adressert argumentet om at vi hadde fraktet fra dommer sentelle. Det var " +"hamlet uten prinsen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " +"gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " +"depression. This anger was of two sorts." +msgstr "" +"tap bringer depresjon. de sier det er et tegn pÃ¥ helse nÃ¥r depresjon gir " +"mÃ¥te Ã¥ sinne. min vrede kom raskt, men det gjorde ikke kurere depresjon. " +"Dette sinne var inälvor." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " +"been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " +"<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> didn't apply in this case. That wouldn't have " +"been a very convincing argument, I don't believe, having read it made by " +"others, and having tried to make it myself. But it at least would have been " +"an act of integrity. These justices in particular have repeatedly said that " +"the proper mode of interpreting the Constitution is <quote>originalism</" +"quote>—to first understand the framers' text, interpreted in their " +"context, in light of the structure of the Constitution. That method had " +"produced <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> and many other <quote>originalist</" +"quote> rulings. Where was their <quote>originalism</quote> now?" +msgstr "" +"Det var første sinne pÃ¥ fem \"konservative.\" det ville ha vært en ting for " +"dem Ã¥ har forklart hvorfor prinsippet om lopez ikke bruk i dette tilfellet. " +"ikke som ville vært et veldig overbevisende argument, jeg ikke tror, etter Ã¥ " +"ha lest det gjort av andre, og at de hadde prøvd Ã¥ gjøre det selv. men i " +"alle fall ville det ha vært en handling av integritet. disse to andre " +"justiariusene spesielt har gjentatte ganger sagt at riktig tolke Grunnloven " +"er \"originalism\"—Ã¥ først forstÃ¥ underskrev tekst, tolkes i sin " +"sammenheng, i lys av strukturen av Grunnloven. Denne metoden hadde produsert " +"lopez og mange andre \"originalist\" rulings. hvor var deres \"originalism\" " +"nÃ¥?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 251 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " +"framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " +"an opinion that never once tried to explain how the structure of that clause " +"would affect the interpretation of Congress's power. And they joined an " +"opinion that didn't even try to explain why this grant of power could be " +"unlimited, whereas the Commerce Clause would be limited. In short, they had " +"joined an opinion that did not apply to, and was inconsistent with, their " +"own method for interpreting the Constitution. This opinion may well have " +"yielded a result that they liked. It did not produce a reason that was " +"consistent with their own principles." +msgstr "" +"her, de hadde med seg en oppfatning at aldri en gang prøvde Ã¥ forklare hva " +"underskrev hadde menes med laging setningsdelen fremgang som de gjorde; de " +"sluttet seg en oppfatning at aldri en gang forsøkt Ã¥ forklare hvordan " +"strukturen i som ledd vil pÃ¥virke tolkningen av Kongressens makt. og de med " +"seg en mening som ikke engang forsøke Ã¥ forklare hvorfor dette stipendet av " +"makt kan være ubegrenset, mens handel-setningsdel ville være begrenset. kort " +"sagt, hadde de sluttet en uttalelse som ikke gjelde, og var inkonsekvent med " +"sin egen metode for tolking av Grunnloven. denne mening kan ogsÃ¥ har gitt et " +"resultat som de likte. det ikke produsere en grunn som var i samsvar med sin " +"egen prinsipper." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " +"had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " +"it is." +msgstr "" +"mitt sinne med høyre raskt gitt til sinne med meg selv. for jeg hadde la en " +"visning av loven som jeg likte forstyrre en visning av loven som det er." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " +"about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " +"much more pragmatic view. When Don Ayer said that this case would be won " +"based on whether I could convince the Justices that the framers' values were " +"important, I fought the idea, because I didn't want to believe that that is " +"how this Court decides. I insisted on arguing this case as if it were a " +"simple application of a set of principles. I had an argument that followed " +"in logic. I didn't need to waste my time showing it should also follow in " +"popularity." +msgstr "" +"de fleste jurister og de fleste lov professorer, har liten tÃ¥lmodighet for " +"idealismen om domstoler Generelt og denne Høyesterett spesielt. de fleste " +"har mye mer pragmatisk. da don ayer sa at dette tilfellet ville bli vunnet " +"basert pÃ¥ om jeg kunne overbevise de to andre justiariusene at verdiene for " +"de underskrev var viktig, jeg kjempet idéen, fordi jeg ikke ønsker Ã¥ tro at " +"det er hvordan denne retten bestemmer. jeg insisterte pÃ¥ kranglet denne " +"saken som om den var en enkel PÃ¥føring av et sett prinsipper. Jeg hadde et " +"argument som fulgte i logikken. Jeg trengte ikke Ã¥ kaste bort min tid viser " +"det bør ogsÃ¥ følge i popularitet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 252 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " +"a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " +"different directions, where the truth about the harm that this unchecked " +"power will cause could have been made clear to this Court. Justice Kennedy " +"in good faith wanted to be shown. I, idiotically, corrected his question. " +"Justice Souter in good faith wanted to be shown the First Amendment harms. " +"I, like a math teacher, reframed the question to make the logical point. I " +"had shown them how they could strike this law of Congress if they wanted to. " +"There were a hundred places where I could have helped them want to, yet my " +"stubbornness, my refusal to give in, stopped me. I have stood before " +"hundreds of audiences trying to persuade; I have used passion in that effort " +"to persuade; but I refused to stand before this audience and try to persuade " +"with the passion I had used elsewhere. It was not the basis on which a court " +"should decide the issue." +msgstr "" +"som jeg leste tilbake over transkripsjon fra argumentet i oktober, kan jeg " +"se hundre steder der svarene kan ha tatt samtalen i forskjellige retninger, " +"der sannheten om skade som denne ukontrollert makt vil forÃ¥rsake kunne vært " +"gjort klart til denne retten. rettferdighet kennedy i god tro ville være " +"vist. Jeg, idiotically, rettet opp sine spørsmÃ¥l. rettferdighet souter i god " +"tro ville være vist den første endringen skader. Jeg, reframed som en " +"matematikk-lærer spørsmÃ¥l for Ã¥ gjøre det logiske punktet. Jeg hadde vist " +"dem hvordan de kunne streik denne lov av Kongressen hvis de ville. Det var " +"en hundre steder hvor jeg kunne ha hjulpet dem vil, men min vrangvilje, mine " +"nektet Ã¥ gi i, stoppet meg. Jeg har stÃ¥tt før hundrevis av mÃ¥lgrupper prøver " +"Ã¥ overtale; Jeg har brukt lidenskap i at forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ overtale; men jeg " +"nektet Ã¥ stÃ¥ denne mÃ¥lgruppen og prøver Ã¥ overtale med lidenskap jeg hadde " +"brukt et annet sted. Det var ikke grunnlag som en domstol bør avgjøre " +"problemet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " +"been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " +"Sullivan? <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"ville det ha vært annerledes hvis jeg hadde hevdet det annerledes? ville det " +"ha vært annerledes hvis don ayer hadde hevdet det? eller charles stekt? " +"eller kathleen sullivan?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " +"ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " +"a great deal more to show our society why our framers were right. And when " +"we do that, we will be able to show that Court." +msgstr "" +"mine venner huddled rundt meg Ã¥ insistere det ikke ville. domstolen ikke var " +"klar, insisterte mine venner. Dette var et tap som var bestemt. det vil ta " +"mye mer Ã¥ vise vÃ¥rt samfunn hvorfor vÃ¥re underskrev hadde rett. og nÃ¥r vi " +"gjør det, vil vi være i stand til Ã¥ vise at domstolen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " +"anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " +"reason to resist doing right. I can't help but think that if I had stepped " +"down from this pretty picture of dispassionate justice, I could have " +"persuaded." +msgstr "" +"kanskje, men jeg tviler pÃ¥ det. disse to andre justiariusene har ingen " +"økonomiske interesse i Ã¥ gjøre noe annet enn rette. de er ikke planlagt. de " +"har liten grunn til Ã¥ motstÃ¥ gjør akkurat. Jeg kan ikke hjelpe, men mener at " +"hvis jeg hadde trappet ned fra denne pen bilde av dispassionate " +"rettferdighet, jeg kunne har overbevist." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in January. " +"For at the start of this case, one of America's leading intellectual " +"property professors stated publicly that my bringing this case was a " +"mistake. <quote>The Court is not ready,</quote> Peter Jaszi said; this issue " +"should not be raised until it is. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"og selv om jeg ikke kunne, deretter som unnskylde ikke hva som skjedde i " +"januar. for ved starten av dette tilfellet uttalt en av Amerikas ledende " +"immaterielle professorer offentlig at mitt Ã¥ bringe denne saken var en feil. " +"-domstolen ikke er klar,\"sagt peter jaszi, Dette problemet bør ikke heves " +"før det er." + +#. PAGE BREAK 253 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " +"that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " +"then that is all the evidence that's needed to know that here again Peter " +"was right. Either I was not ready to argue this case in a way that would do " +"some good or they were not ready to hear this case in a way that would do " +"some good. Either way, the decision to bring this case—a decision I " +"had made four years before—was wrong. While the reaction to the Sonny " +"Bono Act itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's " +"decision was mixed. No one, at least in the press, tried to say that " +"extending the term of copyright was a good idea. We had won that battle over " +"ideas. Where the decision was praised, it was praised by papers that had " +"been skeptical of the Court's activism in other cases. Deference was a good " +"thing, even if it left standing a silly law. But where the decision was " +"attacked, it was attacked because it left standing a silly and harmful law. " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> wrote in its editorial," +msgstr "" +"etter argumentet og etter vedtaket sa peter til meg, og offentlig, at han " +"var galt. men hvis faktisk at domstolen ikke kunne er blitt overtalt, " +"deretter som er alle bevis som trengs for Ã¥ vite at her igjen peter var " +"rett. Jeg var ikke klar til Ã¥ argumentere denne saken pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som ville " +"gjøre noen gode eller de var ikke klar til Ã¥ høre dette tilfellet pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te " +"som ville gjøre noen gode. Uansett, beslutningen om Ã¥ bringe denne " +"saken—en beslutning om jeg hadde gjort fire Ã¥r før—var galt. " +"mens reaksjonen til sonny bono handle selv var nesten enstemmig negativ, var " +"reaksjonen til domstolens avgjørelse blandet. Ingen, minst i pressen, prøvde " +"Ã¥ si at utvidelse av copyright var en god idé. Vi hadde vant den kampen over " +"ideer. der beslutningen ble rost, ble det rost av papir som hadde vært " +"skeptisk til retten aktivisme i andre tilfeller. ærbødighet var bra, selv om " +"det igjen en dum lov. men der beslutningen ble angrepet, den ble angrepet " +"fordi det igjen en dum og skadelig lov. new york times skrev i sin " +"redaksjonell," + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " +"the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " +"perpetuity. The public domain has been a grand experiment, one that should " +"not be allowed to die. The ability to draw freely on the entire creative " +"output of humanity is one of the reasons we live in a time of such fruitful " +"creative ferment." +msgstr "" +"i kraft gjør av Høyesterett beslutningen det sannsynlig at vi ser " +"begynnelsen pÃ¥ slutten av public domain og fødselen av opphavsrett " +"perpetuity. public domain har vært en store eksperimentet, som ikke skal " +"tillates Ã¥ dø. muligheten til Ã¥ trekke fritt pÃ¥ hele kreativ produksjon av " +"menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " +"kreative gjære." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Bolling, Ruben" +msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " +"images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " +"case, was Ruben Bolling's, reproduced on the next page (<xref linkend=" +"\"fig-18\"/>). The <quote>powerful and wealthy</quote> line is a bit unfair. " +"But the punch in the face felt exactly like that. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"de beste svarene var i tegneserier. Det var en gaggle av morsom bilder—" +"av mickey i fengsel og lignende. best, fra min mening i saken, var ruben " +"bolling, gjengis pÃ¥ neste side. linjen \"kraftige og velstÃ¥ende\" er en " +"smule urettferdig. Men slag i ansiktet følte akkurat sÃ¥nn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> +msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand experiment</" +"quote> we call the <quote>public domain</quote> is over? When I can make " +"light of it, I think, <quote>Honey, I shrunk the Constitution.</quote> But I " +"can rarely make light of it. We had in our Constitution a commitment to free " +"culture. In the case that I fathered, the Supreme Court effectively " +"renounced that commitment. A better lawyer would have made them see " +"differently." +msgstr "" +"bildet som vil alltid holde i hodet mitt er som utløste ved sitat fra new " +"york times. at \"store eksperimentet\" vi kaller \"public domain\" er over? " +"NÃ¥r jeg kan gjøre lys av det, tror jeg, \"Elskling, jeg krympet Grunnloven." +"\", men jeg kan sjelden gjøre lyset av den. Vi hadde i vÃ¥r grunnlov en " +"engasjement for fri kultur. i tilfelle at jeg far, avkall Høyesterett " +"effektivt at satsing. ha ville gjort en bedre advokat dem se annerledes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> +msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" +msgstr "Kapittel fjorten: Eldred II" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " +"was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was denied—meaning the case was really " +"finally over—fate would have it that I was giving a speech to " +"technologists at Disney World.) This was a particularly long flight to my " +"least favorite city. The drive into the city from Dulles was delayed because " +"of traffic, so I opened up my computer and wrote an op-ed piece." +msgstr "" +"dag-eldred ble besluttet, men skjebnen ville at som jeg var Ã¥ reise til " +"washington, DC (dagen rehearing protestskriv i eldred ble nektet—noe " +"som betyr at saken var virkelig endelig over—skjebnen ville at at jeg " +"ga en tale til Teknologorganisasjon pÃ¥ disney verden.) dette var en spesielt " +"lang flytur til min minst favoritt by. stasjonen til byen fra dulles ble " +"forsinket pÃ¥ grunn av trafikk, sÃ¥ jeg Ã¥pnet opp min datamaskin, og skrev en " +"op-ed brikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " +"Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " +"advice from Don Ayer: You need to make them see why it is important. And " +"alternating with that command was the question of Justice Kennedy: " +"<quote>For all these years the act has impeded progress in science and the " +"useful arts. I just don't see any empirical evidence for that.</quote> And " +"so, having failed in the argument of constitutional principle, finally, I " +"turned to an argument of politics." +msgstr "" +"Det var en handling av contrition. under hele flyturen fra san francisco til " +"washington, jeg hadde hørt om og om igjen i hodet mitt samme rÃ¥d fra don " +"ayer: du trenger Ã¥ gjøre dem se hvorfor det er viktig. og alternerende med " +"den samme kommandoen ble spørsmÃ¥let om rettferdighet kennedy: \"for alle " +"disse Ã¥r loven har hindret fremgang i vitenskap og nyttig kunst. Jeg ser " +"ikke noen empiriske bevis for som.\", og sÃ¥ Ã¥ ha mislyktes i argument av " +"konstitusjonelle prinsippet, til slutt, jeg slÃ¥tt til et argument av " +"politikk." + +#. PAGE BREAK 256 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " +"proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " +"copyright owner would be required to register the work and pay a small fee. " +"If he paid the fee, he got the benefit of the full term of copyright. If he " +"did not, the work passed into the public domain." +msgstr "" +"new york times publisert arb. i den, jeg foreslÃ¥tt en enkel Fiks: femti Ã¥r " +"etter at et arbeid er publisert, eieren av opphavsretten ville være " +"nødvendig Ã¥ registrere arbeidet og betale en liten avgift. Hvis han betalt " +"gebyret, fikk han fordelen med full sikt av opphavsrett. Hvis han ikke " +"gjorde bestÃ¥tt arbeidet i public domain." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " +"Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " +"early on, it won't get passed unless it has another name." +msgstr "" +"Vi kalte denne loven eldred, men det var bare for Ã¥ gi det et navn. Eric " +"eldred var slag nok Ã¥ la hans navn brukes igjen, men som han sa tidlig, det " +"vil ikke fÃ¥ gÃ¥tt med mindre det er et annet navn." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " +"the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " +"Term Deregulation Act.</quote> Either way, the essence of the idea is clear " +"and obvious: Remove copyright where it is doing nothing except blocking " +"access and the spread of knowledge. Leave it for as long as Congress allows " +"for those works where its worth is at least $1. But for everything else, let " +"the content go." +msgstr "" +"eller en annen to navn. for avhengig av ditt perspektiv, dette er enten " +"\"public domain forbedring act\" eller den \"copyright begrepet " +"dereguleringen act.\" Uansett, essensen av idéen er klar og tydelig: fjerne " +"copyright der det gjør ingenting bortsett fra blokkerer tilgang og spredning " +"av kunnskap. La det for sÃ¥ lenge Kongressen tillater for disse arbeider der " +"er verdt minst $1. men for alt annet, kan du la til innhold gÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Forbes, Steve" +msgstr "Forbes, Steve" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " +"an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " +"support. When you focus the issue on lost creativity, people can see the " +"copyright system makes no sense. As a good Republican might say, here " +"government regulation is simply getting in the way of innovation and " +"creativity. And as a good Democrat might say, here the government is " +"blocking access and the spread of knowledge for no good reason. Indeed, " +"there is no real difference between Democrats and Republicans on this issue. " +"Anyone can recognize the stupid harm of the present system." +msgstr "" +"reaksjon pÃ¥ denne idéen var utrolig sterk. Steve forbes vedtok det i en " +"redaksjonell. Jeg mottok en skred av e-post og brev som uttrykker støtte. " +"NÃ¥r du fokuserer problemet pÃ¥ tapt kreativitet, kan folk se opphavsretten " +"til systemet gir ingen mening. som en god republikansk kan si, komme her " +"regjeringen regulering bare i veien innovasjon og kreativitet. og som en god " +"demokratisk kan si, regjeringen blokkerer her tilgang og spredning av " +"kunnskap for ingen god grunn. faktisk, det er ingen reell forskjell mellom " +"demokratene og republikanerne pÃ¥ dette problemet. noen kan gjenkjenne de " +"dumme skader som dagens ordning." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " +"requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " +"people who want to license content is that there is no obvious place to look " +"for the current copyright owners. Since registration is not required, since " +"marking content is not required, since no formality at all is required, it " +"is often impossibly hard to locate copyright owners to ask permission to use " +"or license their work. This system would lower these costs, by establishing " +"at least one registry where copyright owners could be identified." +msgstr "" +"faktisk anerkjent mange den Ã¥penbare fordelen med kravet om registrering. " +"for en av de vanskeligste tingene om dagens system for folk som ønsker Ã¥ " +"lisens innholdet er at det er ingen Ã¥penbare sted Ã¥ lete etter gjeldende " +"opphavsrett eierne. siden registrering ikke er nødvendig, siden merking " +"innhold ikke er pÃ¥krevd, siden ingen formalitet i det hele tatt er " +"nødvendig, er det ofte impossibly vanskelig Ã¥ finne eiere av opphavsretter " +"for Ã¥ be om tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke eller lisensierer sitt arbeid. Dette " +"systemet vil redusere disse kostnadene ved Ã¥ etablere minst én registret der " +"eiere av opphavsretter kan identifiseres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" +msgstr "Bern-konvensjonen (1908)" + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " +"legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " +"formalities such as registration, deposit, and affixation of notice of the " +"author's claim of copyright. However, starting with the 1908 act, every text " +"of the Convention has provided that <quote>the enjoyment and the exercise</" +"quote> of rights guaranteed by the Convention <quote>shall not be subject to " +"any formality.</quote> The prohibition against formalities is presently " +"embodied in Article 5(2) of the Paris Text of the Berne Convention. Many " +"countries continue to impose some form of deposit or registration " +"requirement, albeit not as a condition of copyright. French law, for " +"example, requires the deposit of copies of works in national repositories, " +"principally the National Museum. Copies of books published in the United " +"Kingdom must be deposited in the British Library. The German Copyright Act " +"provides for a Registrar of Authors where the author's true name can be " +"filed in the case of anonymous or pseudonymous works. Paul Goldstein, " +"<citetitle>International Intellectual Property Law, Cases and Materials</" +"citetitle> (New York: Foundation Press, 2001), 153–54." +msgstr "" +"før det 1908 berlin handle av berne konvensjonen, nasjonal opphavsrett " +"lovgivning noen ganger gjort beskyttelse som er avhengige av samsvar med " +"formaliteter som registrering, innskudd og affixation av forfatterens " +"reklamasjon av opphavsrett. imidlertid, starter med 1908 act, hver tekst av " +"konvensjonen gitt som \"fÃ¥ glede og øvelsen\" av rettigheter garanteres ved " +"konvensjonen \"skal ikke være gjenstand for alle formalitet.\" forbud mot " +"formaliteter gjenspeiles dag i 5 (2 artikkelen) av paris-teksten i berne " +"konvensjonen. mange land fortsatt Ã¥ innføre noen form for innskudd eller " +"registrering kravet, om enn ikke som en betingelse for opphavsrett. Fransk " +"lov, krever for eksempel innskudd pÃ¥ kopier av works i nasjonale, for, " +"hovedsakelig nasjonalmuseet. Kopier av bøker som er utgitt i Storbritannia " +"mÃ¥ settes i british library. tysk opphavsrett lov gir en registrar av " +"forfattere der forfatterens sanne navn kan være arkivert i tilfelle av " +"anonym eller pseudonymous fungerer. Paul goldstein, lovgivning for " +"immaterielle, saker og materialer (new york: foundation press, 2001), 153­54." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, when " +"Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal requirement before " +"a copyright is granted.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"Europeans are said to view copyright as a <quote>natural right.</quote> " +"Natural rights don't need forms to exist. Traditions, like the Anglo-" +"American tradition that required copyright owners to follow form if their " +"rights were to be protected, did not, the Europeans thought, properly " +"respect the dignity of the author. My right as a creator turns on my " +"creativity, not upon the special favor of the government." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " +"copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " +"without formalities harms the creator. The ability to spread <quote>Walt " +"Disney creativity</quote> is destroyed when there is no simple way to know " +"what's protected and what's not." +msgstr "" +"Det er stor retorikk. det høres usedvanlig romantiske. men det er absurd " +"copyright policy. Det er absurd spesielt for forfattere, fordi en verden " +"uten formaliteter skader skaperen. muligheten til Ã¥ spre \"walt disney " +"kreativitet\" er ødelagt nÃ¥r det er ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hva er beskyttet " +"og hva som ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " +"1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " +"to require copyright terms of life plus fifty years, as well as the " +"abolition of copyright formalities. The formalities were hated because the " +"stories of inadvertent loss were increasingly common. It was as if a Charles " +"Dickens character ran all copyright offices, and the failure to dot an " +"<citetitle>i</citetitle> or cross a <citetitle>t</citetitle> resulted in the " +"loss of widows' only income." +msgstr "" +"kampen mot formaliteter oppnÃ¥dde sin første virkelige seier i berlin i 1908. " +"internasjonal opphavsrett advokater endret berne konvensjonen i 1908, til Ã¥ " +"kreve opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene i livet pluss femti Ã¥r, i tillegg til " +"avskaffelse av opphavsrett formaliteter. formaliteter ble hatet fordi " +"historiene til utilsiktet tap var stadig vanligere. Det var som om et " +"charles dickens tegn kjørte alle opphavsrett kontorer, og unnlatelse av Ã¥ " +"dot en i eller pÃ¥ tvers av en t ført til tap av enker eneste inntekt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " +"formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " +"always have ways of forgiving innocent mistakes. There is no reason " +"copyright law couldn't, as well. Rather than abandoning formalities totally, " +"the response in Berlin should have been to embrace a more equitable system " +"of registration." +msgstr "" +"disse klager var reelle og fornuftig. og kravene i formaliteter, særlig i " +"USA, var absurd. loven skal alltid har mÃ¥ter Ã¥ forgiving uskyldige feil. Det " +"er ingen grunn lov om opphavsrett kunne ogsÃ¥. i stedet for Ã¥ forlate " +"formaliteter helt, burde svaret i berlin vært Ã¥ omfavne en mer rettferdig " +"system for registrering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " +"nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " +"hassle. The abolishment of formalities promised not only to save the " +"starving widows, but also to lighten an unnecessary regulatory burden " +"imposed upon creators." +msgstr "" +"selv som ville har vært motstÃ¥tt, men fordi registrering i 1800 og 1900-" +"tallet var fortsatt dyrt. Det var ogsÃ¥ en problemfri. oppløsning av " +"formaliteter lovet ikke bare Ã¥ lagre sultende enker, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ lette en " +"unødvendig regulatoriske belastning pÃ¥tvang skapere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 258 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " +"claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a second-" +"class form of property. If a carpenter builds a table, his rights over the " +"table don't depend upon filing a form with the government. He has a " +"property right over the table <quote>naturally,</quote> and he can assert " +"that right against anyone who would steal the table, whether or not he has " +"informed the government of his ownership of the table." +msgstr "" +"i tillegg til praktiske klagen av forfattere i 1908 var det sÃ¥ vel moralsk " +"krav. Det var ingen grunn at creative egenskapen, bør være en annenklasses " +"form for egenskapen. Hvis en snekker bygger en tabell, avhenger ikke sine " +"rettigheter over tabellen av innlevering et skjema med regjeringen. Han har " +"en eiendomsrett over tabellen \"naturlig\", og han kan hevde at høyre mot " +"alle som ville stjele tabellen, om han har informert regjeringen av sitt " +"eierskap av tabellen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " +"argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " +"being second-class property. The argument in favor of formalities turns upon " +"the special problems that creative property presents. The law of " +"formalities responds to the special physics of creative property, to assure " +"that it can be efficiently and fairly spread." +msgstr "" +"Dette argumentet er riktig, men dens implikasjoner er misvisende. for " +"argumentet til fordel for formaliteter ikke avhenger av pÃ¥ kreative " +"egenskapen blir annenklasses egenskapen. argumentet for formaliteter slÃ¥r pÃ¥ " +"spesielle problemer som creative egenskapen presenterer. loven om " +"formaliteter svarer pÃ¥ spesielle fysikk av kreative eiendom, Ã¥ sikre at det " +"kan være effektivt og ganske spredt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " +"you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " +"effective. And few would think a car is second-class property just because " +"you must register the car with the state and tag it with a license. In both " +"of those cases, everyone sees that there is an important reason to secure " +"registration—both because it makes the markets more efficient and " +"because it better secures the rights of the owner. Without a registration " +"system for land, landowners would perpetually have to guard their property. " +"With registration, they can simply point the police to a deed. Without a " +"registration system for cars, auto theft would be much easier. With a " +"registration system, the thief has a high burden to sell a stolen car. A " +"slight burden is placed on the property owner, but those burdens produce a " +"much better system of protection for property generally." +msgstr "" +"Ingen mener for eksempel at landet er annenklasses egenskapen bare fordi du " +"har Ã¥ register en gjerning med en domstol Hvis din salg av land er Ã¥ være " +"effektive. og fÃ¥ tror en bil er annenklasses egenskapen bare fordi du mÃ¥ " +"registrere bilen med staten og merke den med en lisens. i begge disse " +"tilfellene ser alle at det er en viktig grunn til Ã¥ sikre registrering—" +"bÃ¥de fordi det gjør markedene mer effektiv, og fordi det sikrer bedre " +"rettighetene til eieren. uten en registreringssystemet for land mÃ¥tte " +"grunneiere perpetually vokte deres eiendom. med registrering, kan de bare " +"peker politiet til en gjerning. uten en registreringssystemet for biler, " +"ville auto tyveri være mye enklere. med en registreringssystemet har tyven " +"en høy belastning Ã¥ selge en stjÃ¥let bil. en liten byrde er plassert pÃ¥ " +"eiendommen eier, men de byrdene produserer et mye bedre system av " +"beskyttelse for egenskapen generelt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " +"copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " +"makes it relatively obvious who might own a particular bit of creative " +"property. A recording of Lyle Lovett's latest album can exist in a billion " +"places without anything necessarily linking it back to a particular owner. " +"And like a car, there's no way to buy and sell creative property with " +"confidence unless there is some simple way to authenticate who is the author " +"and what rights he has. Simple transactions are destroyed in a world without " +"formalities. Complex, expensive, <emphasis>lawyer</emphasis> transactions " +"take their place. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te er det spesielle fysikk som gjør formaliteter viktig i lov om " +"opphavsrett. i motsetning til en snekker tabell er det ingenting i naturen " +"som gjør det relativt Ã¥penbare som kan eie en bestemt bit av kreative-" +"egenskapen. et opptak av lyle lovett siste albumet kan finnes i en milliard " +"steder uten noe nødvendigvis knytte det tilbake til en bestemt eieren. og " +"som en bil, det er ingen mÃ¥te Ã¥ kjøpe og selge kreative egenskapen med " +"tillit med mindre det er noen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ godkjenne hvem er forfatter og " +"hvilke rettigheter han har. enkle transaksjoner er ødelagt i en verden uten " +"formaliteter. komplisert, dyrt, advokat transaksjoner ta sin plass." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " +"tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't <quote>get.</" +"quote> Because we live in a system without formalities, there is no way " +"easily to build upon or use culture from our past. If copyright terms were, " +"as Justice Story said they would be, <quote>short,</quote> then this " +"wouldn't matter much. For fourteen years, under the framers' system, a work " +"would be presumptively controlled. After fourteen years, it would be " +"presumptively uncontrolled." +msgstr "" +"Dette var forstÃ¥elsen av problemet med sonny bono loven som vi prøvde Ã¥ " +"demonstrere for retten. Dette var delen som det ikke \"fÃ¥.\" fordi vi lever " +"i et system uten formaliteter, det er ingen mÃ¥te lett Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥, eller bruk " +"kultur fra vÃ¥r fortid. Hvis opphavsrett vilkÃ¥rene var, som rettferdighet " +"historien sa de ville være, ville ikke \"kort\", da dette saken mye. i " +"fjorten Ã¥r, ville under underskrev system, et arbeid presumptively " +"kontrolleres. etter fjorten Ã¥r, ville det være presumptively ukontrollerte." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " +"know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " +"burden on the creative process. If the only way a library can offer an " +"Internet exhibit about the New Deal is to hire a lawyer to clear the rights " +"to every image and sound, then the copyright system is burdening creativity " +"in a way that has never been seen before <emphasis>because there are no " +"formalities</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"men nÃ¥ som opphavsrett kan være omtrent et Ã¥rhundre lang, manglende evne til " +"Ã¥ vite hva er beskyttet og hva er ikke beskyttet blir en stor og Ã¥penbare " +"byrde pÃ¥ den kreative prosessen. Hvis det er den eneste mÃ¥ten et bibliotek " +"kan tilby en Internett-utstilling om new deal til Ã¥ ansette en advokat for Ã¥ " +"fjerne rettighetene til hver bildefil og lydfil, er opphavsretten til " +"systemet bebyrde kreativitet pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som aldri har vært sett før fordi " +"det er ingen formaliteter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " +"worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer term. " +"Others will know how to contact you and, therefore, how to get your " +"permission if they want to use your work. And you will get the benefit of an " +"extended copyright term." +msgstr "" +"eldred act ble utformet for Ã¥ svare pÃ¥ akkurat dette problemet. Hvis det er " +"verdt $1 til deg, deretter registrere ditt arbeid, og du kan fÃ¥ pÃ¥ lengre " +"sikt. andre vil vite hvordan du kontakter du, og derfor, hvordan du fÃ¥r din " +"tillatelse hvis de vil bruke arbeidet. og du vil fÃ¥ nytte av en utvidet " +"opphavsrett sikt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " +"term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " +"monopoly over that work either. The work should pass into the public domain " +"where anyone can copy it, or build archives with it, or create a movie based " +"on it. It should become free if it is not worth $1 to you." +msgstr "" +"Hvis det ikke er verdt det for deg Ã¥ registrere for Ã¥ fÃ¥ utbytte av en " +"utvidet periode, bør ikke sÃ¥ det være verdt det for regjeringen Ã¥ forsvare " +"ditt monopol over som fungerer heller. arbeidet skal passere i public domain " +"der alle kan kopiere den, eller bygge arkivet med det eller opprette en film " +"basert pÃ¥ den. Det bør bli gratis hvis det ikke er verdt $1 for deg." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " +"work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " +"$1? Isn't that the real problem with registration?" +msgstr "" +"Noen bekymrer seg over byrden pÃ¥ forfattere. Gjør ikke byrden med Ã¥ " +"registrere verket at beløpet $1 egentlig er misvisende? Er ikke " +"ekstraarbeidet verdt mer enn $1? Er ikke dette det virkelige problemet med " +"registrering?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 260 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " +"completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " +"because they are terribly funded) in enabling simple and cheap " +"registrations. Any real solution to the problem of formalities must address " +"the real problem of <emphasis>governments</emphasis> standing at the core of " +"any system of formalities. In this book, I offer such a solution. That " +"solution essentially remakes the Copyright Office. For now, assume it was " +"Amazon that ran the registration system. Assume it was one-click " +"registration. The Eldred Act would propose a simple, one-click registration " +"fifty years after a work was published. Based upon historical data, that " +"system would move up to 98 percent of commercial work, commercial work that " +"no longer had a commercial life, into the public domain within fifty years. " +"What do you think?" +msgstr "" +"Det stemmer. Ekstraarbeidet er forferdelig. Systemet som finnes nÃ¥ er " +"grufult. Jeg helt enig at opphavsrettkontoret har gjort en dÃ¥rlig jobb " +"(ingen tvil fordi de er dÃ¥rlig finansiert) med Ã¥ fÃ¥ pÃ¥ plass enkel og billig " +"registrering. Alle fornuftige løsning pÃ¥ problemet med formaliteter mÃ¥ " +"adressen den virkelige problemet av regjeringer stÃ¥ende i kjernen av et " +"system av formaliteter. i denne boken tilby jeg en slik løsning. Denne " +"løsningen remakes hovedsak copyright kontoret. for nÃ¥, kan du anta at det " +"var amazon som kjørte registreringssystemet. anta det var ett klikk " +"registrering. eldred act ville foreslÃ¥ en enkel, ett klikk registrering " +"femti Ã¥r etter et arbeid ble offentliggjort. basert pÃ¥ historiske data, at " +"systemet ville flytte opptil 98 prosent av kommersielle arbeid, kommersielle " +"fungerer som ikke lenger hadde en kommersiell levetid, i public domain innen " +"femti Ã¥r. hva tror du?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " +"attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " +"willing to introduce the Eldred Act. And I had a few who directly suggested " +"that they might be willing to take the first step." +msgstr "" +"Da Steve Forbes støttet idéen, begynte enkelte i Washington Ã¥ følge med. " +"Mange kontaktet meg med tips til representanter som kan være villig til Ã¥ " +"introdusere en Eldred-lov. og jeg hadde noen fÃ¥ som foreslo direkte at de " +"kan være villige til Ã¥ ta det første skrittet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" +msgstr "Lofgren, Zoe" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " +#| "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " +#| "imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " +#| "2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted " +#| "on the Eldred Act blog, \"we are close.\" There was a general reaction in " +#| "the blog community that something good might happen here. <placeholder " +#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " +"bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " +"imposed the simplest requirement upon copyright owners possible. In May " +"2003, it looked as if the bill would be introduced. On May 16, I posted on " +"the Eldred Act blog, <quote>we are close.</quote> There was a general " +"reaction in the blog community that something good might happen here. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"En representant, Zoe Lofgren fra California, gikk sÃ¥ langt som Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"lovforslaget utarbeidet. Utkastet løste noen problemer med internasjonal " +"lov. Det pÃ¥la de enklest mulige forutsetninger pÃ¥ innehaverne av " +"opphavsretter. I mai 2003 sÃ¥ det ut som om loven skulle være introdusert. " +"16. mai, postet jeg pÃ¥ Eldred Act-bloggen, \"vi er nære\". Det oppstod en " +"generell reaksjon i blogg-samfunnet om at noe godt kunne skje her. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " +"MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " +"the MPAA. Aided by his lawyer, as Valenti told me, Valenti informed the " +"congresswoman that the MPAA would oppose the Eldred Act. The reasons are " +"embarrassingly thin. More importantly, their thinness shows something clear " +"about what this debate is really about." +msgstr "" +"men pÃ¥ dette stadiet, lobbyister begynte Ã¥ intervenere. Jack valenti og mpaa " +"sjefsjurist kom til congresswoman's office Ã¥ gi oversikt over mpaa. hjulpet " +"av sin advokat, som valenti fortalte meg, informert valenti i congresswoman " +"at mpaa vil motsette seg eldred act. Ã¥rsakene er embarrassingly tynn. enda " +"viktigere, viser deres tykkelse noe klart om hva denne debatten er virkelig " +"om." + +#. PAGE BREAK 261 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " +"concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " +"was true, but irrelevant, as Congress's <quote>firm rejection</quote> had " +"occurred long before the Internet made subsequent uses much more likely. " +"Second, they argued that the proposal would harm poor copyright owners—" +"apparently those who could not afford the $1 fee. Third, they argued that " +"Congress had determined that extending a copyright term would encourage " +"restoration work. Maybe in the case of the small percentage of work covered " +"by copyright law that is still commercially valuable, but again this was " +"irrelevant, as the proposal would not cut off the extended term unless the " +"$1 fee was not paid. Fourth, the MPAA argued that the bill would impose " +"<quote>enormous</quote> costs, since a registration system is not free. True " +"enough, but those costs are certainly less than the costs of clearing the " +"rights for a copyright whose owner is not known. Fifth, they worried about " +"the risks if the copyright to a story underlying a film were to pass into " +"the public domain. But what risk is that? If it is in the public domain, " +"then the film is a valid derivative use." +msgstr "" +"mpaa hevdet først at Kongressen hadde \"fast avvist sentrale konseptet i " +"lovforslaget\"—opphavsrett fornyes. Det var sant, men irrelevant, som " +"congress's \"fast avvisning\" hadde skjedd lenge før Internett gjort " +"etterfølgende bruker mye mer sannsynlig. for det andre, de hevdet at " +"forslaget vil skade dÃ¥rlig eiere av opphavsretter—tilsynelatende de " +"som ikke hadde rÃ¥d til $1 gebyret. tredje, de hevdet at Kongressen hadde " +"bestemt at utvide en opphavsrett sikt vil oppfordre restaurering arbeid. " +"kanskje nÃ¥r det gjelder en liten prosentdel av arbeid dekket av lov om " +"opphavsrett som fortsatt er kommersielt verdifulle, men igjen dette var " +"irrelevant, som forslaget ikke vil kuttet av pÃ¥ lengre sikt med mindre ikke " +"ble betalt $1 gebyret. fjerde, mpaa hevdet at regningen ville innføre " +"\"enorme\" kostnader, siden en registreringssystemet ikke er gratis. Sant " +"nok, men disse kostnadene er sikkert mindre enn kostnadene ved Ã¥ fjerne " +"rettighetene for en copyright der eieren ikke er kjent. femte bekymret de om " +"risikoene hvis opphavsretten til en historie underliggende en film var " +"skjedde i public domain. men hva risikoen er at? Hvis det er allemannseie, " +"deretter er filmen en gyldig avledet bruk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " +"this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " +"copyright owners who don't even know they have a copyright to give. Whether " +"they are free to give away their copyright or not—a controversial " +"claim in any case—unless they know about a copyright, they're not " +"likely to." +msgstr "" +"Endelig, mpaa hevdet at eksisterende lov aktivert opphavsrett eiere til Ã¥ " +"gjøre dette hvis de ville. men hele poenget er at det er tusenvis av " +"opphavsrett eiere som ikke selv vet de har opphavsretten til Ã¥ gi. enten de " +"er fri til Ã¥ gi bort deres copyright eller ikke—kontroversielle krav i " +"alle fall—hvis de ikke kjenner om opphavsretten, sannsynligvis de ikke." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " +"changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " +"common sense was delayed. The difference between the two stories was the " +"power of the opposition—the power of the side that fought to defend " +"the status quo. In both cases, a new technology threatened old interests. " +"But in only one case did those interest's have the power to protect " +"themselves against this new competitive threat." +msgstr "" +"i begynnelsen av denne boken fortalte jeg to historier om loven reagerer pÃ¥ " +"endringer i teknologi. i den prevailed sunn fornuft. i den andre, ble sunn " +"fornuft forsinket. forskjellen mellom to historiene var strømmen av " +"opposisjonen—kraften til siden som kjempet for Ã¥ forsvare status quo. " +"i begge tilfeller truet en ny teknologi gamle interesser. men i bare ett " +"tilfelle gjorde de interessen har makt til Ã¥ beskytte seg mot denne nye " +"konkurransedyktig trusselen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " +"about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " +"here, too, we should ask, is the law following or resisting common sense? If " +"common sense supports the law, what explains this common sense?" +msgstr "" +"Jeg brukte disse to tilfellene som en mÃ¥te Ã¥ ramme inn krigen som denne " +"boken har handlet om. For her er det ogsÃ¥ en ny teknologi som tvinger loven " +"til Ã¥ reagere. Og her bør vi ogsÃ¥ spørre, er loven i trÃ¥d med eller i strid " +"med sunn fornuft. Hvis sunn fornuft støtter loven, hva forklarer denne " +"sunne fornuften?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 262 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " +"owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " +"law should work to eliminate it. When the issue is p2p sharing, it is easy " +"to understand why the law backs the owners still: Much of this sharing is " +"wrong, even if much is harmless. When the issue is copyright terms for the " +"Mickey Mouses of the world, it is possible still to understand why the law " +"favors Hollywood: Most people don't recognize the reasons for limiting " +"copyright terms; it is thus still possible to see good faith within the " +"resistance." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r problemet er piratkopiering, er det riktig for loven tilbake opphavsrett " +"eierne. kommersielle piratkopiering som jeg beskrevet er galt og skadelig, " +"og loven bør arbeide for Ã¥ fjerne den. NÃ¥r problemet er p2p deling, det er " +"lett Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvorfor loven backs eierne fortsatt: mye av denne deling er " +"feil, selv om mye er harmløse. NÃ¥r problemet er copyright vilkÃ¥r for Mikke " +"Mus av verden, er det mulig for fortsatt Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvorfor loven favoriserer " +"hollywood: de fleste folk ikke gjenkjenner Ã¥rsakene til Ã¥ begrense " +"opphavsrett vilkÃ¥r; Det er derfor fremdeles mulig Ã¥ se god tro i motstanden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kelly, Kevin" +msgstr "Kelly, Kevin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " +"then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " +"driving this war. This act would free an extraordinary range of content that " +"is otherwise unused. It wouldn't interfere with any copyright owner's desire " +"to exercise continued control over his content. It would simply liberate " +"what Kevin Kelly calls the <quote>Dark Content</quote> that fills archives " +"around the world. So when the warriors oppose a change like this, we should " +"ask one simple question: <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"men nÃ¥r opphavsrett eierne motsette et forslag som eldred act, sÃ¥, til " +"slutt, er det et eksempel at legger bare naken selfinterest kjører denne " +"krigen. Denne loven ville frigjøre en ekstraordinære rekke innhold som " +"ellers er ubrukt. det ville ikke forstyrre noen opphavsrettsinnehaveren " +"ønske om Ã¥ utøve fortsatt kontroll over hans innhold. det vil bare frigjøre " +"hva kevin kelly kall det \"mørke innholdet\" at fyll arkiver rundt om i " +"verden. sÃ¥ nÃ¥r warriors motsette en endring som dette, bør vi ber ett enkelt " +"spørsmÃ¥l:" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "What does this industry really want?" +msgstr "Hva ønsker denne industrien egentlig?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " +"effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> content. The effort to block the Eldred Act is an " +"effort to assure that nothing more passes into the public domain. It is " +"another step to assure that the public domain will never compete, that there " +"will be no use of content that is not commercially controlled, and that " +"there will be no commercial use of content that doesn't require " +"<emphasis>their</emphasis> permission first." +msgstr "" +"med svært liten innsats, kunne warriors beskytte deres innhold. sÃ¥ innsatsen " +"for Ã¥ blokkere noe som eldred loven er ikke virkelig om Ã¥ beskytte sitt " +"innhold. innsatsen for Ã¥ blokkere eldred loven er et forsøk pÃ¥ Ã¥ sikre at " +"ingenting mer passerer i public domain. Det er et skritt for Ã¥ sikre at den " +"offentlige sfæren vil aldri konkurrere, at det vil være ingen bruk av " +"innhold som ikke er kommersielt kontrollert, og at det vil være ingen " +"kommersiell bruk av innhold som ikke krever at deres tillatelse først." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " +"most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " +"the protection of <quote>property</quote> but the rejection of a tradition. " +"Their aim is not simply to protect what is theirs. <emphasis>Their aim is to " +"assure that all there is is what is theirs</emphasis>." +msgstr "" +"motstanden mot loven eldred avslører hvordan ekstreme den andre siden er. " +"mektigste og sexy og godt elsket av lobbies virkelig har som mÃ¥let ikke " +"beskyttelse av \"property\" men avvisningen av en tradisjon. deres mÃ¥l er " +"ikke bare Ã¥ beskytte hva er deres. deres mÃ¥l er Ã¥ sikre at alt er det er hva " +"er deres." + +#. PAGE BREAK 263 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " +"to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " +"tied to the Internet could somehow be quashed. Just as RCA feared the " +"competition of FM, they fear the competition of a public domain connected to " +"a public that now has the means to create with it and to share its own " +"creation." +msgstr "" +"Det er ikke vanskelig Ã¥ forstÃ¥ hvorfor warriors ta denne visningen. Det er " +"ikke vanskelig Ã¥ se hvorfor det ville ha nytte dem. Hvis kunne noe ødela " +"konkurransen av den offentlige sfæren knyttet til Internett. akkurat som rca " +"fryktet konkurransen av fm, frykter de konkurransen av et offentlig-domene " +"som er koblet til et offentlig som nÃ¥ har mulighet til Ã¥ opprette med det og " +"dele sin egen etablering." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " +"the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " +"demands that their remote and useless property rights be respected, so that " +"these remote and forgotten copyright holders might block the progress of " +"others." +msgstr "" +"Det som er vanskelig Ã¥ forstÃ¥ er hvorfor folket innehar dette synet. Det er " +"som om loven gjorde at flymaskiner tok seg inn pÃ¥ annen manns eiendom. MPAA " +"stÃ¥r side om side med Causbyene og krever at deres fjerne og ubrukelige " +"eierrettigheter blir respektert, slik at disse fjerne og glemte " +"opphavsrettsinnehaverne kan blokkere fremgangen til andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " +"<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " +"and so long as it does, the assaults will rain down upon the technologies of " +"the Internet. The consequence will be an increasing <quote>permission " +"society.</quote> The past can be cultivated only if you can identify the " +"owner and gain permission to build upon his work. The future will be " +"controlled by this dead (and often unfindable) hand of the past." +msgstr "" +"alt dette synes Ã¥ følge lett fra denne untroubled aksept av \"eiendom\" i " +"immaterielle. sunn fornuft støtter det, og sÃ¥ lenge den gjør det, assaults " +"blir regn pÃ¥ teknologien av Internett. konsekvensen vil være et økende " +"\"tillatelse samfunn.\" fortiden kan dyrkes bare hvis du kan identifisere " +"eieren og fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ hans arbeid. fremtiden vil bli " +"kontrollert av denne døde (og ofte unfindable) hÃ¥nden av fortiden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +msgid "CONCLUSION" +msgstr "Konklusjon" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-" +"five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. Seventeen million have " +"already died. Seventeen million Africans is proportional percentage-wise to " +"seven million Americans. More importantly, it is seventeen million Africans." +msgstr "" +"Det er mer enn trettifem millioner mennesker over hele verden med AIDS-" +"viruset. Tjuefem millioner av dem bor i Afrika sør for Sahara. Sytten " +"millioner har allerede dødd. Sytten millioner afrikanere er prosentvis " +"proporsjonalt med syv millioner amerikanere. Viktigere er det at dette er " +"17 millioner afrikanere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " +"These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " +"had a dramatic effect. In the United States, AIDS patients who regularly " +"take a cocktail of these drugs increase their life expectancy by ten to " +"twenty years. For some, the drugs make the disease almost invisible." +msgstr "" +"Det finnes ingen kur for AIDS, men det finnes medisiner som kan hemme " +"sykdommens utvikling. Disse antiretrovirale terapiene er fortsatt " +"eksperimentelle, men de har hatt en dramatisk effekt allerede. I USA øker " +"AIDS-pasienter som regelmessig tar en cocktail av disse medisinene sin " +"levealder med ti til tjue Ã¥r. For noen gjøre medisinene sykdommen nesten " +"usynlig." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " +#| "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</" +#| "ulink>. According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 " +#| "July 2002, only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing " +#| "world receive them—and half of them are in Brazil." +msgid "" +"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</ulink>. " +"According to a World Health Organization press release issued 9 July 2002, " +"only 230,000 of the 6 million who need drugs in the developing world receive " +"them—and half of them are in Brazil." +msgstr "" +"Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " +"Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #55</" +"ulink>. I følge en pressemelding fra verdens helseorganisasjon sendt ut 9. " +"juli 2002, mottar kun 320 000 av de 6 millioner som trenger medisiner i " +"utviklingsland dem de trenger—og halvparten av dem er i Brasil." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " +"States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " +"some cost $25,000 per year. At these prices, of course, no African nation " +"can afford the drugs for the vast majority of its population: $15,000 is " +"thirty times the per capita gross national product of Zimbabwe. At these " +"prices, the drugs are totally unavailable.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Disse medisinene er dyre. Da de ble først introdusert i USA, kostet de " +"mellom $10 000 og $15 000 pr. person hvert Ã¥r. I dag koster noen " +"av dem $25 000 pr. Ã¥r. Med disse prisene har, selvfølgelig, ingen " +"afrikansk stat rÃ¥d til medisinen for det store flertall av sine innbyggere: " +"$15 000 er tredve ganger brutto nasjonalprodukt pr. innbygger i " +"Zimbabwe. Med slike priser er disse medisinene fullstendig utilgjengelig." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 265 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " +"expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by patents. " +"The drug companies that produced these life-saving mixes enjoy at least a " +"twenty-year monopoly for their inventions. They use that monopoly power to " +"extract the most they can from the market. That power is in turn used to " +"keep the prices high." +msgstr "" +"Disse prisene er ikke høye fordi ingrediensene til medisinene er dyre. " +"Disse prisene er høye fordi medisinene er beskyttet av patenter. " +"Farmasiselskapene som produserer disse livreddende blandingene nyter minst " +"tjue Ã¥rs monopol pÃ¥ sine oppfinnelser. De bruker denne monopolmakten til Ã¥ " +"hente ut sÃ¥ mye de kan fra markedet. Ved hjelp av denne makten holder de " +"prisene høye." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " +"not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " +"patents, drug research is, in my view, the clearest case where patents are " +"needed. The patent gives the drug company some assurance that if it is " +"successful in inventing a new drug to treat a disease, it will be able to " +"earn back its investment and more. This is socially an extremely valuable " +"incentive. I am the last person who would argue that the law should abolish " +"it, at least without other changes." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som er skeptiske til patenter, spesielt patenter pÃ¥ medisiner. " +"Det er ikke jeg. Faktisk av alle forskningsomrÃ¥der som kan være støttet av " +"patenter, er forskning pÃ¥ medisiner, etter min mening, det klareste tilfelle " +"der patenter er nødvendig. Patenter gir et farmasøytiske firma en viss " +"forsikring om at hvis det lykkes i Ã¥ finne opp et nytt medikament som kan " +"behandle en sykdom, vil det kunne tjene tilbake investeringen og mer til. " +"Dette ber sosialt et ekstremt verdifullt insentiv. Jeg er den siste personen " +"som vil argumentere for at loven skal avskaffe dette, i det minste uten " +"andre endringer." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " +"thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " +"began to recognize the devastation that AIDS was bringing, they started " +"looking for ways to import HIV treatments at costs significantly below the " +"market price." +msgstr "" +"Men det er én ting Ã¥ støtte patenter, selv patenter pÃ¥ medisiner. Det er en " +"annen ting Ã¥ avgjøre hvordan en best skal hÃ¥ndtere en krise. Og i det " +"afrikanske ledere begynte Ã¥ erkjenne ødeleggelsen AIDS brakte, begynte de Ã¥ " +"se etter mÃ¥ter Ã¥ importere HIV-medisiner til kostnader betydelig under " +"markedspris." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Braithwaite, John" +msgstr "Braithwaite, John" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " +"Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: <citetitle>Who " +"Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " +"37. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " +#| "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in " +#| "another nation's market with the consent of the patent owner. For " +#| "example, if the drug was sold in India, it could be imported into Africa " +#| "from India. This is called \"parallel importation,\" and it is generally " +#| "permitted under international trade law and is specifically permitted " +#| "within the European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " +"importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " +"nation's market with the consent of the patent owner. For example, if the " +"drug was sold in India, it could be imported into Africa from India. This is " +"called <quote>parallel importation,</quote> and it is generally permitted " +"under international trade law and is specifically permitted within the " +"European Union.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I 1997 forsøkte Sør-Afrika seg pÃ¥ en tilnærming. Landet vedtok en lov som " +"tillot import av patenterte medisiner som hadde blitt produsert og solgt i " +"en annen nasjons marked med godkjenning fra patenteieren. For eksempel, " +"hvis medisinen var solgt i India, sÃ¥ kunne den bli importert inn til Afrika " +"fra India. Dette kalles \"parallellimport\" og er generelt tillatt i " +"internasjonal handelslovgivning, og spesifikt tillatt i den europeiske union." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 14, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #56</ulink>. For a firsthand account of the struggle over " +"South Africa, see Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Criminal Justice, Drug " +"Policy, and Human Resources, House Committee on Government Reform, H. Rep., " +"1st sess., Ser. No. 106-126 (22 July 1999), 150–57 (statement of James " +"Love)." +msgstr "" + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " +"Report Prepared for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." +msgstr "" +"International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " +"Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en " +"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " +#| "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " +#| "characterized it, \"The U.S. government pressured South Africa … " +#| "not to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.\"<placeholder " +#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States " +#| "Trade Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the " +#| "law—and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed " +#| "South Africa for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than " +#| "forty pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African " +#| "courts to challenge the government's actions. The United States was then " +#| "joined by other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of " +#| "the pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its " +#| "obligations under international law by discriminating against a " +#| "particular kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of " +#| "these governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South " +#| "Africa respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless " +#| "of any effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder " +#| "type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgid "" +"However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " +"opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " +"characterized it, <quote>The U.S. government pressured South Africa … " +"not to permit compulsory licensing or parallel imports.</quote><placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Through the Office of the United States Trade " +"Representative, the government asked South Africa to change the law—" +"and to add pressure to that request, in 1998, the USTR listed South Africa " +"for possible trade sanctions. That same year, more than forty " +"pharmaceutical companies began proceedings in the South African courts to " +"challenge the government's actions. The United States was then joined by " +"other governments from the EU. Their claim, and the claim of the " +"pharmaceutical companies, was that South Africa was violating its " +"obligations under international law by discriminating against a particular " +"kind of patent— pharmaceutical patents. The demand of these " +"governments, with the United States in the lead, was that South Africa " +"respect these patents as it respects any other patent, regardless of any " +"effect on the treatment of AIDS within South Africa.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Men USA var imot lovendringen. Og de nøyde seg ikke med Ã¥ være imot. Som " +"International Intellectual Property Association karakteriserte det, " +"\"Myndighetene i USA presset Sør-Afrika … til Ã¥ ikke tillate tvungen " +"lisensiering eller parallellimport\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Gjennom kontoret til USAs handelsrepresentant (USTR), ba myndighetene Sør-" +"Afrika om Ã¥ endre loven—og for Ã¥ legge press bak den forespørselen, " +"listet USTR i 1998 opp Sør-Afrika som et land som burde vurderes for " +"handelsrestriksjoner. Samme Ã¥r gikk mer enn førti farmasiselskaper til " +"retten for Ã¥ utfordre myndighetenes handlinger. USA fikk selskap av andre " +"myndigheter fra EU. Deres pÃ¥stand, og pÃ¥standen til farmasiselskapene, var " +"at Sør-Afrika brøt sine internasjonale forpliktelser ved Ã¥ diskriminere mot " +"en bestemt type patenter—farmasøytiske patenter. Kravet fra disse " +"myndighetene, med USA i spissen, var at Sør-Afrika skulle respektere disse " +"patentene pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te som alle andre patenter, uavhengig av eventuell " +"effekt pÃ¥ behandlingen av AIDS i Sør-Afrika.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " +"patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " +"drugs. Poverty and the total absence of an effective health care " +"infrastructure matter more. But whether patents are the most important " +"reason or not, the price of drugs has an effect on their demand, and patents " +"affect price. And so, whether massive or marginal, there was an effect from " +"our government's intervention to stop the flow of medications into Africa." +msgstr "" +"Vi bør sette intervensjonen til USA i sammenheng. Det er ingen tvil om at " +"patenter ikke er den viktigste Ã¥rsaken til at Afrikanere ikke har tilgang " +"til medisiner. Fattigdom og den totale mangel pÃ¥ effektivt helsevesen betyr " +"mer. Men uansett om patenter er en viktigste grunnen eller ikke, sÃ¥ har " +"prisen pÃ¥ medisiner en effekt pÃ¥ etterspørselen, og patenter pÃ¥virker " +"prisen. SÃ¥ uansett, massiv eller marginal, sÃ¥ var det en effekt av vÃ¥re " +"myndigheters intervensjon for Ã¥ stoppe flyten av medisiner inn til Afrika." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " +"government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " +"like wheat (if they eat it, we can't); instead, the flow that the United " +"States intervened to stop was, in effect, a flow of knowledge: information " +"about how to take chemicals that exist within Africa, and turn those " +"chemicals into drugs that would save 15 to 30 million lives." +msgstr "" +"Ved Ã¥ stoppe flyten av HIV-behandling til Afrika, sikret ikke myndighetene i " +"USA medisiner til USA borgere. Dette er ikke som hvete (hvis de spise det sÃ¥ " +"kan ikke vi spise det). Det som USA i effekt intervenerte for Ã¥ stoppe, var " +"flyten av kunnskap: Informasjon om hvordan en kan ta kjemikalier som finnes " +"i Afrika og gjøre disse kjemikaliene om til medisiner som kan redde 15 til " +"30 millioner liv." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " +"of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " +"not as if these countries were in the position to buy the drugs for the " +"prices the drug companies were charging. Again, the Africans are wildly too " +"poor to afford these drugs at the offered prices. Stopping the parallel " +"import of these drugs would not substantially increase the sales by U.S. " +"companies." +msgstr "" +"Intervensjonen fra USA ville heller ikke beskytte fortjenesten til " +"medisinselskapene i USA— i hvert fall ikke betydelig. Det var jo ikke " +"slik at disse landene hadde mulighet til Ã¥ kjøpe medisinene til de prisene " +"som medisinselskapene forlangte. Igjen var afrikanerne for fattige til Ã¥ ha " +"rÃ¥d til disse medisinene til de tilbudte prisene. Å blokkere for " +"parallellimport av disse medisinene ville ikke øke salget til de amerikanske " +"selskapene betydelig." + +#. f5. +#. PAGE BREAK 333 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " +"Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " +"Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 May 1999, A1, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #57</ulink> (<quote>compulsory licenses and " +"gray markets pose a threat to the entire system of intellectual property " +"protection</quote>); Robert Weissman, <quote>AIDS and Developing Countries: " +"Democratizing Access to Essential Medicines,</quote> <citetitle>Foreign " +"Policy in Focus</citetitle> 4:23 (August 1999), available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #58</ulink> (describing U.S. policy); " +"John A. Harrelson, <quote>TRIPS, Pharmaceutical Patents, and the HIV/AIDS " +"Crisis: Finding the Proper Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and " +"Compassion, a Synopsis,</quote> <citetitle>Widener Law Symposium Journal</" +"citetitle> (Spring 2001): 175." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " +#| "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " +#| "sanctity of property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It was " +#| "because \"intellectual property\" would be violated that these drugs " +#| "should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance of " +#| "\"intellectual property\" that led these government actors to intervene " +#| "against the South African response to AIDS." +msgid "" +"Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " +"which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " +"sanctity of property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It was " +"because <quote>intellectual property</quote> would be violated that these " +"drugs should not flow into Africa. It was a principle about the importance " +"of <quote>intellectual property</quote> that led these government actors to " +"intervene against the South African response to AIDS." +msgstr "" +"I stedet var argumentet til fordel for restriksjoner pÃ¥ denne flyten av " +"informasjon, som var nødvendig for Ã¥ redde millioner av liv, et argument om " +"eiendoms ukrenkelighet.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Det var pÃ¥ " +"grunn av at \"intellektuell eiendom\" ville bli krenket at disse medisinene " +"ikke skulle flomme inn til Afrika. Det var prinsippet om viktigheten av " +"\"intellektuell eiendom\" som fikk disse myndighetsaktørene til Ã¥ " +"intervenere mot Sør-Afrikas mottiltak mot AIDS." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from " +#| "now when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " +#| "happen? How could we allow a policy to be pursued whose direct cost would " +#| "be to speed the death of 15 to 30 million Africans, and whose only real " +#| "benefit would be to uphold the \"sanctity\" of an idea? What possible " +#| "justification could there ever be for a policy that results in so many " +#| "deaths? What exactly is the insanity that would allow so many to die for " +#| "such an abstraction?" +msgid "" +"Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " +"when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " +"happen? How could we allow a policy to be pursued whose direct cost would be " +"to speed the death of 15 to 30 million Africans, and whose only real benefit " +"would be to uphold the <quote>sanctity</quote> of an idea? What possible " +"justification could there ever be for a policy that results in so many " +"deaths? What exactly is the insanity that would allow so many to die for " +"such an abstraction?" +msgstr "" +"La oss ta et skritt tilbake for et øyeblikk. En gang om tredve Ã¥r vil vÃ¥re " +"barn se tilbake pÃ¥ oss og spørre, hvordan kunne vi la dette skje? Hvordan " +"kunne vi tillate Ã¥ gjennomføre en politikk hvis direkte kostnad var fÃ¥ 15 " +"til 30 millioner afrikanere til Ã¥ dø raskere, og hvis eneste virkelige " +"fordel var Ã¥ opprettholde \"ukrenkeligheten\" til en idé? Hva slags " +"berettigelse kan noen sinne eksistere for en politikk som resulterer i sÃ¥ " +"mange døde? Hva slags galskap er det egentlig som tillater at sÃ¥ mange dør " +"for slik en abstraksjon?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " +"managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " +"certain patent policy not because of ideals, but because it is the policy " +"that makes them the most money. And it only makes them the most money " +"because of a certain corruption within our political system— a " +"corruption the drug companies are certainly not responsible for." +msgstr "" +"Noen skylder pÃ¥ farmasiselskapene. Det gjør ikke jeg. De er selskaper, og " +"deres ledere er lovpÃ¥lagt Ã¥ tjene penger for selskapene. De presser pÃ¥ for " +"en bestemt patentpolitikk, ikke pÃ¥ grunn av idealer, men fordi det er dette " +"som gjør at de tjener mest penger. Og dette gjør kun at de tjener mest " +"penger pÃ¥ grunn av en slags korrupsjon i vÃ¥rt politiske system— en " +"korrupsjon som farmasiselskapene helt klart ikke er ansvarlige for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " +"companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " +"drugs as cheaply as they can to countries in Africa and elsewhere. There " +"are issues they'd have to resolve to make sure the drugs didn't get back " +"into the United States, but those are mere problems of technology. They " +"could be overcome." +msgstr "" +"Denne korrupsjonen er vÃ¥re egne politikeres manglende integritet. For " +"medisinprodusentene ville elske—sier de selv, og jeg tror dem — " +"Ã¥ selge sine medisiner sÃ¥ billig som de kan til land i Afrika og andre " +"steder. Det er utfordringer de mÃ¥ løse Ã¥ sikre at medisinene ikke kommer " +"tilbake til USA, men dette er bare teknologiske utfordring. De kan bli " +"overvunnet." + +#. PAGE BREAK 268 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of " +#| "the grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug " +#| "companies before a Senate or House hearing, and ask, \"How is it you can " +#| "sell this HIV drug in Africa for only $1 a pill, but the same drug would " +#| "cost an American $1,500?\" Because there is no \"sound bite\" answer to " +#| "that question, its effect would be to induce regulation of prices in " +#| "America. The drug companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first " +#| "step. They reinforce the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt " +#| "a rational strategy in an irrational context, with the unintended " +#| "consequence that perhaps millions die. And that rational strategy thus " +#| "becomes framed in terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an idea " +#| "called \"intellectual property.\"" +msgid "" +"A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " +"grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " +"before a Senate or House hearing, and ask, <quote>How is it you can sell " +"this HIV drug in Africa for only $1 a pill, but the same drug would cost an " +"American $1,500?</quote> Because there is no <quote>sound bite</quote> " +"answer to that question, its effect would be to induce regulation of prices " +"in America. The drug companies thus avoid this spiral by avoiding the first " +"step. They reinforce the idea that property should be sacred. They adopt a " +"rational strategy in an irrational context, with the unintended consequence " +"that perhaps millions die. And that rational strategy thus becomes framed in " +"terms of this ideal—the sanctity of an idea called <quote>intellectual " +"property.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Et annet problem kan derimot ikke løses. Det er frykten for at en politiker " +"som skal vise seg og kaller inn lederne hos medisinprodusentene til høring i " +"senatet eller representantenes hus og spør, \"hvordan har det seg at du kan " +"selge HIV-medisinen i Afrika for bare $1 pr. pille, mens samme pille koster " +"en amerikansker $1 500?\" Da det ikke finnes et \"kjapt svar\" pÃ¥ det " +"spørsmÃ¥let, ville effekten bli regulering av priser i Amerika. " +"Medisinprodusentene unngÃ¥r dermed denne spiralen ved Ã¥ sikre at det første " +"steget ikke tas. De forsterker idéen om at eierrettigheter skal være " +"ukrenkelige. De legger seg pÃ¥ en rasjonell strategi i en irrasjonell " +"omgivelse, med den utilsiktede konsekvens at kanskje millioner dør. Og den " +"rasjonelle strategien rammes dermed inn ved hjel av dette ideal—" +"helligheten til en idé som kalles \"immaterielle rettigheter\"." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " +"When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " +"done, how will we justify what we have done? What is the argument?" +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ nÃ¥r du konfronteres av ditt barns sunne fornuft, hva vil du si? NÃ¥r den " +"sunne fornuften hos en generasjon endelig gjør opprør mot hva vi har gjort, " +"hvordan vil vi rettferdiggjøre det? Hva er argumentet?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " +"system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same way. " +"Just as a sensible copyright policy could endorse and strongly support a " +"copyright system without having to regulate the spread of culture perfectly " +"and forever, a sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support a " +"patent system without having to block the spread of drugs to a country not " +"rich enough to afford market prices in any case. A sensible policy, in other " +"words, could be a balanced policy. For most of our history, both copyright " +"and patent policies were balanced in just this sense." +msgstr "" +"En fornuftig patentpolitikk kunne gÃ¥ god for og gi sterk støtte til " +"patentsystemet uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte nÃ¥ alle overalt pÃ¥ nøyaktig samme mÃ¥te. PÃ¥ samme " +"mÃ¥te som en fornuftig opphavsrettspolitikk kunne gÃ¥ god for og gi sterk " +"støtte til et opphavsretts-system uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte regulere spredningen av " +"kultur perfekt og for alltid. En fornuftig patentpolitikk kunne gÃ¥ god for " +"og gi sterk støtte til et patentsystem uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte blokkere spredning av " +"medisiner til et land som uansett ikke er rikt nok til Ã¥ ha rÃ¥d til " +"markedsprisen. En fornuftig politikk kan en dermed si kunne være en " +"balansert politikk. For det meste av vÃ¥r historie har bÃ¥de opphavsrett- og " +"patentpolitikken i denne forstand vært balansert." + +#. PAGE BREAK 269 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " +"critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " +"A certain property fundamentalism, having no connection to our tradition, " +"now reigns in this culture—bizarrely, and with consequences more grave " +"to the spread of ideas and culture than almost any other single policy " +"decision that we as a democracy will make. A simple idea blinds us, and " +"under the cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if " +"any of us looked. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in ideas " +"that we don't even notice how monstrous it is to deny ideas to a people who " +"are dying without them. So uncritically do we accept the idea of property in " +"culture that we don't even question when the control of that property " +"removes our ability, as a people, to develop our culture democratically. " +"Blindness becomes our common sense. And the challenge for anyone who would " +"reclaim the right to cultivate our culture is to find a way to make this " +"common sense open its eyes." +msgstr "" +"Men vi som kultur har mistet denne følelsen for balanse. Vi har mistet det " +"kritiske blikket som hjelper oss til Ã¥ se forskjellen mellom sannhet og " +"ekstremisme. En slags eiendomsfundamentalisme, uten grunnlag i vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon, hersker nÃ¥ i vÃ¥r kultur—sært, og med konsekvenser mer " +"alvorlig for spredningen av idéer og kultur enn nesten enhver annen politisk " +"enkeltavgjørelse vi som demokrati kan fatte. En enkel idé blender oss, og " +"under dekke av mørket skjer mye som de fleste av oss ville avvist hvis vi " +"hadde fulgt med. SÃ¥ ukritisk aksepterer vi idéen om eierskap til idéer at " +"vi ikke engang legger merke til hvor uhyrlig det er Ã¥ nekte tilgang til " +"idéer for et folk som dør uten dem. SÃ¥ ukritisk aksepterer vi idéen om " +"eiendom til kulturen at vi ikke engang stiller spørsmÃ¥l ved nÃ¥r kontrollen " +"over denne eiendommen fjerner vÃ¥r evne, som folk, til Ã¥ utvikle vÃ¥r kultur " +"demokratisk. Blindhet blir vÃ¥r sunne fornuft, og utfordringen for enhver " +"som vil gjenvinne retten til Ã¥ dyrke vÃ¥r kultur er Ã¥ finne en mÃ¥te Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"denne sunne fornuften til Ã¥ Ã¥pne sine øyne." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not " +#| "yet see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now " +#| "dominates this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is " +#| "reinforced by the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight " +#| "\"piracy,\" and devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea " +#| "of \"creative property,\" while transforming real creators into modern-" +#| "day sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should be " +#| "balanced, even though each of the major players in this content war was " +#| "itself a beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet " +#| "in a city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful " +#| "lobbies, complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the \"perfect " +#| "storm\" for free culture." +msgid "" +"So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " +"see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " +"this debate fits with ideas that seem natural, and that fit is reinforced by " +"the RCAs of our day. They wage a frantic war to fight <quote>piracy,</quote> " +"and devastate a culture for creativity. They defend the idea of " +"<quote>creative property,</quote> while transforming real creators into " +"modern-day sharecroppers. They are insulted by the idea that rights should " +"be balanced, even though each of the major players in this content war was " +"itself a beneficiary of a more balanced ideal. The hypocrisy reeks. Yet in a " +"city like Washington, hypocrisy is not even noticed. Powerful lobbies, " +"complex issues, and MTV attention spans produce the <quote>perfect storm</" +"quote> for free culture." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ langt sover sunn fornuft. Det er intet opprør. Sunn fornuft ser ennÃ¥ " +"ikke hva det er Ã¥ gjøre opprør mot. Ekstremismen som nÃ¥ dominerer denne " +"debatten resonerer med idéer som virker naturlige, og resonansen er " +"forsterket av vÃ¥re moderne RCA-ene. De fører en frenetisk krig for Ã¥ " +"bekjempe \"piratvirksomhet\" og knuser kreativitetskultur. De forsvarer " +"idéen om \"kreativt eierskap\", mens de endrer ekte skapere til moderne " +"leilendinger. De blir fornærmet av idéen om at rettigheter skulle være " +"balanserte, selv om hver av hovedaktørene i denne innholdskrigen selv hadde " +"fordeler av et mer balansert ideal. Hykleriet rÃ¥r. Men i en by som " +"Washington blir ikke hykleriet en gang lagt merke til. Mektige lobbyister, " +"kompliserte problemer og MTV-oppmerksomhetsspenn gir en \"perfekt storm\" " +"for fri kultur." + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +#| "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +#| "culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift " +#| "on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's " +#| "Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. " +#| "Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National " +#| "Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, available at " +#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, " +"<quote>Global Group's Shift on `Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,</quote> " +"<citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August 2003, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; " +"William New, <quote>U.S. Official Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,</" +"quote> <citetitle>National Journal's Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19 August " +"2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</" +"ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " +"Post</citetitle>, august 2003, E1, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #59</ulink>; William New, \"Global Group's Shift on " +"`Open Source' Meeting Spurs Stir,\" <citetitle>National Journal's Technology " +"Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #60</ulink>; William New, \"U.S. Official " +"Opposes `Open Source' Talks at WIPO,\" <citetitle>National Journal's " +"Technology Daily</citetitle>, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "academic journals" +msgstr "akademiske tidsskrifter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "IBM" +msgstr "IBM" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision " +#| "by the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." +#| "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range " +#| "of interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss \"open and " +#| "collaborative projects to create public goods.\" These are projects that " +#| "have been successful in producing public goods without relying " +#| "exclusively upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples " +#| "include the Internet and the World Wide Web, both of which were developed " +#| "on the basis of protocols in the public domain. It included an emerging " +#| "trend to support open academic journals, including the Public Library of " +#| "Science project that I describe in the Afterword. It included a project " +#| "to develop single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought to " +#| "have great significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project " +#| "comprised a consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and " +#| "technological companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, " +#| "Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-" +#| "SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the " +#| "Global Positioning System, which Ronald Reagan set free in the early " +#| "1980s. And it included \"open source and free software.\" <placeholder " +#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +msgid "" +"In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " +"the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a meeting." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> At the request of a wide range of " +"interests, WIPO had decided to hold a meeting to discuss <quote>open and " +"collaborative projects to create public goods.</quote> These are projects " +"that have been successful in producing public goods without relying " +"exclusively upon a proprietary use of intellectual property. Examples " +"include the Internet and the World Wide Web, both of which were developed on " +"the basis of protocols in the public domain. It included an emerging trend " +"to support open academic journals, including the Public Library of Science " +"project that I describe in the Afterword. It included a project to develop " +"single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), which are thought to have great " +"significance in biomedical research. (That nonprofit project comprised a " +"consortium of the Wellcome Trust and pharmaceutical and technological " +"companies, including Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, " +"Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " +"Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " +"which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included <quote>open " +"source and free software.</quote> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/>" +msgstr "" +"I august 2003 brøt en kamp ut i USA om en avgjørelse fra World Intellectual " +"Property Organiation om Ã¥ avlyse et møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> PÃ¥ forespørsel fra en lang rekke med interressenter hadde WIPO " +"bestemt Ã¥ avholde et møte for Ã¥ diskutere \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter " +"for Ã¥ skape goder for felleskapet\". Disse prosjektene som hadde lyktes i Ã¥ " +"produsere goder for fellesskapet uten Ã¥ basere seg eksklusivt pÃ¥ bruken av " +"proprietære immaterielle rettigheter. Eksempler inkluderer internettet og " +"verdensveven, begge som ble utviklet pÃ¥ grunnlag av protokoller i " +"allemannseie. Det hadde med en begynnende trend for Ã¥ støtte Ã¥pne " +"akademiske tidsskrifter, og inkluderte Public Library of Science-prosjektet " +"som jeg beskriver i etterordet. Det inkluderte et prosjekt for a utvikle " +"enkeltnukleotidforskjeller (SNPs), som er antatt Ã¥ fÃ¥ stor betydning i " +"biomedisinsk forskning. (Dette ideelle prosjektet besto av et konsortium av " +"Wellcome Trust og farmasøytiske og teknologiske selskaper, inkludert " +"Amersham Biosciences, AstraZeneca, Aventis, Bayer, Bristol-Myers Squibb, " +"Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, Novartis, Pfizer, og " +"Searle.) Det inkluderte Globalt posisjonssystem (GPS) som Ronald Reagen " +"frigjorde tidlig pÃ¥ 1980-tallet. Og det inkluderte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\". <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " +"common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " +"property extremism. Instead, in all of them, intellectual property was " +"balanced by agreements to keep access open or to impose limitations on the " +"way in which proprietary claims might be used." +msgstr "" +"FormÃ¥let med møtet var Ã¥ vurdere denne rekken av prosjekter fra et felles " +"perspektiv: at ingen av disse prosjektene hadde som grunnlag immateriell " +"ekstremisme. I stedet, hos alle disse, ble immaterielle rettigheter " +"balansert med avtaler om Ã¥ holde tilgang Ã¥pen, eller for Ã¥ legge " +"begrensninger pÃ¥ hvordan proprietære krav kan bli brukt." + +#. f7. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " +"meeting." +msgstr "Jeg bør nevne at jeg var en av folkene som ba WIPO om dette møtet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was ideal." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its scope " +"included both commercial and noncommercial work. They primarily involved " +"science, but from many perspectives. And WIPO was an ideal venue for this " +"discussion, since WIPO is the preeminent international body dealing with " +"intellectual property issues." +msgstr "" +"Dermed var, fra perspektivet i denne boken, denne konferansen ideell." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Prosjektene innenfor temaet var " +"bÃ¥de kommersielle og ikkekommersielle verker. De involverte i hovedsak " +"vitenskapen, men fra mange perspektiver. Og WIPO var et ideelt sted for " +"denne diskusjonen, siden WIPO var den fremstÃ¥ende internasjonale aktør som " +"drev med immaterielle rettighetsspørsmÃ¥l." + +#. PAGE BREAK 271 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " +#| "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " +#| "conference for the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). At a " +#| "press conference before the address, I was asked what I would say. I " +#| "responded that I would be talking a little about the importance of " +#| "balance in intellectual property for the development of an information " +#| "society. The moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform " +#| "me and the assembled reporters that no question about intellectual " +#| "property would be discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the " +#| "exclusive domain of WIPO. In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually " +#| "made the issue of intellectual property relatively minor. But after this " +#| "astonishing statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my " +#| "talk. There was no way to talk about an \"Information Society\" unless " +#| "one also talked about the range of information and culture that would be " +#| "free. My talk did not make my immoderate moderator very happy. And she " +#| "was no doubt correct that the scope of intellectual property protections " +#| "was ordinarily the stuff of WIPO. But in my view, there couldn't be too " +#| "much of a conversation about how much intellectual property is needed, " +#| "since in my view, the very idea of balance in intellectual property had " +#| "been lost." +msgid "" +"Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " +"WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " +"conference for the World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). At a " +"press conference before the address, I was asked what I would say. I " +"responded that I would be talking a little about the importance of balance " +"in intellectual property for the development of an information society. The " +"moderator for the event then promptly interrupted to inform me and the " +"assembled reporters that no question about intellectual property would be " +"discussed by WSIS, since those questions were the exclusive domain of WIPO. " +"In the talk that I had prepared, I had actually made the issue of " +"intellectual property relatively minor. But after this astonishing " +"statement, I made intellectual property the sole focus of my talk. There was " +"no way to talk about an <quote>Information Society</quote> unless one also " +"talked about the range of information and culture that would be free. My " +"talk did not make my immoderate moderator very happy. And she was no doubt " +"correct that the scope of intellectual property protections was ordinarily " +"the stuff of WIPO. But in my view, there couldn't be too much of a " +"conversation about how much intellectual property is needed, since in my " +"view, the very idea of balance in intellectual property had been lost." +msgstr "" +"Faktisk fikk jeg en gang offentlig kjeft for Ã¥ ikke anerkjenne dette faktum " +"om WIPO. I februar 2003 leverte jeg et hovedinnlegg pÃ¥ en forberedende " +"konferanse for World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS). PÃ¥ en " +"pressekonferanse før innlegget, ble jeg spurt hva jeg skulle snakke om. Jeg " +"svarte at jeg skulle snakke litt om viktigheten av balanse rundt " +"immaterielle verdier for utviklingen av informasjonssamfunnet. Ordstyreren " +"pÃ¥ arrangementet avbrøt meg da brÃ¥tt for Ã¥ informere meg og journalistene " +"tilstede at ingen spørsmÃ¥l rundt immaterielle verdier ville bli diskutert av " +"WSIS, da slike spørsmÃ¥l kun skulle diskuteres i WIPO. I innlegget jeg hadde " +"forberedt var temaet om immaterielle verdier en forholdvis liten del av det " +"hele. Men etter denne forbløffende uttalelsen, gjorde jeg immaterielle " +"verdier til hovedfokus for mitt innlegg. Det var ikke mulig Ã¥ snakke om et " +"\"informasjonssamfunn\" uten at en ogsÃ¥ snakket om andelen av informasjon og " +"kultur som ikke er vernet av opphavsretten. Mitt innlegg gjorde ikke min " +"overivrige moderator veldig glad. Og hun hadde uten tvil rett i at omfanget " +"til vern av immaterielle rettigheter normalt hørte inn under WIPO. Men " +"etter mitt syn, kunne det ikke bli for mye diskusjon om hvor mye " +"immaterielle rettigheter som trengs, siden etter mitt syn, hadde selve idéen " +"om en balanse rundt immaterielle rettigheter hadde gÃ¥tt tapt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I " +#| "had thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus " +#| "the meeting about \"open and collaborative projects to create public goods" +#| "\" seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda." +msgid "" +"So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " +"thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " +"meeting about <quote>open and collaborative projects to create public goods</" +"quote> seemed perfectly appropriate within the WIPO agenda." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ uansett om WSIS kan diskutere balanse i intellektuell eiendom eller ikke, " +"sÃ¥ hadde jeg trodd det var tatt for gitt at WIPO kunne og burde. Og dermed " +"møtet om \"Ã¥pne og samarbeidende prosjekter for Ã¥ skape fellesgoder\" virker " +"Ã¥ passe perfekt for WIPOs agenda." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, " +#| "at least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software." +#| "\" Microsoft in particular is wary of discussion of the subject. From its " +#| "perspective, a conference to discuss open source and free software would " +#| "be like a conference to discuss Apple's operating system. Both open " +#| "source and free software compete with Microsoft's software. And " +#| "internationally, many governments have begun to explore requirements that " +#| "they use open source or free software, rather than \"proprietary software," +#| "\" for their own internal uses." +msgid "" +"But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " +"least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free software." +"</quote> Microsoft in particular is wary of discussion of the subject. From " +"its perspective, a conference to discuss open source and free software would " +"be like a conference to discuss Apple's operating system. Both open source " +"and free software compete with Microsoft's software. And internationally, " +"many governments have begun to explore requirements that they use open " +"source or free software, rather than <quote>proprietary software,</quote> " +"for their own internal uses." +msgstr "" +"Men det er ett prosjekt i listen som er svært kontroversielt, i hvert fall " +"blant lobbyister. Dette prosjektet er \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare\". " +"Microsoft spesielt er skeptisk til diskusjon om emnet. Fra deres perspektiv, " +"ville en konferanse for Ã¥ diskutere Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare være " +"som en konferanse for Ã¥ diskutere Apples operativsystem. BÃ¥de Ã¥pen " +"kildekode og fri programvare konkurrerer med Microsofts programvare. Og " +"internasjonalt har mange myndigheter begynt Ã¥ utforske krav om at de skal " +"bruke Ã¥pen kildekode eller fri programvare, i stedet for \"proprietær " +"programvare,\" til sine egne interne behov." + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " +#| "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " +#| "\"open source\" software or software in the public domain. Microsoft's " +#| "principal opposition is to \"free software\" licensed under a \"copyleft" +#| "\" license, meaning a license that requires the licensee to adopt the " +#| "same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of " +#| "Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,\" <citetitle>Government " +#| "Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-" +#| "Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, American Enterprise " +#| "Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. See also Craig " +#| "Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The Commercial " +#| "Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York University Stern " +#| "School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +#| "culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " +"sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " +"<quote>open source</quote> software or software in the public domain. " +"Microsoft's principal opposition is to <quote>free software</quote> licensed " +"under a <quote>copyleft</quote> license, meaning a license that requires the " +"licensee to adopt the same terms on any derivative work. See Bradford L. " +"Smith, <quote>The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to Decide,</" +"quote> <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</citetitle> " +"(Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory Studies, " +"American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), 69, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</ulink>. " +"See also Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, <citetitle>The " +"Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, discussion at New York University " +"Stern School of Business (3 May 2001), available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Microsofts posisjon om Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare er mer " +"sofistikert. De har flere ganger forklart at de har ikke noe problem med " +"programvare som er \"Ã¥pen kildekode\" eller programvare som er " +"allemannseie. Microsofts prinsipielle motstand er mot \"fri programvare\" " +"lisensiert med en \"copyleft\"-lisens, som betyr at lisensen krever at de " +"som lisensierer skal adoptere same vilkÃ¥r for ethvert avledet verk. Se " +"Bradford L. Smith, \"The Future of Software: Enabling the Marketplace to " +"Decide,\" <citetitle>Government Policy Toward Open Source Software</" +"citetitle> (Washington, D.C.: AEI-Brookings Joint Center for Regulatory " +"Studies, American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, 2002), " +"69, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #62</" +"ulink>. Se ogsÃ¥ Craig Mundie, Microsoft senior vice president, " +"<citetitle>The Commercial Software Model</citetitle>, diskusjon ved New York " +"University Stern School of Business (3. mai 2001), tilgjengelig fra <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make " +#| "clear that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " +#| "software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally " +#| "upon open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is " +#| "increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the " +#| "most famous bit of \"free software\"—and IBM is emphatically a " +#| "commercial entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is " +#| "not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of " +#| "software development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=" +#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +#| "\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" +msgid "" +"I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " +"that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. " +"There are many important companies that depend fundamentally upon open " +"source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is increasingly " +"shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the most famous bit of " +"<quote>free software</quote>—and IBM is emphatically a commercial " +"entity. Thus, to support <quote>open source and free software</quote> is not " +"to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software " +"development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Jeg mener ikke Ã¥ gÃ¥ inn i den debatten her. Det er viktig kun for Ã¥ gjøre " +"det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell " +"programvare. Det er mange viktige selskaper som er fundamentalt avhengig av " +"fri programvare, der IBM er den mest fremtredende. IBM har i stadig større " +"grad skiftet sitt fokus til GNU/Linux-operativsystemet, det mest berømte " +"biten av \"fri programvare\"—og IBM er helt klart en kommersiell " +"aktør. Dermed er det Ã¥ støtte \"fri programvare\" ikke Ã¥ motsette seg " +"kommersielle aktører. Det er i stedet Ã¥ støtte en mÃ¥te Ã¥ drive " +"programvareutvikling som er forskjellig fra Microsofts.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"3\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 272 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " +#| "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" " +#| "is not software in the public domain. Instead, like Microsoft's software, " +#| "the copyright owners of free and open source software insist quite " +#| "strongly that the terms of their software license be respected by " +#| "adopters of free and open source software. The terms of that license are " +#| "no doubt different from the terms of a proprietary software license. " +#| "Free software licensed under the General Public License (GPL), for " +#| "example, requires that the source code for the software be made available " +#| "by anyone who modifies and redistributes the software. But that " +#| "requirement is effective only if copyright governs software. If copyright " +#| "did not govern software, then free software could not impose the same " +#| "kind of requirements on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law " +#| "just as Microsoft does." +msgid "" +"More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " +"software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " +"software</quote> is not software in the public domain. Instead, like " +"Microsoft's software, the copyright owners of free and open source software " +"insist quite strongly that the terms of their software license be respected " +"by adopters of free and open source software. The terms of that license are " +"no doubt different from the terms of a proprietary software license. Free " +"software licensed under the General Public License (GPL), for example, " +"requires that the source code for the software be made available by anyone " +"who modifies and redistributes the software. But that requirement is " +"effective only if copyright governs software. If copyright did not govern " +"software, then free software could not impose the same kind of requirements " +"on its adopters. It thus depends upon copyright law just as Microsoft does." +msgstr "" +"Mer viktig for vÃ¥re formÃ¥l, er at Ã¥ støtte \"Ã¥pen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\" ikke er Ã¥ motsette seg opphavsrett. \"Åpen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\" er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, pÃ¥ " +"samme mÃ¥te som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne " +"av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkÃ¥rene i deres programvarelisens blir " +"respektert av de som tar i bruk fri programvare. VilkÃ¥rene i den lisensen " +"er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkÃ¥rene i en proprietær programvarelisens. " +"For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige " +"lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle " +"som endrer og videredistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun " +"effektivt hvis opphavsrett rÃ¥der over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke " +"rÃ¥der over programvare, sÃ¥ kunne ikke fri programvare pÃ¥legge slike krav pÃ¥ " +"de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av " +"opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." + +#. f9. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Krim, Jonathan" +msgstr "Krim, Jonathan" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " +"Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " +"use its lobbyists to get the United States government to oppose it, as well. " +"And indeed, that is just what was reported to have happened. According to " +"Jonathan Krim of the <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, Microsoft's " +"lobbyists succeeded in getting the United States government to veto the " +"meeting.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And without U.S. backing, " +"the meeting was canceled. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Det er dermed forstÃ¥elig at Microsoft, som utviklere av proprietær " +"programvare, gikk imot et slikt WIPO-møte, og like fullt forstÃ¥elig at de " +"bruker sine lobbyister til Ã¥ fÃ¥ USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ gÃ¥ imot møtet. Og " +"ganske riktig, det er akkurat dette som i følge rapporter hadde skjedd. I " +"følge Jonathan Krim i <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, lyktes " +"Microsofts lobbyister i Ã¥ fÃ¥ USAs myndigheter til Ã¥ legge ned veto mot et " +"slikt møte.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Og uten støtte fra USA " +"ble møtet avlyst. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " +"consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " +"the law. There was nothing surprising about its lobbying here, and nothing " +"terribly surprising about the most powerful software producer in the United " +"States having succeeded in its lobbying efforts." +msgstr "" +"Jeg klandrer ikke Microsoft for Ã¥ gjøre det de kan for Ã¥ fremme sine egne " +"interesser i samsvar med loven. Og lobbyvirksomhet mot myndighetene er " +"Ã¥penbart i samsvar med loven. Det er ikke noe overraskende her med deres " +"lobbyvirksomhet, og ikke veldig overraskende at den mektigste " +"programvareprodusenten i USA har lyktes med sin lobbyvirksomhet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for " +#| "opposing the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting " +#| "director of international relations for the U.S. Patent and Trademark " +#| "Office, explained that \"open-source software runs counter to the mission " +#| "of WIPO, which is to promote intellectual-property rights.\" She is " +#| "quoted as saying, \"To hold a meeting which has as its purpose to " +#| "disclaim or waive such rights seems to us to be contrary to the goals of " +#| "WIPO.\"" +msgid "" +"What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " +"the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " +"international relations for the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, explained " +"that <quote>open-source software runs counter to the mission of WIPO, which " +"is to promote intellectual-property rights.</quote> She is quoted as saying, " +"<quote>To hold a meeting which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such " +"rights seems to us to be contrary to the goals of WIPO.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Det som var overraskende var USAs regjerings begrunnelse for Ã¥ være imot " +"møtet. Igjen, sitert av Krim, forklarte Lois Boland, direktør for " +"internasjonale forbindelser ved USAs patent og varemerkekontor, at " +"\"programvare med Ã¥pen kildekode gÃ¥r imot til formÃ¥let til WIPO, som er Ã¥ " +"fremme immaterielle rettigheter.\". Hun skal i følge sitatet ha sagt, \"Å " +"holde et møte som har som formÃ¥l Ã¥ fraskrive seg eller frafalle slike " +"rettigheter synes for oss Ã¥ være i strid med formÃ¥lene til WIPO.\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." +msgstr "Disse utsagnene er forbløffende pÃ¥ flere nivÃ¥er." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and " +#| "free software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right " +#| "called \"copyright\". Without it, restrictions imposed by those licenses " +#| "wouldn't work. Thus, to say it \"runs counter\" to the mission of " +#| "promoting intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary gap in " +#| "understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-year " +#| "law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official dealing " +#| "with intellectual property issues." +msgid "" +"First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " +"software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " +"<quote>copyright</quote>. Without it, restrictions imposed by those " +"licenses wouldn't work. Thus, to say it <quote>runs counter</quote> to the " +"mission of promoting intellectual property rights reveals an extraordinary " +"gap in understanding—the sort of mistake that is excusable in a first-" +"year law student, but an embarrassment from a high government official " +"dealing with intellectual property issues." +msgstr "" +"For det første er de ganske enkelt ikke riktige. Som jeg beskrev, er det " +"meste av Ã¥pen kildekode og fri programvare fundamentalt avhengig av den " +"immaterielle retten kalt \"opphavsrett\". Uten den vil begrensningene " +"definert av disse lisensene ikke fungere. Dermed er det Ã¥ si at de \"gÃ¥r imot" +"\" formÃ¥let om Ã¥ fremme immaterielle rettigheter Ã¥ avsløre en ekstraordinær " +"mangel pÃ¥ forstÃ¥else—den type feil som er tilgivelig hos en førsteÃ¥rs " +"jusstudent, men pinlig fra en høyt plassert statstjenestemann som hÃ¥ndterer " +"utfordringer rundt immaterielle rettigheter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " +#| "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " +#| "conference of WSIS, WIPO is to consider not only how best to protect " +#| "intellectual property, but also what the best balance of intellectual " +#| "property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard question in " +#| "intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that there should " +#| "be limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. Boland, " +#| "are generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) " +#| "contrary to the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual " +#| "property? Would it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had " +#| "been patented?" +msgid "" +"Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to <quote>promote</" +"quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the " +"preparatory conference of WSIS, WIPO is to consider not only how best to " +"protect intellectual property, but also what the best balance of " +"intellectual property is. As every economist and lawyer knows, the hard " +"question in intellectual property law is to find that balance. But that " +"there should be limits is, I had thought, uncontested. One wants to ask Ms. " +"Boland, are generic drugs (drugs based on drugs whose patent has expired) " +"contrary to the WIPO mission? Does the public domain weaken intellectual " +"property? Would it have been better if the protocols of the Internet had " +"been patented?" +msgstr "" +"For det andre, hvem har noen gang hevdet at WIPOs eksklusive mÃ¥l var Ã¥ " +"\"fremme\" immaterielle rettigheter maksimalt? Som jeg fikk kjeft om pÃ¥ den " +"forberedende konferansen til WSIS, skal WIPO vurdere ikke bare hvordan best " +"beskytte immaterielle rettigheter, men ogsÃ¥ hva som er den beste balansen " +"rundt immaterielle rettigheter. Som enhver økonom og advokat vet, er det " +"vanskelige spørsmÃ¥let i immaterielle rettighetsjuss Ã¥ finne den balansen. " +"Men at det skulle være en grense, trodde jeg, var ubestridt. Man ønsker Ã¥ " +"spørre Ms. Boland om generelle medisiner (medisiner basert pÃ¥ medisiner med " +"patenter som er utløpt) i strid med WIPOs oppdrag? Svekker allemannseie " +"immaterielle rettigheter? Ville det vært bedre om internettets protokoller " +"hadde vært patentert?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " +#| "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property " +#| "rights are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what " +#| "to do with those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</" +#| "emphasis> rights. If they want to \"waive\" or \"disclaim\" their rights, " +#| "that is, within our tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives " +#| "away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not " +#| "inconsistent with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the " +#| "contrary, just what a property system is supposed to be about: giving " +#| "individuals the right to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</" +#| "emphasis> property. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " +"intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " +"are held by individuals and corporations. They get to decide what to do with " +"those rights because, again, they are <emphasis>their</emphasis> rights. If " +"they want to <quote>waive</quote> or <quote>disclaim</quote> their rights, " +"that is, within our tradition, totally appropriate. When Bill Gates gives " +"away more than $20 billion to do good in the world, that is not inconsistent " +"with the objectives of the property system. That is, on the contrary, just " +"what a property system is supposed to be about: giving individuals the right " +"to decide what to do with <emphasis>their</emphasis> property. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"For det tredje, selv om en tror at formÃ¥let med WIPO var Ã¥ maksimere " +"immaterielle rettigheter, sÃ¥ innehas immaterielle rettigheter, i vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon, av individer og selskaper. De fÃ¥r bestemme hva som skal gjøres " +"med disse rettighetene, igjen fordi det er <emphasis>de</emphasis> som eier " +"rettighetene. Hvis de ønsker Ã¥ \"frafalle\" eller \"frasi\" seg sine " +"rettigheter, sÃ¥ er det helt etter boka i vÃ¥r tradisjon. NÃ¥r Bill Gates gir " +"bort mer enn $20 milliarder til gode formÃ¥l, sÃ¥ er ikke det uforenelig med " +"mÃ¥lene til eiendomssystemet. Det er heller tvert i mot, akkurat hva " +"eiendomssysstemet er ment Ã¥ oppnÃ¥, at individer har retten til Ã¥ bestemme " +"hva de vil gjøre med <emphasis>sin</emphasis> eiendom. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. PAGE BREAK 274 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " +#| "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " +#| "WIPO has an interest in interfering with the choices of the individuals " +#| "who own intellectual property rights. That somehow, WIPO's objective " +#| "should be to stop an individual from \"waiving\" or \"disclaiming\" an " +#| "intellectual property right. That the interest of WIPO is not just that " +#| "intellectual property rights be maximized, but that they also should be " +#| "exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way possible." +msgid "" +"When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " +"<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " +"she's saying that WIPO has an interest in interfering with the choices of " +"the individuals who own intellectual property rights. That somehow, WIPO's " +"objective should be to stop an individual from <quote>waiving</quote> or " +"<quote>disclaiming</quote> an intellectual property right. That the interest " +"of WIPO is not just that intellectual property rights be maximized, but that " +"they also should be exercised in the most extreme and restrictive way " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r Ms. Boland sier at det er noe galt med et møte \"som har som sitt formÃ¥l " +"Ã¥ fraskrive eller frafalle slike rettigheter\", sÃ¥ sier hun at WIPO har en " +"interesse i Ã¥ pÃ¥virke valgene til enkeltpersoner som eier immaterielle " +"rettigheter. At pÃ¥ en eller annen WIPOs oppdrag bør være Ã¥ stoppe individer " +"fra Ã¥ \"fraskrive\" eller \"frafalle\" seg sine immaterielle rettigheter. " +"At interessen til WIPO ikke bare er maksimale immaterielle rettigheter, men " +"ogsÃ¥ at de skal utøves pÃ¥ den mest ekstreme og restriktive mulig mÃ¥ten." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in " +#| "the Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under " +#| "feudalism, not only was property held by a relatively small number of " +#| "individuals and entities. And not only were the rights that ran with that " +#| "property powerful and extensive. But the feudal system had a strong " +#| "interest in assuring that property holders within that system not weaken " +#| "feudalism by liberating people or property within their control to the " +#| "free market. Feudalism depended upon maximum control and concentration. " +#| "It fought any freedom that might interfere with that control." +msgid "" +"There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " +"Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " +"feudalism, not only was property held by a relatively small number of " +"individuals and entities. And not only were the rights that ran with that " +"property powerful and extensive. But the feudal system had a strong interest " +"in assuring that property holders within that system not weaken feudalism by " +"liberating people or property within their control to the free market. " +"Feudalism depended upon maximum control and concentration. It fought any " +"freedom that might interfere with that control." +msgstr "" +"Det er en historie om akkurat et slikt eierskapssystem som er velkjent i den " +"anglo-amerikansk tradisjon. Det kalles \"føydalisme\". Under føydalismen " +"var eiendommer ikke bare kontrollert av et relativt lite antall individer og " +"aktører. Men det føydale systemet hadde en sterk interesse i Ã¥ sikre at " +"landeier i systemet ikke svekke føydalismen ved Ã¥ frigjøre folkene og " +"eiendomene som de kontrollerte til det frie markedet. Føydalismen var " +"avhengig av maksimal kontroll og konsentrasjon. Det sloss mot enhver frihet " +"som kunne forstyrre denne kontrollen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Se Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " +"210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " +"are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> We will have an information society. That much is certain. Our only " +"choice now is whether that information society will be <emphasis>free</" +"emphasis> or <emphasis>feudal</emphasis>. The trend is toward the feudal." +msgstr "" +"Som Peter Drahos og John Braithwaite beskriver, dette er nøyaktig det valget " +"vi nÃ¥ gjør om immaterielle rettigheter.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=" +"\"0\"/> Vi kommer til Ã¥ fÃ¥ et informasjonssamfunn. SÃ¥ mye er sikkert. VÃ¥rt " +"eneste valg nÃ¥ er hvorvidt dette informasjonssamfunnet skal være " +"<emphasis>fritt</emphasis> eller <emphasis>føydalt</emphasis>. Trenden er " +"mot det føydale." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " +"section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " +"her comments made sense. But there was one comment that was particularly " +"depressing for me. An anonymous poster wrote," +msgstr "" +"Da denne bataljen brøt ut, blogget jeg om dette. En heftig debatt brøt ut i " +"kommentarfeltet. Ms. Boland hadde en rekke støttespillere som forsøkte Ã¥ " +"vise hvorfor hennes kommentarer ga mening. Men det var spesielt en " +"kommentar som gjorde meg trist. En anonym kommentator skrev," + +#. PAGE BREAK 275 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " +#| "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be " +#| "to promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply " +#| "to promote intellectual property rights\"), not as it is. If we were " +#| "talking about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say " +#| "anything wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course " +#| "she did. Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world " +#| "and ours." +msgid "" +"George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " +"should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " +"be to promote the right balance of intellectual property rights, not simply " +"to promote intellectual property rights</quote>), not as it is. If we were " +"talking about the world as it is, then of course Boland didn't say anything " +"wrong. But in the world as Lessig would have it, then of course she did. " +"Always pay attention to the distinction between Lessig's world and ours." +msgstr "" +"George, du misforstÃ¥r Lessig: Han snakker bare om verden slik den burde være " +"(\"mÃ¥let til WIPO, og mÃ¥let til enhver regjering, bør være Ã¥ fremme den " +"riktige balansen for immaterielle rettigheter, ikke bare Ã¥ fremme " +"immaterielle rettigheter\"), ikke som den er. Hvis vi snakket om verden " +"slik den er, sÃ¥ har naturligvis Boland ikke sagt noe galt. Men i verden " +"slik Lessig vil at den skal være, er det Ã¥penbart at hun har sagt noe galt. " +"En mÃ¥ alltid være oppmerksom pÃ¥ forskjellen mellom Lessigs og vÃ¥r verden." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " +"the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " +"government should be doing. (Of course, my criticism of Ms. Boland was not " +"about whether she was seeking balance or not; my criticism was that her " +"comments betrayed a first-year law student's mistake. I have no illusion " +"about the extremism of our government, whether Republican or Democrat. My " +"only illusion apparently is about whether our government should speak the " +"truth or not.)" +msgstr "" +"Jeg gikk glipp av ironien først gangen jeg leste den. Jeg lese den raskt og " +"trodde forfatteren støttet idéen om at det vÃ¥re myndigheter burde gjøre var " +"Ã¥ søke balanse. (Min kritikk av Ms Boland, selvfølgelig, var ikke om " +"hvorvidt hun søkte balanse eller ikke; min kritikk var at hennes kommentarer " +"avslørte en feil kun en førsteÃ¥rs jusstudent burde kunne gjøre. Jeg har noen " +"illusjon om ekstremismen hos vÃ¥re myndigheter, uansett om de er " +"republikanere eller demokrater. Min eneste tilsynelatende illusjon er " +"hvorvidt vÃ¥re myndigheter bør snakke sant eller ikke.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, " +#| "the poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal" +#| "\" of a government should be \"to promote the right balance\" of " +#| "intellectual property. That was obviously silly to him. And it obviously " +#| "betrayed, he believed, my own silly utopianism. \"Typical for an academic," +#| "\" the poster might well have continued." +msgid "" +"Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " +"poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the <quote>goal</" +"quote> of a government should be <quote>to promote the right balance</quote> " +"of intellectual property. That was obviously silly to him. And it obviously " +"betrayed, he believed, my own silly utopianism. <quote>Typical for an " +"academic,</quote> the poster might well have continued." +msgstr "" +"Det var derimot Ã¥penbart at den som postet meldingen ikke støttet idéen. I " +"stedet latterliggjorde forfatteren selve idéen om at i den virkelig verden " +"skulle \"mÃ¥let\" til myndighetene være \"Ã¥ fremme den riktige balanse\" for " +"immaterielle rettigheter. Det var Ã¥penbart tÃ¥pelig for ham. Og det " +"avslørte Ã¥penbart, trodde han, min egen tÃ¥pelige utopisme. \"Typisk for en " +"akademiker\", kunne forfatteren like gjerne ha fortsatt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " +"too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " +"academics throughout history (and not just in our own country's history)." +msgstr "" +"Jeg forstÃ¥r kritikken av akademisk utopisme. Jeg mener ogsÃ¥ at utopisme er " +"tÃ¥pelig, og jeg vil være blant de første til Ã¥ gjøre narr av de absurde " +"urealistiske idealer til akademikere gjennom historien (og ikke bare i vÃ¥rt " +"eget lands historie)." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " +#| "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that " +#| "means that this has become quite serious indeed. If it should be obvious " +#| "to everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the " +#| "government is simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the " +#| "idea of holding the government to a different standard is absurd, that " +#| "the idea of demanding of the government that it speak truth and not lies " +#| "is just naïve, then who have we, the most powerful democracy in the " +#| "world, become?" +msgid "" +"But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " +"should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " +"that means that this has become quite serious indeed. If it should be " +"obvious to everyone that the government does not seek balance, that the " +"government is simply the tool of the most powerful lobbyists, that the idea " +"of holding the government to a different standard is absurd, that the idea " +"of demanding of the government that it speak truth and not lies is just " +"naïve, then who have we, the most powerful democracy in the world, " +"become?" +msgstr "" +"Men nÃ¥r det har blitt dumt Ã¥ anta at rollen til vÃ¥re myndigheter bør være Ã¥ " +"\"oppnÃ¥ balanse\", da kan du regne meg blant de dumme, for det betyr at " +"dette faktisk har blitt ganske seriøst. Hvis det bør være Ã¥penbart for alle " +"at myndighetene ikke søker Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ balanse, at myndighetene ganske enkelt et " +"verktøy for de mektigste lobbyistene, at idéen om Ã¥ forvente bedre av " +"myndighetene er absurd, at idéen om Ã¥ kreve at myndighetene snakker sant og " +"ikke lyver bare er naiv, hva har da vi, det mektigste demokratiet i verden, " +"blitt?" + +#. PAGE BREAK 276 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the truth. " +"It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something more " +"than the handmaiden of the most powerful interests. It might be crazy to " +"argue that we should preserve a tradition that has been part of our " +"tradition for most of our history—free culture." +msgstr "" +"Det kan være galskap Ã¥ forvente at en mektig myndigshetsperson skal si " +"sannheten. Det kan være galskap Ã¥ tro at myndighetenes politikk skal gjøre " +"mer enn Ã¥ tjene de mektigste interesser. Det kan være galskap Ã¥ argumentere " +"for Ã¥ bevare en tradisjon som har vært en del av vÃ¥r tradisjon for " +"mesteparten av vÃ¥r historie—fri kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Turner, Ted" +msgstr "Turner, Ted" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " +"of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " +"considering relaxing ownership rules, which would thereby further increase " +"the concentration in media ownership, an extraordinary bipartisan coalition " +"formed to fight this change. For perhaps the first time in history, " +"interests as diverse as the NRA, the ACLU, Moveon.org, William Safire, Ted " +"Turner, and CodePink Women for Peace organized to oppose this change in FCC " +"policy. An astonishing 700,000 letters were sent to the FCC, demanding more " +"hearings and a different result. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Hvis dette er galskap, sÃ¥ la det være mer gærninger. Snart. Det finnes " +"øyeblikk av hÃ¥p i denne kampen. Og øyeblikk som overrasker. Da FCC vurderte " +"mindre strenge eierskapsregler, som ville ytterligere konsentrere " +"medieeierskap, dannet det seg en en ekstraordinær koalisjon pÃ¥ tvers av " +"partiene for Ã¥ bekjempe endringen. For kanskje første gang i historien " +"organiserte interesser sÃ¥ forskjellige som NRA, ACLU, moveon.org, William " +"Safire, Ted Turner og Codepink Women for Piece seg for Ã¥ protestere pÃ¥ denne " +"endringen i FCC-reglene. SÃ¥ mange som 700 000 brev ble sendt til FCC med " +"krav om flere høringer og et annet resultat. <placeholder type=\"indexterm" +"\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " +"Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " +"that vote revealed just how powerful this movement had become. There was no " +"substantial support for the FCC's decision, and there was broad and " +"sustained support for fighting further concentration in the media." +msgstr "" +"Disse protestene stoppet ikke FCC, men like etter stemte en bred koalisjon i " +"senatet for Ã¥ reversere avgjørelsen i FCC. De fiendtlige høringene som ledet " +"til avstemmingen avslørte hvor mektig denne bevegelsen hadde blitt. Det var " +"ingen betydningsfull støtte for FCCs avgjørelse, mens det var bred og " +"vedvarende støtte for Ã¥ bekjempe ytterligere konsentrasjon i media." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " +"as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " +"rich, or because there are only a handful of big players. The poor quality " +"of Big Macs or Quarter Pounders does not mean that you can't get a good " +"hamburger from somewhere else." +msgstr "" +"Men selv denne bevegelsen gÃ¥r glipp av en viktig brikke i puslespillet. Å " +"være stor er ikke ille i seg selv. Frihet er ikke truet bare pÃ¥ grunn av at " +"noen blir veldig rik, eller pÃ¥ grunn av at det bare er en hÃ¥ndfull store " +"aktører. Den dÃ¥rlige kvaliteten til Big Macs eller Quartar Punders betyr " +"ikke at du ikke kan fÃ¥ en god hamburger andre steder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " +"instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " +"copyright, produces. It is not just that there are a few powerful companies " +"that control an ever expanding slice of the media. It is that this " +"concentration can call upon an equally bloated range of rights—" +"property rights of a historically extreme form—that makes their " +"bigness bad." +msgstr "" +"Faren med mediekonsentrasjon kommer ikke fra selve konsentrasjonen, men " +"kommer fra føydalismen som denne konsentrasjonen fører til nÃ¥r den kobles " +"til endringer i opphavsretten. Det er ikke kun at det er noen mektige " +"selskaper som styrer en stadig voksende andel av mediene. Det er at denne " +"konsentrasjonen kan pÃ¥kalle en like oppsvulmet rekke rettigheter—" +"eiendomsrettigheter i en historisk ekstrem form—som gjør størrelsen " +"ille." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand " +#| "competition and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as " +#| "being about bigness alone, it is not terribly surprising. We Americans " +#| "have a long history of fighting \"big,\" wisely or not. That we could be " +#| "motivated to fight \"big\" again is not something new." +msgid "" +"It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " +"and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " +"bigness alone, it is not terribly surprising. We Americans have a long " +"history of fighting <quote>big,</quote> wisely or not. That we could be " +"motivated to fight <quote>big</quote> again is not something new." +msgstr "" +"Det er derfor betydningsfullt at sÃ¥ mange vil kjempe for Ã¥ kreve konkurranse " +"og økt mangfold. Likevel, hvis kampanjen blir forstÃ¥tt til Ã¥ kun gjelde " +"størrelse, sÃ¥ er ikke det veldig overraskende. Vi amerikanere har en lang " +"historie med Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"stort\", klokt eller ikke. At vi kan være " +"motivert til Ã¥ slÃ¥ss mot \"store\" igjen ikke noe nytt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal " +#| "number could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within " +#| "the idea of \"intellectual property.\" Not because balance is alien to " +#| "our tradition; indeed, as I've argued, balance is our tradition. But " +#| "because the muscle to think critically about the scope of anything called " +#| "\"property\" is not well exercised within this tradition anymore." +msgid "" +"It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " +"could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " +"<quote>intellectual property.</quote> Not because balance is alien to our " +"tradition; indeed, as I've argued, balance is our tradition. But because the " +"muscle to think critically about the scope of anything called " +"<quote>property</quote> is not well exercised within this tradition anymore." +msgstr "" +"Det ville vært noe nytt, og noe veldig viktig, hvis like mange kan være med " +"pÃ¥ en kampanje for Ã¥ bekjempe økende ekstremisme bygget inn i idéen om " +"\"intellektuell eiendom\". Ikke fordi balanse er fremmed for vÃ¥r tradisjon. " +"Jeg argumenterer for at balanse er vÃ¥r tradisjon. Men fordi evnen til Ã¥ " +"tenke kritisk pÃ¥ omfanget av alt som kalles \"eiendom\" ikke er lenger er " +"godt trent i denne tradisjonen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " +"tragedy." +msgstr "" +"Hvis vi var Akilles, sÃ¥ ville dette være vÃ¥r hæl. Dette ville være stedet " +"for vÃ¥re tragedie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Dylan, Bob" +msgstr "Dylan, Bob" + +#. f11. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " +#| "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #65</" +#| "ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, 8 " +#| "September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with Robert Gearty, " +#| "\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +#| "<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September 2003, 3; Frank " +#| "Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " +#| "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" " +#| "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie " +#| "Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</" +#| "citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +#| "culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +msgid "" +"John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " +"September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, <quote>Music Industry Sues Swappers," +"</quote> CNN/Money, 8 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha and Phyllis Furman with " +"Robert Gearty, <quote>Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as " +"Sharers,</quote> <citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9 September " +"2003, 3; Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " +"Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " +"<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, E1; Katie Dean, " +"<quote>Schoolgirl Settles with RIAA,</quote> <citetitle>Wired News</" +"citetitle>, 10 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, september " +"2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#65</ulink>; Paul R. La Monica, \"Music Industry Sues Swappers,\" CNN/Money, " +"8 september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #66</ulink>; Soni Sangha og Phyllis Furman sammen med Robert Gearty, " +"\"Sued for a Song, N.Y.C. 12-Yr-Old Among 261 Cited as Sharers,\" " +"<citetitle>New York Daily News</citetitle>, 9. september 2003, 3; Frank " +"Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in Calif., " +"12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington Post</" +"citetitle>, 10. september 2003, E1; Katie Dean, \"Schoolgirl Settles with " +"RIAA,\" <citetitle>Wired News</citetitle>, 10. september 2003, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #67</ulink>." + +#. f12. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv." +#| "com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +#| "notes/\">link #68</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,</" +"quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #68</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " +"17. september 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #68</ulink>." + +#. f13. +#. PAGE BREAK 334 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " +#| "Dylan Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." +msgid "" +"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " +"Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " +"Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9. juli 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #69</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the " +#| "RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" +#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for \"sampling\" " +#| "someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The story " +#| "about Bob Dylan \"stealing\" from a Japanese author has just finished " +#| "making the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An insider " +#| "from Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—reports " +#| "\"an amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got " +#| "extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use but can't because " +#| "they can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores of kids who " +#| "could do amazing things with the content, but it would take scores of " +#| "lawyers to clean it first.\" Congressmen are talking about deputizing " +#| "computer viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the law. " +#| "Universities are threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to " +#| "share content." +msgid "" +"As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " +"lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Eminem has just been sued for <quote>sampling</" +"quote> someone else's music.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> The " +"story about Bob Dylan <quote>stealing</quote> from a Japanese author has " +"just finished making the rounds.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> An " +"insider from Hollywood—who insists he must remain anonymous—" +"reports <quote>an amazing conversation with these studio guys. They've got " +"extraordinary [old] content that they'd love to use but can't because they " +"can't begin to clear the rights. They've got scores of kids who could do " +"amazing things with the content, but it would take scores of lawyers to " +"clean it first.</quote> Congressmen are talking about deputizing computer " +"viruses to bring down computers thought to violate the law. Universities are " +"threatening expulsion for kids who use a computer to share content." +msgstr "" +"Mens jeg skriver disse avsluttende ordene, er nyhetene fylt med historier om " +"at RIAA saksøker nesten tre hundre individer.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Eminem har nettopp blitt saksøkt for Ã¥ ha \"samplet\" noen " +"andres musikk.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Historien om " +"hvordan Bob Dylan har \"stjÃ¥let\" fra en japansk forfatter har nettopp gÃ¥tt " +"verden over.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"2\"/> En pÃ¥ innsiden i " +"Hollywood—som insisterer pÃ¥ at han mÃ¥ forbli anonym—rapporterer " +"\"en utrolig samtale med disse studiofolkene. De har fantastisk [gammelt] " +"innhold som de ville elske Ã¥ bruke, men det kan de ikke pÃ¥ grunn av at de " +"først mÃ¥ klarere rettighetene. De har hauger med ungdommer som kunne gjøre " +"fantastiske ting med innholdet, men det vil først kreve hauger med advokater " +"for Ã¥ klarere det først\". Kongressrepresentanter snakker om Ã¥ gi datavirus " +"politimyndighet for Ã¥ ta ned datamaskiner som antas Ã¥ bryte loven. " +"Universiteter truer med Ã¥ utvise ungdommer som bruker en datamaskin for Ã¥ " +"dele innhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Creative Commons" +msgstr "Creative Commons" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Gil, Gilberto" +msgstr "Gil, Gilberto" + +#. f14. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " +#| "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #70</ulink>." +msgid "" +"<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " +"release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #70</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" pressemelding fra BBC, " +"24. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #70</ulink>." + +#. f15. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</" +#| "ulink>." +msgid "" +"<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " +"August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#71</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6. august 2003, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</" +"ulink>." + +#. PAGE BREAK 278 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " +#| "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can " +#| "download BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=" +#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto " +#| "Gil, himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative " +#| "Commons to release content and free licenses in that Latin American " +#| "country.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. " +#| "The truth is more mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, " +#| "some begin to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can " +#| "carry a free culture into the twenty-first century, without artists " +#| "losing and without the potential of digital technology being destroyed. " +#| "It will take some thought, and more importantly, it will take some will " +#| "to transform the RCAs of our day into the Causbys." +msgid "" +"Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " +"will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " +"can download BBC content, and rip, mix, and burn it.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And in Brazil, the culture minister, Gilberto Gil, " +"himself a folk hero of Brazilian music, has joined with Creative Commons to " +"release content and free licenses in that Latin American country." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> I've told a dark story. The truth " +"is more mixed. A technology has given us a new freedom. Slowly, some begin " +"to understand that this freedom need not mean anarchy. We can carry a free " +"culture into the twenty-first century, without artists losing and without " +"the potential of digital technology being destroyed. It will take some " +"thought, and more importantly, it will take some will to transform the RCAs " +"of our day into the Causbys." +msgstr "" +"I mens pÃ¥ andre siden av Atlanteren har BBC nettopp annonsert at de vil " +"bygge opp et \"kreativt arkiv\" som britiske borgere kan laste ned BBC-" +"innhold fra, og rippe, mikse og brenne det ut.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " +"id=\"0\"/> Og i Brasil har kulturministeren, Gilberto Gil, i seg selv en " +"folkehelt i brasiliansk musikk, slÃ¥tt seg sammen med Creative Commons for Ã¥ " +"gi ut innhold og frie lisenser i dette latinamerikanske landet.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"1\"/> Jeg har fortalt en mørk historie. Sannheten " +"er mer blandet. En teknologi har gitt oss mer frihet. Sakte begynner noen " +"Ã¥ forstÃ¥ at denne friheten trenger ikke Ã¥ bety anarki. Vi kan fÃ¥ med oss " +"fri kultur inn i det tjueførste Ã¥rhundre, uten at artister taper og uten at " +"potensialet for digital teknologi blir knust. Det vil kreve omtanke, og " +"viktigere, det vil kreve at noen omforme RCAene av i dag til Causbyere." + +#. PAGE BREAK 279 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " +"potential is ever to be realized." +msgstr "" +"Sunn fornuft mÃ¥ gjøre opprør. Den mÃ¥ handle for Ã¥ frigjøre kulturen. Og " +"snart, hvis dette potensialet skal noen gang bli realisert." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +msgid "AFTERWORD" +msgstr "Etterord" + +#. PAGE BREAK 280 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " +"be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " +"might be done." +msgstr "" +"I hvert fall noen av de som har lest helt hit vil være enig med meg om at " +"noe mÃ¥ gjøres for Ã¥ endre retningen vi holder. Balansen i denne boken " +"kartlegger hva som kan gjøres." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " +"which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " +"draw from the history of remaking common sense, it is that it requires " +"remaking how many people think about the very same issue." +msgstr "" +"Jeg deler dette kartet i to deler: det som enhver kan gjøre nÃ¥, og det som " +"krever hjelp fra lovgiverne. Hvis det er en lærdom vi kan trekke fra " +"historien om Ã¥ endre pÃ¥ sunn fornuft, sÃ¥ er det at det krever Ã¥ endre " +"hvordan mange mennesker tenker pÃ¥ den aktuelle saken. " + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " +"significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " +"musicians, filmmakers, scientists—all to tell this story in their own " +"words, and to tell their neighbors why this battle is so important." +msgstr "" +"Det betyr at denne bevegelsen mÃ¥ starte i gatene. Det mÃ¥ rekrutteres et " +"signifikant antall foreldre, lærere, bibliotekarer, skapere, forfattere, " +"musikere, filmskapere, forskere—som alle mÃ¥ fortelle denne historien " +"med sine egne ord, og som kan fortelle sine naboer hvorfor denne kampen er " +"sÃ¥ viktig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " +"an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " +"matters. Not as much as it should, at least when an RCA stands opposed, but " +"still, it matters. And thus, in the second part below, I sketch changes that " +"Congress could make to better secure a free culture." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r denne bevegelsen har hatt sin effekt i gatene, sÃ¥ er det et visst hÃ¥p om " +"at det kan ha effekt i Washington. Vi er fortsatt et demokrati. Hva folk " +"mener betyr noe. Ikke sÃ¥ mye som det burde, i hvert fall nÃ¥r en RCA stÃ¥r " +"imot, men likevel, det betyr noe. Og dermed vil jeg skissere, i den andre " +"delen som følger, endringer som kongressen kunne gjøre for Ã¥ bedre sikre en " +"fri kultur." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +msgid "US, NOW" +msgstr "Oss, nÃ¥" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +msgid "" +"Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " +"been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " +"anarchy, either total control or artists won't be paid. If that really is " +"the choice, then the warriors should win." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " +"this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " +"believe in maximal copyright—<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote>— " +"and those who reject copyright—<quote>No Rights Reserved.</quote> The " +"<quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe that you should ask " +"permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The " +"<quote>No Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do " +"with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." +msgstr "" +"feil her er feil om den ekskluderte tredje. Det er ekstreme i denne " +"debatten, men ekstreme er ikke alt som det er. Det er de som tror pÃ¥ " +"maksimal copyright—\"all rights reserved\"— og de som avviser " +"copyright—\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". \"all rights reserved\" " +"sorterer mener at du bør spørre tillatelse før du \"Bruk\" en " +"opphavsrettslig beskyttede verk som pÃ¥ noen mÃ¥te. \"ingen rettigheter " +"reservert\" sorterer tror du burde være i stand til Ã¥ gjøre med innhold som " +"du ønsker, uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." + +#. PAGE BREAK 282 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " +"tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " +"copied perfectly and cheaply; rights could not easily be controlled. Thus, " +"regardless of anyone's desire, the effective regime of copyright under the " +"original design of the Internet was <quote>no rights reserved.</quote> " +"Content was <quote>taken</quote> regardless of the rights. Any rights were " +"effectively unprotected." +msgstr "" +"da Internett ble født, skrÃ¥stilt sin første arkitektur effektivt i retning " +"\"ingen rettigheter reservert\". innholdet kan kopieres perfekt og billig; " +"rettigheter kan ikke lett kontrolleres. SÃ¥ledes, uavhengig av hvem som helst " +"ønske, effektiv regimet av opphavsrett under den opprinnelige utformingen av " +"Internett var \"ingen rettigheter reservert.\" innhold ble \"tatt\" " +"uavhengig av rettighetene. alle rettigheter som var effektivt ubeskyttet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " +"by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " +"legislation, litigation, and changes to the network's design, copyright " +"holders have been able to change the essential character of the environment " +"of the original Internet. If the original architecture made the effective " +"default <quote>no rights reserved,</quote> the future architecture will make " +"the effective default <quote>all rights reserved.</quote> The architecture " +"and law that surround the Internet's design will increasingly produce an " +"environment where all use of content requires permission. The <quote>cut " +"and paste</quote> world that defines the Internet today will become a " +"<quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote> world that is a creator's " +"nightmare." +msgstr "" +"dette første tegnet produsert en reaksjon (motsatt, men ikke helt like) av " +"eiere av opphavsretter. som reaksjon har vært tema for denne boken. gjennom " +"lovgivning, søksmÃ¥l og endringer til nettverkets design, har innehaver av " +"opphavsrett vært i stand til Ã¥ endre det avgjørende tegnet av det " +"opprinnelige Internett-miljøet. Hvis den originale arkitekturen gjort " +"effektiv standard \"ingen rettigheter reservert\", vil den fremtidige " +"arkitekturen gjøre effektiv standard \"all rights reserved.\" arkitektur og " +"lov som omgir Internetts design vil stadig produsere et miljø der alle bruk " +"av innhold som krever tillatelse. \"klippe og lime\" verden som definerer " +"Internett i dag vil bli en \"fÃ¥ tillatelse til Ã¥ klippe og lime\" verden som " +"er en creator mareritt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " +"<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " +"<quote>some rights reserved</quote>— and thus a way to respect " +"copyrights but enable creators to free content as they see fit. In other " +"words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take " +"for granted before." +msgstr "" +"Hva trenger er en mÃ¥te Ã¥ si noe i midten—verken \"all rights reserved" +"\" eller \"ingen rettigheter reservert\" men \"noen rettigheter reservert\"- " +"og dermed en mÃ¥te Ã¥ Respekter opphavsrettigheter, men aktivere skaperne til " +"gratis innhold som de ønsker. med andre ord, trenger vi en mÃ¥te Ã¥ " +"gjenopprette et sett med andre friheter som vi bare kunne ta for gitt før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " +"recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " +"Internet, most of us didn't have to worry much about data about our lives " +"that we broadcast to the world. If you walked into a bookstore and browsed " +"through some of the works of Karl Marx, you didn't need to worry about " +"explaining your browsing habits to your neighbors or boss. The " +"<quote>privacy</quote> of your browsing habits was assured." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du gÃ¥r tilbake fra slaget som jeg har vært beskriver her, vil du " +"gjenkjenne dette problemet fra andre sammenhenger. Tenk om personvern. før " +"Internett mÃ¥tte de fleste av oss ikke bekymre deg mye om data om vÃ¥re liv at " +"vi broadcast til world. Hvis du gikk inn i en bokhandel og bladde gjennom " +"noen av verk av karl marx, du ikke trenger Ã¥ bekymre deg om Ã¥ forklare " +"Internett-vanene dine naboer eller sjefen. du surfer vaner \"personvern\" " +"var trygg pÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "What made it assured?" +msgstr "Hva gjorde at det var sikret?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " +"xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " +"assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering data and hence " +"a market constraint (cost) on anyone who wanted to gather that data. If you " +"were a suspected spy for North Korea, working for the CIA, no doubt your " +"privacy would not be assured. But that's because the CIA would (we hope) " +"find it valuable enough to spend the thousands required to track you. But " +"for most of us (again, we can hope), spying doesn't pay. The highly " +"inefficient architecture of real space means we all enjoy a fairly robust " +"amount of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law " +"(there is no law protecting <quote>privacy</quote> in public places), and in " +"many places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, " +"by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy." +msgstr "" +"Vel, hvis vi tror nÃ¥r det gjelder metoder jeg beskrevet i kapittel 10, " +"personvernet var forsikret pÃ¥ grunn av en ineffektiv arkitektur for Ã¥ samle " +"data og dermed betingelsen markedet (kostnader) pÃ¥ alle som ønsket Ã¥ samle " +"inn disse dataene. Hvis du var en mistenkt spion for Nord-korea, ville " +"arbeider for cia, ingen tvil om personvernet ikke være trygg. men det er " +"fordi vil cia (hÃ¥per vi) finne det verdifullt nok til Ã¥ bruke tusenvis som " +"er nødvendig for Ã¥ spore deg. men for de fleste av oss (igjen, vi kan " +"hÃ¥per), spionere ikke betaler. svært ineffektiv arkitektur virkelige rommet " +"betyr at vi alle nyte en ganske robust mengden personvern. at personvern er " +"garantert til oss ved hjelp av friksjon. ikke ved loven (det er ingen lov " +"som beskytter \"personvern\" i offentlige steder), og mange steder, ikke av " +"normer (snooping og sladder er bare morsomt), men i stedet av kostnader som " +"friksjon pÃ¥legger pÃ¥ alle som ønsker Ã¥ spy." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Amazon" +msgstr "Amazon" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "cookies, Internet" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " +"become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " +"pages, Amazon collects the data about what you've looked at. You know this " +"because at the side of the page, there's a list of <quote>recently viewed</" +"quote> pages. Now, because of the architecture of the Net and the function " +"of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The " +"friction has disappeared, and hence any <quote>privacy</quote> protected by " +"the friction disappears, too. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Angi Internett, der kostnaden for sporing av surfing spesielt har blitt " +"ganske liten. Hvis du er en kunde pÃ¥ amazon, deretter samler som du blar " +"gjennom sidene, amazon data om hva du har sett pÃ¥. du vet dette fordi pÃ¥ " +"side av siden, er det en liste over \"sist sett\" sider. nÃ¥, pÃ¥ grunn av " +"arkitekturen pÃ¥ nettet og funksjon av informasjonskapsler pÃ¥ nettet, er det " +"enklere Ã¥ samle inn data enn ikke. friksjonen har forsvunnet, og dermed alle " +"\"personvern\" beskyttet av friksjonen forsvinner, ogsÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " +"libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " +"should have the <quote>right</quote> to browse in a library without the " +"government knowing which books you look at (I'm one of those lefties, too), " +"then this change in the technology of monitoring might concern you. If it " +"becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in electronic spaces, then " +"the friction-induced privacy of yesterday disappears." +msgstr "" +"Amazon, selvfølgelig, er ikke problemet. men vi kan begynne Ã¥ bekymre deg om " +"biblioteker. Hvis du er en av de sprø lefties som mener at folk skal ha " +"\"rett\" til Ã¥ bla i et bibliotek uten regjeringen Ã¥ vite hvilke bøker du " +"ser pÃ¥ (jeg er en av disse lefties ogsÃ¥), og deretter denne endringen i " +"teknologien for overvÃ¥king kan angÃ¥r deg. Hvis det blir enkelt Ã¥ samle og " +"sortere hvem gjør hva i elektronisk mellomrom, forsvinner personvern " +"friksjon i gÃ¥r." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " +"Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " +"<citetitle>Stanford Technology Law Review</citetitle> 1 (2001): par. " +"6–18, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#72</ulink> (describing examples in which technology defines privacy " +"policy). See also Jeffrey Rosen, <citetitle>The Naked Crowd: Reclaiming " +"Security and Freedom in an Anxious Age</citetitle> (New York: Random House, " +"2004) (mapping tradeoffs between technology and privacy)." +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 284 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"It is this reality that explains the push of many to define <quote>privacy</" +"quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove " +"what friction before gave us that leads many to push for laws to do what " +"friction did.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> And whether you're in " +"favor of those laws or not, it is the pattern that is important here. We " +"must take affirmative steps to secure a kind of freedom that was passively " +"provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in " +"privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " +"When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " +"software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You " +"couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, " +"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"en liknende historie kan fortelles om fødselen av fri programvare-" +"bevegelsen. NÃ¥r datamaskiner med programvare ble først gjort tilgjengelig " +"kommersielt, var programvaren—bÃ¥de kildekoden og binærfiler—" +"gratis. Du kan ikke kjøre et program som er skrevet for en generell data-" +"maskinen pÃ¥ en ibm-maskin, slik at data Generelt og ibm ikke vare mye om " +"hvordan du styrer deres programvare." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Stallman, Richard" +msgstr "Stallman, Richard" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " +"researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " +"free to explore and tinker with the software that ran on machines. Being a " +"smart sort himself, and a talented programmer, Stallman grew to depend upon " +"the freedom to add to or modify other people's work." +msgstr "" +"Dette var verden Richard Stallman ble født inn i, og mens han var forsker " +"ved MIT, lærte han til Ã¥ elske samfunnet som utviklet seg nÃ¥r en var fri til " +"Ã¥ utforske og fikle med programvaren som kjørte pÃ¥ datamaskiner. Av den " +"smarte sorten selv, og en talentfull programmerer, begynte Stallman Ã¥ basere " +"seg frihet til Ã¥ legge til eller endre pÃ¥ andre personers arbeid." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " +"math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " +"offered. If you thought you had a better way to prove a theorem, you could " +"take what someone else did and change it. In a classics department, if you " +"believed a colleague's translation of a recently discovered text was flawed, " +"you were free to improve it. Thus, to Stallman, it seemed obvious that you " +"should be free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This, " +"too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like anything " +"else?" +msgstr "" +"i akademiske omgivelser, minst, er det ikke en veldig radikale idé. noen " +"ville være gratis Ã¥ tinker med et bevis pÃ¥ at noen tilbys i en matematikk-" +"avdeling. Hvis du trodde du hadde en bedre mÃ¥te Ã¥ bevise en teorem, kan du " +"ta hva noen andre gjorde, og endre den. i en klassikere avdeling, hvis du " +"trodde en kollega oversettelse av en nylig oppdagede tekst var feil, var du " +"fri til Ã¥ forbedre den. dermed til stallman syntes det Ã¥penbart at du bør " +"være gratis Ã¥ tinker med og forbedre koden som kjørte en maskin. Dette, " +"ogsÃ¥, var kunnskap. Hvorfor bør ikke være Ã¥pen for kritikk som noe annet?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " +"computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " +"to another, it became economically attractive (at least in the view of some) " +"to hide the code of your program. So, too, as companies started selling " +"peripherals for mainframe systems. If I could just take your printer driver " +"and copy it, then that would make it easier for me to sell a printer to the " +"market than it was for you." +msgstr "" +"Ingen har besvart dette spørsmÃ¥let. i stedet endret arkitekturen i inntekter " +"for databehandling. som det ble mulig Ã¥ importere programmer fra ett system " +"til et annet, det ble økonomisk attraktive (minst i visningen av noen) Ã¥ " +"skjule koden av programmet. sÃ¥, ogsÃ¥, som selskaper som begynte Ã¥ selge " +"eksterne enheter for stormaskinsystemer. Hvis jeg kunne bare ta " +"skriverdriveren og kopiere den, og deretter som ville gjøre det enklere for " +"meg Ã¥ selge en skriver til markedet enn det var for deg." + +#. PAGE BREAK 285 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " +"1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " +"free software had been erased by a change in the economics of computing. And " +"as he believed, if he did nothing about it, then the freedom to change and " +"share software would be fundamentally weakened." +msgstr "" +"dermed praksisen med proprietære koden begynte Ã¥ spre seg, og 1980-tallet, " +"stallman fant seg selv omringet av proprietære koden. verden av fri " +"programvare hadde blitt slettet av en endring i økonomien i databehandling. " +"og som han mente, hvis han gjorde ikke noe om det, og frihet til Ã¥ endre og " +"dele programvare ville være grundig svekket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " +#| "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That " +#| "was the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" " +#| "kernel was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. <placeholder " +#| "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgid "" +"Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " +"system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " +"the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's <quote>Linux</" +"quote> kernel was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Derfor, i 1984, startet Stallmann pÃ¥ et prosjekt for Ã¥ bygge et fritt " +"operativsystem, slik i hvert fall en flik av fri programvare skulle " +"overleve. Dette var starten pÃ¥ GNU-prosjektet, som \"Linux\"-kjernen til " +"Linus Torvalds senere ble lagt til i for Ã¥ produsere GNU/Linux-" +"operativsystemet. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " +"that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " +"Foundation's GPL cannot be modified and distributed unless the source code " +"for that software is made available as well. Thus, anyone building upon " +"GPL'd software would have to make their buildings free as well. This would " +"assure, Stallman believed, that an ecology of code would develop that " +"remained free for others to build upon. His fundamental goal was freedom; " +"innovative creative code was a byproduct." +msgstr "" +"Stallmans teknikken var Ã¥ bruke lov om opphavsrett til Ã¥ bygge en verden av " +"programvare som mÃ¥ holdes gratis. programvare lisensiert under gpl av free " +"software foundation kan ikke endres og distribuert med mindre kildekoden for " +"denne programvaren gjøres tilgjengelig ogsÃ¥. Dermed noen bygger pÃ¥ gpl ville " +"programvare ville ha Ã¥ gjøre sine bygninger gratis ogsÃ¥. Dette vil forsikre, " +"stallman trodd at en økologi av koden ville utvikle som forble gratis for " +"andre Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥. hans grunnleggende mÃ¥let var frihet; nyskapende, kreative " +"koden var en byproduct." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " +"privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " +"for granted before. Through the affirmative use of licenses that bind " +"copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a space where free " +"software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been " +"passively guaranteed." +msgstr "" +"Stallman var dermed gjøre for programvare og hvilke personvernkontroller " +"talsmenn nÃ¥ har for personvern. Han var søker en mÃ¥te Ã¥ gjenoppbygge et " +"slags friheten som ble tatt for gitt før. gjennom bekreftende bruk av " +"lisenser som binder opphavsrettsbeskyttet kode, var stallman affirmatively " +"gjenerobring et mellomrom der fri programvare ville overleve. Han var aktivt " +"beskytter hva før hadde vært passivt garantert." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " +"the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " +"journals are produced." +msgstr "" +"til slutt, vurdere en svært nylig eksempel mer direkte resonates med " +"historien om denne boken. Dette er skiftet i mÃ¥ten faglige og vitenskapelige " +"journaler er produsert." + +#. PAGE BREAK 286 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " +"printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " +"libraries is perhaps not the most efficient way to distribute knowledge. " +"Instead, journals are increasingly becoming electronic, and libraries and " +"their users are given access to these electronic journals through password-" +"protected sites. Something similar to this has been happening in law for " +"almost thirty years: Lexis and Westlaw have had electronic versions of case " +"reports available to subscribers to their service. Although a Supreme Court " +"opinion is not copyrighted, and anyone is free to go to a library and read " +"it, Lexis and Westlaw are also free to charge users for the privilege of " +"gaining access to that Supreme Court opinion through their respective " +"services." +msgstr "" +"som digitale teknologien blir bedre, blir det Ã¥penbart for mange som skriver " +"ut tusenvis av kopier av journaler hver mÃ¥ned og sende dem til biblioteker " +"ikke er kanskje den mest effektive mÃ¥ten Ã¥ distribuere kunnskap. i stedet, " +"journaler er stadig Ã¥ bli elektronisk, og biblioteker og deres brukere gis " +"tilgang til disse elektroniske journaler gjennom passordbeskyttede omrÃ¥der. " +"noe som ligner pÃ¥ dette har foregÃ¥tt i loven for nesten tretti Ã¥r: lexis og " +"westlaw har hatt elektroniske versjoner av Saksrapporter som er tilgjengelig " +"for abonnenter til deres tjeneste. Selv om en Høyesterett mening ikke er " +"beskyttet av opphavsretten, og noen er fri til Ã¥ gÃ¥ til et bibliotek og lese " +"den, er lexis og westlaw ogsÃ¥ gjerne Belast brukerne for privilegiet av Ã¥ fÃ¥ " +"tilgang til at Høyesterett mening gjennom sine respektive tjenester." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " +"charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " +"people to develop new and innovative ways to spread knowledge. The law has " +"agreed, which is why Lexis and Westlaw have been allowed to flourish. And if " +"there's nothing wrong with selling the public domain, then there could be " +"nothing wrong, in principle, with selling access to material that is not in " +"the public domain." +msgstr "" +"Det er ingenting galt med dette Generelt, og muligheten til Ã¥ ta betalt for " +"tilgang til selv allemannseie materialet er faktisk en god insentiv for folk " +"Ã¥ utvikle nye og innovative mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spre kunnskap. loven har avtalt, som er " +"grunnen til at lexis og westlaw har fÃ¥tt lov til Ã¥ blomstre. og hvis det er " +"ingenting galt med Ã¥ selge allemannseie, det kan være noe galt i prinsippet " +"med selger tilgang til materiale som ikke er allemannseie." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " +"through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " +"data except by paying for a subscription?" +msgstr "" +"men hva om du bare kan fÃ¥ tilgang til sosiale og vitenskapelige data var " +"gjennom proprietære tjenester? Hva om ingen hadde muligheten til Ã¥ bla " +"gjennom denne data unntatt ved Ã¥ betale for et abonnement?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " +"scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " +"libraries could make the journals available to anyone who had access to the " +"library. Thus, patients with cancer could become cancer experts because the " +"library gave them access. Or patients trying to understand the risks of a " +"certain treatment could research those risks by reading all available " +"articles about that treatment. This freedom was therefore a function of the " +"institution of libraries (norms) and the technology of paper journals " +"(architecture)—namely, that it was very hard to control access to a " +"paper journal." +msgstr "" +"som mange begynner Ã¥ legge merke til, er dette stadig virkeligheten med " +"vitenskapelige journaler. NÃ¥r disse kladdene ble distribuert i papirskjema, " +"kan biblioteker gjøre journalene tilgjengelig for alle som hadde tilgang til " +"biblioteket. pasienter med kreft kan derfor bli kreft eksperter fordi " +"biblioteket ga dem tilgang. eller pasienter prøver Ã¥ forstÃ¥ risikoen for en " +"bestemt behandling kunne forskning disse risikoene ved Ã¥ lese alle " +"tilgjengelige artikler om at behandling. denne friheten ble derfor en " +"funksjon av institusjonen av biblioteker (normer) og teknologi i papir " +"journaler (arkitektur)—nemlig at det var svært vanskelig Ã¥ kontrollere " +"tilgangen til en papir-journal." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " +"libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " +"that the freedoms provided by print journals in public libraries begin to " +"disappear. Thus, as with privacy and with software, a changing technology " +"and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." +msgstr "" +"NÃ¥r journaler blir elektronisk, men er utgivere krevende at biblioteker ikke " +"gir generell offentlig tilgang til journalene. Dette betyr at frihetene som " +"er levert av Skriv ut journaler i offentlige bibliotek begynner Ã¥ forsvinne. " +"SÃ¥ledes, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " +"markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " +"freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " +"example, is a nonprofit corporation dedicated to making scientific research " +"available to anyone with a Web connection. Authors of scientific work submit " +"that work to the Public Library of Science. That work is then subject to " +"peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " +"archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " +"version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Denne krympende friheten har ført mange Ã¥ ta bekreftende trinnene for Ã¥ " +"gjenopprette frihet som har gÃ¥tt tapt. public library of science (plos), for " +"eksempel er en nonprofit aksjeselskap som er dedikert til Ã¥ gjøre " +"vitenskapelig forskning tilgjengelig for alle som har en Webtilkobling. " +"forfatterne av vitenskapelig arbeid sende det fungerer til public library of " +"science. Dette arbeidet er deretter gjenstand for peer review. Dersom de " +"blir akseptert, er arbeidet deretter oppbevart i et offentlig, elektronisk " +"arkiv og gjort permanent tilgjengelig gratis. PLOs selger ogsÃ¥ en " +"utskriftsversjon av sitt arbeid, men opphavsretten for utskrift journal " +"forhindre ikke høyre for noen til Ã¥ videredistribuere arbeidet gratis." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " +"before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " +"doubt that this alternative competes with the traditional publishers and " +"their efforts to make money from the exclusive distribution of content. But " +"competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when " +"it helps spread knowledge and science." +msgstr "" +"Dette er ett av mange slike anstrengelser til Ã¥ gjenopprette en frihet tatt " +"for gitt før, men nÃ¥ truet av skiftende teknologi og markeder. Det er ingen " +"tvil om at denne alternative konkurrerer med tradisjonelle utgivere og deres " +"innsats for Ã¥ tjene penger fra den eksklusive distribusjonen av innhold. men " +"konkurransen i vÃ¥r tradisjon er presumptively en god—spesielt nÃ¥r det " +"bidrar til Ã¥ spre kunnskap og vitenskap." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" +msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av fri kultur: En idé" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " +"increasing control effected through law and technology." +msgstr "" +"Den samme strategien kan brukes pÃ¥ kultur, som et svar pÃ¥ den økende " +"kontrollen som gjennomføres gjennom lov og teknologi." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " +"established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " +"aim is to build a layer of <emphasis>reasonable</emphasis> copyright on top " +"of the extremes that now reign. It does this by making it easy for people to " +"build upon other people's work, by making it simple for creators to express " +"the freedom for others to take and build upon their work. Simple tags, tied " +"to human-readable descriptions, tied to bulletproof licenses, make this " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"Angi creative commons. creative commons er et nonprofit selskap etablert i " +"massachusetts, men med sitt hjem ved stanford university. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ bygge " +"et lag av rimelig opphavsrett pÃ¥ toppen av den ekstreme som nÃ¥ regjere. " +"Dette gjøres ved Ã¥ gjøre det lett for folk Ã¥ bygge pÃ¥ andres arbeid, ved Ã¥ " +"gjøre det enkelt for skaperne Ã¥ uttrykke frihet for andre Ã¥ ta, og bygge pÃ¥ " +"sitt arbeid. Simple tags, knyttet til lesbar beskrivelser, knyttet til " +"vanntett lisenser, gjør dette mulig." + +#. PAGE BREAK 288 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " +"without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " +"attach to their content, Creative Commons aims to mark a range of content " +"that can easily, and reliably, be built upon. These tags are then linked to " +"machine-readable versions of the license that enable computers automatically " +"to identify content that can easily be shared. These three expressions " +"together—a legal license, a human-readable description, and machine-" +"readable tags—constitute a Creative Commons license. A Creative " +"Commons license constitutes a grant of freedom to anyone who accesses the " +"license, and more importantly, an expression of the ideal that the person " +"associated with the license believes in something different than the " +"<quote>All</quote> or <quote>No</quote> extremes. Content is marked with the " +"CC mark, which does not mean that copyright is waived, but that certain " +"freedoms are given." +msgstr "" +"enkel, noe som betyr at uten en mellommann, eller uten en advokat. ved Ã¥ " +"utvikle et gratis sett av lisenser som folk kan knytte til deres innhold, " +"creative commons har som mÃ¥l Ã¥ markere et utvalg av innhold som kan enkelt " +"og pÃ¥litelig, være bygget pÃ¥. disse kodene er deretter koblet til " +"maskinlesbar versjoner av lisensen som gjør at datamaskiner automatisk Ã¥ " +"identifisere innhold som kan lett deles. disse tre uttrykkene sammen—" +"en juridisk lisens, en lesbar beskrivelse og maskinlesbar koder—utgjør " +"en creative commons-lisens. en creative commons-lisens utgjør en bevilgning " +"av frihet til alle som har tilgang til lisensen, og enda viktigere, et " +"uttrykk for ideelt som personen som er knyttet til lisensen tror pÃ¥ noe " +"annet enn \"all\" eller \"Nei\" ekstreme. innholdet er merket med kopi-" +"merket, som ikke betyr at copyright fratres, men at visse friheter er gitt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " +"contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " +"license that permits any use, so long as attribution is given. She can " +"choose a license that permits only noncommercial use. She can choose a " +"license that permits any use so long as the same freedoms are given to other " +"uses (<quote>share and share alike</quote>). Or any use so long as no " +"derivative use is made. Or any use at all within developing nations. Or any " +"sampling use, so long as full copies are not made. Or lastly, any " +"educational use." +msgstr "" +"Disse frihetene er utenfor friheter lovet av fair use. deres presis " +"konturer, avhenger av valgene skaperen gjør. skaperen kan velge en lisens " +"som tillater enhver bruk, sÃ¥ lenge henvisning er gitt. hun kan velge en " +"lisens som tillater bare ikke-kommersiell bruk. hun kan velge en lisens som " +"tillater enhver bruk sÃ¥ lenge de samme frihetene er gitt til andre bruker " +"(\"del og share alike\"). eller enhver bruk sÃ¥ lenge ingen avledede bruk er " +"gjort. eller noen bruke overhodet i utviklingsland. eller noen prøvetaking " +"bruk, sÃ¥ lenge alle kopiene ikke er laget. eller til slutt, noen pedagogisk " +"bruk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " +"copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " +"use. And most importantly, they express these freedoms in a way that " +"subsequent users can use and rely upon without the need to hire a lawyer. " +"Creative Commons thus aims to build a layer of content, governed by a layer " +"of reasonable copyright law, that others can build upon. Voluntary choice of " +"individuals and creators will make this content available. And that content " +"will in turn enable us to rebuild a public domain." +msgstr "" +"disse valgene dermed etablere en rekke friheter utover standard om " +"opphavsrett. de har ogsÃ¥ aktivere friheter som gÃ¥r utover tradisjonelle fair " +"use. og viktigst, de uttrykker disse frihetene pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te at etterfølgende " +"brukere kan bruke og stole pÃ¥ uten Ã¥ mÃ¥tte ansette en advokat. Creative " +"commons dermed tar sikte pÃ¥ Ã¥ bygge et lag med innhold, styrt av et lag med " +"rimelig lov om opphavsrett, som andre kan bygge pÃ¥. frivillig valg av " +"enkeltpersoner og skaperne vil gjøre dette innholdet tilgjengelig. og at " +"innholdet i sin tur kan vi bygge et offentlig-domene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Garlick, Mia" +msgstr "Garlick, Mia" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " +"course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " +"freedoms. But the point that distinguishes the Creative Commons from many is " +"that we are not interested only in talking about a public domain or in " +"getting legislators to help build a public domain. Our aim is to build a " +"movement of consumers and producers of content (<quote>content conducers,</" +"quote> as attorney Mia Garlick calls them) who help build the public domain " +"and, by their work, demonstrate the importance of the public domain to other " +"creativity. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Dette er bare ett prosjekt blant mange innenfor creative commons. og " +"selvfølgelig, creative commons er ikke den eneste organisasjonen Ã¥ forfølge " +"slike friheter. men poenget som skiller creative commons fra mange er at vi " +"ikke er interessert i Ã¥ fÃ¥ lovgivere til Ã¥ bygge et frivare eller bare i " +"snakker om et frivare. vÃ¥rt mÃ¥l er Ã¥ bygge en bevegelse av forbrukere og " +"produsenter av innhold (\"innhold conducers,\" som advokat mia garlick " +"kaller dem) hvem hjelpe bygge allemannseie, og ved deres arbeid, demonstrere " +"viktigheten av public domain til andre kreativitet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " +"aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " +"culture are produced by insane and unintended consequences of laws written " +"centuries ago, applied to a technology that only Jefferson could have " +"imagined. The rules may well have made sense against a background of " +"technologies from centuries ago, but they do not make sense against the " +"background of digital technologies. New rules—with different freedoms, " +"expressed in ways so that humans without lawyers can use them—are " +"needed. Creative Commons gives people a way effectively to begin to build " +"those rules." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ kjempe \"med enerett\"-sorteringer. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ utfylle dem. " +"problemene som loven oppretter for oss som en kultur er produsert av galskap " +"og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet Ã¥rhundrer siden, brukt til en " +"teknologi som bare jefferson kunne ha forestilt meg. reglene kan godt ha " +"gjort følelse mot et bakteppe av teknologi fra Ã¥rhundrer siden, men de gjør " +"ikke fornuftig pÃ¥ bakgrunn av digitale teknologier. nye regler—med " +"forskjellige friheter, uttrykt i mÃ¥ter slik at mennesker uten advokater kan " +"bruke dem – er nødvendig. Creative commons gir folk en mÃ¥te for effektivt Ã¥ " +"begynne Ã¥ bygge disse reglene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " +"to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " +"fiction author. His first novel, <citetitle>Down and Out in the Magic " +"Kingdom</citetitle>, was released on-line and for free, under a Creative " +"Commons license, on the same day that it went on sale in bookstores." +msgstr "" +"Hvorfor ville skaperne delta i Ã¥ gi opp full kontroll? noen delta for Ã¥ " +"bedre spre innholdet. Cory doctorow, for eksempel er en science fiction-" +"forfatter. hans første novelle, ned og ut i magiske riket, ble utgitt pÃ¥ " +"nettet og gratis, under en creative commons-lisens pÃ¥ samme dag som det gikk " +"pÃ¥ salg i bokhandler." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " +"like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " +"Cory's book whether or not it's on the Internet, and (2) those who may never " +"hear of Cory's book, if it isn't made available for free on the Internet. " +"Some part of (1) will download Cory's book instead of buying it. Call them " +"bad-(1)s. Some part of (2) will download Cory's book, like it, and then " +"decide to buy it. Call them (2)-goods. If there are more (2)-goods than bad-" +"(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably " +"<emphasis>increase</emphasis> sales of Cory's book." +msgstr "" +"Hvorfor ville en utgiver noensinne samtykker til dette? Jeg mistenker at " +"hans publisher begrunnet som dette: det finnes to grupper av mennesker der " +"ute: (1) de som vil kjøpe cory bok om det er pÃ¥ Internett, og (2) de som kan " +"aldri høre av cory's bok, hvis det ikke er gjort tilgjengelig gratis pÃ¥ " +"Internett. noen del av (1) laster ned cory bok i stedet for Ã¥ kjøpe den. " +"ringe dem dÃ¥rlig-(1) s. noen del av (2) lastet ned cory's bok, liker det, og " +"deretter bestemmer deg for Ã¥ kjøpe den. kalle dem (2)-varer. Hvis det er mer " +"(2)-varer enn dÃ¥rlig-(1) s, strategien for lanserer cory bok gratis on-line " +"trolig vil øke salg av cory's bok." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " +"The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " +"expected. This first novel of a science fiction author was a total success." +msgstr "" +"opplevelsen av hans publisher støtter faktisk klart at konklusjonen. bokens " +"første utskrift er oppbrukt mÃ¥neder før utgiveren hadde forventet. denne " +"første romanen av en science fiction-forfatteren var en total suksess." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Wayner, Peter" +msgstr "Wayner, Peter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " +"confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " +"book about the free software movement titled <citetitle>Free for All</" +"citetitle>, made an electronic version of his book free on-line under a " +"Creative Commons license after the book went out of print. He then monitored " +"used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " +"downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well. " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" +"idéen at gratis innhold kan øke verdien av nonfree innhold ble bekreftet av " +"opplevelsen av en annen forfatter. Peter wayner, som skrev en bok om fri " +"programvare-bevegelsen med tittelen gratis for alle, en elektronisk versjon " +"av sin bok gratis on-line under en creative commons-lisens etter at boken " +"gikk ut av print. han overvÃ¥ket deretter brukt boka store priser for boken. " +"som spÃ¥dd, som antall nedlastinger økt, brukte boken-pris for sin bok øker " +"ogsÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Public Enemy" +msgstr "Public Enemy" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +msgid "rap music" +msgstr "" + +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " +"Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " +"Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre production, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #72</ulink>." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Leaphart, Walter" +msgstr "Leaphart, Walter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " +"content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " +"are others who use Creative Commons licenses for other reasons. Many who use " +"the <quote>sampling license</quote> do so because anything else would be " +"hypocritical. The sampling license says that others are free, for commercial " +"or noncommercial purposes, to sample content from the licensed work; they " +"are just not free to make full copies of the licensed work available to " +"others. This is consistent with their own art—they, too, sample from " +"others. Because the <emphasis>legal</emphasis> costs of sampling are so high " +"(Walter Leaphart, manager of the rap group Public Enemy, which was born " +"sampling the music of others, has stated that he does not <quote>allow</" +"quote> Public Enemy to sample anymore, because the legal costs are so " +"high<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>), these artists release into " +"the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that their " +"form of creativity might grow. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " +"license just because they want to express to others the importance of " +"balance in this debate. If you just go along with the system as it is, you " +"are effectively saying you believe in the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> " +"model. Good for you, but many do not. Many believe that however appropriate " +"that rule is for Hollywood and freaks, it is not an appropriate description " +"of how most creators view the rights associated with their content. The " +"Creative Commons license expresses this notion of <quote>Some Rights " +"Reserved,</quote> and gives many the chance to say it to others." +msgstr "" +"Endelig er det mange som merker innholdet med en creative commons-lisens, " +"bare fordi de ønsker Ã¥ uttrykke til andre betydningen av saldoen i denne " +"debatten. Hvis du bare gÃ¥ sammen med systemet som det er, sier du effektivt " +"du tror pÃ¥ \"all rights reserved\"-modellen. bra for deg, men mange gjør det " +"ikke. mange tror at men passer denne regelen er for hollywood og freaks, det " +"ikke er en passende beskrivelse av hvordan de fleste skaperne vise " +"rettigheter knyttet til deres innhold. creative commons-lisens uttrykker " +"dette begrepet \"noen rettigheter reservert\", og gir mange sjansen til Ã¥ si " +"det til andre." + +#. PAGE BREAK 291 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " +"objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " +"partnerships with middleware content providers to help them build into their " +"technologies simple ways for users to mark their content with Creative " +"Commons freedoms. Then the next step is to watch and celebrate creators who " +"build content based upon content set free." +msgstr "" +"i de første seks mÃ¥nedene av creative commons-eksperimentet, ble over 1 " +"million objekter lisensiert med disse gratis-kultur-lisenser. det neste " +"trinnet er partnerskap med mellomvare innholdsleverandører Ã¥ hjelpe dem Ã¥ " +"bygge inn i deres teknologier enkle mÃ¥ter for brukere Ã¥ merke innholdet sitt " +"med creative commons-friheter. sÃ¥ er neste trinn Ã¥ se pÃ¥ og feire skaperne " +"som bygger innhold basert pÃ¥ innhold satt fri." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " +"arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " +"showing people how important that domain is to creativity and innovation. " +"Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. " +"They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible." +msgstr "" +"Dette er første trinn Ã¥ gjenoppbygge et frivare. de er ikke bare argumenter; " +"de er handlingen. bygge et offentlig-domene er det første skrittet til viser " +"folk hvor viktig dette domenet er til kreativitet og innovasjon. Creative " +"commons, avhengig av frivillig tiltak for Ã¥ oppnÃ¥ dette Ã¥ gjenoppbygge. de " +"vil føre til en verden der flere frivillige trinnene er mulig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " +"creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " +"project does not compete with copyright; it complements it. Its aim is not " +"to defeat the rights of authors, but to make it easier for authors and " +"creators to exercise their rights more flexibly and cheaply. That " +"difference, we believe, will enable creativity to spread more easily." +msgstr "" +"Creative commons er bare ett eksempel pÃ¥ frivillig innsats av enkeltpersoner " +"og skaperne Ã¥ endre blanding av rettigheter som nÃ¥ styrer feltet kreative. " +"prosjektet ikke stiller til Start med copyright; det utfyller det. MÃ¥let er " +"ikke Ã¥ beseire rettighetene til forfattere, men Ã¥ gjøre det enklere for " +"forfattere og skaperne Ã¥ utøve sine rettigheter, mer fleksibelt og billig. " +"at vi tror forskjellen, aktiverer kreativitet Ã¥ spre lettere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> +msgid "THEM, SOON" +msgstr "Dem, snart" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " +"take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " +"politicians will listen to these ideas and implement these reforms. But " +"that also means that we have time to build awareness around the changes that " +"we need." +msgstr "" +"Vi vil ikke gjenvinne en fri kultur av handling alene. det vil ogsÃ¥ ta " +"viktige reformer av lover. Vi har en lang vei Ã¥ gÃ¥ før politikerne vil lytte " +"til disse idéene og implementere disse reformene. men det betyr ogsÃ¥ at vi " +"har tid til Ã¥ bygge opp bevisstheten rundt endringene som vi trenger." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " +"one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " +"step, not an end. But any of these steps would carry us a long way to our " +"end." +msgstr "" +"i dette kapitlet, jeg skissere fem typer endringer: fire som er generelt, og " +"som er spesifikk for den mest opphetede kampen pÃ¥ dagen, musikk. hver er et " +"skritt, ikke en slutt. men noen av disse trinnene vil bære oss en lang vei " +"til vÃ¥r side." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "1. More Formalities" +msgstr "1. Flere formaliteter" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " +"upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " +"you buy a car, you get a bill of sale and register the car. If you buy an " +"airplane ticket, it has your name on it." +msgstr "" +"Hvis du kjøper et hus, mÃ¥ du registrere salg i en gjerning. Hvis du kjøper " +"land som Ã¥ bygge et hus, mÃ¥ du registrere kjøp i en gjerning. Hvis du kjøper " +"en bil, kan du fÃ¥ en regning for salg og registrere bilen. Hvis du kjøper en " +"flybillett, har navnet ditt pÃ¥ den." + +#. PAGE BREAK 293 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " +"that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." +msgstr "" +"disse er alle formaliteter knyttet til egenskapen. de er krav som vi alle mÃ¥ " +"bære hvis vi ønsker vÃ¥r eiendom skal beskyttes." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " +"regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " +"register. You don't even have to mark your content. The default is control, " +"and <quote>formalities</quote> are banished." +msgstr "" +"derimot under gjeldende lov om opphavsrett fÃ¥ du automatisk en opphavsrett, " +"uavhengig av om du overholder eventuelle formalitet. du trenger ikke Ã¥ " +"registrere deg. du trenger ikke engang Ã¥ merke innholdet. standard er " +"kontrollen, og \"formaliteter\" er kastet ut." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Why?" +msgstr "hvorfor?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=" +"\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good one. In " +"the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a burden on " +"copyright holders without much benefit. Thus, it was progress when the law " +"relaxed the formal requirements that a copyright owner must bear to protect " +"and secure his work. Those formalities were getting in the way." +msgstr "" +"som jeg antydet i kapittel 10, var motivasjon til Ã¥ avskaffe formaliteter en " +"god en. i verden før digital teknologi pÃ¥lagt formaliteter en byrde pÃ¥ " +"innehaver av opphavsrett uten mye fordel. dermed var det fremdriften nÃ¥r " +"loven avslappet formelle krav som en opphavsrettsinnehaveren mÃ¥ bære Ã¥ " +"beskytte og sikre hans arbeid. disse formaliteter var komme i veien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a burden. " +"Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens creativity. " +"Today, there is no simple way to know who owns what, or with whom one must " +"deal in order to use or build upon the creative work of others. There are no " +"records, there is no system to trace— there is no simple way to know " +"how to get permission. Yet given the massive increase in the scope of " +"copyright's rule, getting permission is a necessary step for any work that " +"builds upon our past. And thus, the <emphasis>lack</emphasis> of formalities " +"forces many into silence where they otherwise could speak." +msgstr "" +"men Internett endrer alt dette. formaliteter trenger i dag ikke være en " +"byrde. verden uten formaliteter er heller verden som byrder kreativitet. i " +"dag, det er ingen enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hvem som eier hva eller hvem mÃ¥ en " +"avtale for Ã¥ kunne bruke eller bygge pÃ¥ kreative arbeidet til andre. Det " +"finnes ingen poster, er det ingen systemer til spor—det er ingen enkel " +"mÃ¥te Ã¥ vite hvordan du fÃ¥r tillatelse. men gitt den massive økningen i " +"omfanget av copyright's regelen, fÃ¥ tillatelse er et nødvendig skritt for " +"alt arbeid som bygger pÃ¥ vÃ¥r fortid. og dermed mangel pÃ¥ formaliteter " +"styrker mange i stillhet der de ellers kunne snakke." + +#. f1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " +"Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " +"by other countries as well." +msgstr "" +"forslaget jeg er fremme her ville gjelde american Works bare. Selvfølgelig, " +"jeg tror det vil være fordelaktig for samme idéen om Ã¥ bli vedtatt av andre " +"land ogsÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder type=\"footnote" +"\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back to the old, " +"broken system. We should require formalities, but we should establish a " +"system that will create the incentives to minimize the burden of these " +"formalities." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " +"copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " +"these three was something the copyright owner did; the second two were " +"something the government did. But a revised system of formalities would " +"banish the government from the process, except for the sole purpose of " +"approving standards developed by others." +msgstr "" +"viktig formaliteter er tre: merking opphavsrettsbeskyttede, registrerer " +"opphavsrett og fornye kravet til copyright. tradisjonelt, var først av disse " +"tre noe eieren av opphavsretten gjorde; de andre to var noe regjeringen " +"gjorde. men et revidert system av formaliteter ville forvise regjeringen fra " +"prosessen, unntatt for formÃ¥let Ã¥ godkjenne standarder utviklet av andre." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" +msgstr "Registrering og fornying" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " +"Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " +"registration, the copyright owner paid a fee. As with most government " +"agencies, the Copyright Office had little incentive to minimize the burden " +"of registration; it also had little incentive to minimize the fee. And as " +"the Copyright Office is not a main target of government policymaking, the " +"office has historically been terribly underfunded. Thus, when people who " +"know something about the process hear this idea about formalities, their " +"first reaction is panic—nothing could be worse than forcing people to " +"deal with the mess that is the Copyright Office." +msgstr "" +"under det gamle systemet hadde en opphavsrettighetene til filen en " +"registrering med opphavsrett office registrere eller fornye opphavsretten. " +"NÃ¥r innlevering at registrering, betales eieren av opphavsretten en avgift. " +"som med de fleste myndigheter hadde opphavsrett kontoret fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ " +"minimere byrden av registrering; det hadde ogsÃ¥ fÃ¥ insentiver til Ã¥ minimere " +"gebyret. og sÃ¥ opphavsrett kontoret ikke er hovedmÃ¥let for regjeringen " +"policymaking, kontoret har historisk sett vært veldig underfunded. SÃ¥ledes, " +"nÃ¥r folk som vet noe om prosessen hører denne idéen om formaliteter, deres " +"første reaksjon er panikk—ingenting kunne være verre enn tvinge folk " +"til Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere rotet som er copyright kontoret." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " +"extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " +"innovatively about how governmental functions can be designed. Just because " +"there is a public purpose to a government role, it doesn't follow that the " +"government must actually administer the role. Instead, we should be creating " +"incentives for private parties to serve the public, subject to standards " +"that the government sets." +msgstr "" +"Likevel er det alltid utrolig for meg at vi, som kommer fra en tradisjon av " +"ekstraordinære innovasjon i statlige design, kan ikke lenger tror innovativt " +"om hvordan statlige funksjoner kan være utformet. bare fordi det er et " +"offentlig formÃ¥l til en regjering-rolle, følger ikke det at regjeringen mÃ¥ " +"faktisk administrere rollen. i stedet, vi bør være Ã¥ skape insentiver til " +"private selskaper Ã¥ tjene allmennheten, underlagt standarder som regjeringen " +"angir." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " +"are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " +"owners for these Web sites have to pay a fee to keep their registration " +"alive. In the main top-level domains (.com, .org, .net), there is a central " +"registry. The actual registrations are, however, performed by many competing " +"registrars. That competition drives the cost of registering down, and more " +"importantly, it drives the ease with which registration occurs up." +msgstr "" +"i sammenheng med registrering er en opplagt modell Internett. Det finnes " +"minst 32 millioner web-omrÃ¥der som er registrert i verden. domeneeiere navn " +"for disse web-omrÃ¥der mÃ¥ betale en avgift for Ã¥ holde sine registrering " +"Live. Det er et sentralt register i de viktigste domenene (.com, .org, ." +"net). de faktiske registreringene utføres imidlertid av mange konkurrerende " +"registrarer. at konkurransen stasjoner kostnadene for Ã¥ registrere ned, og " +"enda viktigere, det stasjoner brukervennligheten som registrering oppstÃ¥r " +"opp." + +#. PAGE BREAK 295 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " +"copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " +"it should not be in the registrar business. Instead, it should establish a " +"database, and a set of standards for registrars. It should approve " +"registrars that meet its standards. Those registrars would then compete with " +"one another to deliver the cheapest and simplest systems for registering and " +"renewing copyrights. That competition would substantially lower the burden " +"of this formality—while producing a database of registrations that " +"would facilitate the licensing of content." +msgstr "" +"vi alle bør vedtas en lignende modell for registrering og fornying av " +"opphavsretten. opphavsrett kontoret kan ogsÃ¥ tjene som sentrale registret, " +"men det bør ikke være i virksomhet registrar. Det bør i stedet opprette en " +"database, og et sett med standarder for registrarer. det skal godkjenne " +"registrarer som oppfyller sine standarder. disse registrarer vil sÃ¥ " +"konkurrere med hverandre for Ã¥ levere de billigste og enkleste systemene for " +"registrering og fornying av opphavsrett. at konkurransen ville vesentlig " +"lavere byrden av denne formalitet—mens en database med registreringer " +"som ville forenkler lisensiering av innhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> +msgid "MARKING" +msgstr "Merking" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " +"work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " +"failing to comply with a regulatory rule—akin to imposing the death " +"penalty for a parking ticket in the world of creative rights. Here again, " +"there is no reason that a marking requirement needs to be enforced in this " +"way. And more importantly, there is no reason a marking requirement needs to " +"be enforced uniformly across all media." +msgstr "" +"Det pleide Ã¥ være at Ã¥ inkludere en opphavsrett pÃ¥ en skapende arbeid " +"betydde at opphavsretten ble forkastet. Det var en streng straff for ikke Ã¥ " +"overholde en regulatoriske regel—sammenlignes med imponerende " +"dødsstraff for en parkeringsbilletten i verden av kreative rettigheter. Her " +"igjen, er det ingen grunn som et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves pÃ¥ denne mÃ¥ten. " +"og enda viktigere, det er ingen grunn et merking krav mÃ¥ hÃ¥ndheves jevnt pÃ¥ " +"tvers av alle medier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " +"and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " +"to locate a copyright owner to secure permission to use the work." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let med merking er med signal til publikum at dette arbeidet er " +"opphavsrettsbeskyttet, og at forfatteren ønsker Ã¥ hÃ¥ndheve sine rettigheter. " +"mark gjør det ogsÃ¥ enkelt Ã¥ finne en som har opphavsrettighetene for Ã¥ sikre " +"tillatelse til Ã¥ bruke arbeidet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " +"different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " +"how or where a statue was to be marked, or a record, or a film. A new " +"marking requirement could solve these problems by recognizing the " +"differences in media, and by allowing the system of marking to evolve as " +"technologies enable it to. The system could enable a special signal from the " +"failure to mark—not the loss of the copyright, but the loss of the " +"right to punish someone for failing to get permission first." +msgstr "" +"ett av problemene opphavsretten til systemet konfrontert tidlig var at ulike " +"opphavsrettslig beskyttet verk mÃ¥tte være annerledes merket. Det var ikke " +"klart hvordan eller hvor en statue var Ã¥ bli merket, eller en oppføring, " +"eller en film. en nye merking kravet kunne løse disse problemene ved Ã¥ " +"gjenkjenne forskjellene i media, og tillater systemet av merking Ã¥ utvikle " +"seg som teknologier gir det til. systemet kan gjøre det mulig for en " +"spesiell signalet fra Ã¥ merke—ikke tap av opphavsretten, men tap av " +"retten til Ã¥ straffe noen for ikke Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse først." + +#. f2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " +"here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " +"than is justified by the marginal incentive it creates." +msgstr "" +"det ville være en complication med avledede produkter som jeg ikke har løst " +"her. etter mitt syn er oppretter loven av derivater et mer komplisert system " +"enn er rettferdiggjort av marginale incitament opprettes." + +#. PAGE BREAK 296 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " +"published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " +"not be that the copyright is lost. The consequence could instead be that " +"anyone has the right to use this work, until the copyright owner complains " +"and demonstrates that it is his work and he doesn't give permission." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The meaning of an unmarked work " +"would therefore be <quote>use unless someone complains.</quote> If someone " +"does complain, then the obligation would be to stop using the work in any " +"new work from then on though no penalty would attach for existing uses. " +"This would create a strong incentive for copyright owners to mark their work." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " +"again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " +"to ensure that the system evolves is to limit the Copyright Office's role to " +"that of approving standards for marking content that have been crafted " +"elsewhere." +msgstr "" +"som i sin tur reiser spørsmÃ¥let om hvordan arbeidet best bør være merket. " +"Her igjen, mÃ¥ systemet justere som teknologien utvikler seg. den beste mÃ¥ten " +"Ã¥ sikre at systemet utvikler seg er Ã¥ begrense opphavsrett kontorets rolle " +"for Ã¥ godkjenne standarder for Ã¥ merke innhold som har vært laget andre " +"steder." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " +"marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " +"Office would hold a hearing, at which other proposals could be made. The " +"Copyright Office would then select the proposal that it judged preferable, " +"and it would base that choice <emphasis>solely</emphasis> upon the " +"consideration of which method could best be integrated into the registration " +"and renewal system. We would not count on the government to innovate; but we " +"would count on the government to keep the product of innovation in line with " +"its other important functions." +msgstr "" +"for eksempel hvis en recording industry association devises en metode for Ã¥ " +"merke CDer, ville det foreslÃ¥ som til opphavsrett kontoret. opphavsrett " +"kontoret ville holde en høring, som andre forslag kan gjøres. opphavsrett " +"kontoret deretter velger forslaget at det dømt foretrekke, og det vil basere " +"det valget utelukkende pÃ¥ vurdering som kan best metoden integreres i " +"systemet registrering og fornyelse. Vi ville ikke stole pÃ¥ regjeringen til Ã¥ " +"skape noe nytt; men vi vil stole pÃ¥ regjeringen for Ã¥ holde produktet av " +"innovasjon i trÃ¥d med sin andre viktige funksjoner." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " +"If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " +"not to allow a photographer to reregister, for example, all photographs " +"taken in a particular year in one quick step. The aim of the formality is " +"not to burden the creator; the system itself should be kept as simple as " +"possible." +msgstr "" +"til slutt, markerer innholdet klart vil forenkle krav til registrering. Hvis " +"fotografier var preget av forfatteren og Ã¥r, ville det være liten grunn til " +"ikke Ã¥ tillate en fotograf Ã¥ registrere pÃ¥ nytt, for eksempel alle bildene " +"som er tatt i et bestemt Ã¥r i ett trinn. MÃ¥let med formalitet er Ã¥ unngÃ¥ " +"unødige belastninger skaperen; selve systemet bør holdes sÃ¥ enkelt som mulig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " +"does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " +"unclear." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let med formaliteter er Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. eksisterende systemet gjør " +"ingenting for Ã¥ gjøre ting klart. Ja, det synes designet for Ã¥ gjøre ting " +"som er uklart." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " +"difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " +"would be simple to identify what content is presumptively free; it would be " +"simple to identify who controls the rights for a particular kind of content; " +"it would be simple to assert those rights, and to renew that assertion at " +"the appropriate time." +msgstr "" +"Hvis formaliteter for eksempel registrering er gjenopprettet, en av de " +"vanskeligste sidene av stole pÃ¥ allemannseie ville bli fjernet. det ville " +"være enkelt Ã¥ identifisere hvilket innhold er presumptively gratis; det " +"ville være enkelt Ã¥ identifisere hvem styrer rettighetene for en bestemt " +"type innhold; det ville være enkelt Ã¥ hevde de rettighetene og Ã¥ fornye at " +"pÃ¥standen pÃ¥ riktig tidspunkt." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "2. Shorter Terms" +msgstr "2. Kortere vernetid" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " +"corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " +"authors." +msgstr "" +"Vernetiden i opphavsretten har gÃ¥tt fra fjorten Ã¥r til nittifem Ã¥r der " +"selskap har forfatterskapet , og livstiden til forfatteren pluss sytti Ã¥r " +"for individuelle forfattere." + +#. f3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " +#| "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #74</ulink>." +msgid "" +"<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " +"(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #74</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25. " +"januar 2003): 15, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #74</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a seventy-five-" +"year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement of renewal " +"every five years. That seemed radical enough at the time. But after we lost " +"<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, the " +"proposals became even more radical. <citetitle>The Economist</citetitle> " +"endorsed a proposal for a fourteen-year copyright term.<placeholder type=" +"\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Others have proposed tying the term to the term for " +"patents." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " +"term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " +"that are important to keep in mind about copyright terms." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er enig med de som tror at vi trenger en radikal endring i copyright's " +"sikt. men om fjorten Ã¥r eller sytti-fem, finnes det fire prinsipper som er " +"viktig Ã¥ huske pÃ¥ om opphavsrett terms." + +#. (1) +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " +"to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " +"protections for authors (so authors were able to reclaim rights from " +"publishers), rights to the same work (not derivative works) might be " +"extended further. The key is not to tie the work up with legal regulations " +"when it no longer benefits an author." +msgstr "" +"holde det kort: begrepet skal være sÃ¥ lenge som nødvendig for Ã¥ gi " +"insentiver til Ã¥ opprette, men ikke lenger. Hvis det var knyttet til veldig " +"sterk beskyttelse for forfattere (slik at forfattere klarte Ã¥ gjenvinne " +"rettigheter fra utgivere), kan rettighetene til frembringelsen som samme " +"(ikke avledede) utvides ytterligere. nøkkelen er ikke Ã¥ knytte arbeidet opp " +"med forskrifter nÃ¥r det ikke lenger fordeler en forfatter." + +#. (2) +#. PAGE BREAK 298 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain " +#| "and protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " +#| "\"fair use,\" and the distinction between \"ideas\" and \"expression.\" " +#| "That kind of law gives them lots of work. But our framers had a simpler " +#| "idea in mind: protected versus unprotected. The value of short terms is " +#| "that there is little need to build exceptions into copyright when the " +#| "term itself is kept short. A clear and active \"lawyer-free zone\" makes " +#| "the complexities of \"fair use\" and \"idea/expression\" less necessary " +#| "to navigate." +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " +"protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " +"<quote>fair use,</quote> and the distinction between <quote>ideas</quote> " +"and <quote>expression.</quote> That kind of law gives them lots of work. But " +"our framers had a simpler idea in mind: protected versus unprotected. The " +"value of short terms is that there is little need to build exceptions into " +"copyright when the term itself is kept short. A clear and active " +"<quote>lawyer-free zone</quote> makes the complexities of <quote>fair use</" +"quote> and <quote>idea/expression</quote> less necessary to navigate." +msgstr "" +"<emphasis>Gjør det enkelt:</emphasis> Skillelinjen mellom verker uten " +"opphavsrettslig vern og innhold som er beskyttet mÃ¥ forbli klart. Advokater " +"liker uklarheten som \"rimelig bruk\" og forskjellen mellom \"idéer\" og " +"\"uttrykk\" har. Denne type lovverk gir dem en masse arbeid. Men de som " +"skrev grunnloven hadde en enklere idé: vernet versus ikke vernet. Verdien av " +"korte vernetider er at det er lite behov for Ã¥ bygge inn unntak i " +"opphavsretten nÃ¥r vernetiden holdes kort. En klar og aktiv \"advokat-fri " +"sone\" gjør komplesiteten av \"rimelig bruk\" og \"idé/uttrykk\" mindre " +"nødvendig Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere." + +#. f4. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" +"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at <ulink " +"url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation and/" +"or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), tilgjengelig fra " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #75</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "veterans' pensions" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " +"Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " +"required to signal periodically that he wants the protection continued. This " +"need not be an onerous burden, but there is no reason this monopoly " +"protection has to be granted for free. On average, it takes ninety minutes " +"for a veteran to apply for a pension.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> If we make veterans suffer that burden, I don't see why we couldn't " +"require authors to spend ten minutes every fifty years to file a single " +"form. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. (4) +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " +"should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " +"given should not be extended. It might have been a mistake in 1923 for the " +"law to offer authors only a fifty-six-year term. I don't think so, but it's " +"possible. If it was a mistake, then the consequence was that we got fewer " +"authors to create in 1923 than we otherwise would have. But we can't correct " +"that mistake today by increasing the term. No matter what we do today, we " +"will not increase the number of authors who wrote in 1923. Of course, we can " +"increase the reward that those who write now get (or alternatively, increase " +"the copyright burden that smothers many works that are today invisible). But " +"increasing their reward will not increase their creativity in 1923. What's " +"not done is not done, and there's nothing we can do about that now." +msgstr "" +"holde det potensielle: hva begrepet av opphavsrett skal være, klareste " +"lærdommen om at økonomer lære er at en term nÃ¥r gitt ikke bør utvides. Det " +"kan ha vært en feil i 1923 for lov Ã¥ tilby forfattere bare en femti-seks Ã¥rs " +"sikt. Jeg tror ikke det, men det er mulig. Hvis det var en feil, da var " +"konsekvensen at vi fikk færre forfattere Ã¥ opprette i 1923 enn vi ellers " +"ville ha. men vi kan ikke korrigere at feil i dag ved Ã¥ øke begrepet. " +"Uansett hva vi gjør i dag, vil vi ikke øke antall forfattere som skrev i " +"1923. Selvfølgelig, kan vi øke belønning som dem som skriver nÃ¥ fÃ¥ (eller " +"eventuelt øke opphavsrett byrden som smothers mange fungerer som i dag er " +"usynlig). men øke deres belønning vil ikke øke sin kreativitet i 1923. Hva " +"er ikke gjort er ikke gjort, og det er ingenting vi kan gjøre med det nÃ¥." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " +"copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " +"average term was just 32.2 years. We should be aiming for the same." +msgstr "" +"Disse endringene vil sammen gi en <emphasis>gjennomsnittlig</emphasis> " +"opphavsrettslig vernetid som er mye kortere enn den gjeldende vernetiden. " +"Frem til 1976 var gjennomsnittlig vernetid kun 32.2 Ã¥r. VÃ¥rt mÃ¥l bør være " +"det samme." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " +#| "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer " +#| "than the term under Richard Nixon. How \"radical\" can it be to ask for a " +#| "more generous copyright law than Richard Nixon presided over?" +msgid "" +"No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " +"all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " +"recommended was longer than the term under Richard Nixon. How " +"<quote>radical</quote> can it be to ask for a more generous copyright law " +"than Richard Nixon presided over?" +msgstr "" +"Uten tvil vil ekstremistene kalle disse idéene \"radikale\". (Tross alt, sÃ¥ " +"kaller jeg dem \"ekstremister\".) Men igjen, vernetiden jeg anbefalte var " +"lengre enn vernetiden under Richard Nixon. hvor \"radikalt\" kan det være Ã¥ " +"be om en mer sjenerøs opphavsrettighet enn da Richard Nixon var president?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" +msgstr "3. Fri Bruk vs. rimelig bruk" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " +"property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " +"heavens. The airplane came along. The scope of property rights quickly " +"changed. There was no fuss, no constitutional challenge. It made no sense " +"anymore to grant that much control, given the emergence of that new " +"technology." +msgstr "" +"som jeg observert i begynnelsen av denne boken, gitt " +"opphavsrettslovgivningen opprinnelig bolig retten til Ã¥ kontrollere deres " +"eiendom fra bakken til himmelen. flyet kom. omfanget av eiendomsrettigheter " +"endres raskt. Det var ingen oppstyr, ingen konstitusjonelle utfordring. det " +"gjorde ingen sans lenger for Ã¥ gi sÃ¥ mye kontroll, gitt fremveksten av den " +"nye teknologien." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " +"right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " +"an exclusive right to <quote>their writings</quote> plus any derivative " +"writings (made by others) that are sufficiently close to the author's " +"original work. Thus, if I write a book, and you base a movie on that book, I " +"have the power to deny you the right to release that movie, even though that " +"movie is not <quote>my writing.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"vÃ¥r grunnlov gir Kongressen makt til Ã¥ gi forfattere \"eksklusiv rett\" til " +"\"deres skrifter.\" Kongressen har gitt forfatterne en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"\"deres skrifter\" pluss eventuelle avledede skrifter (laget av andre) som " +"er tilstrekkelig nær forfatterens opprinnelige arbeid. Dermed, hvis jeg " +"skrive en bok og en film basert pÃ¥ boken, jeg har makt til Ã¥ nekte deg rett " +"til Ã¥ frigi den filmen, selv om filmen ikke er \"min skrive.\"" + +#. f5. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." +msgstr "" +"Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " +"York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" +msgstr "Kaplan, Benjamin" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " +"exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " +"dramatizations of a work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The " +"courts have expanded it slowly through judicial interpretation ever since. " +"This expansion has been commented upon by one of the law's greatest judges, " +"Judge Benjamin Kaplan. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. f6. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "Ibid., 56." +msgstr "ibid., 56." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> +msgid "" +"So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " +"of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " +"accepting such an enlargement of copyright while yet intoning the " +"abracadabra of idea and expression.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " +"the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make sense. " +"More precisely, they don't make sense for the period of time that a " +"copyright runs. And they don't make sense as an amorphous grant. Consider " +"each limitation in turn." +msgstr "" +"Jeg tror det er pÃ¥ tide Ã¥ anerkjenne at det er fly i dette feltet og " +"expansiveness av disse rettigheter til avledede bruk ikke lenger fornuftig. " +"mer presist, fornuftig de ikke for hvor lang tid som en copyright kjører. og " +"de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " +"igjen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " +"then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " +"John Grisham's right to sell the movie rights to his latest novel (or at " +"least I'm willing to assume it does); but it does not make sense for that " +"right to run for the same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative " +"right could be important in inducing creativity; it is not important long " +"after the creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"begrepet: Hvis Kongressen vil gi et derivat rett, og at høyre skal være for " +"en mye kortere sikt. Det er fornuftig Ã¥ beskytte john grisham's rett til Ã¥ " +"selge film rettighetene til hans siste roman (eller minst er jeg villig til " +"Ã¥ pÃ¥ta seg det gjør); men det gjør ikke sans for det riktig Ã¥ kjøre pÃ¥ samme " +"ordet som underliggende opphavsretten. avledede høyre kan være viktig i " +"inducing kreativitet; Det er ikke viktig lenge etter skapende arbeid er " +"gjort." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " +"be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " +"important. Those should be specified. But the law should draw clear lines " +"around regulated and unregulated uses of copyrighted material. When all " +"<quote>reuse</quote> of creative material was within the control of " +"businesses, perhaps it made sense to require lawyers to negotiate the lines. " +"It no longer makes sense for lawyers to negotiate the lines. Think about all " +"the creative possibilities that digital technologies enable; now imagine " +"pouring molasses into the machines. That's what this general requirement of " +"permission does to the creative process. Smothers it." +msgstr "" +"omrÃ¥de: pÃ¥ samme mÃ¥te bør omfanget av avledede rettigheter bli innsnevret. " +"igjen, det er noen tilfeller der avledede rettigheter er viktig. de skal " +"angis. men loven skal tegne klare linjer rundt regulert og unregulated bruk " +"av opphavsrettsbeskyttet materiale. NÃ¥r alle \"gjenbruk\" av kreative " +"materiale var har kontroll over bedrifter, kanskje gjort det fornuftig Ã¥ " +"kreve advokater Ã¥ forhandle linjene. Det er ikke lenger fornuftig for " +"jurister Ã¥ forhandle linjene. Tenk alle de kreative mulighetene som digital " +"teknologi aktivere; NÃ¥ forestille pouring molasses til maskinene. Det er hva " +"denne generelle krav om tillatelse betyr for den kreative prosessen. " +"Smothers det." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " +"Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " +"derivative rights—turning a book into a movie, or a poem into a " +"musical score—it doesn't make sense to require negotiation for the " +"unforeseeable. Here, a statutory right would make much more sense." +msgstr "" +"Dette var poenget som alben gjort nÃ¥r beskriver inngÃ¥else av clint eastwood-" +"cd. mens det er fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for overskuelig avledede " +"rettigheter—snu en bok i en film eller et dikt i en musikalsk " +"poengsum—det ikke fornuftig Ã¥ kreve forhandling for den unforeseeable. " +"her, ville en lovfestet rett gjøre mye mer fornuftig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Goldstein, Paul" +msgstr "Goldstein, Paul" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +msgid "" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " +"Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " +"187–216. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " +"the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " +"reverse of the recommendation of my colleague Paul Goldstein.<placeholder " +"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> His view is that the law should be written so " +"that expanded protections follow expanded uses." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " +"system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " +"Internet, the uncertainty about the scope of protection, and the incentives " +"to protect existing architectures of revenue, combined with a strong " +"copyright, weaken the process of innovation." +msgstr "" +"goldstein's analyse ville gjøre perfekt forstand Hvis kostnaden for juridisk " +"system var smÃ¥. men som vi nÃ¥ ser i sammenheng med Internett, usikkerhet om " +"omfanget av beskyttelse og insentiver for Ã¥ beskytte eksisterende " +"arkitekturer av inntekt, kombinert med en sterk copyright svekke prosessen " +"med innovasjon." + +#. PAGE BREAK 301 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " +"part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " +"conditions. Either way, the effect would be to free a great deal of culture " +"to others to cultivate. And under a statutory rights regime, that reuse " +"would earn artists more income." +msgstr "" +"loven kan rette opp dette problemet ved Ã¥ fjerne beskyttelsen utover delen " +"som er eksplisitt tegnede eller ved Ã¥ gi gjenbruk rettigheter pÃ¥ visse " +"lovbestemte betingelser. Uansett hva effekten ville være Ã¥ frigjøre mye " +"kultur for andre Ã¥ dyrke. og under en lovbestemte rettigheter-regimet at " +"gjenbruk ville tjene artister mer inntekter." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" +msgstr "4. Frigjør musikken—igjen" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " +"fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " +"most pressing—music. There is no other policy issue that better " +"teaches the lessons of this book than the battles around the sharing of " +"music." +msgstr "" +"Slaget som fikk dette hele krigen gÃ¥r var om musikk, sÃ¥ det ikke ville være " +"rettferdig Ã¥ avslutte denne boken uten Ã¥ ta opp problemet som er, for " +"fleste, de fleste presserende—musikk. Det er ingen andre spørsmÃ¥l som " +"bedre lærer erfaringene fra denne boken enn slagene rundt deling av musikk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " +"growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " +"other single application. It was the Internet's killer app—possibly in " +"two senses of that word. It no doubt was the application that drove demand " +"for bandwidth. It may well be the application that drives demand for " +"regulations that in the end kill innovation on the network." +msgstr "" +"Anken av fildelings-musikken var crack-kokain av internetts vekst. den " +"kjørte behov for tilgang til Internett mer kraftfullt enn andre enkelt " +"program. Det var Internetts killer app—muligens i to sanser i " +"beskrivelsen av ordet. Det var ingen tvil om programmet som kjørte " +"etterspørselen etter bÃ¥ndbredde. Det kan godt være programmet som driver " +"etterspørselen etter forskrifter som til slutt drepe innovasjon pÃ¥ " +"nettverket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " +"particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " +"and, most importantly, spread. The law does this by giving an exclusive " +"right to a composer to control public performances of his work, and to a " +"performing artist to control copies of her performance." +msgstr "" +"MÃ¥let med opphavsrett, med hensyn til innhold Generelt og musikk er spesielt " +"Ã¥ skape insentiver for musikk komponert, utført, og, viktigst, spre. loven " +"gjør dette ved Ã¥ gi en eksklusiv rett til en komponisten Ã¥ kontrollere " +"offentlig fremføring av sitt arbeid, og til en profesjonell artist Ã¥ " +"kontrollere kopier av hennes ytelse." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " +"content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " +"all the file-sharing networks do. As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=" +"\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy\"/>, they enable four different " +"kinds of sharing:" +msgstr "" +"fildeling nettverk komplisere denne modellen ved Ã¥ aktivere spredning av " +"innhold som utøveren ikke er blitt betalt. men selvfølgelig, det er ikke " +"alle fildeling nettverk gjør. som jeg beskrevet i kapittel 5, aktivere de " +"fire forskjellige typer deling:" + +#. A. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " +"CDs." +msgstr "" +"Det er noen som bruker delingsnettverk som erstatninger for Ã¥ kjøpe CDer." + +#. B. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " +"purchasing CDs." +msgstr "" +"Det er ogsÃ¥ noen som bruker delingsnettverk for Ã¥ prøvelytte, pÃ¥ vei mot Ã¥ " +"kjøpe CDer." + +#. PAGE BREAK 302 +#. C. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " +"that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " +"too cumbersome to buy off the Net." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsnettverk til Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold som " +"ikke lenger er i salg, men fortsatt er vernet av opphavsrett eller som ville " +"ha vært altfor vanskelig Ã¥ fÃ¥ kjøpt via nettet." + +#. D. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " +"that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " +"endorses." +msgstr "" +"Det er mange som bruker fildelingsnettverk for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold som " +"ikke er opphavsrettsbeskyttet, eller for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang som " +"opphavsrettsinnehaveren Ã¥penbart gÃ¥r god for." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " +"avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " +"with which the law aims to eliminate type A, moreover, should depend upon " +"the magnitude of type B. As with VCRs, if the net effect of sharing is " +"actually not very harmful, the need for regulation is significantly weakened." +msgstr "" +"noen reform av loven behov for Ã¥ holde disse ulike bruksomrÃ¥der i fokus. den " +"mÃ¥ unngÃ¥ bebyrde type d selv om formÃ¥let er Ã¥ eliminere type a. den iver " +"etter med som loven sikte pÃ¥ Ã¥ eliminere type a, videre bør avhenger " +"omfanget av typen b. som med videospillere, hvis netto effekt av en deling " +"er faktisk ikke svært skadelige, behovet for regulering er betydelig svekket." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"piracy" +"\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. For the purposes " +"of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I assume, in other " +"words, that type A sharing is significantly greater than type B, and is the " +"dominant use of sharing networks." +msgstr "" +"som jeg sa i kapittel 5, er den faktiske skaden forÃ¥rsaket av deling " +"kontroversielt. i hensikt av dette kapitlet, men antar jeg skaden er reell. " +"Jeg antar, med andre ord, denne typen en deling er betydelig større enn type " +"b, og er dominerende bruk av deling av nettverk." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " +"that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should respond." +msgstr "" +"Uansett, det er et avgjørende faktum om den gjeldende teknologiske " +"omgivelsen som vi mÃ¥ huske pÃ¥ hvis vi skal forstÃ¥ hvordan loven bør reagere." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " +"today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " +"content. It won't be the easiest way to get access to a broad range of " +"content in ten years. Today, access to the Internet is cumbersome and " +"slow—we in the United States are lucky to have broadband service at " +"1.5 MBs, and very rarely do we get service at that speed both up and down. " +"Although wireless access is growing, most of us still get access across " +"wires. Most only gain access through a machine with a keyboard. The idea of " +"the always on, always connected Internet is mainly just an idea." +msgstr "" +"i dag, er fildeling addictive. i ti Ã¥r, vil ikke det være. Det er addictive " +"i dag fordi det er den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til et bredt spekter av " +"innhold. det vil ikke være den enkleste mÃ¥ten Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til et bredt " +"spekter av innhold i ti Ã¥r. i dag, tilgang til Internett er tunge og " +"sakte—vi i USA er heldig Ã¥ ha bredbÃ¥ndstjeneste pÃ¥ 1,5 mbs og svært " +"sjelden fÃ¥r vi service pÃ¥ den hastigheten som er bÃ¥de opp og ned. Selv om " +"trÃ¥dløs tilgang er økende, fÃ¥ de fleste av oss fortsatt tilgang pÃ¥ tvers av " +"ledninger. de fleste bare fÃ¥ tilgang gjennom en maskin med et tastatur. " +"idéen om den alltid pÃ¥, alltid tilkoblet Internett er hovedsakelig bare en " +"idé." + +#. PAGE BREAK 303 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " +"Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " +"policy on the basis of technology in transition. They should make policy on " +"the basis of where the technology is going. The question should not be, how " +"should the law regulate sharing in this world? The question should be, what " +"law will we require when the network becomes the network it is clearly " +"becoming? That network is one in which every machine with electricity is " +"essentially on the Net; where everywhere you are—except maybe the " +"desert or the Rockies—you can instantaneously be connected to the " +"Internet. Imagine the Internet as ubiquitous as the best cell-phone service, " +"where with the flip of a device, you are connected." +msgstr "" +"men det vil bli en realitet, og det betyr at mÃ¥ten vi fÃ¥r tilgang til " +"Internett i dag er en teknologi i overgangen. beslutningstakere mÃ¥ ikke " +"policyen pÃ¥ grunnlag av teknologi i overgangen. de bør gjøre policyen pÃ¥ " +"grunnlag av hvor teknologien gÃ¥r. spørsmÃ¥let bør ikke være, og hvordan bør " +"loven regulere deling i denne verden? spørsmÃ¥let bør være, hva loven vil vi " +"krever nÃ¥r nettverket blir nettverket blir det klart? Dette nettverket er en " +"der hver enkelt maskin med elektrisitet er egentlig pÃ¥ nettet; der overalt " +"du er—unntatt kanskje ørkenen eller rockies—du kan umiddelbart " +"kobles til Internett. Tenk deg sÃ¥ allestedsnærværende som beste " +"mobiltelefonen tjenesten, der med flippen pÃ¥ en enhet, du er tilkoblet " +"Internett." + +#. f8. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 " +#| "April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #76</ulink>." +msgid "" +"See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan Inc. " +"Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +"notes/\">link #76</ulink>." +msgstr "" +"For eksempel, se, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " +"2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " +"#76</ulink>." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " +"you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " +"is streamed to the user when the user demands. Here, then, is the critical " +"point: When it is <emphasis>extremely</emphasis> easy to connect to services " +"that give access to content, it will be <emphasis>easier</emphasis> to " +"connect to services that give you access to content than it will be to " +"download and store content <emphasis>on the many devices you will have for " +"playing content</emphasis>. It will be easier, in other words, to subscribe " +"than it will be to be a database manager, as everyone in the download-" +"sharing world of Napster-like technologies essentially is. Content services " +"will compete with content sharing, even if the services charge money for the " +"content they give access to. Already cell-phone services in Japan offer " +"music (for a fee) streamed over cell phones (enhanced with plugs for " +"headphones). The Japanese are paying for this content even though " +"<quote>free</quote> content is available in the form of MP3s across the Web." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" + +#. PAGE BREAK 304 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " +"present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " +"sharing—to the extent there is a real problem—is a problem that " +"will increasingly disappear as it becomes easier to connect to the " +"Internet. And thus it is an extraordinary mistake for policy makers today " +"to be <quote>solving</quote> this problem in light of a technology that will " +"be gone tomorrow. The question should not be how to regulate the Internet " +"to eliminate file sharing (the Net will evolve that problem away). The " +"question instead should be how to assure that artists get paid, during this " +"transition between twentieth-century models for doing business and twenty-" +"first-century technologies." +msgstr "" +"dette punktet om fremtiden er ment Ã¥ foreslÃ¥ et perspektiv pÃ¥ stede: det er " +"spesielt midlertidig. \"problemet\" med fildeling—i den grad det er et " +"reelt problem—er et problem som i økende grad vil forsvinne som det " +"blir enklere Ã¥ koble til Internett. og sÃ¥ledes det er en ekstraordinære feil " +"for beslutningstakere i dag til Ã¥ være \"løse\" dette problemet i lys av en " +"teknologi som vil være borte i morgen. spørsmÃ¥let bør ikke hvordan Ã¥ " +"regulere Internett til Ã¥ eliminere fildeling (nettet vil utvikle seg det " +"problemet unna). spørsmÃ¥let bør i stedet hvor Ã¥ forsikre at artister fÃ¥r " +"betalt, under denne overgangen mellom 1900-tallet modeller for Ã¥ gjøre " +"forretnings- og tyve-første-tallet teknologier." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The answer begins with recognizing that there are different <quote>problems</" +"quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted " +"content or copyrighted content that the artist wants shared. The " +"<quote>problem</quote> with this content is to make sure that the technology " +"that would enable this kind of sharing is not rendered illegal. You can " +"think of it this way: Pay phones are used to deliver ransom demands, no " +"doubt. But there are many who need to use pay phones who have nothing to do " +"with ransoms. It would be wrong to ban pay phones in order to eliminate " +"kidnapping." +msgstr "" +"svaret begynner med erkjenner at det er ulike \"problemer\" her Ã¥ løse. La " +"oss starte med typen d innhold—uncopyrighted innhold eller " +"opphavsrettslig beskyttet innhold som kunstneren ønsker delt. \"problemet\" " +"med dette innholdet er Ã¥ sørge for at teknologien som ville gjøre det mulig " +"for denne type deling ikke gjengis ulovlig. Du kan tenke pÃ¥ det pÃ¥ denne " +"mÃ¥ten: betal telefoner brukes til Ã¥ levere løsepenger krav, ingen tvil. men " +"det er mange som trenger Ã¥ bruke betale telefoner som har ingenting Ã¥ gjøre " +"med ransoms. det ville være feil Ã¥ utestenge betale telefoner for Ã¥ " +"eliminere kidnapping." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " +"that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " +"unavailable because the artist is no longer valuable enough for the record " +"label he signed with to carry his work. Or it may be unavailable because the " +"work is forgotten. Either way, the aim of the law should be to facilitate " +"the access to this content, ideally in a way that returns something to the " +"artist." +msgstr "" +"c-innhold av typen reiser et annet \"problem.\" Dette er innhold som ble, " +"samtidig, publisert og er ikke lenger tilgjengelig. Det kan være " +"utilgjengelig fordi kunstneren er ikke lenger nok kostbar for plateselskap " +"han signert med Ã¥ bære sitt arbeid. eller det kan være utilgjengelig fordi " +"arbeidet er glemt. Uansett bør sikte pÃ¥ loven Ã¥ forenkle tilgang til dette " +"innholdet, ideelt pÃ¥ en mÃ¥te som returnerer noe til kunstneren." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " +"it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " +"and used book stores don't pay the copyright owner when someone reads or " +"buys an out-of-print book. That makes total sense, of course, since any " +"other system would be so burdensome as to eliminate the possibility of used " +"book stores' existing. But from the author's perspective, this " +"<quote>sharing</quote> of his content without his being compensated is less " +"than ideal." +msgstr "" +"igjen er modellen her brukt boka store. NÃ¥r en bok gÃ¥r ut av Skriv ut, det " +"kan fortsatt være tilgjengelig i biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere. men " +"biblioteker og brukte bokhandlere betaler ikke eieren av opphavsretten nÃ¥r " +"noen leser eller kjøper en ut-av-print-bok. Det er totalt fornuftig, " +"selvfølgelig, siden andre systemet ville være sÃ¥ tunge som Ã¥ eliminere " +"muligheten for brukte boken butikker eksisterende. men fra forfatterens " +"perspektiv, denne \"deling\" av hans innhold uten hans blir kompensert er " +"mindre enn ideell." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem out-of-" +"print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the music " +"available for sale, then commercial and noncommercial providers would be " +"free, under this rule, to <quote>share</quote> that content, even though the " +"sharing involved making a copy. The copy here would be incidental to the " +"trade; in a context where commercial publishing has ended, trading music " +"should be as free as trading books." +msgstr "" +"modell for brukte boken butikker tyder pÃ¥ at loven kan bare anser-print " +"musikk rettferdig spill. Hvis utgiveren ikke gjør kopier av musikken " +"tilgjengelig for salg, vil og kommersielle og ikke-kommersiell leverandører " +"være gratis, under denne regelen, Ã¥ \"dele\" innholdet, selv om deling " +"involvert gjør en kopi. Kopier hit ville være tilfeldige for handel; i en " +"sammenheng der kommersielle publisering er avsluttet, bør handel musikk være " +"gratis som handel bøker." + +#. PAGE BREAK 305 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " +"that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " +"law set a low statutory rate for the commercial sharing of content that was " +"not offered for sale by a commercial publisher, and if that rate were " +"automatically transferred to a trust for the benefit of the artist, then " +"businesses could develop around the idea of trading this content, and " +"artists would benefit from this trade." +msgstr "" +"loven kan eventuelt opprette en lovbestemte lisens som vil sørge for at " +"artister fÃ¥r noe fra handel av sitt arbeid. for eksempel hvis loven satt en " +"lav lovbestemte sats for kommersielle deling av innhold som ikke ble tilbudt " +"for salg av en kommersiell utgiver, og hvis den hastigheten ble automatisk " +"overført til en tillit til fordel for kunstneren, deretter bedrifter kan " +"utvikle rundt idéen om handel dette innholdet, og kunstnere vil dra nytte av " +"denne handelen." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " +"available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " +"subject to this license. Thus, publishers could protect the right to charge " +"whatever they want for content if they kept the work commercially available. " +"But if they don't keep it available, and instead, the computer hard disks of " +"fans around the world keep it alive, then any royalty owed for such copying " +"should be much less than the amount owed a commercial publisher." +msgstr "" +"Dette systemet vil ogsÃ¥ skape et insentiv for utgivere Ã¥ holde works " +"tilgjengelig kommersielt. verk som er kommersielt tilgjengelige ville ikke " +"være underlagt denne lisensen. utgivere kan derfor beskytte retten til Ã¥ " +"belaste hva de vil for innhold hvis de holdt arbeidet som er kommersielt " +"tilgjengelig. men hvis de ikke holde det tilgjengelig, og i stedet, " +"datamaskin harddisk av fans over hele verden holde det Live, deretter alle " +"royalty skyldte for slike kopiering bør være mye mindre enn beløpet skyldte " +"en kommersiell utgiver." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " +"because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " +"for gaining access to content change. The law's solution should be as " +"flexible as the problem is, understanding that we are in the middle of a " +"radical transformation in the technology for delivering and accessing " +"content." +msgstr "" +"vanskelig saken er innhold av typer en og b, og igjen, denne saken er " +"vanskelig fordi omfanget av problemet vil endres over tid, som teknologiene " +"for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tilgang til innhold endres. lovens løsning skal være sÃ¥ fleksibelt " +"som problemet er, forstÃ¥ at vi er midt i en radikal endring i teknologien " +"for Ã¥ levere og tilgang til innhold." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " +"this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." +msgstr "" +"SÃ¥ her er en løsning som i første omgang kan virke veldig undelig for begge " +"sider i denne krigen, men som jeg tror vil gi mer mening nÃ¥r en fÃ¥r tenkt " +"seg om." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " +"the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " +"set of rights that secure copyright. If those rights are to be protected, " +"then the content industry should be compensated for that harm. Just as the " +"technology of tobacco harmed the health of millions of Americans, or the " +"technology of asbestos caused grave illness to thousands of miners, so, too, " +"has the technology of digital networks harmed the interests of the content " +"industry." +msgstr "" +"frastjÃ¥let retorikken om sanctity av egenskapen, grunnleggende kravet av " +"innhold industrien er dette: en ny teknologi (Internett) har skadet et sett " +"med rettigheter som sikre copyright. Hvis disse rettighetene er Ã¥ bli " +"beskyttet, sÃ¥ innhold industrien skal kompenseres for at skade. akkurat som " +"teknologien av tobakk skadet helsen til millioner av amerikanere, eller " +"teknologien for asbest forÃ¥rsaket en alvorlig sykdom til tusenvis av miners, " +"sÃ¥ har ogsÃ¥, teknologien for digitale nettverk skadet interessene til " +"innhold industrien." + +#. PAGE BREAK 306 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " +"asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " +"And it suggests a fair response: Rather than seeking to destroy the " +"Internet, or the p2p technologies that are currently harming content " +"providers on the Internet, we should find a relatively simple way to " +"compensate those who are harmed." +msgstr "" +"Jeg elsker internett, sÃ¥ jeg liker ikke Ã¥ sammenligne det med tobakk eller " +"asbest. Men analogien er rimelig nÃ¥r en ser det fra lovens perspektiv. Og " +"det foreslÃ¥r en rimelig respons: I stedet for Ã¥ forsøke Ã¥ ødelegge internett " +"eller p2p-teknologien som i dag skader innholdsleverandører pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ " +"bør vi finne en relativt enkel mÃ¥te Ã¥ kompensere de som blir skadelidende." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Fisher, William" +msgstr "Fisher, William" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> +msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" +#| "citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +#| "<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +#| "Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " +#| "Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +#| "notes/\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea " +#| "that would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and " +#| "would establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil " +#| "Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P " +#| "File Sharing,\" available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +#| "\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's " +#| "Holding Back Broadband?\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 " +#| "January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A " +#| "Letter to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign " +#| "Relations Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://" +#| "free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A " +#| "Quick Case for Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March " +#| "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</" +#| "ulink>; Jefferson Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists " +#| "Directly,\" <citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May 2002, available at " +#| "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. " +#| "Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, " +#| "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</" +#| "ulink>; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News." +#| "com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/" +#| "notes/\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " +#| "Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would " +#| "not pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists " +#| "would get more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his " +#| "proposal predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=" +#| "\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +#| "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgid "" +"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" +"citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at <ulink url=\"http://" +"free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +"Entertainment</citetitle> (forthcoming) (Stanford: Stanford University " +"Press, 2004), ch. 6, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel has proposed a related idea that " +"would exempt noncommercial sharing from the reach of copyright and would " +"establish compensation to artists to balance any loss. See Neil Weinstock " +"Netanel, <quote>Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File " +"Sharing,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #79</ulink>. For other proposals, see Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Who's " +"Holding Back Broadband?</quote> <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8 " +"January 2002, A17; Philip S. Corwin on behalf of Sharman Networks, A Letter " +"to Senator Joseph R. Biden, Jr., Chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations " +"Committee, 26 February 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for " +"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3 March 2002, available at " +"<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " +"Graham, <quote>Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,</quote> " +"<citetitle>USA Today</citetitle>, 13 May 2002, available at <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, " +"<quote>Getting Copyright Right,</quote> IEEE Spectrum Online, 1 July 2002, " +"available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; " +"Declan McCullagh, <quote>Verizon's Copyright Campaign,</quote> CNET News." +"com, 27 August 2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #84</ulink>. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard " +"Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not " +"pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get " +"more than the less popular. As is typical with Stallman, his proposal " +"predates the current debate by about a decade. See <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=" +"\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" +msgstr "" +"William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</" +"citetitle> (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #77</ulink>; William Fisher, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " +"Entertainment</citetitle> (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, " +"2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #78</ulink>. Professor Netanel har foreslÃ¥tt en relatert idé som " +"ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder ikke-kommersiell deling fra og " +"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for Ã¥ balansere eventuelle tap. Se " +"Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P " +"File Sharing,\" tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #79</ulink>. For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding " +"Back Broadband?\" <citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, 8. january 2002, " +"A17; Philip S. Corwin pÃ¥ vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator " +"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. " +"februar. 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/" +"\">link #80</ulink>; Serguei Osokine, <citetitle>A Quick Case for " +"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF)</citetitle>, 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig " +"fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #81</ulink>; Jefferson " +"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" <citetitle>USA " +"Today</citetitle>, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #82</ulink>; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright " +"Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #83</ulink>; Declan McCullagh, " +"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, " +"tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #84</" +"ulink>. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard Stallman " +"nÃ¥r det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, ville Stallmanns " +"forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer populære artister " +"ville fÃ¥ mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er typisk med Stallman, " +"la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti Ã¥r før dagens debatt. Se <ulink url=" +"\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #85</ulink>. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " +"Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/" +"> Fisher suggests a very clever way around the current impasse of the " +"Internet. Under his plan, all content capable of digital transmission would " +"(1) be marked with a digital watermark (don't worry about how easy it is to " +"evade these marks; as you'll see, there's no incentive to evade them). Once " +"the content is marked, then entrepreneurs would develop (2) systems to " +"monitor how many items of each content were distributed. On the basis of " +"those numbers, then (3) artists would be compensated. The compensation would " +"be paid for by (4) an appropriate tax." +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " +"questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " +"<citetitle>Promises to Keep</citetitle>. The modification that I would make " +"is relatively simple: Fisher imagines his proposal replacing the existing " +"copyright system. I imagine it complementing the existing system. The aim " +"of the proposal would be to facilitate compensation to the extent that harm " +"could be shown. This compensation would be temporary, aimed at facilitating " +"a transition between regimes. And it would require renewal after a period of " +"years. If it continues to make sense to facilitate free exchange of content, " +"supported through a taxation system, then it can be continued. If this form " +"of protection is no longer necessary, then the system could lapse into the " +"old system of controlling access. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"fisher's forslag er grundige og omfattende. det reiser en million " +"spørsmÃ¥lene, mest av som han svarer godt i hans kommende bok, lover Ã¥ holde. " +"endring som jeg ville gjøre er relativt enkel: fisher bilder hans forslag " +"erstatte eksisterende opphavsretten til systemet. Jeg antar det utfyller det " +"eksisterende systemet. MÃ¥let med forslaget vil være Ã¥ forenkle kompensasjon " +"i den grad at skade kan bli vist. Denne kompensasjon skulle være " +"midlertidig, som tar sikte pÃ¥ Ã¥ lette en overgang mellom regimer. og det " +"ville kreve fornyelse etter en periode med Ã¥rene. Hvis den fortsetter Ã¥ gi " +"mening Ã¥ forenkle gratis utveksling av innhold, støttet gjennom en " +"skattesystemet, sÃ¥ det kan fortsettes. Hvis denne typen beskyttelse ikke " +"lenger er nødvendig, kan systemet lapse i det gamle systemet Ã¥ kontrollere " +"tilgangen." + +#. PAGE BREAK 307 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " +"not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " +"supports the widest range of <quote>semiotic democracy</quote> possible. But " +"the aims of semiotic democracy would be satisfied if the other changes I " +"described were accomplished—in particular, the limits on derivative " +"uses. A system that simply charges for access would not greatly burden " +"semiotic democracy if there were few limitations on what one was allowed to " +"do with the content itself." +msgstr "" +"Fisher vil balk pÃ¥ idéen om Ã¥ la systemet synker. hans mÃ¥l er ikke bare for " +"Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere er betalt, men ogsÃ¥ Ã¥ sikre at systemet støtter en " +"rekke ulike \"semiotic demokrati\" mulig. men mÃ¥lene for semiotic demokrati " +"ville være fornøyd hvis endringene jeg beskrevet ble oppnÃ¥dd—spesielt " +"begrensninger pÃ¥ derivat bruker. et system som belaster bare for tilgang " +"ville ikke sterkt belaster semiotic demokrati Hvis det var noen " +"begrensninger pÃ¥ hva en var tillatt Ã¥ gjøre med selve innholdet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " +"<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " +"calculation would be outweighed by the benefit of facilitating innovation. " +"This background system to compensate would also not need to interfere with " +"innovative proposals such as Apple's MusicStore. As experts predicted when " +"Apple launched the MusicStore, it could beat <quote>free</quote> by being " +"easier than free is. This has proven correct: Apple has sold millions of " +"songs at even the very high price of 99 cents a song. (At 99 cents, the cost " +"is the equivalent of a per-song CD price, though the labels have none of the " +"costs of a CD to pay.) Apple's move was countered by Real Networks, offering " +"music at just 79 cents a song. And no doubt there will be a great deal of " +"competition to offer and sell music on-line." +msgstr "" +"ingen tvil om ville det være vanskelig Ã¥ beregne riktig mÃ¥l for \"skade\" " +"til en industri. men vanskeligheten av Ã¥ gjøre multiplikasjonene ville være " +"oppveies av fordel for tilrettelegging innovasjon. Dette bakgrunn-systemet " +"for Ã¥ kompensere ville ikke mÃ¥ ogsÃ¥ forstyrre nyskapende forslag for " +"eksempel Apples musicstore. som eksperter spÃ¥dd nÃ¥r apple lanserte " +"musicstore, vil det kunne slÃ¥ \"gratis\" ved Ã¥ være enklere enn er gratis. " +"Dette har vist riktig: apple har solgt flere millioner sanger pÃ¥ selv svært " +"høy pris pÃ¥ 99 cents en sang. (pÃ¥ 99 cents, kostnaden tilsvarer en per sang " +"cd pris, men etikettene har ingen av kostnadene for en cd for Ã¥ betale.) " +"Apple nÃ¥ gÃ¥r ble motvirket av real networks, tilbyr musikk pÃ¥ bare 79 cents " +"en sang. og ingen tvil om det vil være mye konkurranse Ã¥ tilby og selge " +"musikk pÃ¥ nettet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "" +"This competition has already occurred against the background of <quote>free</" +"quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known " +"for thirty years, and the sellers of bottled water for much more than that, " +"there is nothing impossible at all about <quote>competing with free.</quote> " +"Indeed, if anything, the competition spurs the competitors to offer new and " +"better products. This is precisely what the competitive market was to be " +"about. Thus in Singapore, though piracy is rampant, movie theaters are often " +"luxurious—with <quote>first class</quote> seats, and meals served " +"while you watch a movie—as they struggle and succeed in finding ways " +"to compete with <quote>free.</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Denne konkurransen har allerede skjedd pÃ¥ bakgrunn av \"gratis\" musikk fra " +"p2p-systemer. som selgere av kabel-TV har kjent for tretti Ã¥r og selgere av " +"flaskevann for mye mer enn det, det er ingenting umulig overhodet om " +"\"konkurrerer med gratis.\" faktisk, om noe, inspirerer konkurransen " +"konkurrenter Ã¥ tilby nye og bedre produkter. Dette er nettopp hva " +"konkurransedyktige markedet var Ã¥ være om. dermed i singapore er selv om " +"piratkopiering er frodig, kinoer ofte luksuriøse—med \"første klasse\" " +"seter og mÃ¥ltider servert mens du ser en film—er de kampen og lykkes i " +"Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ konkurrere med \"gratis\"." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " +"lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " +"content. That competition would continue to shrink type A sharing. It would " +"inspire an extraordinary range of new innovators—ones who would have a " +"right to the content, and would no longer fear the uncertain and " +"barbarically severe punishments of the law." +msgstr "" +"Dette konkurranseregimet, med en sikringsmekanisme for Ã¥ sikre at kunstnere " +"ikke taper, ville bidra mye til nyskapning innen levering av innhold. " +"Konkurransen ville fortsette Ã¥ redusere type-A-deling. Det ville inspirere " +"en ekstraordinær rekke av nye innovatører—som ville ha retten til a " +"bruke innhold, og ikke lenger frykte usikre og barbarisk strenge straffer " +"fra loven." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" +msgstr "Oppsummert, sÃ¥ er dette mitt forslag:" + +#. PAGE BREAK 308 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " +"transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " +"interests affected by this technological change, while enabling, and " +"encouraging, the most efficient technology we can create." +msgstr "" +"Internett er i endring. Vi bør ikke regulere en teknologi i endring. Vi bør " +"i stedet regulere for Ã¥ minimere skaden pÃ¥ført interesser som er berørt av " +"denne teknologiske endringen, samtidig vi muliggjør, og oppmuntrer, den mest " +"effektive teknologien vi kan lage." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" +msgstr "" +"Vi kan minimere skaden og samtidig maksimere fordelen med innovasjon ved Ã¥" + +#. 1. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" +msgstr "garantere retten til Ã¥ engasjere seg i type-D-deling;" + +#. 2. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " +"type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" +msgstr "" +"tillate ikke-kommersiell type-C-deling uten erstatningsansvar, og " +"kommersiell type-C-deling med en lav og fast rate fastsatt ved lov." + +#. 3. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> +msgid "" +"while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " +"extent actual harm is demonstrated." +msgstr "" +"mens denne overgangen pÃ¥gÃ¥r, skattlegge og kompensere for type-A-deling, i " +"den grad faktiske skade kan pÃ¥vises." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " +#| "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " +#| "consumers continue to \"take\" content for nothing? Should the law do " +#| "something then?" +msgid "" +"But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " +"competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " +"of consumers continue to <quote>take</quote> content for nothing? Should the " +"law do something then?" +msgstr "" +"Men hva om \"piratvirksomheten\" ikke forsvinner? Hva om det finnes et " +"konkurranseutsatt marked som tilbyr innhold til en lav kostnad, men et " +"signifikant antall av forbrukere fortsetter Ã¥ \"ta\" innhold uten Ã¥ betale? " +"Burde loven gjøre noe da?" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " +"develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " +"is not whether it eliminates sharing in the abstract. The real issue is its " +"effect on the market. Is it better (a) to have a technology that is 95 " +"percent secure and produces a market of size <citetitle>x</citetitle>, or " +"(b) to have a technology that is 50 percent secure but produces a market of " +"five times <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Less secure might produce more " +"unauthorized sharing, but it is likely to also produce a much bigger market " +"in authorized sharing. The most important thing is to assure artists' " +"compensation without breaking the Internet. Once that's assured, then it may " +"well be appropriate to find ways to track down the petty pirates." +msgstr "" +"Ja, det bør den. Men, nok en gang, hva den bør gjøre avhenger hvordan " +"realitetene utvikler seg. Disse endringene fjerner kanskje ikke all type-A-" +"deling. Men det virkelige spørmÃ¥let er ikke om de eliminerer deling i " +"abstrakt betydning. Det virkelige spørsmÃ¥let er hvilken effekt det har pÃ¥ " +"markedet. Er det bedre (a) Ã¥ ha en teknologi som er 95 prosent sikker og " +"gir et marked av størrelse <citetitle>x</citetitle>, eller (b) Ã¥ ha en " +"teknologi som er 50 prosent sikker, og som gir et marked som er fem ganger " +"større enn <citetitle>x</citetitle>? Mindre sikker kan gi mer uautorisert " +"deling, men det vil sannsynligvis ogsÃ¥ gi et mye større marked for " +"autorisert deling. Det viktigste er Ã¥ sikre kunstneres kompensasjon uten Ã¥ " +"ødelegge internettet. NÃ¥r det er pÃ¥ plass, kan det hende det er riktig Ã¥ " +"finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ spore opp de smÃ¥lige piratene." + +#. PAGE BREAK 309 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " +"type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " +"ways to break the Internet. Our focus until we're there should be on how to " +"make sure the artists are paid, while protecting the space for innovation " +"and creativity that the Internet is." +msgstr "" +"Men vi er langt unna Ã¥ spikke problemet ned til dette delsettet av type-A-" +"delere. Og vÃ¥rt fokus inntil er der bør ikke være Ã¥ finne mÃ¥ter Ã¥ ødelegge " +"internettet. Var fokus inntil vi er der bør være hvordan sikre at artister " +"fÃ¥r betalt, mens vi beskytter rommet for nyskapning og kreativitet som " +"internettet er." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> +msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" +msgstr "5. Spark en masse advokater" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " +"in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " +"not because there are big bucks at the end but because there are ideals at " +"the end that I would love to live." +msgstr "" +"Jeg er en advokat. Jeg lever av Ã¥ utdanne advokater. Jeg tror pÃ¥ loven. Jeg " +"tror pÃ¥ opphavsrettsloven. Jeg har faktisk viet livet til Ã¥ jobbe med loven, " +"ikke fordi det er mye penger Ã¥ tjene, men fordi det innebærer idealer som " +"jeg elsker Ã¥ leve opp til." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " +"have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " +"our profession has become too attuned to the client. And in a world where " +"the rich clients have one strong view, the unwillingness of the profession " +"to question or counter that one strong view queers the law." +msgstr "" +"Likevel har mye av denne boken vært kritikk av advokater, eller rollen " +"advokater har spilt i denne debatten. Loven taler om idealer, mens det er " +"min oppfatning av vÃ¥r yrkesgruppe er blitt for knyttet til klienten. Og i " +"en verden der rike klienter har sterke synspunkter vil uviljen hos vÃ¥r " +"yrkesgruppe til Ã¥ stille spørsmÃ¥l med eller protestere mot dette sterke " +"synet ødelegge loven." + +#. f10. +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " +#| "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): " +#| "1057, 1069–70." +msgid "" +"Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville B. " +"Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): " +"1057, 1069–70." +msgstr "" +"Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " +"Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " +"1069–70." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" " +#| "by many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " +#| "precisely the positions of some of the most moderate and significant " +#| "figures in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for example, " +#| "thought crazy the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term " +#| "Extension Act. Yet just thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and " +#| "practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it " +#| "obvious.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " +"<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " +"I am advocating are precisely the positions of some of the most moderate and " +"significant figures in the history of this branch of the law. Many, for " +"example, thought crazy the challenge that we brought to the Copyright Term " +"Extension Act. Yet just thirty years ago, the dominant scholar and " +"practitioner in the field of copyright, Melville Nimmer, thought it obvious." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Indisiene for slik bøyning er overbevisene. Jeg er angrepet som en \"radikal" +"\" av mange innenfor yrket, og likevel er meningene jeg argumenterer for " +"nøyaktig de meningene til mange av de mest moderate og betydningsfulle " +"personene i historien til denne delen av loven. Mange trodde for eksempel at " +"vÃ¥r utfordring til lovforslaget om Ã¥ utvide opphavsrettens vernetid var " +"galskap. Mens bare tredve Ã¥r siden mente den dominerende foreleser og " +"utøver i opphavsrettsfeltet, Melville Nimmer, at den var Ã¥penbar." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " +"not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " +"to actually reckon the costs of the law." +msgstr "" +"Min kritikk av rollen som advokater har spilt i denne debatten handler " +"imidlertid ikke bare om en profesjonell skjevhet. Det handler enda viktigere " +"om vÃ¥r manglende evne til Ã¥ faktisk ta inn over oss hva loven koster." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to " +#| "be commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading " +#| "him to question his own publicly stated position—twice. He " +#| "initially predicted that downloading would substantially harm the " +#| "industry. He then revised his view in light of the data, and he has since " +#| "revised his view again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking " +#| "the Network Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</" +#| "citetitle> (New York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but " +#| "expressing skepticism) with Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate " +#| "the Record Industry?\" working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=" +#| "\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful " +#| "analysis is extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing " +#| "technology. In my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal " +#| "system. See, for example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, " +#| "174–76. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgid "" +"A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " +"commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " +"question his own publicly stated position—twice. He initially " +"predicted that downloading would substantially harm the industry. He then " +"revised his view in light of the data, and he has since revised his view " +"again. Compare Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (reviewing his original view but expressing skepticism) " +"with Stan J. Liebowitz, <quote>Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?</" +"quote> working paper, June 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-" +"culture.cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Liebowitz's careful analysis is " +"extremely valuable in estimating the effect of file-sharing technology. In " +"my view, however, he underestimates the costs of the legal system. See, for " +"example, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder type=" +"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" +msgstr "" +"Et godt eksempel er arbeidet til professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz bør fÃ¥ " +"ros for sin nøye gjennomgang av data om opphavsrettsbrudd, som fikk ham til " +"Ã¥ stille spørsmÃ¥l med sin egen uttalte posisjon—to ganger. I starten " +"predicated han at nedlasting ville pÃ¥føre industrien vesentlig skade. Han " +"endret sÃ¥ sitt syn etter i lys av dataene, og han har siden endret sitt syn " +"pÃ¥ nytt. Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network " +"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New " +"York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) " +"med Stan J. Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" " +"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture." +"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>. Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt " +"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi. Etter mitt " +"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system. Se, for " +"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174–76. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " +"more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " +"actually functions, simply assume that the transaction costs of the legal " +"system are slight.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> They see a " +"system that has been around for hundreds of years, and they assume it works " +"the way their elementary school civics class taught them it works." +msgstr "" +"Økonomer er forventet Ã¥ være gode til Ã¥ forstÃ¥ utgifter og inntekter. Men " +"som oftest antar økonomene uten peiling pÃ¥ hvordan det juridiske systemet " +"egentlig fungerer, at transaksjonskostnaden i det juridiske systemet er lav." +"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> De ser et system som har " +"eksistert i hundrevis av Ã¥r, og de antar at det fungerer slik grunnskolens " +"samfunnsfagsundervisning lærte dem at det fungerer." + +#. PAGE BREAK 310 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " +"anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " +"corrupt. I don't think our legal system (at the federal level, at least) is " +"at all corrupt. I mean simply because the costs of our legal system are so " +"astonishingly high that justice can practically never be done." +msgstr "" +"Men det juridiske systemet fungerer ikke. Eller for Ã¥ være mer nøyaktig, det " +"fungerer kun for de med mest ressurser. Det er ikke fordi systemet er " +"korrupt. Jeg tror overhodet ikke vÃ¥rt juridisk system (pÃ¥ føderalt nivÃ¥, i " +"hvert fall) er korrupt. Jeg mener ganske enkelt at pÃ¥ grunn av at kostnadene " +"med vÃ¥rt juridiske systemet er sÃ¥ hÃ¥rreisende høyt vil en praktisk talt " +"aldri oppnÃ¥ rettferdighet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " +"the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " +"lawyer spend reading cases carefully, or researching obscure strands of " +"authority? The answer is the increasing reality: very little. The law " +"depended upon the careful articulation and development of doctrine, but the " +"careful articulation and development of legal doctrine depends upon careful " +"work. Yet that careful work costs too much, except in the most high-profile " +"and costly cases." +msgstr "" +"Disse kostnadene forstyrrer fri kultur pÃ¥ mange vis. En advokats tid " +"faktureres hos de største firmaene for mer enn $400 pr. time. Hvor mye tid " +"bør en slik advokat bruke pÃ¥ Ã¥ lese sakene nøye, eller undersøke obskure " +"rettskilder. Svaret er i økende grad: svært lite. Jussen er avhengig av " +"nøye formulering og utvikling av doktrine, men nøye formulering og utvikling " +"av doktrine er avhengig av nøyaktig arbeid. Men nøyaktig arbeid koster for " +"mye, bortsett fra i de mest høyprofilerte og kostbare sakene." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " +"tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " +"to change the way the law works—or better, to change the law so that " +"it works. It is wrong that the system works well only for the top 1 percent " +"of the clients. It could be made radically more efficient, and inexpensive, " +"and hence radically more just." +msgstr "" +"Kostbarheten, klomsetheten og tilfeldigheten til dette systemet hÃ¥ner vÃ¥r " +"tradisjon. Og advokater, sÃ¥vel som akademikere, bør se det som sin plikt Ã¥ " +"endre hvordan loven praktiseres— eller bedre, endre loven slik at den " +"fungerer. Det er galt at systemet fungerer godt bare for den øverste 1-" +"prosenten av klientene. Det kan gjøres radikalt mer effektivt, og billig, " +"og dermed radikalt mer rettferdig." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " +"from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " +"law will too often do if too much of our culture is left to its review." +msgstr "" +"Men inntil en slik reform er gjennomført, bør vi som samfunn holde lover " +"unna omrÃ¥der der vi vet den bare vil skade. Og det er nettopp det loven " +"altfor ofte vil gjøre hvis for mye av vÃ¥r kultur er lovregulert." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +msgid "" +"Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " +"technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " +"the amazing things your community could facilitate with digital " +"technology—a wiki, a barn raising, activism to change something. " +"Think about all those creative things, and then imagine cold molasses poured " +"onto the machines. This is what any regime that requires permission " +"produces. Again, this is the reality of Brezhnev's Russia." +msgstr "" +"Tenk pÃ¥ de fantastiske tingene ditt barn kan gjøre eller lage med digital " +"teknologi—filmen, musikken, web-siden, bloggen. Eller tenk pÃ¥ de " +"fantastiske tingene ditt fellesskap kunne fÃ¥ til med digital teknologi—" +"en wiki, oppsetting av lÃ¥ve, kampanje til Ã¥ endre noe. Tenk pÃ¥ alle de " +"kreative tingene, og tenk deretter pÃ¥ kald sirup helt inn i maskinene. Dette " +"er hva et hvert regime som krever tillatelser fører til. Dette er " +"virkeligheten slik den var i Brezhnevs Russland." + +#. PAGE BREAK 311 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " +#| "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " +#| "test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple " +#| "pragmatic question: \"Will it do good?\" When challenged about the " +#| "expanding reach of the law, the lawyer answers, \"Why not?\"" +msgid "" +"The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " +"regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " +"test their power, or the power they promote, against this simple pragmatic " +"question: <quote>Will it do good?</quote> When challenged about the " +"expanding reach of the law, the lawyer answers, <quote>Why not?</quote>" +msgstr "" +"Loven bør regulere i visse omrÃ¥der av kulturen—men det bør regulere " +"kultur bare der reguleringen bidrar positivt. Likevel tester advokater " +"sjeldent sin kraft, eller kraften som de fremmer, mot dette enkle pragmatisk " +"spørsmÃ¥let: \"vil det bidra positivt?\". NÃ¥r de blir utfordret om det " +"utvidede rekkevidden til loven, er advokat-svaret, \"Hvorfor ikke?\"" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is needed. " +#| "Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " +#| "lawyers away." +msgid "" +"We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " +"needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " +"lawyers away." +msgstr "" +"Vi burde spørre: \"Hvorfor?\". Vis meg hvorfor din regulering av kultur er " +"nødvendig og vis meg hvordan reguleringen bidrar positivt. Før du kan vise " +"meg begge, holde advokatene din unna." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +msgid "NOTES" +msgstr "Notater" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide Web. " +"As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " +"unstable. I have tried to remedy the instability by redirecting readers to " +"the original source through the Web site associated with this book. For each " +"link below, you can go to http://free-culture.cc/notes and locate the " +"original source by clicking on the number after the # sign. If the original " +"link remains alive, you will be redirected to that link. If the original " +"link has disappeared, you will be redirected to an appropriate reference for " +"the material." +msgstr "" +"I denne teksten er det referanser til lenker pÃ¥ verdensveven. Og som alle " +"som har forsøkt Ã¥ bruke nettet vet, sÃ¥ vil disse lenkene være svært " +"ustabile. Jeg har forsøkt Ã¥ motvirke denne ustabiliteten ved Ã¥ omdirigere " +"lesere til den originale kilden gjennom en nettside som hører til denne " +"boken. For hver lenke under, sÃ¥ kan du gÃ¥ til http://free-culture.cc/notes " +"og finne den originale kilden ved Ã¥ klikke pÃ¥ nummeret etter #-tegnet. Hvis " +"den originale lenken fortsatt er i live, sÃ¥ vil du bli omdirigert til den " +"lenken. Hvis den originale lenken har forsvunnet, sÃ¥ vil du bli omdirigert " +"til en passende referanse til materialet." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" +msgstr "Takk til" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " +"began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " +"helped launch a movement, the free culture movement, and it is to him that " +"this book is dedicated." +msgstr "" +"Denne boken er produktet av en lang og sÃ¥ langt mislykket kamp som begynte " +"da jeg leste om Eric Eldreds krig for Ã¥ sørge for at bøker forble frie. " +"Eldreds innsats bidro til Ã¥ lansere en bevegelse, fri kultur-bevegelsen, og " +"denne boken er tilegnet ham." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " +"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " +"Kathleen Sullivan. And I received correction and guidance from many amazing " +"students at Stanford Law School and Stanford University. They included " +"Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher Guzelian, Erica " +"Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian Link, Ohad " +"Mayblum, Alina Ng, and Erica Platt. I am particularly grateful to Catherine " +"Crump and Harry Surden, who helped direct their research, and to Laura " +"Lynch, who brilliantly managed the army that they assembled, and provided " +"her own critical eye on much of this." +msgstr "" +"Jeg fikk veiledning pÃ¥ ulike steder fra venner og akademikere, inkludert " +"Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose og " +"Kathleen Sullivan. Og jeg fikk korreksjoner og veiledning fra mange " +"fantastiske studenter ved Stanford Law School og Stanford University. Det " +"inkluderer Andrew B. Coan, John Eden, James P. Fellers, Christopher " +"Guzelian, Erica Goldberg, Robert Hallman, Andrew Harris, Matthew Kahn, Brian-" +"Link, Ohad Mayblum, Alina Ng og Erica Platt. Jeg er særlig takknemlig " +"overfor Catherine Crump og Harry Surden, som hjalp til med Ã¥ styre deres " +"forskning og til Laura Lynch, som briljant hÃ¥ndterte hæren de samlet, samt " +"bidro med sitt egen kritisk blikk pÃ¥ mye av dette." + +#. PAGE BREAK 337 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " +"culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " +"prepare this book: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto Misaki, Michihiro " +"Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata, and Yoshihiro Yonezawa. I am " +"thankful as well as to Professor Nobuhiro Nakayama, and the Tokyo University " +"Business Law Center, for giving me the chance to spend time in Japan, and to " +"Tadashi Shiraishi and Kiyokazu Yamagami for their generous help while I was " +"there." +msgstr "" +"Yuko Noguchi hjalp meg Ã¥ forstÃ¥ lovene i Japan, sÃ¥ vel som Japans kultur. " +"Jeg er henne takknemlig, og til de mange i Japan som hjalp meg med " +"forundersøkelsene til denne boken: Joi Ito, Takayuki Matsutani, Naoto " +"Misaki, Michihiro Sasaki, Hiromichi Tanaka, Hiroo Yamagata og Yoshihiro " +"Yonezawa. Jeg er ogsÃ¥ takknemlig til professor Nobuhiro Nakayama og Tokyo " +"University Business Law Center, som ga meg muligheten til Ã¥ bruke tid i " +"Japan, og Tadashi Shiraishi og Kiyokazu Yamagami for deres generøse hjelp " +"mens jeg var der." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#, fuzzy +#| msgid "" +#| "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " +#| "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to " +#| "receive advice and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among " +#| "those who have responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my " +#| "blog about the book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and " +#| "Peter DiMauro, as well as a long list of those who had specific ideas " +#| "about ways to develop my argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven " +#| "Cherry, David Coe, Nik Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas " +#| "Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, " +#| "Jeff Keltner, James Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora " +#| "McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro " +#| "A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam " +#| "Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan " +#| "Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko Williams, \"Wink,\" Roger " +#| "Wood, \"Ximmbo da Jazz,\" and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have " +#| "missed anyone; with computers come glitches, and a crash of my e-mail " +#| "system meant I lost a bunch of great replies.)" +msgid "" +"These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw upon. " +"But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive advice " +"and correction from many whom I have never even met. Among those who have " +"responded with extremely helpful advice to requests on my blog about the " +"book are Dr. Mohammad Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein, and Peter DiMauro, as well " +"as a long list of those who had specific ideas about ways to develop my " +"argument. They included Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik " +"Cubrilovic, Bob Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, " +"Jeremy Hunsinger, Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James " +"Lindenschmidt, K. L. Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan " +"McMullen, Fred Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, " +"Saul Schleimer, Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, " +"Bruce Steinberg, Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko " +"Williams, <quote>Wink,</quote> Roger Wood, <quote>Ximmbo da Jazz,</quote> " +"and Richard Yanco. (I apologize if I have missed anyone; with computers come " +"glitches, and a crash of my e-mail system meant I lost a bunch of great " +"replies.)" +msgstr "" +"Dette er de tradisjonelle former for hjelp som akademikere regelmessig " +"trekker pÃ¥. Men i tillegg til dem, har Internett gjort det mulig Ã¥ motta rÃ¥d " +"og korrigering fra mange som jeg har aldri møtt. Blant de som har svart med " +"svært nyttig rÃ¥d etter forespørsler om boken pÃ¥ bloggen min er Dr. Muhammed " +"Al-Ubaydli, David Gerstein og Peter Dimauro, I tillegg en lang liste med de " +"som hadde spesifikke idéer om mÃ¥ter Ã¥ utvikle mine argumenter pÃ¥. De " +"inkluderte Richard Bondi, Steven Cherry, David Coe, Nik Cubrilovic, Bob " +"Devine, Charles Eicher, Thomas Guida, Elihu M. Gerson, Jeremy Hunsinger, " +"Vaughn Iverson, John Karabaic, Jeff Keltner, James Lindenschmidt, K. L. " +"Mann, Mark Manning, Nora McCauley, Jeffrey McHugh, Evan McMullen, Fred " +"Norton, John Pormann, Pedro A. D. Rezende, Shabbir Safdar, Saul Schleimer, " +"Clay Shirky, Adam Shostack, Kragen Sitaker, Chris Smith, Bruce Steinberg, " +"Andrzej Jan Taramina, Sean Walsh, Matt Wasserman, Miljenko Williams, \"Wink," +"\" Roger Wood, \"Ximmbo da Jazz,\" og Richard Yanco. (jeg beklager hvis jeg " +"gikk glipp av noen, med datamaskiner kommer feil og en krasj i e-" +"postsystemet mitt gjorde at jeg mistet en haug med flotte svar.)" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " +"each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " +"see more clearly the significance of the regulation of derivitive works. And " +"Richard corrected an embarrassingly large number of errors. While my work is " +"in part inspired by Stallman's, he does not agree with me in important " +"places throughout this book." +msgstr "" +"Richard Stallman og Michael Carroll har begge lest hele boken i utkast, og " +"hver av dem har bidratt med svært nyttige korreksjoner og rÃ¥d. Michael hjalp " +"meg Ã¥ se mer tydelig betydningen av regulering for avledede verker . Og " +"Richard korrigerte en pinlig stor mengde feil. Selv om mitt arbeid er " +"delvis inspirert av Stallmans, er han ikke enig med meg pÃ¥ vesentlige steder " +"i denne boken." + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +msgid "" +"Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " +"there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " +"always been right. This slow learner is, as ever, grateful for her perpetual " +"patience and love." +msgstr "" +"Til slutt, og for evig, er jeg Bettina takknemlig, som alltid har insistert " +"pÃ¥ at det ville være endeløs lykke utenfor disse kampene, og som alltid har " +"hatt rett. Denne trege eleven er som alltid takknemlig for hennes " +"evigvarende tÃ¥lmodighet og kjærlighet."