From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 22 Jul 2012 17:10:51 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Adjust for new and tagging. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2211 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/bf740a6b944b2e2374f3db16aeee072f3721d8d5 Adjust for new and tagging. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index f289ccd..c7e2bc0 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-22 17:30+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-22 19:01+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -261,7 +261,7 @@ msgid "" "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." @@ -269,15 +269,15 @@ msgstr "" "Til Eric Eldred — hvis arbeid først trakk meg til denne saken, og for " "hvem saken fortsetter." -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title> msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "Creative Commons, noen rettigheter reservert" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><figure> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" @@ -285,15 +285,15 @@ msgstr "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" msgid "List of figures" msgstr "Figurliste" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "Forord" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "Pogue, David" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " "Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " @@ -303,7 +303,7 @@ msgstr "" "datarelaterte tekster, skrev dette pÃ¥ slutten av hans gjennomgang av min " "første bok, Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " "2000." @@ -311,7 +311,7 @@ msgstr "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30. januar " "2000" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -324,7 +324,7 @@ msgstr "" "ikke liker systemet pÃ¥ internett, sÃ¥ kan du alltid slÃ¥ av modemet." "<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " @@ -341,7 +341,7 @@ msgstr "" "finnes der ville ikke \"pÃ¥virke\" oss mer." #. PAGE BREAK 12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " @@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ msgstr "" "fundamentalt pÃ¥virket \"folk som er ikke pÃ¥logget.\" Det finnes ingen " "bryter som kan isolere oss fra internettets effekt." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It " "is instead about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition " @@ -369,14 +369,14 @@ msgstr "" "av vÃ¥r tradisjon som er mye mer grunnleggende, og uansett hvor hardt dette " "er for en geek-wanna-be Ã¥ innrømme, mye viktigere." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, ed. 2002)." msgstr "" "Richard M. Stallman, Fri programvare, Frie samfunn 57 (Joshua Gay, red. " "2002)." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " @@ -408,7 +408,7 @@ msgstr "" "kultur der skapere kun kan skape med tillatelse fra de mektige, eller fra " "skaperne fra fortiden." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -429,7 +429,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -449,12 +449,12 @@ msgstr "" "konservative Ted Stevens\", formulerte han kanskje det enkleste uttrykket " "for hva som var pÃ¥ spill: konsentrasjonen av makt. SÃ¥ spurte han:" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." msgstr "" "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22. mai 2003." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of power—" "political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema to " @@ -469,7 +469,7 @@ msgstr "" "føderalismen og det største uttrykk for demokrati.<placeholder type=" "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " "not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in " @@ -500,7 +500,7 @@ msgstr "" "argumentere for at dette verket kun er et avledet verk." #. PAGE BREAK 14 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ msgstr "" "En kultur uten eierskap eller en der skaperne ikke kan fÃ¥ betalt, er anarki, " "ikke frihet. Anarki er ikke hva jeg fremmer her." -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -1756,11 +1756,10 @@ msgid "" "of \"piracy\" in some context. For as the concept is increasingly used, at " "its core is an extraordinary idea that is almost certainly wrong." msgstr "" -"Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratvirksomhet\" er galt, og at pirater " -"bør straffes. Men før vi roper pÃ¥ bødlene, bør vi sette dette " -"\"piratvirksomhets\"-begrepet i en sammenheng. For mens begrepet " -"blir mer og mer brukt, har det i sin kjerne en ekstraordinær ide som " -"nesten helt sikkert er feil." +"Det er ingen tvil om at \"piratvirksomhet\" er galt, og at pirater bør " +"straffes. Men før vi roper pÃ¥ bødlene, bør vi sette dette \"piratvirksomhets" +"\"-begrepet i en sammenheng. For mens begrepet blir mer og mer brukt, har " +"det i sin kjerne en ekstraordinær ide som nesten helt sikkert er feil." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> msgid "The idea goes something like this:" @@ -1774,11 +1773,11 @@ msgid "" "taking of something of value from someone else without permission is wrong. " "It is a form of piracy." msgstr "" -"Kreativt arbeid har verdi. NÃ¥r jeg bruker, eller tar, eller bygger " -"pÃ¥ det kreative arbeidet til andre, sÃ¥ tar jeg noe fra dem som har " -"verdi. NÃ¥r jeg tar noe av verdi fra noen andre, bør jeg fÃ¥ tillatelse " -"fra dem. Å ta noe som har verdi fra andre uten tillatelse " -"er galt. Det er en form for piratvirksomhet." +"Kreativt arbeid har verdi. NÃ¥r jeg bruker, eller tar, eller bygger pÃ¥ det " +"kreative arbeidet til andre, sÃ¥ tar jeg noe fra dem som har verdi. NÃ¥r jeg " +"tar noe av verdi fra noen andre, bør jeg fÃ¥ tillatelse fra dem. Å ta noe " +"som har verdi fra andre uten tillatelse er galt. Det er en form for " +"piratvirksomhet." #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 59bc608..66adcc9 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-22 17:30+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-22 19:09+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -64,12 +64,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><title> -#: freeculture.xml:49 +#: freeculture.xml:46 msgid "ABOUT THE AUTHOR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><bookinfo><abstract><para> -#: freeculture.xml:51 +#: freeculture.xml:48 msgid "" "LAWRENCE LESSIG (<ulink " "url=\"http://www.lessig.org/\">http://www.lessig.org</ulink>), professor of " @@ -89,84 +89,84 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:75 +#: freeculture.xml:72 msgid "You can buy a copy of this book by clicking on one of the links below:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:78 +#: freeculture.xml:75 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.amazon.com/\">Amazon</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:79 +#: freeculture.xml:76 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.barnesandnoble.com/\">B&N</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><itemizedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:80 +#: freeculture.xml:77 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://www.penguin.com/\">Penguin</ulink>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:87 +#: freeculture.xml:84 msgid "ALSO BY LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:90 +#: freeculture.xml:87 msgid "The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:94 +#: freeculture.xml:90 msgid "Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:99 freeculture.xml:122 +#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:118 msgid "THE PENGUIN PRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:102 +#: freeculture.xml:98 msgid "NEW YORK" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:107 +#: freeculture.xml:103 msgid "FREE CULTURE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:111 +#: freeculture.xml:107 msgid "" "HOW BIG MEDIA USES TECHNOLOGY AND THE LAW TO LOCK DOWN CULTURE AND CONTROL " "CREATIVITY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:117 +#: freeculture.xml:113 msgid "LAWRENCE LESSIG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:125 +#: freeculture.xml:121 msgid "a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 375 Hudson Street New York, New York" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:129 +#: freeculture.xml:125 msgid "Copyright © Lawrence Lessig," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:132 +#: freeculture.xml:128 msgid "All rights reserved" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:135 +#: freeculture.xml:131 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled \"The Coming of Copyright Perpetuity,\" The " "New York Times, January 16, 2003. Copyright © 2003 by The New York " @@ -174,100 +174,100 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:140 +#: freeculture.xml:136 msgid "Cartoon by Paul Conrad on page 159. Copyright Tribune Media Services, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:143 +#: freeculture.xml:139 msgid "All rights reserved. Reprinted with permission." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:146 +#: freeculture.xml:142 msgid "" "Diagram on page 164 courtesy of the office of FCC Commissioner, Michael " "J. Copps." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:149 +#: freeculture.xml:145 msgid "Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:152 +#: freeculture.xml:148 msgid "" "Lessig, Lawrence. Free culture : how big media uses technology and the law " "to lock down culture and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:157 +#: freeculture.xml:153 msgid "p. cm." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:160 +#: freeculture.xml:156 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:163 +#: freeculture.xml:159 msgid "ISBN 1-59420-006-8 (hardcover)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:166 +#: freeculture.xml:162 msgid "" "1. Intellectual property—United States. 2. Mass media—United " "States." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:169 +#: freeculture.xml:165 msgid "" "3. Technological innovations—United States. 4. Art—United " "States. I. Title." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:172 +#: freeculture.xml:168 msgid "KF2979.L47" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:175 +#: freeculture.xml:171 msgid "343.7309'9—dc22" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:178 +#: freeculture.xml:174 msgid "This book is printed on acid-free paper." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:181 +#: freeculture.xml:177 msgid "Printed in the United States of America" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:184 +#: freeculture.xml:180 msgid "1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:187 +#: freeculture.xml:183 msgid "Designed by Marysarah Quinn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:191 +#: freeculture.xml:187 msgid "&translationblock;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:195 +#: freeculture.xml:191 msgid "" "Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this " "publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval " @@ -281,60 +281,60 @@ msgid "" "materials. Your support of the author's rights is appreciated." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:210 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:208 msgid "" "To Eric Eldred—whose work first drew me to this cause, and for whom it " "continues still." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:216 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure><title> +#: freeculture.xml:214 msgid "Creative Commons, Some rights reserved" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:217 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para><figure> +#: freeculture.xml:215 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/cc.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:215 +#. type: Content of: <book><dedication><para> +#: freeculture.xml:213 msgid "<placeholder type=\"figure\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><lot><title> -#: freeculture.xml:226 +#: freeculture.xml:223 msgid "List of figures" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:288 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><title> +#: freeculture.xml:285 msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:290 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:287 msgid "Pogue, David" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:293 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:290 msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " "Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " "technical and computer-related texts, wrote this:" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:303 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:300 msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " "2000." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:299 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:296 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -342,8 +342,8 @@ msgid "" "flip off the modem.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:308 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:305 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " @@ -354,8 +354,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:316 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:313 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " @@ -365,8 +365,8 @@ msgid "" "will insulate us from the Internet's effect." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:326 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:323 msgid "" "But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It " "is instead about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition " @@ -374,15 +374,15 @@ msgid "" "to admit, much more important." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:337 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:334 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, " "ed. 2002)." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:332 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:329 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " @@ -400,8 +400,8 @@ msgid "" "powerful, or of creators from the past." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:351 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:348 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -412,12 +412,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:359 freeculture.xml:12761 +#: freeculture.xml:356 freeculture.xml:12758 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:361 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:358 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -429,13 +429,13 @@ msgid "" "concentration of power. And as he asked," msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:377 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para><footnote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:374 msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:373 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><blockquote><para> +#: freeculture.xml:370 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -444,8 +444,8 @@ msgid "" "greatest expression of democracy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:383 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:380 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " "not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in " @@ -463,8 +463,8 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:399 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:396 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -481,8 +481,8 @@ msgid "" "freedom. Anarchy is not what I advance here." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:417 +#. type: Content of: <book><preface><para> +#: freeculture.xml:414 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -494,12 +494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:432 +#: freeculture.xml:429 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:434 +#: freeculture.xml:431 msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " "hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " @@ -510,14 +510,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:446 +#: freeculture.xml:443 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " "Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:442 +#: freeculture.xml:439 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -530,7 +530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:455 +#: freeculture.xml:452 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -542,17 +542,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:463 freeculture.xml:476 freeculture.xml:507 freeculture.xml:526 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:939 freeculture.xml:989 freeculture.xml:8778 freeculture.xml:12157 freeculture.xml:12863 +#: freeculture.xml:460 freeculture.xml:473 freeculture.xml:504 freeculture.xml:523 freeculture.xml:919 freeculture.xml:936 freeculture.xml:986 freeculture.xml:8775 freeculture.xml:12154 freeculture.xml:12860 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:923 freeculture.xml:940 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:8779 freeculture.xml:12158 freeculture.xml:12864 +#: freeculture.xml:461 freeculture.xml:474 freeculture.xml:505 freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:920 freeculture.xml:937 freeculture.xml:987 freeculture.xml:8776 freeculture.xml:12155 freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:466 +#: freeculture.xml:463 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -566,7 +566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:479 +#: freeculture.xml:476 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -579,7 +579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:499 +#: freeculture.xml:496 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " @@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:490 +#: freeculture.xml:487 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -605,13 +605,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:513 +#: freeculture.xml:510 msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:516 +#: freeculture.xml:513 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:529 +#: freeculture.xml:526 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -644,12 +644,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:558 +#: freeculture.xml:555 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:547 +#: freeculture.xml:544 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -664,7 +664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:561 +#: freeculture.xml:558 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -676,7 +676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:571 +#: freeculture.xml:568 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -689,19 +689,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:582 +#: freeculture.xml:579 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:593 +#: freeculture.xml:590 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong " "(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:586 +#: freeculture.xml:583 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " @@ -714,7 +714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:599 +#: freeculture.xml:596 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -725,7 +725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:608 +#: freeculture.xml:605 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -735,7 +735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:619 +#: freeculture.xml:616 msgid "" "See \"Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,\" First " "Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at " @@ -743,7 +743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:616 +#: freeculture.xml:613 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -752,7 +752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:628 +#: freeculture.xml:625 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -760,12 +760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:640 +#: freeculture.xml:637 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:635 +#: freeculture.xml:632 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -776,7 +776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:645 +#: freeculture.xml:642 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -792,12 +792,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:664 +#: freeculture.xml:661 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:660 +#: freeculture.xml:657 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -806,12 +806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:668 +#: freeculture.xml:665 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:670 +#: freeculture.xml:667 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -823,7 +823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:680 +#: freeculture.xml:677 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -838,7 +838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:692 +#: freeculture.xml:689 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -854,7 +854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:714 +#: freeculture.xml:711 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " @@ -863,7 +863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:708 +#: freeculture.xml:705 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " "which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " @@ -874,7 +874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:723 +#: freeculture.xml:720 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -888,7 +888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:734 +#: freeculture.xml:731 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -900,7 +900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:743 +#: freeculture.xml:740 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:755 +#: freeculture.xml:752 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -927,12 +927,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:780 freeculture.xml:1789 freeculture.xml:1800 +#: freeculture.xml:777 freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1797 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:772 +#: freeculture.xml:769 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -945,7 +945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:766 +#: freeculture.xml:763 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -958,14 +958,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:790 +#: freeculture.xml:787 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), " "ch. 13." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:788 +#: freeculture.xml:785 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -981,7 +981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:806 +#: freeculture.xml:803 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -995,7 +995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:819 +#: freeculture.xml:816 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1016,7 +1016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:838 +#: freeculture.xml:835 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1027,7 +1027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:855 +#: freeculture.xml:852 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 " @@ -1035,7 +1035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:847 +#: freeculture.xml:844 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:864 +#: freeculture.xml:861 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1060,7 +1060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:872 +#: freeculture.xml:869 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1069,19 +1069,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:886 freeculture.xml:14102 +#: freeculture.xml:883 freeculture.xml:14099 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:884 +#: freeculture.xml:881 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " "Journal 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:878 +#: freeculture.xml:875 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1095,7 +1095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:894 +#: freeculture.xml:891 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1108,7 +1108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:906 +#: freeculture.xml:903 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1118,7 +1118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:914 +#: freeculture.xml:911 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1130,7 +1130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:925 +#: freeculture.xml:922 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " @@ -1148,7 +1148,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:942 +#: freeculture.xml:939 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1158,7 +1158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:952 +#: freeculture.xml:949 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1170,7 +1170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:962 +#: freeculture.xml:959 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1179,14 +1179,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:971 +#: freeculture.xml:968 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:975 +#: freeculture.xml:972 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1196,7 +1196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:982 +#: freeculture.xml:979 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1206,7 +1206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:992 +#: freeculture.xml:989 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1218,7 +1218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1002 +#: freeculture.xml:999 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " @@ -1226,7 +1226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1007 +#: freeculture.xml:1004 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1237,7 +1237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1016 +#: freeculture.xml:1013 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1250,7 +1250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1029 +#: freeculture.xml:1026 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1261,17 +1261,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1039 +#: freeculture.xml:1036 msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1043 freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:1040 freeculture.xml:4714 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1046 +#: freeculture.xml:1043 msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1282,12 +1282,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1058 +#: freeculture.xml:1055 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1054 +#: freeculture.xml:1051 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1296,7 +1296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1064 +#: freeculture.xml:1061 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1307,7 +1307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1073 +#: freeculture.xml:1070 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1317,7 +1317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1081 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1327,7 +1327,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1090 +#: freeculture.xml:1087 msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1336,12 +1336,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1096 +#: freeculture.xml:1093 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1100 +#: freeculture.xml:1097 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1351,13 +1351,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1108 +#: freeculture.xml:1105 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1114 +#: freeculture.xml:1111 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." @@ -1365,7 +1365,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1122 +#: freeculture.xml:1119 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " "Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink " @@ -1375,7 +1375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1110 +#: freeculture.xml:1107 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1389,13 +1389,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1131 +#: freeculture.xml:1128 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1133 +#: freeculture.xml:1130 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1405,7 +1405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1142 +#: freeculture.xml:1139 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1415,7 +1415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 +#: freeculture.xml:1146 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1425,7 +1425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1156 +#: freeculture.xml:1153 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1435,12 +1435,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1163 freeculture.xml:1191 +#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1188 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1184 +#: freeculture.xml:1181 msgid "" "In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard " "Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of " @@ -1452,7 +1452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1165 +#: freeculture.xml:1162 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1474,7 +1474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1197 +#: freeculture.xml:1194 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1482,12 +1482,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1204 +#: freeculture.xml:1201 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1206 +#: freeculture.xml:1203 msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In November, in " @@ -1497,7 +1497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1213 +#: freeculture.xml:1210 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique and mix " @@ -1509,7 +1509,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1222 +#: freeculture.xml:1219 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1518,7 +1518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1229 +#: freeculture.xml:1226 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1528,14 +1528,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1243 +#: freeculture.xml:1240 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " "(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1236 +#: freeculture.xml:1233 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1545,12 +1545,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1253 +#: freeculture.xml:1250 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1250 +#: freeculture.xml:1247 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1559,7 +1559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1256 +#: freeculture.xml:1253 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1571,7 +1571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1265 +#: freeculture.xml:1262 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1580,7 +1580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1271 +#: freeculture.xml:1268 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1591,7 +1591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1284 +#: freeculture.xml:1281 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1604,7 +1604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1279 +#: freeculture.xml:1276 msgid "" "Steamboat Bill, Jr. appeared before Disney's cartoon Steamboat Willie. The " "coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat Willie is a direct " @@ -1618,7 +1618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1305 +#: freeculture.xml:1302 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1626,7 +1626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1301 +#: freeculture.xml:1298 msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -1641,7 +1641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1320 +#: freeculture.xml:1317 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1654,7 +1654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1329 +#: freeculture.xml:1326 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1675,7 +1675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1349 +#: freeculture.xml:1346 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1688,7 +1688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1363 +#: freeculture.xml:1360 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -1701,7 +1701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1357 +#: freeculture.xml:1354 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1715,7 +1715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1380 +#: freeculture.xml:1377 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1727,7 +1727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1389 +#: freeculture.xml:1386 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1740,7 +1740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1402 +#: freeculture.xml:1399 msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " @@ -1748,7 +1748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1408 +#: freeculture.xml:1405 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or " @@ -1760,7 +1760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1417 +#: freeculture.xml:1414 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1773,7 +1773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1428 +#: freeculture.xml:1425 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1782,7 +1782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1433 +#: freeculture.xml:1430 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " "a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It " @@ -1798,7 +1798,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1447 +#: freeculture.xml:1444 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " @@ -1812,7 +1812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1458 +#: freeculture.xml:1455 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -1829,14 +1829,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1483 +#: freeculture.xml:1480 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " "Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1472 +#: freeculture.xml:1469 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -1849,7 +1849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1488 +#: freeculture.xml:1485 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -1861,7 +1861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1504 +#: freeculture.xml:1501 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" Rutgers Law Review 55 " @@ -1874,7 +1874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1496 +#: freeculture.xml:1493 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -1886,7 +1886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1515 +#: freeculture.xml:1512 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -1899,7 +1899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1526 +#: freeculture.xml:1523 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -1910,7 +1910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1533 +#: freeculture.xml:1530 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -1924,7 +1924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1546 +#: freeculture.xml:1543 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -1933,7 +1933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1556 +#: freeculture.xml:1553 msgid "" "The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " "Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " @@ -1944,7 +1944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1551 +#: freeculture.xml:1548 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -1955,7 +1955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1571 +#: freeculture.xml:1568 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -1972,7 +1972,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1586 +#: freeculture.xml:1583 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -1981,7 +1981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1595 +#: freeculture.xml:1592 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -1992,7 +1992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1603 +#: freeculture.xml:1600 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -2001,7 +2001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1609 +#: freeculture.xml:1606 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2018,7 +2018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1623 +#: freeculture.xml:1620 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2031,7 +2031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1634 +#: freeculture.xml:1631 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " "are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this " @@ -2044,7 +2044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1645 +#: freeculture.xml:1642 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2052,17 +2052,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1653 +#: freeculture.xml:1650 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1654 +#: freeculture.xml:1651 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1656 +#: freeculture.xml:1653 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2074,7 +2074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1665 +#: freeculture.xml:1662 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2088,7 +2088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1676 +#: freeculture.xml:1673 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2102,14 +2102,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1693 +#: freeculture.xml:1690 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " "Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1688 +#: freeculture.xml:1685 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2118,19 +2118,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1711 freeculture.xml:1734 +#: freeculture.xml:1708 freeculture.xml:1731 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1709 +#: freeculture.xml:1706 msgid "" "Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), " "53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1698 +#: freeculture.xml:1695 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2144,18 +2144,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1727 +#: freeculture.xml:1724 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1731 +#: freeculture.xml:1728 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1716 +#: freeculture.xml:1713 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2172,12 +2172,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1749 +#: freeculture.xml:1746 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1738 +#: freeculture.xml:1735 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2192,7 +2192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1753 +#: freeculture.xml:1750 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2208,14 +2208,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1775 +#: freeculture.xml:1772 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 " "S.E." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1766 +#: freeculture.xml:1763 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2229,7 +2229,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1779 +#: freeculture.xml:1776 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2240,12 +2240,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1801 +#: freeculture.xml:1798 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1798 +#: freeculture.xml:1795 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " "Law Review 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -2253,7 +2253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1791 +#: freeculture.xml:1788 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2268,7 +2268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1818 +#: freeculture.xml:1815 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " @@ -2277,7 +2277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1808 +#: freeculture.xml:1805 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2291,7 +2291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1826 +#: freeculture.xml:1823 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2309,7 +2309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1843 +#: freeculture.xml:1840 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2336,7 +2336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1874 +#: freeculture.xml:1871 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -2345,7 +2345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1868 +#: freeculture.xml:1865 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2360,7 +2360,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1888 +#: freeculture.xml:1885 msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " @@ -2370,7 +2370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1895 +#: freeculture.xml:1892 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2379,7 +2379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1905 +#: freeculture.xml:1902 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " "Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, " @@ -2387,7 +2387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1901 +#: freeculture.xml:1898 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2399,7 +2399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1917 +#: freeculture.xml:1914 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2412,7 +2412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1928 +#: freeculture.xml:1925 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2423,22 +2423,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1935 +#: freeculture.xml:1932 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1949 freeculture.xml:2009 freeculture.xml:2016 freeculture.xml:2462 +#: freeculture.xml:1946 freeculture.xml:2006 freeculture.xml:2013 freeculture.xml:2459 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1950 +#: freeculture.xml:1947 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1947 +#: freeculture.xml:1944 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2447,7 +2447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1961 +#: freeculture.xml:1958 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -2456,7 +2456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1937 +#: freeculture.xml:1934 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2474,12 +2474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1968 +#: freeculture.xml:1965 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1970 +#: freeculture.xml:1967 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2489,7 +2489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1977 +#: freeculture.xml:1974 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2498,7 +2498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1984 +#: freeculture.xml:1981 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2507,25 +2507,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1992 +#: freeculture.xml:1989 msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2008 +#: freeculture.xml:2005 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2013 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:4836 freeculture.xml:7972 +#: freeculture.xml:2010 freeculture.xml:3754 freeculture.xml:4833 freeculture.xml:7969 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1997 +#: freeculture.xml:1994 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2539,7 +2539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2018 +#: freeculture.xml:2015 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2553,7 +2553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2030 +#: freeculture.xml:2027 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2564,7 +2564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2038 +#: freeculture.xml:2035 msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2584,7 +2584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2057 +#: freeculture.xml:2054 msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2596,7 +2596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2070 +#: freeculture.xml:2067 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2617,7 +2617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2089 +#: freeculture.xml:2086 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -2628,7 +2628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2096 +#: freeculture.xml:2093 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2637,7 +2637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2105 +#: freeculture.xml:2102 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2650,7 +2650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2116 +#: freeculture.xml:2113 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2661,17 +2661,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:7910 +#: freeculture.xml:2120 freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2124 +#: freeculture.xml:2121 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2126 +#: freeculture.xml:2123 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " @@ -2688,7 +2688,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2140 +#: freeculture.xml:2137 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2699,7 +2699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2150 +#: freeculture.xml:2147 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2711,7 +2711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2159 +#: freeculture.xml:2156 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2723,7 +2723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2168 +#: freeculture.xml:2165 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2740,7 +2740,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2182 +#: freeculture.xml:2179 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2753,14 +2753,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2208 +#: freeculture.xml:2205 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " "trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2193 +#: freeculture.xml:2190 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -2779,14 +2779,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2217 +#: freeculture.xml:2214 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " "Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2213 +#: freeculture.xml:2210 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -2798,14 +2798,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2237 +#: freeculture.xml:2234 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " "65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2228 +#: freeculture.xml:2225 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -2818,7 +2818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2243 +#: freeculture.xml:2240 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -2829,7 +2829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2255 +#: freeculture.xml:2252 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -2840,7 +2840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2263 +#: freeculture.xml:2260 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -2850,14 +2850,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2283 +#: freeculture.xml:2280 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2270 +#: freeculture.xml:2267 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -2872,7 +2872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2288 +#: freeculture.xml:2285 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -2881,7 +2881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2295 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -2893,7 +2893,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2304 +#: freeculture.xml:2301 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -2906,18 +2906,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2314 freeculture.xml:2367 +#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:2364 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2322 +#: freeculture.xml:2319 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2316 +#: freeculture.xml:2313 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -2934,7 +2934,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2340 +#: freeculture.xml:2337 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " @@ -2944,7 +2944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2332 +#: freeculture.xml:2329 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -2959,7 +2959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2359 +#: freeculture.xml:2356 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " "Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as " @@ -2973,7 +2973,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2352 +#: freeculture.xml:2349 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " @@ -2989,7 +2989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2379 +#: freeculture.xml:2376 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " @@ -3006,7 +3006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2396 +#: freeculture.xml:2393 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " @@ -3014,7 +3014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2401 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3024,7 +3024,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2408 +#: freeculture.xml:2405 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " @@ -3038,7 +3038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2423 +#: freeculture.xml:2420 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3048,7 +3048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2430 +#: freeculture.xml:2427 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " @@ -3059,7 +3059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2440 +#: freeculture.xml:2437 msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " @@ -3070,7 +3070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2450 +#: freeculture.xml:2447 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3085,7 +3085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2464 +#: freeculture.xml:2461 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3094,7 +3094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2472 +#: freeculture.xml:2469 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3107,7 +3107,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2487 +#: freeculture.xml:2484 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the " @@ -3115,7 +3115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2481 +#: freeculture.xml:2478 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " @@ -3127,7 +3127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2495 +#: freeculture.xml:2492 msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " @@ -3135,7 +3135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2500 +#: freeculture.xml:2497 msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " @@ -3145,7 +3145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2507 +#: freeculture.xml:2504 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3154,19 +3154,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2513 +#: freeculture.xml:2510 msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " "9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2519 +#: freeculture.xml:2516 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2521 +#: freeculture.xml:2518 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3176,7 +3176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2528 +#: freeculture.xml:2525 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3187,7 +3187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2536 +#: freeculture.xml:2533 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3198,7 +3198,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2543 +#: freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3211,7 +3211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2555 +#: freeculture.xml:2552 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3222,7 +3222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2564 +#: freeculture.xml:2561 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3236,7 +3236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2576 +#: freeculture.xml:2573 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3247,7 +3247,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2583 +#: freeculture.xml:2580 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3257,7 +3257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2593 +#: freeculture.xml:2590 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3274,7 +3274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2608 +#: freeculture.xml:2605 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3285,7 +3285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2617 +#: freeculture.xml:2614 msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " @@ -3300,7 +3300,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2629 +#: freeculture.xml:2626 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " @@ -3314,7 +3314,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2650 +#: freeculture.xml:2647 msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " @@ -3322,7 +3322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2641 +#: freeculture.xml:2638 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3336,7 +3336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2656 +#: freeculture.xml:2653 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3345,7 +3345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2663 +#: freeculture.xml:2660 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3359,7 +3359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2674 +#: freeculture.xml:2671 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3371,7 +3371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2684 +#: freeculture.xml:2681 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -3379,7 +3379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2696 +#: freeculture.xml:2693 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3388,14 +3388,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2704 +#: freeculture.xml:2701 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2688 +#: freeculture.xml:2685 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3409,7 +3409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2709 +#: freeculture.xml:2706 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3417,7 +3417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2716 +#: freeculture.xml:2713 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3426,7 +3426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2723 +#: freeculture.xml:2720 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3436,12 +3436,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2732 +#: freeculture.xml:2729 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2734 +#: freeculture.xml:2731 msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " @@ -3452,13 +3452,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2742 +#: freeculture.xml:2739 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2746 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " @@ -3468,7 +3468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2744 +#: freeculture.xml:2741 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3482,12 +3482,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2761 +#: freeculture.xml:2758 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2765 +#: freeculture.xml:2762 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3499,7 +3499,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2785 +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " "Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " @@ -3514,17 +3514,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2796 +#: freeculture.xml:2793 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2797 freeculture.xml:3049 freeculture.xml:4177 freeculture.xml:9521 +#: freeculture.xml:2794 freeculture.xml:3046 freeculture.xml:4174 freeculture.xml:9518 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2774 +#: freeculture.xml:2771 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3541,14 +3541,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2807 +#: freeculture.xml:2804 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2801 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -3563,7 +3563,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2817 +#: freeculture.xml:2814 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3573,19 +3573,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2828 +#: freeculture.xml:2825 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2830 +#: freeculture.xml:2827 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2834 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3597,12 +3597,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2843 freeculture.xml:2989 +#: freeculture.xml:2840 freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2845 +#: freeculture.xml:2842 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -3622,7 +3622,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 69 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2863 +#: freeculture.xml:2860 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," @@ -3630,7 +3630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2877 +#: freeculture.xml:2874 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -3641,7 +3641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2870 +#: freeculture.xml:2867 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3653,7 +3653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2891 +#: freeculture.xml:2888 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3661,7 +3661,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 +#: freeculture.xml:2894 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3669,14 +3669,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2904 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2887 +#: freeculture.xml:2884 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -3689,7 +3689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2916 +#: freeculture.xml:2913 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3698,7 +3698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2927 +#: freeculture.xml:2924 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -3706,7 +3706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2909 +#: freeculture.xml:2906 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -3724,7 +3724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2935 +#: freeculture.xml:2932 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " "artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid " @@ -3739,7 +3739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2951 +#: freeculture.xml:2948 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -3750,12 +3750,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2967 freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:2964 freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2960 +#: freeculture.xml:2957 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -3768,7 +3768,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2983 +#: freeculture.xml:2980 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -3778,7 +3778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2970 +#: freeculture.xml:2967 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " @@ -3795,7 +3795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2992 +#: freeculture.xml:2989 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3804,7 +3804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3018 +#: freeculture.xml:3015 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -3812,7 +3812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2999 +#: freeculture.xml:2996 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3829,29 +3829,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3025 +#: freeculture.xml:3022 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3031 freeculture.xml:4142 +#: freeculture.xml:3028 freeculture.xml:4139 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3033 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3048 +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3039 +#: freeculture.xml:3036 msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " @@ -3866,7 +3866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3036 +#: freeculture.xml:3033 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -3877,7 +3877,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3056 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " @@ -3890,7 +3890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3069 +#: freeculture.xml:3066 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -3900,7 +3900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3079 +#: freeculture.xml:3076 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -3909,7 +3909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3086 +#: freeculture.xml:3083 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -3921,7 +3921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3095 +#: freeculture.xml:3092 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -3932,18 +3932,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3105 freeculture.xml:4148 +#: freeculture.xml:3102 freeculture.xml:4145 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3108 +#: freeculture.xml:3105 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3111 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -3955,18 +3955,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3122 +#: freeculture.xml:3119 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3128 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -3976,14 +3976,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3139 +#: freeculture.xml:3136 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -3998,14 +3998,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3150 +#: freeculture.xml:3147 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3146 +#: freeculture.xml:3143 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4013,13 +4013,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3156 +#: freeculture.xml:3153 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3165 +#: freeculture.xml:3162 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4027,7 +4027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3160 +#: freeculture.xml:3157 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4037,14 +4037,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3176 +#: freeculture.xml:3173 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3169 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " @@ -4052,7 +4052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3181 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," @@ -4060,14 +4060,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3195 +#: freeculture.xml:3192 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3186 +#: freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4078,14 +4078,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3205 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4100,7 +4100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3222 +#: freeculture.xml:3219 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " "Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " @@ -4110,7 +4110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3217 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " @@ -4123,12 +4123,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3239 +#: freeculture.xml:3236 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3241 +#: freeculture.xml:3238 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4139,7 +4139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3249 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4151,13 +4151,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3259 +#: freeculture.xml:3256 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3267 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " "Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at " @@ -4167,7 +4167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3261 +#: freeculture.xml:3258 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4179,7 +4179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3278 +#: freeculture.xml:3275 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4187,7 +4187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3284 +#: freeculture.xml:3281 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4199,7 +4199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3295 +#: freeculture.xml:3292 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4214,7 +4214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3307 +#: freeculture.xml:3304 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4223,12 +4223,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3335 freeculture.xml:12252 freeculture.xml:12686 freeculture.xml:12693 +#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:12249 freeculture.xml:12683 freeculture.xml:12690 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3321 +#: freeculture.xml:3318 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " @@ -4247,7 +4247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3316 +#: freeculture.xml:3313 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4260,7 +4260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3348 +#: freeculture.xml:3345 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " @@ -4272,7 +4272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3342 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4282,7 +4282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3358 +#: freeculture.xml:3355 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4298,7 +4298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3371 +#: freeculture.xml:3368 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " @@ -4316,7 +4316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3392 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4331,7 +4331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3408 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4342,7 +4342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3417 +#: freeculture.xml:3414 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4358,7 +4358,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3435 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4370,7 +4370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3445 +#: freeculture.xml:3442 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4382,7 +4382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3454 +#: freeculture.xml:3451 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4391,7 +4391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3460 +#: freeculture.xml:3457 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4400,26 +4400,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3466 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3473 +#: freeculture.xml:3470 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3478 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3475 +#: freeculture.xml:3472 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4429,12 +4429,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3500 freeculture.xml:8039 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 freeculture.xml:8036 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3492 +#: freeculture.xml:3489 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " "National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " @@ -4448,12 +4448,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3503 +#: freeculture.xml:3500 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3487 +#: freeculture.xml:3484 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4465,7 +4465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3511 +#: freeculture.xml:3508 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " @@ -4476,7 +4476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3506 +#: freeculture.xml:3503 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4492,7 +4492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3533 +#: freeculture.xml:3530 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " "(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " @@ -4502,14 +4502,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3542 +#: freeculture.xml:3539 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " "Times, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3527 +#: freeculture.xml:3524 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4525,7 +4525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3553 +#: freeculture.xml:3550 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4537,7 +4537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3563 +#: freeculture.xml:3560 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -4545,7 +4545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3569 +#: freeculture.xml:3566 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4558,7 +4558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3582 +#: freeculture.xml:3579 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4571,7 +4571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3595 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4590,25 +4590,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3616 +#: freeculture.xml:3613 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3622 +#: freeculture.xml:3619 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3630 +#: freeculture.xml:3627 msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3625 +#: freeculture.xml:3622 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4622,7 +4622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3642 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4633,7 +4633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3660 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " "Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " @@ -4649,7 +4649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3651 +#: freeculture.xml:3648 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4664,12 +4664,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3681 +#: freeculture.xml:3678 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " @@ -4680,7 +4680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3693 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4692,7 +4692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3703 +#: freeculture.xml:3700 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4704,7 +4704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3712 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4713,7 +4713,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3722 +#: freeculture.xml:3719 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4730,12 +4730,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3749 +#: freeculture.xml:3746 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3746 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4743,7 +4743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3718 +#: freeculture.xml:3715 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4763,7 +4763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3763 +#: freeculture.xml:3760 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4774,7 +4774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3772 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4792,7 +4792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3790 +#: freeculture.xml:3787 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4801,7 +4801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3803 +#: freeculture.xml:3800 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4812,7 +4812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3797 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -4827,7 +4827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3828 +#: freeculture.xml:3825 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -4840,7 +4840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3822 +#: freeculture.xml:3819 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -4855,12 +4855,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3849 +#: freeculture.xml:3846 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3851 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -4875,7 +4875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3864 +#: freeculture.xml:3861 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -4887,7 +4887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3872 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -4904,7 +4904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3889 +#: freeculture.xml:3886 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -4913,7 +4913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3895 +#: freeculture.xml:3892 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -4922,7 +4922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3902 +#: freeculture.xml:3899 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -4937,7 +4937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3915 +#: freeculture.xml:3912 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -4945,7 +4945,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#: freeculture.xml:3929 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -4956,7 +4956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3919 +#: freeculture.xml:3916 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -4969,7 +4969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3942 +#: freeculture.xml:3939 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -4983,7 +4983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3953 +#: freeculture.xml:3950 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -4995,7 +4995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3964 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5009,7 +5009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3977 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5020,7 +5020,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3987 +#: freeculture.xml:3984 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5037,12 +5037,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4005 +#: freeculture.xml:4002 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4007 +#: freeculture.xml:4004 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5058,7 +5058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4020 +#: freeculture.xml:4017 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5075,7 +5075,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4042 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5085,13 +5085,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4054 +#: freeculture.xml:4051 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4059 +#: freeculture.xml:4056 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, " "(C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5099,14 +5099,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4070 +#: freeculture.xml:4067 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4035 +#: freeculture.xml:4032 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5132,14 +5132,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4086 +#: freeculture.xml:4083 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " "Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4075 +#: freeculture.xml:4072 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5155,7 +5155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4091 +#: freeculture.xml:4088 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5164,14 +5164,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4110 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 msgid "" "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " "(1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4100 +#: freeculture.xml:4097 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5182,7 +5182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4115 +#: freeculture.xml:4112 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5192,82 +5192,82 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4124 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "Table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4128 +#: freeculture.xml:4125 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 +#: freeculture.xml:4126 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4130 +#: freeculture.xml:4127 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4131 +#: freeculture.xml:4128 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4136 +#: freeculture.xml:4133 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4137 +#: freeculture.xml:4134 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4150 freeculture.xml:4156 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:4147 freeculture.xml:4153 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4139 freeculture.xml:4151 +#: freeculture.xml:4136 freeculture.xml:4148 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4143 +#: freeculture.xml:4140 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4144 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4145 freeculture.xml:4157 +#: freeculture.xml:4142 freeculture.xml:4154 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4149 +#: freeculture.xml:4146 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4154 +#: freeculture.xml:4151 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4155 +#: freeculture.xml:4152 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4167 +#: freeculture.xml:4164 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5283,7 +5283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4164 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5293,7 +5293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 +#: freeculture.xml:4181 msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " "riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " @@ -5306,7 +5306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4196 +#: freeculture.xml:4193 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5320,12 +5320,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4213 +#: freeculture.xml:4210 msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 +#: freeculture.xml:4205 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5339,7 +5339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4225 +#: freeculture.xml:4222 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5356,14 +5356,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4252 +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4242 +#: freeculture.xml:4239 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5382,20 +5382,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4266 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " "just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4274 +#: freeculture.xml:4271 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4278 +#: freeculture.xml:4275 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5404,7 +5404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4285 +#: freeculture.xml:4282 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5419,7 +5419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4310 +#: freeculture.xml:4307 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " @@ -5427,7 +5427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4297 +#: freeculture.xml:4294 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5443,7 +5443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4316 +#: freeculture.xml:4313 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5453,7 +5453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4331 +#: freeculture.xml:4328 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5465,7 +5465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4324 +#: freeculture.xml:4321 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5474,7 +5474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4344 +#: freeculture.xml:4341 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5486,12 +5486,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4358 +#: freeculture.xml:4355 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4360 +#: freeculture.xml:4357 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " @@ -5505,7 +5505,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4376 +#: freeculture.xml:4373 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5518,7 +5518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4387 +#: freeculture.xml:4384 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." @@ -5526,7 +5526,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4372 +#: freeculture.xml:4369 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the " "\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive " @@ -5543,14 +5543,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4413 +#: freeculture.xml:4410 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4403 +#: freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5565,7 +5565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4421 +#: freeculture.xml:4418 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5578,7 +5578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4434 +#: freeculture.xml:4431 msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " "Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " @@ -5593,7 +5593,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4451 +#: freeculture.xml:4448 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5605,7 +5605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4463 +#: freeculture.xml:4460 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5616,7 +5616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4473 +#: freeculture.xml:4470 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5624,7 +5624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4478 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " @@ -5638,7 +5638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4487 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5647,7 +5647,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4497 +#: freeculture.xml:4494 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5662,7 +5662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4514 +#: freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5675,7 +5675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4526 +#: freeculture.xml:4523 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5690,7 +5690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#: freeculture.xml:4539 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5703,14 +5703,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4566 +#: freeculture.xml:4563 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4553 +#: freeculture.xml:4550 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5726,7 +5726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4571 +#: freeculture.xml:4568 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5736,7 +5736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4580 +#: freeculture.xml:4577 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5750,7 +5750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4592 +#: freeculture.xml:4589 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5762,7 +5762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4601 +#: freeculture.xml:4598 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -5770,7 +5770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4616 +#: freeculture.xml:4613 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5782,7 +5782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4606 +#: freeculture.xml:4603 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5794,7 +5794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4627 +#: freeculture.xml:4624 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -5812,7 +5812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4648 +#: freeculture.xml:4645 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " @@ -5820,7 +5820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4642 +#: freeculture.xml:4639 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -5833,14 +5833,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4660 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4656 +#: freeculture.xml:4653 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -5849,7 +5849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4670 +#: freeculture.xml:4667 msgid "" "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " "92." @@ -5857,17 +5857,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4680 +#: freeculture.xml:4677 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4682 +#: freeculture.xml:4679 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4665 +#: freeculture.xml:4662 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -5882,14 +5882,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4691 +#: freeculture.xml:4688 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " "Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4685 +#: freeculture.xml:4682 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -5901,7 +5901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4699 +#: freeculture.xml:4696 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -5910,7 +5910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4711 +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " @@ -5918,7 +5918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4704 +#: freeculture.xml:4701 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -5929,7 +5929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4720 +#: freeculture.xml:4717 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -5943,7 +5943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4731 +#: freeculture.xml:4728 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -5958,25 +5958,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4746 +#: freeculture.xml:4743 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 +#: freeculture.xml:4746 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4755 +#: freeculture.xml:4752 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4751 +#: freeculture.xml:4748 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -5989,7 +5989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4765 +#: freeculture.xml:4762 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " "attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " @@ -6002,7 +6002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4775 +#: freeculture.xml:4772 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6012,7 +6012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4782 +#: freeculture.xml:4779 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6024,32 +6024,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4800 +#: freeculture.xml:4797 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4801 +#: freeculture.xml:4798 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4802 +#: freeculture.xml:4799 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4803 +#: freeculture.xml:4800 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4804 +#: freeculture.xml:4801 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4792 +#: freeculture.xml:4789 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " "clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " @@ -6065,12 +6065,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4817 +#: freeculture.xml:4814 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4807 +#: freeculture.xml:4804 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6084,14 +6084,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4821 +#: freeculture.xml:4818 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4827 +#: freeculture.xml:4824 msgid "" "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " @@ -6104,7 +6104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4842 +#: freeculture.xml:4839 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4862 +#: freeculture.xml:4859 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6134,12 +6134,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4870 +#: freeculture.xml:4867 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4872 +#: freeculture.xml:4869 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6148,14 +6148,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4879 +#: freeculture.xml:4876 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4884 +#: freeculture.xml:4881 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6166,7 +6166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4892 +#: freeculture.xml:4889 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6176,7 +6176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4901 +#: freeculture.xml:4898 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " @@ -6186,12 +6186,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4913 freeculture.xml:4921 +#: freeculture.xml:4910 freeculture.xml:4918 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4908 +#: freeculture.xml:4905 msgid "" "Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " @@ -6202,7 +6202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4916 +#: freeculture.xml:4913 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6213,7 +6213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4924 +#: freeculture.xml:4921 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " @@ -6224,7 +6224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4932 +#: freeculture.xml:4929 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6235,7 +6235,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4940 +#: freeculture.xml:4937 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6246,7 +6246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4952 +#: freeculture.xml:4949 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6257,7 +6257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4960 +#: freeculture.xml:4957 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " @@ -6270,7 +6270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4971 +#: freeculture.xml:4968 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " "copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " @@ -6282,7 +6282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4983 +#: freeculture.xml:4980 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6292,7 +6292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4980 +#: freeculture.xml:4977 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6303,12 +6303,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4995 +#: freeculture.xml:4992 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4999 +#: freeculture.xml:4996 msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " "lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " @@ -6320,7 +6320,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5009 +#: freeculture.xml:5006 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6331,7 +6331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5017 +#: freeculture.xml:5014 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6346,7 +6346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5029 +#: freeculture.xml:5026 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " @@ -6357,14 +6357,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5039 +#: freeculture.xml:5036 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5046 +#: freeculture.xml:5043 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6375,7 +6375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 +#: freeculture.xml:5051 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6384,22 +6384,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5063 +#: freeculture.xml:5060 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5064 +#: freeculture.xml:5061 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5084 freeculture.xml:5099 freeculture.xml:5108 freeculture.xml:5113 freeculture.xml:5165 freeculture.xml:5181 freeculture.xml:5204 freeculture.xml:5266 freeculture.xml:9623 +#: freeculture.xml:5062 freeculture.xml:5070 freeculture.xml:5081 freeculture.xml:5096 freeculture.xml:5105 freeculture.xml:5110 freeculture.xml:5162 freeculture.xml:5178 freeculture.xml:5201 freeculture.xml:5263 freeculture.xml:9620 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5067 +#: freeculture.xml:5064 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6409,7 +6409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5075 +#: freeculture.xml:5072 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6421,7 +6421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5083 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6431,7 +6431,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5093 +#: freeculture.xml:5090 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6441,7 +6441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5101 +#: freeculture.xml:5098 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6451,24 +6451,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5107 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5126 +#: freeculture.xml:5123 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5127 +#: freeculture.xml:5124 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5121 +#: freeculture.xml:5118 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6477,7 +6477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5115 +#: freeculture.xml:5112 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6486,7 +6486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5132 +#: freeculture.xml:5129 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6496,7 +6496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5139 +#: freeculture.xml:5136 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6504,7 +6504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5145 +#: freeculture.xml:5142 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6515,7 +6515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5154 +#: freeculture.xml:5151 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6528,7 +6528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5167 +#: freeculture.xml:5164 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6541,14 +6541,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "" "It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5183 +#: freeculture.xml:5180 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6556,7 +6556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5189 +#: freeculture.xml:5186 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -6569,20 +6569,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5205 +#: freeculture.xml:5202 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5213 +#: freeculture.xml:5210 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " "Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink " @@ -6590,7 +6590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5207 +#: freeculture.xml:5204 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6601,7 +6601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5221 +#: freeculture.xml:5218 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " @@ -6611,7 +6611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5229 +#: freeculture.xml:5226 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " @@ -6620,7 +6620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5237 +#: freeculture.xml:5234 msgid "" "Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " "sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " @@ -6633,7 +6633,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5247 +#: freeculture.xml:5244 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6653,7 +6653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5268 +#: freeculture.xml:5265 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6673,7 +6673,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5285 +#: freeculture.xml:5282 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6684,7 +6684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5295 +#: freeculture.xml:5292 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " @@ -6693,12 +6693,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5297 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5302 +#: freeculture.xml:5299 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6709,12 +6709,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5309 +#: freeculture.xml:5306 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5311 +#: freeculture.xml:5308 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6731,7 +6731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5326 +#: freeculture.xml:5323 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6741,12 +6741,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5342 +#: freeculture.xml:5339 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5333 +#: freeculture.xml:5330 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6759,7 +6759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5345 +#: freeculture.xml:5342 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6769,7 +6769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5352 +#: freeculture.xml:5349 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -6786,7 +6786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5367 +#: freeculture.xml:5364 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -6796,7 +6796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5373 +#: freeculture.xml:5370 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " @@ -6809,7 +6809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5385 +#: freeculture.xml:5382 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -6820,7 +6820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5394 +#: freeculture.xml:5391 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -6833,7 +6833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5404 +#: freeculture.xml:5401 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -6849,12 +6849,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5416 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5421 +#: freeculture.xml:5418 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -6866,7 +6866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5430 +#: freeculture.xml:5427 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -6877,7 +6877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5438 +#: freeculture.xml:5435 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " @@ -6887,7 +6887,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5446 +#: freeculture.xml:5443 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -6895,7 +6895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5451 +#: freeculture.xml:5448 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -6906,7 +6906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5464 +#: freeculture.xml:5461 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -6916,7 +6916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5458 +#: freeculture.xml:5455 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -6926,7 +6926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5472 +#: freeculture.xml:5469 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -6939,7 +6939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5483 +#: freeculture.xml:5480 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we " @@ -6951,7 +6951,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#: freeculture.xml:5489 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -6963,7 +6963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5503 +#: freeculture.xml:5500 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -6976,7 +6976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5513 +#: freeculture.xml:5510 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -6996,7 +6996,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5531 +#: freeculture.xml:5528 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7008,7 +7008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5543 +#: freeculture.xml:5540 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7019,7 +7019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5551 +#: freeculture.xml:5548 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7030,7 +7030,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5568 +#: freeculture.xml:5565 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " @@ -7039,7 +7039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5559 +#: freeculture.xml:5556 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7052,7 +7052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5576 +#: freeculture.xml:5573 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7066,7 +7066,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5587 +#: freeculture.xml:5584 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7078,7 +7078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5598 +#: freeculture.xml:5595 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7098,7 +7098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5616 +#: freeculture.xml:5613 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7108,7 +7108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5624 +#: freeculture.xml:5621 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7119,7 +7119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5632 +#: freeculture.xml:5629 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7131,7 +7131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5644 +#: freeculture.xml:5641 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7143,7 +7143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5656 +#: freeculture.xml:5653 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " @@ -7154,7 +7154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5653 +#: freeculture.xml:5650 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7166,7 +7166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5670 +#: freeculture.xml:5667 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7180,7 +7180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5681 +#: freeculture.xml:5678 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7192,7 +7192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5693 +#: freeculture.xml:5690 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7203,7 +7203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5701 +#: freeculture.xml:5698 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7212,7 +7212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5708 +#: freeculture.xml:5705 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7229,7 +7229,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5722 +#: freeculture.xml:5719 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7245,7 +7245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5737 +#: freeculture.xml:5734 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7256,17 +7256,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5747 +#: freeculture.xml:5744 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5756 +#: freeculture.xml:5753 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5749 +#: freeculture.xml:5746 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7278,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5759 +#: freeculture.xml:5756 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7293,7 +7293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5772 +#: freeculture.xml:5769 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7307,7 +7307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5784 +#: freeculture.xml:5781 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7319,13 +7319,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5793 +#: freeculture.xml:5790 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5807 +#: freeculture.xml:5804 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7335,7 +7335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5798 +#: freeculture.xml:5795 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7349,7 +7349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5817 +#: freeculture.xml:5814 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7361,7 +7361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5828 +#: freeculture.xml:5825 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7376,7 +7376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5843 +#: freeculture.xml:5840 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7388,7 +7388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5840 +#: freeculture.xml:5837 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7400,7 +7400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5858 +#: freeculture.xml:5855 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7411,7 +7411,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5866 +#: freeculture.xml:5863 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7425,7 +7425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5881 +#: freeculture.xml:5878 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7439,7 +7439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:5890 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7453,7 +7453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5904 +#: freeculture.xml:5901 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7468,7 +7468,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5919 +#: freeculture.xml:5916 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7479,7 +7479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5928 +#: freeculture.xml:5925 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7493,7 +7493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5940 +#: freeculture.xml:5937 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " @@ -7503,7 +7503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5947 +#: freeculture.xml:5944 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7518,7 +7518,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5961 +#: freeculture.xml:5958 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7530,20 +7530,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5970 +#: freeculture.xml:5967 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5971 freeculture.xml:6145 freeculture.xml:6441 +#: freeculture.xml:5968 freeculture.xml:6142 freeculture.xml:6438 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 133 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5974 +#: freeculture.xml:5971 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7560,7 +7560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:5987 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7573,7 +7573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6001 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7585,7 +7585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6011 +#: freeculture.xml:6008 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7603,7 +7603,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6028 +#: freeculture.xml:6025 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -7611,7 +7611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6034 +#: freeculture.xml:6031 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7623,12 +7623,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6043 +#: freeculture.xml:6040 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6046 +#: freeculture.xml:6043 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7645,7 +7645,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6064 +#: freeculture.xml:6061 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7658,7 +7658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6060 +#: freeculture.xml:6057 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7675,22 +7675,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6088 +#: freeculture.xml:6085 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6089 +#: freeculture.xml:6086 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6125 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6100 +#: freeculture.xml:6097 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7721,7 +7721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6092 +#: freeculture.xml:6089 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -7732,12 +7732,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6132 +#: freeculture.xml:6129 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6134 +#: freeculture.xml:6131 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -7746,18 +7746,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6140 +#: freeculture.xml:6137 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6144 freeculture.xml:6440 +#: freeculture.xml:6141 freeculture.xml:6437 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6149 +#: freeculture.xml:6146 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -7771,7 +7771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6161 +#: freeculture.xml:6158 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -7783,7 +7783,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6169 +#: freeculture.xml:6166 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -7794,17 +7794,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6179 +#: freeculture.xml:6176 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6180 +#: freeculture.xml:6177 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6183 +#: freeculture.xml:6180 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -7819,7 +7819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6195 +#: freeculture.xml:6192 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -7836,7 +7836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6212 +#: freeculture.xml:6209 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -7848,7 +7848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6228 +#: freeculture.xml:6225 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -7859,7 +7859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6220 +#: freeculture.xml:6217 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -7882,17 +7882,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6260 +#: freeculture.xml:6257 msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6269 freeculture.xml:12660 +#: freeculture.xml:6266 freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6250 +#: freeculture.xml:6247 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -7911,7 +7911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6272 +#: freeculture.xml:6269 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -7923,7 +7923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6282 +#: freeculture.xml:6279 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -7940,7 +7940,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6296 +#: freeculture.xml:6293 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -7951,12 +7951,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6305 +#: freeculture.xml:6302 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6308 +#: freeculture.xml:6305 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -7966,7 +7966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 +#: freeculture.xml:6312 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -7974,17 +7974,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6319 freeculture.xml:6325 +#: freeculture.xml:6316 freeculture.xml:6322 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6326 +#: freeculture.xml:6323 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6321 +#: freeculture.xml:6318 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " "whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " @@ -7994,7 +7994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6329 +#: freeculture.xml:6326 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8007,7 +8007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6342 +#: freeculture.xml:6339 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." @@ -8015,7 +8015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6338 +#: freeculture.xml:6335 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8033,7 +8033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6356 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8047,19 +8047,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6370 +#: freeculture.xml:6367 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6376 +#: freeculture.xml:6373 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6378 +#: freeculture.xml:6375 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8068,7 +8068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6384 +#: freeculture.xml:6381 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8077,7 +8077,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6389 +#: freeculture.xml:6386 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8090,7 +8090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6402 +#: freeculture.xml:6399 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " @@ -8102,7 +8102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6411 +#: freeculture.xml:6408 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8119,7 +8119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6426 +#: freeculture.xml:6423 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8130,7 +8130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6433 +#: freeculture.xml:6430 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8138,38 +8138,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6444 +#: freeculture.xml:6441 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 +#: freeculture.xml:6444 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6448 +#: freeculture.xml:6445 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6451 +#: freeculture.xml:6448 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6456 +#: freeculture.xml:6453 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6471 +#: freeculture.xml:6468 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6466 +#: freeculture.xml:6463 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " "United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " @@ -8180,7 +8180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6458 +#: freeculture.xml:6455 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8196,7 +8196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6481 +#: freeculture.xml:6478 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8207,7 +8207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6489 +#: freeculture.xml:6486 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8218,7 +8218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6504 +#: freeculture.xml:6501 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " @@ -8236,7 +8236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6496 +#: freeculture.xml:6493 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8249,7 +8249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6520 +#: freeculture.xml:6517 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8260,7 +8260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6535 +#: freeculture.xml:6532 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8273,7 +8273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6529 +#: freeculture.xml:6526 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8284,12 +8284,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6550 +#: freeculture.xml:6547 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6546 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8302,7 +8302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6558 +#: freeculture.xml:6555 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8313,7 +8313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6566 +#: freeculture.xml:6563 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8327,7 +8327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6576 +#: freeculture.xml:6573 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8339,7 +8339,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6587 +#: freeculture.xml:6584 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8351,7 +8351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6597 +#: freeculture.xml:6594 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8363,7 +8363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6607 +#: freeculture.xml:6604 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8375,7 +8375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6624 +#: freeculture.xml:6621 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8384,7 +8384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6616 +#: freeculture.xml:6613 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8396,12 +8396,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6633 +#: freeculture.xml:6630 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6635 +#: freeculture.xml:6632 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8410,7 +8410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6641 +#: freeculture.xml:6638 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8426,7 +8426,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6654 +#: freeculture.xml:6651 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8444,7 +8444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6669 +#: freeculture.xml:6666 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8459,7 +8459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6682 +#: freeculture.xml:6679 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8475,7 +8475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6696 +#: freeculture.xml:6693 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8486,13 +8486,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6704 +#: freeculture.xml:6701 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6715 +#: freeculture.xml:6712 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " @@ -8501,7 +8501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6708 +#: freeculture.xml:6705 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8515,7 +8515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6728 +#: freeculture.xml:6725 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8526,7 +8526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6738 +#: freeculture.xml:6735 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8537,7 +8537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6747 +#: freeculture.xml:6744 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8545,7 +8545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6752 +#: freeculture.xml:6749 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8560,7 +8560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6766 +#: freeculture.xml:6763 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8573,14 +8573,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6789 +#: freeculture.xml:6786 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6779 +#: freeculture.xml:6776 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8596,7 +8596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 +#: freeculture.xml:6801 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -8606,7 +8606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6798 +#: freeculture.xml:6795 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8616,7 +8616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6815 +#: freeculture.xml:6812 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8626,7 +8626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6824 +#: freeculture.xml:6821 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8635,13 +8635,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6832 +#: freeculture.xml:6829 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6839 +#: freeculture.xml:6836 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8653,7 +8653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6834 +#: freeculture.xml:6831 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8664,7 +8664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6851 +#: freeculture.xml:6848 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " "to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " @@ -8679,7 +8679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6867 +#: freeculture.xml:6864 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8688,7 +8688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6862 +#: freeculture.xml:6859 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8700,25 +8700,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6878 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6882 +#: freeculture.xml:6879 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6883 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6887 +#: freeculture.xml:6884 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " @@ -8733,17 +8733,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6900 +#: freeculture.xml:6897 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6901 +#: freeculture.xml:6898 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6904 +#: freeculture.xml:6901 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -8754,26 +8754,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6912 +#: freeculture.xml:6909 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6917 +#: freeculture.xml:6914 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6918 +#: freeculture.xml:6915 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6921 +#: freeculture.xml:6918 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -8786,30 +8786,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6932 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6933 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6937 +#: freeculture.xml:6934 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6938 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6942 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -8818,7 +8818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6950 +#: freeculture.xml:6947 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -8828,7 +8828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6947 +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -8845,7 +8845,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6971 +#: freeculture.xml:6968 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -8857,7 +8857,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6984 +#: freeculture.xml:6981 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -8871,7 +8871,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6998 +#: freeculture.xml:6995 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -8880,7 +8880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7004 +#: freeculture.xml:7001 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -8891,7 +8891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7014 +#: freeculture.xml:7011 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -8906,7 +8906,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7030 +#: freeculture.xml:7027 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -8920,7 +8920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#: freeculture.xml:7042 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -8931,7 +8931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7056 +#: freeculture.xml:7053 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -8941,7 +8941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7063 +#: freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -8953,7 +8953,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7075 +#: freeculture.xml:7072 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -8969,7 +8969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7092 +#: freeculture.xml:7089 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -8982,7 +8982,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7104 +#: freeculture.xml:7101 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -8994,7 +8994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7113 +#: freeculture.xml:7110 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9011,7 +9011,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7128 +#: freeculture.xml:7125 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9028,7 +9028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7146 +#: freeculture.xml:7143 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9039,12 +9039,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7156 +#: freeculture.xml:7153 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7158 +#: freeculture.xml:7155 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9053,7 +9053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7164 +#: freeculture.xml:7161 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9063,20 +9063,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7171 +#: freeculture.xml:7168 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7180 +#: freeculture.xml:7177 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7173 +#: freeculture.xml:7170 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " @@ -9087,12 +9087,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7190 +#: freeculture.xml:7187 msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7183 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9102,7 +9102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7197 +#: freeculture.xml:7194 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9111,7 +9111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 +#: freeculture.xml:7200 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9123,12 +9123,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7214 +#: freeculture.xml:7211 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7214 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9137,13 +9137,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7224 +#: freeculture.xml:7221 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7228 +#: freeculture.xml:7225 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9155,35 +9155,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7239 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7237 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7243 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7247 +#: freeculture.xml:7244 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7248 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7252 +#: freeculture.xml:7249 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9193,64 +9193,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7268 +#: freeculture.xml:7265 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's Politics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7272 +#: freeculture.xml:7269 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7273 +#: freeculture.xml:7270 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7276 +#: freeculture.xml:7273 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7281 +#: freeculture.xml:7278 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7282 +#: freeculture.xml:7279 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7285 +#: freeculture.xml:7282 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7290 +#: freeculture.xml:7287 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7291 +#: freeculture.xml:7288 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7294 +#: freeculture.xml:7291 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7304 +#: freeculture.xml:7301 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9261,7 +9261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7297 +#: freeculture.xml:7294 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9276,7 +9276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7319 +#: freeculture.xml:7316 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9296,7 +9296,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7337 +#: freeculture.xml:7334 msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " "sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner " @@ -9304,7 +9304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7342 +#: freeculture.xml:7339 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " "code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " @@ -9315,7 +9315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7350 +#: freeculture.xml:7347 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9325,14 +9325,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7358 +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7362 +#: freeculture.xml:7359 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9342,18 +9342,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7370 +#: freeculture.xml:7367 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7369 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7376 +#: freeculture.xml:7373 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9361,7 +9361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7383 +#: freeculture.xml:7380 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9372,7 +9372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7391 +#: freeculture.xml:7388 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9387,7 +9387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7404 +#: freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9397,19 +9397,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7412 +#: freeculture.xml:7409 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7415 freeculture.xml:7457 +#: freeculture.xml:7412 freeculture.xml:7454 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7417 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9418,7 +9418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7422 +#: freeculture.xml:7419 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9429,7 +9429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7431 +#: freeculture.xml:7428 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9440,7 +9440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7439 +#: freeculture.xml:7436 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " "a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or " @@ -9455,7 +9455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7451 +#: freeculture.xml:7448 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9465,7 +9465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:7456 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9476,7 +9476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7466 +#: freeculture.xml:7463 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9491,7 +9491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7482 +#: freeculture.xml:7479 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9505,12 +9505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7505 freeculture.xml:9935 +#: freeculture.xml:7502 freeculture.xml:9932 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7495 +#: freeculture.xml:7492 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the " @@ -9525,7 +9525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7493 +#: freeculture.xml:7490 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9535,7 +9535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7513 +#: freeculture.xml:7510 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9547,7 +9547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:7520 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9557,7 +9557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7530 +#: freeculture.xml:7527 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9566,7 +9566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7536 +#: freeculture.xml:7533 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9577,7 +9577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7544 +#: freeculture.xml:7541 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9587,7 +9587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7552 +#: freeculture.xml:7549 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9595,7 +9595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7559 +#: freeculture.xml:7556 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9603,7 +9603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7565 +#: freeculture.xml:7562 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9612,7 +9612,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7571 +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9621,7 +9621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7579 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9629,7 +9629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7584 +#: freeculture.xml:7581 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9641,7 +9641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7593 +#: freeculture.xml:7590 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " @@ -9650,7 +9650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7599 +#: freeculture.xml:7596 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9662,7 +9662,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7608 +#: freeculture.xml:7605 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9676,7 +9676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7620 +#: freeculture.xml:7617 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9687,7 +9687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7625 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -9700,7 +9700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7654 +#: freeculture.xml:7651 msgid "" "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " @@ -9709,7 +9709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7639 +#: freeculture.xml:7636 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -9728,7 +9728,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7660 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -9736,17 +9736,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7668 +#: freeculture.xml:7665 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7669 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7675 +#: freeculture.xml:7672 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -9758,7 +9758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7683 +#: freeculture.xml:7680 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -9767,17 +9767,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7691 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7692 +#: freeculture.xml:7689 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7695 +#: freeculture.xml:7692 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -9788,7 +9788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7703 +#: freeculture.xml:7700 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -9799,7 +9799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7711 +#: freeculture.xml:7708 msgid "" "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " @@ -9813,7 +9813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7721 +#: freeculture.xml:7718 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -9828,7 +9828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7740 +#: freeculture.xml:7737 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " @@ -9836,7 +9836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7734 +#: freeculture.xml:7731 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " @@ -9846,7 +9846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7746 +#: freeculture.xml:7743 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -9856,7 +9856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7753 +#: freeculture.xml:7750 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -9869,7 +9869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7763 +#: freeculture.xml:7760 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -9880,13 +9880,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7772 +#: freeculture.xml:7769 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7774 +#: freeculture.xml:7771 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -9904,7 +9904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7792 +#: freeculture.xml:7789 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -9914,7 +9914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:7796 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -9927,18 +9927,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7810 +#: freeculture.xml:7807 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7813 +#: freeculture.xml:7810 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7819 +#: freeculture.xml:7816 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -9947,7 +9947,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7826 +#: freeculture.xml:7823 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "New York Times, 23 December 2002." @@ -9955,14 +9955,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7832 +#: freeculture.xml:7829 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " "May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7815 +#: freeculture.xml:7812 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -9977,7 +9977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7834 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -9989,7 +9989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:7845 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10003,12 +10003,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7862 freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7859 freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#: freeculture.xml:7856 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10016,14 +10016,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7877 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7866 +#: freeculture.xml:7863 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10038,7 +10038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7884 +#: freeculture.xml:7881 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10047,18 +10047,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7890 +#: freeculture.xml:7887 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7891 +#: freeculture.xml:7888 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10066,7 +10066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7900 +#: freeculture.xml:7897 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10075,24 +10075,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7906 +#: freeculture.xml:7903 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7909 +#: freeculture.xml:7906 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7911 freeculture.xml:7975 +#: freeculture.xml:7908 freeculture.xml:7972 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7913 +#: freeculture.xml:7910 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " "pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told " @@ -10103,7 +10103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7925 +#: freeculture.xml:7922 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10114,7 +10114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7920 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10124,7 +10124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7937 +#: freeculture.xml:7934 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10136,7 +10136,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7956 +#: freeculture.xml:7953 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10148,7 +10148,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7946 +#: freeculture.xml:7943 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10167,7 +10167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7977 +#: freeculture.xml:7974 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " "had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " @@ -10175,7 +10175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7983 +#: freeculture.xml:7980 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10184,7 +10184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7998 +#: freeculture.xml:7995 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " "Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink " @@ -10192,7 +10192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7989 +#: freeculture.xml:7986 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10203,7 +10203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8002 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10217,13 +10217,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8016 +#: freeculture.xml:8013 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8025 +#: freeculture.xml:8022 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " "Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business " @@ -10237,7 +10237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8018 +#: freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10251,7 +10251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8042 +#: freeculture.xml:8039 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10259,14 +10259,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8052 +#: freeculture.xml:8049 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10275,7 +10275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8057 +#: freeculture.xml:8054 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10293,7 +10293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8076 +#: freeculture.xml:8073 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10301,7 +10301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8082 +#: freeculture.xml:8079 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10316,14 +10316,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8094 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8098 +#: freeculture.xml:8095 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10333,7 +10333,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8104 +#: freeculture.xml:8101 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10343,7 +10343,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f34 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8121 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10371,7 +10371,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8111 +#: freeculture.xml:8108 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10385,7 +10385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8148 +#: freeculture.xml:8145 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10398,12 +10398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8160 +#: freeculture.xml:8157 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8162 +#: freeculture.xml:8159 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10413,7 +10413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8168 +#: freeculture.xml:8165 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10428,7 +10428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8184 +#: freeculture.xml:8181 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10437,7 +10437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8190 +#: freeculture.xml:8187 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10451,7 +10451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8202 +#: freeculture.xml:8199 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10466,7 +10466,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8214 +#: freeculture.xml:8211 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10478,14 +10478,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8236 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8222 +#: freeculture.xml:8219 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10503,12 +10503,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8241 +#: freeculture.xml:8238 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8244 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10518,38 +10518,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8295 +#: freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8292 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8296 freeculture.xml:8335 freeculture.xml:8368 +#: freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8332 freeculture.xml:8365 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8263 freeculture.xml:8301 freeculture.xml:8340 freeculture.xml:8373 +#: freeculture.xml:8260 freeculture.xml:8298 freeculture.xml:8337 freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8264 freeculture.xml:8302 freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8341 freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8374 freeculture.xml:8375 freeculture.xml:8379 freeculture.xml:8380 +#: freeculture.xml:8261 freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:8300 freeculture.xml:8338 freeculture.xml:8339 freeculture.xml:8371 freeculture.xml:8372 freeculture.xml:8376 freeculture.xml:8377 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8269 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8307 freeculture.xml:8308 freeculture.xml:8347 +#: freeculture.xml:8262 freeculture.xml:8266 freeculture.xml:8267 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8305 freeculture.xml:8344 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8268 freeculture.xml:8306 freeculture.xml:8345 freeculture.xml:8378 +#: freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8375 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8277 +#: freeculture.xml:8274 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10559,12 +10559,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8286 +#: freeculture.xml:8283 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8315 +#: freeculture.xml:8312 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10573,7 +10573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8321 +#: freeculture.xml:8318 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10583,17 +10583,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8367 +#: freeculture.xml:8331 freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8346 +#: freeculture.xml:8343 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8354 +#: freeculture.xml:8351 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10604,7 +10604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8387 +#: freeculture.xml:8384 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10613,7 +10613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8395 +#: freeculture.xml:8392 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10622,7 +10622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8401 +#: freeculture.xml:8398 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -10635,7 +10635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8414 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -10645,7 +10645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8411 +#: freeculture.xml:8408 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -10663,7 +10663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8434 +#: freeculture.xml:8431 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -10682,7 +10682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8453 +#: freeculture.xml:8450 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -10697,33 +10697,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8470 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8474 +#: freeculture.xml:8471 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8476 +#: freeculture.xml:8473 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8479 +#: freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8482 +#: freeculture.xml:8479 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8490 +#: freeculture.xml:8487 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " "Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " @@ -10731,7 +10731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8486 +#: freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -10745,7 +10745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8502 +#: freeculture.xml:8499 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -10759,7 +10759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8514 +#: freeculture.xml:8511 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -10773,7 +10773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8525 +#: freeculture.xml:8522 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -10782,21 +10782,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8531 +#: freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8535 +#: freeculture.xml:8532 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8540 +#: freeculture.xml:8537 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -10806,7 +10806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8546 +#: freeculture.xml:8543 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -10821,7 +10821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8563 +#: freeculture.xml:8560 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -10832,7 +10832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8571 +#: freeculture.xml:8568 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -10849,7 +10849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8585 +#: freeculture.xml:8582 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -10861,7 +10861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8594 +#: freeculture.xml:8591 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -10872,7 +10872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8604 +#: freeculture.xml:8601 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -10884,7 +10884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8614 +#: freeculture.xml:8611 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -10895,7 +10895,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8629 +#: freeculture.xml:8626 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -10927,7 +10927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8621 +#: freeculture.xml:8618 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -10940,7 +10940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8666 +#: freeculture.xml:8663 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -10950,7 +10950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8673 +#: freeculture.xml:8670 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -10963,7 +10963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8685 +#: freeculture.xml:8682 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -10974,7 +10974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8693 +#: freeculture.xml:8690 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -10988,14 +10988,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8706 +#: freeculture.xml:8703 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8710 +#: freeculture.xml:8707 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11006,7 +11006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8727 +#: freeculture.xml:8724 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11017,7 +11017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8718 +#: freeculture.xml:8715 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11030,14 +11030,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8742 +#: freeculture.xml:8739 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8747 +#: freeculture.xml:8744 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11045,12 +11045,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8755 +#: freeculture.xml:8752 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8758 +#: freeculture.xml:8755 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11060,7 +11060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8766 +#: freeculture.xml:8763 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11069,7 +11069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8773 +#: freeculture.xml:8770 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11078,7 +11078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8781 +#: freeculture.xml:8778 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11088,7 +11088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8788 +#: freeculture.xml:8785 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11098,12 +11098,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8795 +#: freeculture.xml:8792 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8797 +#: freeculture.xml:8794 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11120,7 +11120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8812 +#: freeculture.xml:8809 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11135,7 +11135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8823 +#: freeculture.xml:8820 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11145,7 +11145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8833 +#: freeculture.xml:8830 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11160,7 +11160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:8853 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " "N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " @@ -11170,12 +11170,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8876 +#: freeculture.xml:8873 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8867 +#: freeculture.xml:8864 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11189,7 +11189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8844 +#: freeculture.xml:8841 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11211,7 +11211,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8903 +#: freeculture.xml:8900 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11220,7 +11220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8883 +#: freeculture.xml:8880 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11240,7 +11240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8914 +#: freeculture.xml:8911 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -11253,7 +11253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8925 +#: freeculture.xml:8922 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11267,7 +11267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8936 +#: freeculture.xml:8933 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -11277,7 +11277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8945 +#: freeculture.xml:8942 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11290,7 +11290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8955 +#: freeculture.xml:8952 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11303,7 +11303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8966 +#: freeculture.xml:8963 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11316,13 +11316,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8977 +#: freeculture.xml:8974 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8981 +#: freeculture.xml:8978 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11335,12 +11335,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8994 +#: freeculture.xml:8991 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8996 +#: freeculture.xml:8993 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11351,7 +11351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9004 +#: freeculture.xml:9001 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11363,7 +11363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 +#: freeculture.xml:9010 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11378,13 +11378,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9025 freeculture.xml:9126 +#: freeculture.xml:9022 freeculture.xml:9123 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9027 +#: freeculture.xml:9024 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -11398,7 +11398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9039 +#: freeculture.xml:9036 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " @@ -11406,7 +11406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9044 +#: freeculture.xml:9041 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11417,7 +11417,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9052 +#: freeculture.xml:9049 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11427,7 +11427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9059 +#: freeculture.xml:9056 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11442,7 +11442,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9071 +#: freeculture.xml:9068 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11452,7 +11452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9080 +#: freeculture.xml:9077 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11466,7 +11466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9092 +#: freeculture.xml:9089 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11478,12 +11478,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9102 +#: freeculture.xml:9099 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9105 +#: freeculture.xml:9102 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11496,7 +11496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9115 +#: freeculture.xml:9112 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11508,13 +11508,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9125 +#: freeculture.xml:9122 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9133 +#: freeculture.xml:9130 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " @@ -11525,7 +11525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 +#: freeculture.xml:9125 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11545,17 +11545,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9157 +#: freeculture.xml:9154 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9172 +#: freeculture.xml:9169 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9168 +#: freeculture.xml:9165 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11564,7 +11564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9159 +#: freeculture.xml:9156 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11576,7 +11576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9177 +#: freeculture.xml:9174 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11588,7 +11588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9187 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11604,7 +11604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9202 +#: freeculture.xml:9199 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11619,7 +11619,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9219 +#: freeculture.xml:9216 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -11642,7 +11642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9244 +#: freeculture.xml:9241 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -11656,7 +11656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9260 +#: freeculture.xml:9257 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -11666,12 +11666,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9276 +#: freeculture.xml:9273 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9256 +#: freeculture.xml:9253 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -11689,7 +11689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9281 +#: freeculture.xml:9278 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -11700,14 +11700,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9295 +#: freeculture.xml:9292 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9292 +#: freeculture.xml:9289 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -11717,7 +11717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9303 +#: freeculture.xml:9300 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -11725,7 +11725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9309 +#: freeculture.xml:9306 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -11735,12 +11735,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9318 +#: freeculture.xml:9315 msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9315 +#: freeculture.xml:9312 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " @@ -11753,7 +11753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9328 +#: freeculture.xml:9325 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -11764,7 +11764,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9336 +#: freeculture.xml:9333 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " "of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " @@ -11782,7 +11782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9355 +#: freeculture.xml:9352 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -11800,7 +11800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9335 +#: freeculture.xml:9332 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -11812,7 +11812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9375 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -11824,7 +11824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9389 +#: freeculture.xml:9386 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -11837,7 +11837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9401 +#: freeculture.xml:9398 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -11848,7 +11848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9411 +#: freeculture.xml:9408 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -11864,7 +11864,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9427 +#: freeculture.xml:9424 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -11876,12 +11876,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9456 +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9439 +#: freeculture.xml:9436 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -11899,12 +11899,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9465 +#: freeculture.xml:9462 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9461 +#: freeculture.xml:9458 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -11914,7 +11914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9472 +#: freeculture.xml:9469 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -11925,7 +11925,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9480 +#: freeculture.xml:9477 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -11940,12 +11940,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9520 +#: freeculture.xml:9517 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9503 +#: freeculture.xml:9500 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -11966,7 +11966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9496 +#: freeculture.xml:9493 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -11977,7 +11977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9527 +#: freeculture.xml:9524 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -11985,57 +11985,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9534 +#: freeculture.xml:9531 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9537 +#: freeculture.xml:9534 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9540 +#: freeculture.xml:9537 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9543 +#: freeculture.xml:9540 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9546 +#: freeculture.xml:9543 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9549 +#: freeculture.xml:9546 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9552 +#: freeculture.xml:9549 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9555 +#: freeculture.xml:9552 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9558 +#: freeculture.xml:9555 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9561 +#: freeculture.xml:9558 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9564 +#: freeculture.xml:9561 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12043,77 +12043,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9567 +#: freeculture.xml:9564 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9567 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9573 +#: freeculture.xml:9570 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9579 +#: freeculture.xml:9576 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9579 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9585 +#: freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9588 +#: freeculture.xml:9585 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9591 +#: freeculture.xml:9588 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9594 +#: freeculture.xml:9591 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9597 +#: freeculture.xml:9594 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9600 +#: freeculture.xml:9597 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9603 +#: freeculture.xml:9600 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9606 +#: freeculture.xml:9603 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9611 +#: freeculture.xml:9608 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12123,7 +12123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9619 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12131,7 +12131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9625 +#: freeculture.xml:9622 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12140,7 +12140,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9631 +#: freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12154,7 +12154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9647 +#: freeculture.xml:9644 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " @@ -12163,7 +12163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9651 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12174,12 +12174,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9664 +#: freeculture.xml:9661 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9666 +#: freeculture.xml:9663 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12187,7 +12187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9672 +#: freeculture.xml:9669 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12196,7 +12196,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9681 +#: freeculture.xml:9678 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12207,7 +12207,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:9674 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12225,14 +12225,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9715 +#: freeculture.xml:9712 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9702 +#: freeculture.xml:9699 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12255,7 +12255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9737 +#: freeculture.xml:9734 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -12263,7 +12263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9745 +#: freeculture.xml:9742 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12272,7 +12272,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9755 +#: freeculture.xml:9752 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " @@ -12280,7 +12280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9727 +#: freeculture.xml:9724 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12303,7 +12303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9764 +#: freeculture.xml:9761 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12322,7 +12322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9781 +#: freeculture.xml:9778 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12336,7 +12336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9794 +#: freeculture.xml:9791 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12346,7 +12346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9801 +#: freeculture.xml:9798 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12363,7 +12363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#: freeculture.xml:9812 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12377,13 +12377,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9827 +#: freeculture.xml:9824 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9830 +#: freeculture.xml:9827 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12394,7 +12394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9841 +#: freeculture.xml:9838 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12405,12 +12405,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9849 +#: freeculture.xml:9846 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9851 +#: freeculture.xml:9848 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12424,7 +12424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9862 +#: freeculture.xml:9859 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12437,7 +12437,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9872 +#: freeculture.xml:9869 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12451,7 +12451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9886 +#: freeculture.xml:9883 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12463,7 +12463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9895 +#: freeculture.xml:9892 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12476,7 +12476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9906 +#: freeculture.xml:9903 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12488,7 +12488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9912 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12497,7 +12497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9921 +#: freeculture.xml:9918 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12512,12 +12512,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9938 +#: freeculture.xml:9935 msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9943 +#: freeculture.xml:9940 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12530,7 +12530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9955 +#: freeculture.xml:9952 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12538,7 +12538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9960 +#: freeculture.xml:9957 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12550,7 +12550,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9978 +#: freeculture.xml:9975 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -12565,7 +12565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9969 +#: freeculture.xml:9966 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12579,7 +12579,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9996 +#: freeculture.xml:9993 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12587,7 +12587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9992 +#: freeculture.xml:9989 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12599,7 +12599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10017 +#: freeculture.xml:10014 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " @@ -12618,7 +12618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12636,7 +12636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10036 +#: freeculture.xml:10033 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12649,7 +12649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10048 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -12670,7 +12670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10071 +#: freeculture.xml:10068 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -12681,12 +12681,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10084 +#: freeculture.xml:10081 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:10085 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -12695,7 +12695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10094 +#: freeculture.xml:10091 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -12705,7 +12705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10102 +#: freeculture.xml:10099 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -12717,7 +12717,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10111 +#: freeculture.xml:10108 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -12727,7 +12727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10119 +#: freeculture.xml:10116 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -12735,7 +12735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10124 +#: freeculture.xml:10121 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -12744,7 +12744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10130 +#: freeculture.xml:10127 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -12753,12 +12753,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10139 +#: freeculture.xml:10136 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10141 +#: freeculture.xml:10138 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -12769,7 +12769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10150 +#: freeculture.xml:10147 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -12779,7 +12779,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10157 +#: freeculture.xml:10154 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -12791,7 +12791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10168 +#: freeculture.xml:10165 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -12806,7 +12806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:10188 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -12824,7 +12824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10180 +#: freeculture.xml:10177 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -12838,7 +12838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10208 +#: freeculture.xml:10205 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " @@ -12854,7 +12854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10228 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -12866,7 +12866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10223 +#: freeculture.xml:10220 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -12875,7 +12875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10239 +#: freeculture.xml:10236 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -12886,7 +12886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10248 +#: freeculture.xml:10245 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -12896,7 +12896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10259 +#: freeculture.xml:10256 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -12904,7 +12904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10265 +#: freeculture.xml:10262 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -12917,12 +12917,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10284 freeculture.xml:11742 +#: freeculture.xml:10281 freeculture.xml:11739 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10275 +#: freeculture.xml:10272 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -12935,7 +12935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10287 +#: freeculture.xml:10284 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -12948,7 +12948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10298 +#: freeculture.xml:10295 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -12960,7 +12960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10307 +#: freeculture.xml:10304 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -12972,7 +12972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10317 +#: freeculture.xml:10314 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -12982,7 +12982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10324 +#: freeculture.xml:10321 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -12990,7 +12990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10332 +#: freeculture.xml:10329 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -12999,14 +12999,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10338 +#: freeculture.xml:10335 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10342 +#: freeculture.xml:10339 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13014,7 +13014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:10344 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13022,7 +13022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10353 +#: freeculture.xml:10350 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13031,14 +13031,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10359 +#: freeculture.xml:10356 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10363 +#: freeculture.xml:10360 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13046,7 +13046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10369 +#: freeculture.xml:10366 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13055,7 +13055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10375 +#: freeculture.xml:10372 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13067,7 +13067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10386 +#: freeculture.xml:10383 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13076,7 +13076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10399 +#: freeculture.xml:10396 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -13085,7 +13085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:10403 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13093,7 +13093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10410 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " @@ -13101,7 +13101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10392 +#: freeculture.xml:10389 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13116,7 +13116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10421 +#: freeculture.xml:10418 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13130,7 +13130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10434 +#: freeculture.xml:10431 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -13142,7 +13142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10447 +#: freeculture.xml:10444 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13152,7 +13152,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10457 +#: freeculture.xml:10454 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13162,7 +13162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10466 +#: freeculture.xml:10463 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -13178,18 +13178,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:10479 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10488 +#: freeculture.xml:10485 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10479 +#: freeculture.xml:10476 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13201,7 +13201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10495 +#: freeculture.xml:10492 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13215,7 +13215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10493 +#: freeculture.xml:10490 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13229,7 +13229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10519 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " @@ -13244,7 +13244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10533 +#: freeculture.xml:10530 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " @@ -13264,7 +13264,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10556 +#: freeculture.xml:10553 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " "U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " @@ -13272,7 +13272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10551 +#: freeculture.xml:10548 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13284,7 +13284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10566 +#: freeculture.xml:10563 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13296,7 +13296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10578 +#: freeculture.xml:10575 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13310,7 +13310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10599 +#: freeculture.xml:10596 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13319,7 +13319,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10593 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13331,7 +13331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10608 +#: freeculture.xml:10605 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13342,7 +13342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10620 +#: freeculture.xml:10617 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13353,14 +13353,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10632 +#: freeculture.xml:10629 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13368,7 +13368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10639 +#: freeculture.xml:10636 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13378,14 +13378,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10648 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10654 +#: freeculture.xml:10651 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -13397,7 +13397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10663 +#: freeculture.xml:10660 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13411,7 +13411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10678 +#: freeculture.xml:10675 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13425,7 +13425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10690 +#: freeculture.xml:10687 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13433,13 +13433,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10695 +#: freeculture.xml:10692 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10708 +#: freeculture.xml:10705 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -13448,7 +13448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10697 +#: freeculture.xml:10694 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13462,7 +13462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13472,7 +13472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10722 +#: freeculture.xml:10719 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13484,7 +13484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10739 +#: freeculture.xml:10736 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " @@ -13494,7 +13494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10733 +#: freeculture.xml:10730 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13505,7 +13505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10749 +#: freeculture.xml:10746 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13515,7 +13515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10757 +#: freeculture.xml:10754 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -13525,7 +13525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10766 +#: freeculture.xml:10763 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13540,7 +13540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10777 +#: freeculture.xml:10774 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13550,7 +13550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10787 +#: freeculture.xml:10784 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13559,7 +13559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10795 +#: freeculture.xml:10792 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13569,7 +13569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10804 +#: freeculture.xml:10801 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13580,7 +13580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10814 +#: freeculture.xml:10811 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13594,7 +13594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10827 +#: freeculture.xml:10824 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13602,7 +13602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10834 +#: freeculture.xml:10831 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13615,7 +13615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10844 +#: freeculture.xml:10841 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13626,7 +13626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10853 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -13635,12 +13635,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10859 +#: freeculture.xml:10856 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10862 +#: freeculture.xml:10859 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -13655,7 +13655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10875 +#: freeculture.xml:10872 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -13668,7 +13668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10885 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -13681,7 +13681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10896 +#: freeculture.xml:10893 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -13689,7 +13689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10902 +#: freeculture.xml:10899 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -13703,7 +13703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10925 +#: freeculture.xml:10922 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -13711,7 +13711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10913 +#: freeculture.xml:10910 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -13725,7 +13725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10932 +#: freeculture.xml:10929 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -13736,7 +13736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10940 +#: freeculture.xml:10937 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -13746,7 +13746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10947 +#: freeculture.xml:10944 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -13759,7 +13759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10958 +#: freeculture.xml:10955 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -13769,7 +13769,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10964 +#: freeculture.xml:10961 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -13779,7 +13779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10973 +#: freeculture.xml:10970 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -13789,7 +13789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10980 +#: freeculture.xml:10977 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -13797,7 +13797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10986 +#: freeculture.xml:10983 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -13810,7 +13810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10996 +#: freeculture.xml:10993 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -13818,13 +13818,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11001 freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:10998 freeculture.xml:11012 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11000 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -13836,17 +13836,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11013 freeculture.xml:11354 freeculture.xml:11369 freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:11685 freeculture.xml:11716 freeculture.xml:11803 +#: freeculture.xml:11010 freeculture.xml:11351 freeculture.xml:11366 freeculture.xml:11460 freeculture.xml:11682 freeculture.xml:11713 freeculture.xml:11800 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11014 +#: freeculture.xml:11011 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11017 +#: freeculture.xml:11014 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -13859,7 +13859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11027 +#: freeculture.xml:11024 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -13880,7 +13880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11048 +#: freeculture.xml:11045 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -13891,7 +13891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11056 +#: freeculture.xml:11053 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -13910,7 +13910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 +#: freeculture.xml:11072 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -13927,7 +13927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11088 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -13938,7 +13938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11100 +#: freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -13951,7 +13951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11113 +#: freeculture.xml:11110 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -13960,7 +13960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -13969,32 +13969,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11125 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11126 +#: freeculture.xml:11123 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11128 +#: freeculture.xml:11125 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11129 +#: freeculture.xml:11126 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11131 +#: freeculture.xml:11128 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14008,12 +14008,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11154 freeculture.xml:11167 freeculture.xml:11360 freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11151 freeculture.xml:11164 freeculture.xml:11357 freeculture.xml:11718 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11142 +#: freeculture.xml:11139 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14028,7 +14028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11157 +#: freeculture.xml:11154 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14043,7 +14043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11167 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14052,7 +14052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11177 +#: freeculture.xml:11174 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14064,7 +14064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11193 +#: freeculture.xml:11190 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14072,19 +14072,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11201 +#: freeculture.xml:11198 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11208 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:11183 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14100,7 +14100,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11211 +#: freeculture.xml:11208 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14115,7 +14115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11223 +#: freeculture.xml:11220 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14127,7 +14127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14139,13 +14139,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11241 freeculture.xml:11265 freeculture.xml:11614 freeculture.xml:11626 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 freeculture.xml:11262 freeculture.xml:11611 freeculture.xml:11623 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11243 +#: freeculture.xml:11240 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14158,7 +14158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11255 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14171,7 +14171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11267 +#: freeculture.xml:11264 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14181,7 +14181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11275 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14192,7 +14192,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11283 +#: freeculture.xml:11280 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14205,7 +14205,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11293 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -14218,7 +14218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11306 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14228,7 +14228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11315 +#: freeculture.xml:11312 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14238,7 +14238,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11322 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14256,7 +14256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#: freeculture.xml:11342 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14267,7 +14267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11356 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14277,7 +14277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11363 +#: freeculture.xml:11360 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14288,7 +14288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11371 +#: freeculture.xml:11368 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14306,7 +14306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11388 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14322,7 +14322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11403 +#: freeculture.xml:11400 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14331,14 +14331,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11409 +#: freeculture.xml:11406 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11411 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14347,7 +14347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11421 +#: freeculture.xml:11418 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14356,7 +14356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11427 +#: freeculture.xml:11424 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14364,14 +14364,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11435 +#: freeculture.xml:11432 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11441 +#: freeculture.xml:11438 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14381,14 +14381,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11449 +#: freeculture.xml:11446 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11455 +#: freeculture.xml:11452 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14398,7 +14398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11465 +#: freeculture.xml:11462 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14408,7 +14408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11472 +#: freeculture.xml:11469 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " @@ -14417,21 +14417,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11477 +#: freeculture.xml:11474 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11485 +#: freeculture.xml:11482 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11489 +#: freeculture.xml:11486 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14440,7 +14440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11498 +#: freeculture.xml:11495 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14448,7 +14448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11504 +#: freeculture.xml:11501 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14457,7 +14457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11513 +#: freeculture.xml:11510 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14473,7 +14473,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11526 +#: freeculture.xml:11523 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14481,7 +14481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 +#: freeculture.xml:11531 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14498,7 +14498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11553 +#: freeculture.xml:11550 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14508,7 +14508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11560 +#: freeculture.xml:11557 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14516,7 +14516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11565 +#: freeculture.xml:11562 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -14524,7 +14524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11567 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -14534,7 +14534,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11581 +#: freeculture.xml:11578 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14542,7 +14542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11587 +#: freeculture.xml:11584 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " @@ -14551,7 +14551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:11590 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14564,7 +14564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11604 +#: freeculture.xml:11601 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14577,7 +14577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11616 +#: freeculture.xml:11613 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14592,7 +14592,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11626 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14605,7 +14605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11637 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -14615,7 +14615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 +#: freeculture.xml:11644 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -14623,7 +14623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11652 +#: freeculture.xml:11649 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " @@ -14639,7 +14639,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -14654,7 +14654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11680 +#: freeculture.xml:11677 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -14662,7 +14662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11684 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -14677,7 +14677,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11698 +#: freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -14696,7 +14696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11718 +#: freeculture.xml:11715 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -14704,7 +14704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:11721 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -14713,7 +14713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11730 +#: freeculture.xml:11727 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -14723,7 +14723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11734 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -14735,7 +14735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:11742 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -14755,7 +14755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11766 +#: freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -14766,7 +14766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11775 +#: freeculture.xml:11772 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -14776,7 +14776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11782 +#: freeculture.xml:11779 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -14788,12 +14788,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11793 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11795 +#: freeculture.xml:11792 msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " @@ -14805,7 +14805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11805 +#: freeculture.xml:11802 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -14819,7 +14819,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11815 +#: freeculture.xml:11812 msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -14829,7 +14829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11823 +#: freeculture.xml:11820 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -14837,7 +14837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11828 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -14848,12 +14848,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11836 freeculture.xml:12034 +#: freeculture.xml:11833 freeculture.xml:12031 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11838 +#: freeculture.xml:11835 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -14867,7 +14867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11850 +#: freeculture.xml:11847 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -14880,18 +14880,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11860 +#: freeculture.xml:11857 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11861 freeculture.xml:11900 +#: freeculture.xml:11858 freeculture.xml:11897 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11868 +#: freeculture.xml:11865 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -14913,7 +14913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11864 +#: freeculture.xml:11861 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -14927,7 +14927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11894 +#: freeculture.xml:11891 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -14937,7 +14937,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11902 +#: freeculture.xml:11899 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -14949,7 +14949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11912 +#: freeculture.xml:11909 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -14960,7 +14960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11920 +#: freeculture.xml:11917 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -14971,7 +14971,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11928 +#: freeculture.xml:11925 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -14983,7 +14983,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11940 +#: freeculture.xml:11937 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -14994,7 +14994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11949 +#: freeculture.xml:11946 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15013,7 +15013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11965 +#: freeculture.xml:11962 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15027,7 +15027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11979 +#: freeculture.xml:11976 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15039,7 +15039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11989 +#: freeculture.xml:11986 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15050,7 +15050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11998 +#: freeculture.xml:11995 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15060,7 +15060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12005 +#: freeculture.xml:12002 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15070,7 +15070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12012 +#: freeculture.xml:12009 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15079,7 +15079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12018 +#: freeculture.xml:12015 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15097,7 +15097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:12033 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15106,7 +15106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12042 +#: freeculture.xml:12039 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15117,7 +15117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12051 +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15129,7 +15129,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12059 +#: freeculture.xml:12056 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15151,7 +15151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12080 +#: freeculture.xml:12077 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15162,7 +15162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12088 +#: freeculture.xml:12085 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15174,7 +15174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12098 +#: freeculture.xml:12095 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15184,7 +15184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12107 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15198,7 +15198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12118 +#: freeculture.xml:12115 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15211,12 +15211,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12128 +#: freeculture.xml:12125 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12131 +#: freeculture.xml:12128 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15228,7 +15228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12141 +#: freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15239,7 +15239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:12145 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15250,7 +15250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12160 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15260,7 +15260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12167 +#: freeculture.xml:12164 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15272,12 +15272,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12179 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12181 +#: freeculture.xml:12178 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15287,7 +15287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12188 +#: freeculture.xml:12185 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15298,7 +15298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12200 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15309,7 +15309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12196 +#: freeculture.xml:12193 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15322,7 +15322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12214 +#: freeculture.xml:12211 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15333,7 +15333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12222 +#: freeculture.xml:12219 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15346,7 +15346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12233 +#: freeculture.xml:12230 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15356,12 +15356,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12251 freeculture.xml:12687 +#: freeculture.xml:12248 freeculture.xml:12684 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12249 +#: freeculture.xml:12246 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " @@ -15369,7 +15369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12240 +#: freeculture.xml:12237 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15382,7 +15382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12261 +#: freeculture.xml:12258 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15396,7 +15396,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15405,7 +15405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12256 +#: freeculture.xml:12253 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15428,7 +15428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12299 +#: freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15440,7 +15440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12309 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15451,7 +15451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12317 +#: freeculture.xml:12314 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15465,7 +15465,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12332 +#: freeculture.xml:12329 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " @@ -15482,7 +15482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12326 +#: freeculture.xml:12323 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15494,7 +15494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12353 +#: freeculture.xml:12350 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15507,7 +15507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:12360 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15518,7 +15518,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12371 +#: freeculture.xml:12368 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15530,7 +15530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12379 +#: freeculture.xml:12376 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15546,7 +15546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12394 +#: freeculture.xml:12391 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15554,7 +15554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12400 +#: freeculture.xml:12397 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15569,7 +15569,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12412 +#: freeculture.xml:12409 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15589,7 +15589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12432 +#: freeculture.xml:12429 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -15607,7 +15607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12449 +#: freeculture.xml:12446 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15620,12 +15620,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12477 freeculture.xml:13200 +#: freeculture.xml:12474 freeculture.xml:13197 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12446 +#: freeculture.xml:12443 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -15649,7 +15649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12480 +#: freeculture.xml:12477 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -15660,14 +15660,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:12485 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12487 +#: freeculture.xml:12484 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -15679,7 +15679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12498 +#: freeculture.xml:12495 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -15703,7 +15703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12522 +#: freeculture.xml:12519 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -15712,7 +15712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12528 +#: freeculture.xml:12525 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -15727,7 +15727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12551 +#: freeculture.xml:12548 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -15746,7 +15746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12539 +#: freeculture.xml:12536 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -15762,7 +15762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12573 +#: freeculture.xml:12570 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -15781,14 +15781,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12599 +#: freeculture.xml:12596 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12591 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -15801,7 +15801,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12605 +#: freeculture.xml:12602 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -15811,7 +15811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12613 +#: freeculture.xml:12610 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -15823,12 +15823,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12623 +#: freeculture.xml:12620 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12627 +#: freeculture.xml:12624 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -15841,7 +15841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12637 +#: freeculture.xml:12634 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -15856,7 +15856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12650 +#: freeculture.xml:12647 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -15872,7 +15872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12663 +#: freeculture.xml:12660 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -15885,7 +15885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12675 +#: freeculture.xml:12672 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -15899,14 +15899,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12692 +#: freeculture.xml:12689 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12689 +#: freeculture.xml:12686 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15916,7 +15916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12700 +#: freeculture.xml:12697 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -15926,7 +15926,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12707 +#: freeculture.xml:12704 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -15939,7 +15939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12719 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -15952,7 +15952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12726 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -15963,7 +15963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12734 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -15971,7 +15971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12743 +#: freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -15985,7 +15985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12754 +#: freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -15995,7 +15995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16009,7 +16009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12775 +#: freeculture.xml:12772 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16019,7 +16019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12780 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16029,7 +16029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12790 +#: freeculture.xml:12787 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16041,7 +16041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12800 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16051,7 +16051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12804 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16062,20 +16062,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12815 +#: freeculture.xml:12812 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12818 +#: freeculture.xml:12815 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12823 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16093,7 +16093,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12838 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16103,7 +16103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 +#: freeculture.xml:12845 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16111,7 +16111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12820 +#: freeculture.xml:12817 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16130,18 +16130,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12865 freeculture.xml:13216 +#: freeculture.xml:12862 freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12866 +#: freeculture.xml:12863 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12871 +#: freeculture.xml:12868 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16150,7 +16150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12880 +#: freeculture.xml:12877 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16158,7 +16158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12865 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16177,20 +16177,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12894 +#: freeculture.xml:12891 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:12899 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12906 +#: freeculture.xml:12903 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16198,7 +16198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12911 +#: freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16207,7 +16207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#: freeculture.xml:12914 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16216,7 +16216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12924 +#: freeculture.xml:12921 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16226,12 +16226,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12933 +#: freeculture.xml:12930 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12935 +#: freeculture.xml:12932 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16240,7 +16240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12941 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16254,7 +16254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12951 +#: freeculture.xml:12948 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16265,7 +16265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12963 +#: freeculture.xml:12960 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16281,7 +16281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12977 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16291,12 +16291,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12986 +#: freeculture.xml:12983 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:12985 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16308,12 +16308,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12998 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13002 +#: freeculture.xml:12999 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16330,12 +16330,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13013 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13018 +#: freeculture.xml:13015 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16348,7 +16348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13028 +#: freeculture.xml:13025 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16361,7 +16361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13044 +#: freeculture.xml:13041 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " @@ -16374,7 +16374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13038 +#: freeculture.xml:13035 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16387,7 +16387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13062 +#: freeculture.xml:13059 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16398,12 +16398,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13069 +#: freeculture.xml:13066 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13071 +#: freeculture.xml:13068 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16413,7 +16413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13076 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16427,7 +16427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:13088 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16440,7 +16440,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13100 +#: freeculture.xml:13097 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16450,7 +16450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13109 +#: freeculture.xml:13106 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16459,7 +16459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13115 +#: freeculture.xml:13112 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16472,7 +16472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13126 +#: freeculture.xml:13123 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16483,7 +16483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13134 +#: freeculture.xml:13131 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16492,7 +16492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13139 +#: freeculture.xml:13136 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16509,7 +16509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13155 +#: freeculture.xml:13152 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16521,7 +16521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13164 +#: freeculture.xml:13161 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16529,7 +16529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13169 +#: freeculture.xml:13166 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16544,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13181 +#: freeculture.xml:13178 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16554,7 +16554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13189 +#: freeculture.xml:13186 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16569,7 +16569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13203 +#: freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16580,19 +16580,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13214 +#: freeculture.xml:13211 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13219 +#: freeculture.xml:13216 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13223 +#: freeculture.xml:13220 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -16606,7 +16606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13233 +#: freeculture.xml:13230 msgid "" "Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " @@ -16624,7 +16624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13251 +#: freeculture.xml:13248 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -16637,7 +16637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13262 +#: freeculture.xml:13259 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -16650,12 +16650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13283 +#: freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -16669,7 +16669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13286 +#: freeculture.xml:13283 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -16683,7 +16683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 +#: freeculture.xml:13295 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -16693,7 +16693,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13305 +#: freeculture.xml:13302 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -16707,7 +16707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13317 +#: freeculture.xml:13314 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -16716,7 +16716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13323 +#: freeculture.xml:13320 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -16729,7 +16729,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13349 +#: freeculture.xml:13346 msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " @@ -16738,7 +16738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13334 +#: freeculture.xml:13331 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -16757,7 +16757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -16772,7 +16772,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13370 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -16783,7 +16783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#: freeculture.xml:13377 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -16794,7 +16794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13385 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -16805,12 +16805,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13402 +#: freeculture.xml:13399 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13404 +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -16820,7 +16820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13411 +#: freeculture.xml:13408 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -16829,12 +16829,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13418 +#: freeculture.xml:13415 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13420 +#: freeculture.xml:13417 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -16844,14 +16844,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13427 +#: freeculture.xml:13424 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13432 +#: freeculture.xml:13429 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -16860,12 +16860,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13438 +#: freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13441 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -16875,7 +16875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13446 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -16890,7 +16890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13463 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -16898,7 +16898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13461 +#: freeculture.xml:13458 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -16908,7 +16908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13468 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -16919,12 +16919,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13483 +#: freeculture.xml:13480 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13485 +#: freeculture.xml:13482 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -16939,7 +16939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13498 +#: freeculture.xml:13495 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -16951,7 +16951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13507 +#: freeculture.xml:13504 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -16964,7 +16964,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13517 +#: freeculture.xml:13514 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -16978,12 +16978,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:13529 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13534 +#: freeculture.xml:13531 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -16995,7 +16995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13544 +#: freeculture.xml:13541 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17003,7 +17003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13550 +#: freeculture.xml:13547 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17017,7 +17017,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13567 +#: freeculture.xml:13564 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17026,7 +17026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13560 +#: freeculture.xml:13557 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17042,7 +17042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13580 +#: freeculture.xml:13577 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17052,7 +17052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13587 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17066,7 +17066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17077,7 +17077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13606 +#: freeculture.xml:13603 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17085,7 +17085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13611 +#: freeculture.xml:13608 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17096,12 +17096,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13623 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13625 +#: freeculture.xml:13622 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17110,14 +17110,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13637 +#: freeculture.xml:13634 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:13627 msgid "" "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " @@ -17128,7 +17128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13644 +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17137,7 +17137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13652 +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -17150,7 +17150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13657 msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " @@ -17164,7 +17164,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13680 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17172,7 +17172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13673 +#: freeculture.xml:13670 msgid "" "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " @@ -17186,7 +17186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13688 msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -17203,7 +17203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13706 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -17211,7 +17211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13711 +#: freeculture.xml:13708 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17220,12 +17220,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13721 +#: freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13723 +#: freeculture.xml:13720 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17236,7 +17236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13731 +#: freeculture.xml:13728 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17248,14 +17248,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13744 +#: freeculture.xml:13741 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13740 +#: freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17267,12 +17267,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13757 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:13750 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17281,7 +17281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13762 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17291,7 +17291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13766 msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -17303,7 +17303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13781 +#: freeculture.xml:13778 msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -17318,7 +17318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13793 +#: freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17328,12 +17328,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:13804 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " @@ -17341,7 +17341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:13798 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17351,7 +17351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13815 +#: freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17362,7 +17362,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13822 +#: freeculture.xml:13819 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17372,12 +17372,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13832 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#: freeculture.xml:13831 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17387,7 +17387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13841 +#: freeculture.xml:13838 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17398,7 +17398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13847 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17408,7 +17408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13857 +#: freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17418,7 +17418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13862 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17426,7 +17426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13870 +#: freeculture.xml:13867 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17435,7 +17435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13876 +#: freeculture.xml:13873 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17444,7 +17444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17452,7 +17452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13888 +#: freeculture.xml:13885 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17463,7 +17463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13896 +#: freeculture.xml:13893 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17472,7 +17472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13903 +#: freeculture.xml:13900 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17480,7 +17480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13908 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17495,7 +17495,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13920 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17512,7 +17512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13952 +#: freeculture.xml:13949 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17520,7 +17520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13935 +#: freeculture.xml:13932 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17541,7 +17541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17557,7 +17557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13975 +#: freeculture.xml:13972 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17570,7 +17570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#: freeculture.xml:13983 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -17581,7 +17581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:13992 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -17593,7 +17593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14005 +#: freeculture.xml:14002 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -17606,7 +17606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14016 +#: freeculture.xml:14013 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -17618,7 +17618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14026 +#: freeculture.xml:14023 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -17631,7 +17631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14036 +#: freeculture.xml:14033 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -17642,14 +17642,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14044 +#: freeculture.xml:14041 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14048 +#: freeculture.xml:14045 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -17663,7 +17663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14059 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -17674,12 +17674,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14103 +#: freeculture.xml:14100 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14067 msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " "October 2000), available at <ulink " @@ -17716,7 +17716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17731,7 +17731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14116 +#: freeculture.xml:14113 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -17749,7 +17749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#: freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -17762,7 +17762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14141 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -17779,7 +17779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14159 +#: freeculture.xml:14156 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -17794,7 +17794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14171 +#: freeculture.xml:14168 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -17805,13 +17805,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14177 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14185 +#: freeculture.xml:14182 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -17820,19 +17820,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:14189 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14195 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14202 +#: freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -17840,14 +17840,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14208 +#: freeculture.xml:14205 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14213 +#: freeculture.xml:14210 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -17856,7 +17856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14219 +#: freeculture.xml:14216 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -17873,7 +17873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14233 +#: freeculture.xml:14230 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -17883,12 +17883,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14244 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14246 +#: freeculture.xml:14243 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -17897,7 +17897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14252 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -17908,14 +17908,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:14266 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14260 +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -17928,7 +17928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14275 +#: freeculture.xml:14272 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -17937,7 +17937,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14285 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -17956,7 +17956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:14277 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -17968,7 +17968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14308 +#: freeculture.xml:14305 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -17978,7 +17978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14316 +#: freeculture.xml:14313 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -17991,7 +17991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18002,7 +18002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18010,7 +18010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14337 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18023,7 +18023,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14349 +#: freeculture.xml:14346 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18033,7 +18033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14358 +#: freeculture.xml:14355 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18041,12 +18041,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14367 +#: freeculture.xml:14364 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14366 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18060,12 +18060,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14384 +#: freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14386 +#: freeculture.xml:14383 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18074,7 +18074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14389 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18090,7 +18090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14405 +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18103,7 +18103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14416 +#: freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18124,7 +18124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14433 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18135,7 +18135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14445 +#: freeculture.xml:14442 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "