From: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>
Date: Sat, 28 Jul 2012 11:36:04 +0000 (+0200)
Subject: Add some indexes.
X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2056
X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/9173e97edd40556fd88079a4cca960fc8d268ec8

Add some indexes.
---

diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po
index 235efd2..0b9614c 100644
--- a/freeculture.nb.po
+++ b/freeculture.nb.po
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 11:21+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 13:25+0300\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n"
 "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen <pere@hungry.com>\n"
 "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål <i18n-nb@lister.ping.uio.no>\n"
@@ -1250,13 +1250,17 @@ msgstr ""
 "USA.  Men det var på ingen måte dominerende i vår tradisjon.  Det var i "
 "stedet bare en del, en kontrollert del, balansert mot det frie."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Litman, Jessica"
+msgstr "Litman, Jessica"
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
 msgid ""
 "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
-"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13."
+"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Se Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
-"Prometheus bøker, 2001), kap. 13."
+"Prometheus bøker, 2001), kap. 13.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
 msgid ""
@@ -2171,14 +2175,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. kom før Disneys tegnefilm "
 "Steamboat Willie.  Det er ingen tilfeldighet at titlene er så like. "
-"Steamboat Willie er en direkte tegneserieparodi av Steamboat "
-"Bill,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og begge bygger på en "
-"felles sang som kilde.  Det er ikke kun fra nyskapningen med "
-"synkronisert lyd i <citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi får "
-"<citetitle>Steamboat Willie</citetitle>.  Det er også fra Buster "
-"Keatons nyskapning Steamboat Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av "
-"sangen \"Steamboat Bill\", at vi får Steamboat Willie.  Og fra "
-"Steamboat Willie får vi så Mikke Mus."
+"Steamboat Willie er en direkte tegneserieparodi av Steamboat Bill,"
+"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> og begge bygger på en felles sang "
+"som kilde.  Det er ikke kun fra nyskapningen med synkronisert lyd i "
+"<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle> at vi får <citetitle>Steamboat "
+"Willie</citetitle>.  Det er også fra Buster Keatons nyskapning Steamboat "
+"Bill, Jr., som igjen var inspirert av sangen \"Steamboat Bill\", at vi får "
+"Steamboat Willie.  Og fra Steamboat Willie får vi så Mikke Mus."
 
 #.  f3
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
@@ -2440,19 +2443,18 @@ msgid ""
 "doujinshi for inclusion within shows and reject any copycat comic that is "
 "merely a copy."
 msgstr ""
-"Dette er fenomenet <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>.  Doujinshi er "
-"også tegneserier, men de er slags etterapings-tegneserier.  En rik "
-"etikk styrer de som skaper doujinshi.  Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det "
-"<emphasis>bare</emphasis> er en kopi.  Kunstneren må gjøre et bidrag "
-"til kunsten han kopierer ved å omforme det entet subtilt eller "
-"betydelig.  En doujinshi-tegneserie kan dermed ta en "
-"massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en annen retning&mdash;med en "
-"annen historie-linje.  Eller tegneserien kan beholde figuren som seg "
-"selv men endre litt på utseendet.  Det er ingen bestemt formel for "
-"hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"forskjellig\".  Men de må "
-"være forskjellige hvis de skal anses som ekte doujinshi.  Det er "
-"faktisk komiteer som går igjennom doujinshi for å bli med på messer, "
-"og avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi."
+"Dette er fenomenet <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>.  Doujinshi er også "
+"tegneserier, men de er slags etterapings-tegneserier.  En rik etikk styrer "
+"de som skaper doujinshi.  Det er ikke doujinshi hvis det <emphasis>bare</"
+"emphasis> er en kopi.  Kunstneren må gjøre et bidrag til kunsten han "
+"kopierer ved å omforme det entet subtilt eller betydelig.  En doujinshi-"
+"tegneserie kan dermed ta en massemarkeds-tegneserie og utvikle den i en "
+"annen retning&mdash;med en annen historie-linje.  Eller tegneserien kan "
+"beholde figuren som seg selv men endre litt på utseendet.  Det er ingen "
+"bestemt formel for hva som gjør en doujinshi tilstrekkelig \"forskjellig\".  "
+"Men de må være forskjellige hvis de skal anses som ekte doujinshi.  Det er "
+"faktisk komiteer som går igjennom doujinshi for å bli med på messer, og "
+"avviser etterapninger som bare er en kopi."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
 msgid ""
@@ -2466,17 +2468,15 @@ msgid ""
 "market to shut the doujinshi market down. It flourishes, despite the "
 "competition and despite the law."
 msgstr ""
-"Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av "
-"manga-markedet.  Det er enorme.  Mer en 33 000 \"sirkler\" av skapere "
-"over hele Japan som produserer disse bitene av Walt "
-"Disney-kreativitet.  Mer en 450 000 japanesere samles to ganger i "
-"året, i den største offentlige samlingen i langet, for å bytte og "
-"selge dem.  Dette markedet er parallellt med det kommersielle "
-"massemarkeds-manga-markedet.  På noen måter konkurrerer det åpenbart "
-"med det markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som "
-"kontrollerer det kommersielle manga-markedet for å stenge "
-"doujinshi-markedet.  Det blostrer, på tross av konkurransen og til "
-"tross for loven."
+"Disse etterapings-tegneseriene er ikke en liten del av manga-markedet.  Det "
+"er enorme.  Mer en 33 000 \"sirkler\" av skapere over hele Japan som "
+"produserer disse bitene av Walt Disney-kreativitet.  Mer en 450 000 "
+"japanesere samles to ganger i året, i den største offentlige samlingen i "
+"langet, for å bytte og selge dem.  Dette markedet er parallellt med det "
+"kommersielle massemarkeds-manga-markedet.  På noen måter konkurrerer det "
+"Ã¥penbart med det markedet, men det er ingen vedvarende innsats fra de som "
+"kontrollerer det kommersielle manga-markedet for å stenge doujinshi-"
+"markedet.  Det blostrer, på tross av konkurransen og til tross for loven."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
@@ -5820,6 +5820,18 @@ msgstr ""
 "for en tid-teknologien, er det galt å ta eiendom uten tillatelse fra eieren "
 "av en egenskap. Det er akkurat hva \"property\" betyr."
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Linux operating system"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Microsoft"
+msgstr "Microsoft"
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+msgid "Windows operating system of"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
 msgid "Windows"
 msgstr "Windows"
@@ -5836,7 +5848,8 @@ msgid ""
 "the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the "
 "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not "
 "eventually be buying Microsoft.  Without piracy, then, Microsoft would "
-"lose.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"lose.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
@@ -5867,7 +5880,8 @@ msgid ""
 "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right "
 "to say who gets access to what&mdash;at least ordinarily. And if the law "
 "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of "
-"access, then violating the law is still wrong."
+"access, then violating the law is still wrong.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm"
+"\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 79
@@ -7426,7 +7440,21 @@ msgstr ""
 "loven, så skulle <citetitle>Rome og Julie</citetitle> ha falt i det fri i "
 "1731. Hvordan kunne da Tonson fortsatt ha kontroll over verket i 1774?"
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
+#| "was&mdash;indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute "
+#| "of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights.  The last "
+#| "law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in "
+#| "1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to "
+#| "make it easier for the Crown to control what was published.  But after it "
+#| "expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or "
+#| "\"Stationers,\" had an exclusive right to print books."
 msgid ""
 "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
 "was&mdash;indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of "
@@ -7435,7 +7463,7 @@ msgid ""
 "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier "
 "for the Crown to control what was published.  But after it expired, there "
 "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an "
-"exclusive right to print books."
+"exclusive right to print books.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ikke hadde bestemt hva "
 "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da "
@@ -12416,6 +12444,10 @@ msgstr ""
 msgid "Casablanca"
 msgstr "Casablanca"
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+msgid "Marx Brothers"
+msgstr ""
+
 #.  f19
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
 #, fuzzy
@@ -12708,13 +12740,13 @@ msgstr ""
 "hvis du gjør; i stedet, hvis du presse lese høyt knappen med min bok, "
 "maskinen bare vil ikke lese høyt."
 
-#.  PAGE BREAK 163
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
 "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
 "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
-"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
+"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence.  "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Dette er kontroller, ikke tillatelser. Forestill deg en verden der marx "
 "brødrene solgte tekstbehandling programvare som, da du prøvde å skrive inn "
@@ -16020,12 +16052,11 @@ msgstr ""
 "gjøres riktig, det fordeler skaperne og skader leeches. Når gjort galt, det "
 "er regulering kraftig bruk å beseire konkurrenter."
 
-#.  f9.
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
 #, mtrans, fuzzy
 msgid ""
 "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
-"Prometheus Books, 2001)."
+"Prometheus Books, 2001).  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Jessica litman, digitale copyright (amherst, n.y.: prometheus bøker, 2001)."
 
@@ -19079,7 +19110,8 @@ msgid ""
 "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the "
 "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there "
 "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments.  "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
@@ -21236,8 +21268,8 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
 "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, en "
-"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</citetitle> "
-"(Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
+"rapport forberedt for the World Intellectual Property Organization</"
+"citetitle> (Washington, D.C., 2000), 15."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
 msgid ""
@@ -21782,6 +21814,18 @@ msgstr ""
 "fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #63</ulink>."
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
+#, fuzzy
+#| msgid ""
+#| "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make "
+#| "clear that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
+#| "software. There are many important companies that depend fundamentally "
+#| "upon open source and free software, IBM being the most prominent. IBM is "
+#| "increasingly shifting its focus to the GNU/Linux operating system, the "
+#| "most famous bit of \"free software\"&mdash;and IBM is emphatically a "
+#| "commercial entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is "
+#| "not to oppose commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of "
+#| "software development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type="
+#| "\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
 "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial software. "
@@ -21791,7 +21835,8 @@ msgid ""
 "\"free software\"&mdash;and IBM is emphatically a commercial entity. Thus, "
 "to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose commercial "
 "entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software development that is "
-"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"different from Microsoft's.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 "Jeg mener ikke å gå inn i den debatten her.  Det er viktig kun for å gjøre "
 "det klart at skillet ikke er mellom kommersiell og ikke-kommersiell "
@@ -22806,7 +22851,8 @@ msgid ""
 "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
 "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
 "the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" kernel "
-"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system."
+"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system.  <placeholder type="
+"\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
@@ -23741,9 +23787,9 @@ msgid ""
 "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
 "authors."
 msgstr ""
-"Vernetiden i opphavsretten har gått fra fjorten år til nittifem år "
-"der selskap har forfatterskapet , og livstiden til forfatteren pluss "
-"sytti år for individuelle forfattere."
+"Vernetiden i opphavsretten har gått fra fjorten år til nittifem år der "
+"selskap har forfatterskapet , og livstiden til forfatteren pluss sytti år "
+"for individuelle forfattere."
 
 #.  f3.
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
@@ -24897,16 +24943,16 @@ msgstr ""
 "å stille spørsmål med sin egen uttalte posisjon&mdash;to ganger.  I starten "
 "predicated han at nedlasting ville påføre industrien vesentlig skade.  Han "
 "endret så sitt syn etter i lys av dataene, og han har siden endret sitt syn "
-"på nytt.  Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy: The "
-"True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New York: Amacom, 2002), "
-"(gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) med Stan J.  "
-"Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" artikkelutkast, "
-"juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/"
-"\">link #86</ulink>.  Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt verdifull "
-"i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi.  Etter mitt syn "
-"underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system.  Se, for "
-"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174&ndash;76.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id="
-"\"0\"/>"
+"på nytt.  Sammenlign Stan J. Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network "
+"Economy: The True Forces That Drive the Digital Marketplace</citetitle> (New "
+"York: Amacom, 2002), (gikk igjennom hans originale syn men uttrykte skepsis) "
+"med Stan J.  Liebowitz, \"Will MP3s Annihilate the Record Industry?\" "
+"artikkelutkast, juni 2003, tilgjengelig fra <ulink url=\"http://free-culture."
+"cc/notes/\">link #86</ulink>.  Den nøye analysen til Liebowitz er ekstremt "
+"verdifull i sin estimering av effekten av fildelingsteknologi.  Etter mitt "
+"syn underestimerer han forøvrig kostnaden til det juridiske system.  Se, for "
+"eksempel, <citetitle>Rethinking</citetitle>, 174&ndash;76.  <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
 msgid ""
diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot
index 42b94b4..734d919 100644
--- a/freeculture.pot
+++ b/freeculture.pot
@@ -7,7 +7,7 @@
 msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n"
-"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 11:21+0300\n"
+"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-28 13:25+0300\n"
 "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n"
 "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n"
 "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n"
@@ -410,12 +410,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12680
+#: freeculture.xml:358 freeculture.xml:12696
 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12693
+#: freeculture.xml:369 freeculture.xml:379 freeculture.xml:12709
 msgid "Safire, William"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -549,12 +549,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:927 freeculture.xml:944 freeculture.xml:990 freeculture.xml:8727 freeculture.xml:12082 freeculture.xml:12784
+#: freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:477 freeculture.xml:508 freeculture.xml:527 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8740 freeculture.xml:12097 freeculture.xml:12800
 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:928 freeculture.xml:945 freeculture.xml:991 freeculture.xml:8728 freeculture.xml:12083 freeculture.xml:12785
+#: freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:478 freeculture.xml:509 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:929 freeculture.xml:946 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8741 freeculture.xml:12098 freeculture.xml:12801
 msgid "Causby, Tinie"
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -952,7 +952,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1799 freeculture.xml:1810
+#: freeculture.xml:785 freeculture.xml:1800 freeculture.xml:1811
 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D."
 msgstr ""
 
@@ -982,11 +982,16 @@ msgid ""
 "a controlled part, balanced with the free."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:797 freeculture.xml:9275
+msgid "Litman, Jessica"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
 #: freeculture.xml:795
 msgid ""
 "See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: "
-"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13."
+"Prometheus Books, 2001), ch. 13.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
@@ -1006,7 +1011,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:811
+#: freeculture.xml:812
 msgid ""
 "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity.  "
 "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism "
@@ -1020,7 +1025,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:824
+#: freeculture.xml:825
 msgid ""
 "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to "
 "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that "
@@ -1041,7 +1046,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:843
+#: freeculture.xml:844
 msgid ""
 "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is "
 "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early "
@@ -1052,7 +1057,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:860
+#: freeculture.xml:861
 msgid ""
 "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New "
 "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" <citetitle>New York "
@@ -1060,7 +1065,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:852
+#: freeculture.xml:853
 msgid ""
 "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the "
 "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly "
@@ -1075,7 +1080,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:869
+#: freeculture.xml:870
 msgid ""
 "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the "
 "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the "
@@ -1085,7 +1090,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:877
+#: freeculture.xml:878
 msgid ""
 "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much "
 "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the "
@@ -1094,12 +1099,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:891 freeculture.xml:14040
+#: freeculture.xml:892 freeculture.xml:14057
 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:889
+#: freeculture.xml:890
 msgid ""
 "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" "
 "<citetitle>Yale Law Journal</citetitle> 106 (1996): 283.  <placeholder "
@@ -1107,7 +1112,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:883
+#: freeculture.xml:884
 msgid ""
 "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our "
 "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and "
@@ -1121,7 +1126,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:899
+#: freeculture.xml:900
 msgid ""
 "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the "
 "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective "
@@ -1134,7 +1139,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:911
+#: freeculture.xml:912
 msgid ""
 "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality "
 "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or "
@@ -1144,7 +1149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:919
+#: freeculture.xml:920
 msgid ""
 "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired "
 "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by "
@@ -1156,7 +1161,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:930
+#: freeculture.xml:931
 msgid ""
 "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The "
 "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent "
@@ -1174,7 +1179,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 27 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:947
+#: freeculture.xml:948
 msgid ""
 "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright "
 "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic.  Common sense does "
@@ -1184,7 +1189,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:957
+#: freeculture.xml:958
 msgid ""
 "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly "
 "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more "
@@ -1197,7 +1202,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:967
+#: freeculture.xml:968
 msgid ""
 "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about "
 "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it "
@@ -1206,14 +1211,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:973
+#: freeculture.xml:974
 msgid ""
 "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture "
 "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:977
+#: freeculture.xml:978
 msgid ""
 "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of "
 "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war "
@@ -1223,7 +1228,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:984
+#: freeculture.xml:985
 msgid ""
 "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense "
 "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in "
@@ -1233,7 +1238,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 28 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:993
+#: freeculture.xml:994
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was "
 "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I "
@@ -1245,7 +1250,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1003
+#: freeculture.xml:1004
 msgid ""
 "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and "
 "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two "
@@ -1253,7 +1258,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1008
+#: freeculture.xml:1009
 msgid ""
 "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you "
 "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French "
@@ -1264,7 +1269,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1016
+#: freeculture.xml:1017
 msgid ""
 "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet "
 "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by "
@@ -1277,7 +1282,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1027
+#: freeculture.xml:1028
 msgid ""
 "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of "
 "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most "
@@ -1288,17 +1293,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1037
+#: freeculture.xml:1038
 msgid "\"PIRACY\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1041 freeculture.xml:4647
+#: freeculture.xml:1042 freeculture.xml:4656
 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1044
+#: freeculture.xml:1045
 msgid ""
 "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been "
 "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" "
@@ -1309,14 +1314,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1056
+#: freeculture.xml:1057
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
 "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1052
+#: freeculture.xml:1053
 msgid ""
 "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the "
 "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his "
@@ -1325,7 +1330,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 31 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1062
+#: freeculture.xml:1063
 msgid ""
 "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The "
 "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient "
@@ -1336,7 +1341,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1071
+#: freeculture.xml:1072
 msgid ""
 "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright.  The "
 "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and "
@@ -1346,7 +1351,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1079
+#: freeculture.xml:1080
 msgid ""
 "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and "
 "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this "
@@ -1356,7 +1361,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1087
+#: freeculture.xml:1088
 msgid ""
 "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be "
 "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion "
@@ -1365,12 +1370,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1093
+#: freeculture.xml:1094
 msgid "The idea goes something like this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1097
+#: freeculture.xml:1098
 msgid ""
 "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative "
 "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take "
@@ -1380,13 +1385,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1105
+#: freeculture.xml:1106
 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1111
+#: freeculture.xml:1112
 msgid ""
 "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in "
 "the Pepsi Generation,\" <citetitle>Notre Dame Law Review</citetitle> 65 "
@@ -1394,12 +1399,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1124 freeculture.xml:6743
+#: freeculture.xml:1125 freeculture.xml:6752
 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1119
+#: freeculture.xml:1120
 msgid ""
 "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" "
 "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 21 August 1996, available at "
@@ -1410,7 +1415,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1107
+#: freeculture.xml:1108
 msgid ""
 "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor "
 "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of "
@@ -1424,13 +1429,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1129
+#: freeculture.xml:1130
 msgid "ASCAP"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 32 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1131
+#: freeculture.xml:1132
 msgid ""
 "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property "
 "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law "
@@ -1440,7 +1445,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1139
+#: freeculture.xml:1140
 msgid ""
 "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets "
 "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the "
@@ -1450,7 +1455,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1146
+#: freeculture.xml:1147
 msgid ""
 "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes "
 "care to draw&mdash;the distinction between republishing someone's work on "
@@ -1460,7 +1465,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1153
+#: freeculture.xml:1154
 msgid ""
 "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all "
 "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the "
@@ -1470,12 +1475,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1188
+#: freeculture.xml:1161 freeculture.xml:1189
 msgid "Florida, Richard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1181
+#: freeculture.xml:1182
 msgid ""
 "In <citetitle>The Rise of the Creative Class</citetitle> (New York: Basic "
 "Books, 2002), Richard Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor "
@@ -1487,7 +1492,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1162
+#: freeculture.xml:1163
 msgid ""
 "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the "
 "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial "
@@ -1509,7 +1514,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1194
+#: freeculture.xml:1195
 msgid ""
 "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by "
 "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper "
@@ -1517,12 +1522,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1202
+#: freeculture.xml:1203
 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1204
+#: freeculture.xml:1205
 msgid ""
 "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut "
 "in May of that year, in a silent flop called <citetitle>Plane "
@@ -1533,7 +1538,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1211
+#: freeculture.xml:1212
 msgid ""
 "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie "
 "<citetitle>The Jazz Singer</citetitle>. That success led Walt Disney to copy "
@@ -1545,7 +1550,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 35 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1220
+#: freeculture.xml:1221
 msgid ""
 "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth "
 "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and "
@@ -1554,7 +1559,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1227
+#: freeculture.xml:1228
 msgid ""
 "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false "
 "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the "
@@ -1564,14 +1569,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1240
+#: freeculture.xml:1241
 msgid ""
 "Leonard Maltin, <citetitle>Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated "
 "Cartoons</citetitle> (New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34&ndash;35."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1234
+#: freeculture.xml:1235
 msgid ""
 "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric.  They "
 "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought "
@@ -1581,12 +1586,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1249
+#: freeculture.xml:1250
 msgid "Iwerks, Ub"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1246
+#: freeculture.xml:1247
 msgid ""
 "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub "
 "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my "
@@ -1595,7 +1600,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1252
+#: freeculture.xml:1253
 msgid ""
 "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively "
 "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had "
@@ -1607,7 +1612,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1261
+#: freeculture.xml:1262
 msgid ""
 "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks "
 "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) "
@@ -1616,7 +1621,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1267
+#: freeculture.xml:1268
 msgid ""
 "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, "
 "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable "
@@ -1628,7 +1633,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1281
+#: freeculture.xml:1282
 msgid ""
 "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink "
 "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>.  According to Dave "
@@ -1641,7 +1646,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1275
+#: freeculture.xml:1276
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Steamboat Bill, Jr</citetitle>. appeared before Disney's cartoon "
 "Steamboat Willie.  The coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat "
@@ -1656,7 +1661,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1302
+#: freeculture.xml:1303
 msgid ""
 "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that "
 "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink "
@@ -1664,7 +1669,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1298
+#: freeculture.xml:1299
 msgid ""
 "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the "
 "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of "
@@ -1679,7 +1684,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1317
+#: freeculture.xml:1318
 msgid ""
 "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant.  Think "
 "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I "
@@ -1692,7 +1697,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 37 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1326
+#: freeculture.xml:1327
 msgid ""
 "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a "
 "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without "
@@ -1719,7 +1724,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1348
+#: freeculture.xml:1349
 msgid ""
 "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and "
 "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except "
@@ -1732,7 +1737,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1362
+#: freeculture.xml:1363
 msgid ""
 "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an "
 "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by "
@@ -1745,7 +1750,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1356
+#: freeculture.xml:1357
 msgid ""
 "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively "
 "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite "
@@ -1759,7 +1764,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1379
+#: freeculture.xml:1380
 msgid ""
 "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain.  No "
 "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, "
@@ -1771,7 +1776,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 38 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1388
+#: freeculture.xml:1389
 msgid ""
 "This is the ways things always were&mdash;until quite recently. For most of "
 "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, "
@@ -1784,7 +1789,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1401
+#: freeculture.xml:1402
 msgid ""
 "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor "
 "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except "
@@ -1792,7 +1797,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1407
+#: freeculture.xml:1408
 msgid ""
 "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many "
 "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: "
@@ -1804,7 +1809,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1416
+#: freeculture.xml:1417
 msgid ""
 "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an "
 "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much "
@@ -1817,7 +1822,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1427
+#: freeculture.xml:1428
 msgid ""
 "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant "
 "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney "
@@ -1826,7 +1831,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 39 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1432
+#: freeculture.xml:1433
 msgid ""
 "This is the phenomenon of <citetitle>doujinshi</citetitle>. Doujinshi are "
 "also comics, but they are a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the "
@@ -1843,7 +1848,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1447
+#: freeculture.xml:1448
 msgid ""
 "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are "
 "huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce "
@@ -1857,7 +1862,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1458
+#: freeculture.xml:1459
 msgid ""
 "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the "
 "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese "
@@ -1873,20 +1878,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1472
+#: freeculture.xml:1473
 msgid "Winick, Judd"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1485
+#: freeculture.xml:1486
 msgid ""
 "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, <citetitle>Reinventing "
 "Comics</citetitle> (New York: Perennial, 2000)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1475
+#: freeculture.xml:1476
 msgid ""
 "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the "
 "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga "
@@ -1899,7 +1904,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1490
+#: freeculture.xml:1491
 msgid ""
 "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of "
 "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are "
@@ -1911,7 +1916,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1507
+#: freeculture.xml:1508
 msgid ""
 "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why "
 "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" <citetitle>Rutgers Law "
@@ -1924,7 +1929,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1499
+#: freeculture.xml:1500
 msgid ""
 "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely "
 "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the "
@@ -1936,7 +1941,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1518
+#: freeculture.xml:1519
 msgid ""
 "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that "
 "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may "
@@ -1949,7 +1954,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1529
+#: freeculture.xml:1530
 msgid ""
 "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often "
 "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from "
@@ -1960,7 +1965,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 41 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1536
+#: freeculture.xml:1537
 msgid ""
 "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a "
 "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words "
@@ -1974,7 +1979,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1549
+#: freeculture.xml:1550
 msgid ""
 "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first "
 "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled "
@@ -1982,12 +1987,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1566 freeculture.xml:2749 freeculture.xml:4354 freeculture.xml:4580 freeculture.xml:7130 freeculture.xml:8187
+#: freeculture.xml:1567 freeculture.xml:2750 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:4589 freeculture.xml:7142 freeculture.xml:8200
 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1559
+#: freeculture.xml:1560
 msgid ""
 "The term <citetitle>intellectual property</citetitle> is of relatively "
 "recent origin. See Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
@@ -2000,7 +2005,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1554
+#: freeculture.xml:1555
 msgid ""
 "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those "
 "celebrants.  I believe in the value of property in general, and I also "
@@ -2011,7 +2016,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1573
+#: freeculture.xml:1574
 msgid ""
 "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of "
 "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money "
@@ -2028,7 +2033,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 42 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1588
+#: freeculture.xml:1589
 msgid ""
 "Thus, even though the things that Disney took&mdash;or more generally, the "
 "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity&mdash;are valuable, "
@@ -2037,7 +2042,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1597
+#: freeculture.xml:1598
 msgid ""
 "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a "
 "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest "
@@ -2048,7 +2053,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1605
+#: freeculture.xml:1606
 msgid ""
 "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that "
 "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney "
@@ -2057,7 +2062,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1611
+#: freeculture.xml:1612
 msgid ""
 "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin "
 "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking "
@@ -2074,7 +2079,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 43 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1625
+#: freeculture.xml:1626
 msgid ""
 "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the "
 "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now.  That building is "
@@ -2087,7 +2092,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1636
+#: freeculture.xml:1637
 msgid ""
 "The hard question is therefore not <emphasis>whether</emphasis> a culture is "
 "free. All cultures are free to some degree. The hard question instead is "
@@ -2101,7 +2106,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1648
+#: freeculture.xml:1649
 msgid ""
 "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build "
 "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free "
@@ -2109,17 +2114,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:1656
+#: freeculture.xml:1657
 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1657
+#: freeculture.xml:1658
 msgid "Daguerre, Louis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1659
+#: freeculture.xml:1660
 msgid ""
 "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for "
 "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they "
@@ -2131,7 +2136,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1668
+#: freeculture.xml:1669
 msgid ""
 "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong.  This "
 "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic "
@@ -2144,13 +2149,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1679
+#: freeculture.xml:1680
 msgid "Eastman, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 45 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1682
+#: freeculture.xml:1683
 msgid ""
 "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen "
 "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an "
@@ -2164,14 +2169,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1699
+#: freeculture.xml:1700
 msgid ""
 "Reese V. Jenkins, <citetitle>Images and Enterprise</citetitle> (Baltimore: "
 "Johns Hopkins University Press, 1975), 112."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1694
+#: freeculture.xml:1695
 msgid ""
 "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of "
 "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis "
@@ -2181,19 +2186,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1717 freeculture.xml:1740
+#: freeculture.xml:1718 freeculture.xml:1741
 msgid "Coe, Brian"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1715
+#: freeculture.xml:1716
 msgid ""
 "Brian Coe, <citetitle>The Birth of Photography</citetitle> (New York: "
 "Taplinger Publishing, 1977), 53.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1704
+#: freeculture.xml:1705
 msgid ""
 "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any "
 "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an "
@@ -2207,18 +2212,18 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1733
+#: freeculture.xml:1734
 msgid "Jenkins, 177."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1737
+#: freeculture.xml:1738
 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1722
+#: freeculture.xml:1723
 msgid ""
 "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, "
 "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, "
@@ -2235,12 +2240,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1755
+#: freeculture.xml:1756
 msgid "Coe, 58."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1744
+#: freeculture.xml:1745
 msgid ""
 "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It "
 "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places "
@@ -2255,7 +2260,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1759
+#: freeculture.xml:1760
 msgid ""
 "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression.  The "
 "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it "
@@ -2271,7 +2276,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1781
+#: freeculture.xml:1782
 msgid ""
 "For illustrative cases, see, for example, <citetitle>Pavesich</citetitle> "
 "v. <citetitle>N.E. Life Ins. Co</citetitle>., 50 S.E. 68 (Ga. 1905); "
@@ -2281,7 +2286,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1772
+#: freeculture.xml:1773
 msgid ""
 "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's "
 "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment "
@@ -2295,7 +2300,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 47 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1789
+#: freeculture.xml:1790
 msgid ""
 "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly "
 "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or "
@@ -2306,12 +2311,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1811
+#: freeculture.xml:1812
 msgid "Warren, Samuel D."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1808
+#: freeculture.xml:1809
 msgid ""
 "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" "
 "<citetitle>Harvard Law Review</citetitle> 4 (1890): 193.  <placeholder "
@@ -2319,7 +2324,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1801
+#: freeculture.xml:1802
 msgid ""
 "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well.  Sure, "
 "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the "
@@ -2334,7 +2339,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1828
+#: freeculture.xml:1829
 msgid ""
 "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" <citetitle>Law and "
 "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, "
@@ -2345,7 +2350,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1818
+#: freeculture.xml:1819
 msgid ""
 "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early "
 "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be "
@@ -2359,7 +2364,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1836
+#: freeculture.xml:1837
 msgid ""
 "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law "
 "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, "
@@ -2377,7 +2382,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 48 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1853
+#: freeculture.xml:1854
 msgid ""
 "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard "
 "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement "
@@ -2404,7 +2409,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1885
+#: freeculture.xml:1886
 msgid ""
 "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software "
 "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February "
@@ -2413,7 +2418,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1879
+#: freeculture.xml:1880
 msgid ""
 "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly "
 "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen "
@@ -2427,12 +2432,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1902
+#: freeculture.xml:1903
 msgid "Yanofsky, Dave"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1897
+#: freeculture.xml:1898
 msgid ""
 "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, "
 "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct "
@@ -2442,7 +2447,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1905
+#: freeculture.xml:1906
 msgid ""
 "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, "
 "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing "
@@ -2451,7 +2456,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1915
+#: freeculture.xml:1916
 msgid ""
 "Judith Van Evra, <citetitle>Television and Child Development</citetitle> "
 "(Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family "
@@ -2459,7 +2464,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1911
+#: freeculture.xml:1912
 msgid ""
 "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television "
 "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials "
@@ -2471,7 +2476,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1926
+#: freeculture.xml:1927
 msgid ""
 "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as "
 "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written "
@@ -2484,7 +2489,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1936
+#: freeculture.xml:1937
 msgid ""
 "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well.  But "
 "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the "
@@ -2495,22 +2500,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1943
+#: freeculture.xml:1944
 msgid "Crichton, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1957 freeculture.xml:2017 freeculture.xml:2024 freeculture.xml:2459
+#: freeculture.xml:1958 freeculture.xml:2018 freeculture.xml:2025 freeculture.xml:2460
 msgid "Barish, Stephanie"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1958
+#: freeculture.xml:1959
 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1955
+#: freeculture.xml:1956
 msgid ""
 "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002.  "
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
@@ -2519,7 +2524,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1969
+#: freeculture.xml:1970
 msgid ""
 "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November "
 "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -2528,7 +2533,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1945
+#: freeculture.xml:1946
 msgid ""
 "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as "
 "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern "
@@ -2546,12 +2551,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:1976
+#: freeculture.xml:1977
 msgid "computer games"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1978
+#: freeculture.xml:1979
 msgid ""
 "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, "
 "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is "
@@ -2561,7 +2566,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1985
+#: freeculture.xml:1986
 msgid ""
 "Yet the push for an expanded literacy&mdash;one that goes beyond text to "
 "include audio and visual elements&mdash;is not about making better film "
@@ -2570,7 +2575,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:1992
+#: freeculture.xml:1993
 msgid ""
 "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not "
 "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that "
@@ -2579,25 +2584,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2000
+#: freeculture.xml:2001
 msgid ""
 "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere.  Couch "
 "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2016
+#: freeculture.xml:2017
 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f31 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2021 freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:4766 freeculture.xml:7914
+#: freeculture.xml:2022 freeculture.xml:3734 freeculture.xml:4775 freeculture.xml:7927
 msgid "Ibid."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2005
+#: freeculture.xml:2006
 msgid ""
 "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It "
 "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding "
@@ -2611,7 +2616,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2026
+#: freeculture.xml:2027
 msgid ""
 "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to "
 "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in "
@@ -2625,7 +2630,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2038
+#: freeculture.xml:2039
 msgid ""
 "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new "
 "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the "
@@ -2636,7 +2641,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2046
+#: freeculture.xml:2047
 msgid ""
 "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple "
 "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this "
@@ -2656,7 +2661,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 52 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2065
+#: freeculture.xml:2066
 msgid ""
 "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of "
 "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley "
@@ -2668,7 +2673,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2076
+#: freeculture.xml:2077
 msgid ""
 "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all "
 "you give them is text, they're not going to do it.  Because they can't. You "
@@ -2689,7 +2694,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2095
+#: freeculture.xml:2096
 msgid ""
 "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, "
 "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I "
@@ -2700,7 +2705,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 53 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2102
+#: freeculture.xml:2103
 msgid ""
 "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say "
 "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually "
@@ -2709,7 +2714,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2111
+#: freeculture.xml:2112
 msgid ""
 "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the "
 "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world "
@@ -2722,7 +2727,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2122
+#: freeculture.xml:2123
 msgid ""
 "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored "
 "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the "
@@ -2733,17 +2738,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2129 freeculture.xml:7852
+#: freeculture.xml:2130 freeculture.xml:7865
 msgid "ABC"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2130
+#: freeculture.xml:2131
 msgid "CBS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2132
+#: freeculture.xml:2133
 msgid ""
 "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" "
 "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as "
@@ -2760,7 +2765,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 54 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2146
+#: freeculture.xml:2147
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet&mdash;though I do think the "
 "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead "
@@ -2771,7 +2776,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2156
+#: freeculture.xml:2157
 msgid ""
 "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows "
 "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, "
@@ -2783,7 +2788,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2165
+#: freeculture.xml:2166
 msgid ""
 "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same "
 "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning "
@@ -2795,7 +2800,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2174
+#: freeculture.xml:2175
 msgid ""
 "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character.  "
 "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private "
@@ -2812,7 +2817,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 55 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2188
+#: freeculture.xml:2189
 msgid ""
 "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it "
 "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for "
@@ -2825,7 +2830,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2214
+#: freeculture.xml:2215
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, <citetitle>Democracy in "
 "America</citetitle>, bk. 1, trans.  Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, "
@@ -2833,7 +2838,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2199
+#: freeculture.xml:2200
 msgid ""
 "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by "
 "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our "
@@ -2852,14 +2857,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2223
+#: freeculture.xml:2224
 msgid ""
 "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" <citetitle>Journal "
 "of Political Philosophy</citetitle> 10 (2) (2002): 129."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2219
+#: freeculture.xml:2220
 msgid ""
 "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, "
 "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are "
@@ -2871,14 +2876,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2238
+#: freeculture.xml:2239
 msgid ""
 "Cass Sunstein, <citetitle>Republic.com</citetitle> (Princeton: Princeton "
 "University Press, 2001), 65&ndash;80, 175, 182, 183, 192."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2231
+#: freeculture.xml:2232
 msgid ""
 "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur.  We, "
 "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm "
@@ -2891,7 +2896,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 56 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2244
+#: freeculture.xml:2245
 msgid ""
 "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this "
 "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want "
@@ -2902,7 +2907,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2255
+#: freeculture.xml:2256
 msgid ""
 "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of "
 "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics.  "
@@ -2913,12 +2918,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2267
+#: freeculture.xml:2268
 msgid "Dean, Howard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2263
+#: freeculture.xml:2264
 msgid ""
 "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name "
 "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for "
@@ -2928,19 +2933,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2281
+#: freeculture.xml:2282
 msgid ""
 "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New "
 "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2284
+#: freeculture.xml:2285
 msgid "Lott, Trent"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2270
+#: freeculture.xml:2271
 msgid ""
 "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the "
 "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott "
@@ -2956,7 +2961,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2287
+#: freeculture.xml:2288
 msgid ""
 "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't "
 "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are "
@@ -2965,7 +2970,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2294
+#: freeculture.xml:2295
 msgid ""
 "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can "
 "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly "
@@ -2976,13 +2981,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2303
+#: freeculture.xml:2304
 msgid "Winer, Dave"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 57 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2306
+#: freeculture.xml:2307
 msgid ""
 "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from "
 "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and "
@@ -2995,18 +3000,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2316 freeculture.xml:2369
+#: freeculture.xml:2317 freeculture.xml:2370
 msgid "CNN"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2324
+#: freeculture.xml:2325
 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2318
+#: freeculture.xml:2319
 msgid ""
 "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated "
 "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public "
@@ -3024,7 +3029,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2342
+#: freeculture.xml:2343
 msgid ""
 "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information "
 "Online,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci "
@@ -3034,7 +3039,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2334
+#: freeculture.xml:2335
 msgid ""
 "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate&mdash;\"amateur\" not in "
 "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning "
@@ -3049,7 +3054,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2361
+#: freeculture.xml:2362
 msgid ""
 "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" "
 "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all "
@@ -3064,7 +3069,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 58 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2354
+#: freeculture.xml:2355
 msgid ""
 "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with "
 "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for "
@@ -3080,7 +3085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2381
+#: freeculture.xml:2382
 msgid ""
 "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't "
 "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is "
@@ -3097,12 +3102,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2397
+#: freeculture.xml:2398
 msgid "Brown, John Seely"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2400
+#: freeculture.xml:2401
 msgid ""
 "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation.  His work, "
 "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of "
@@ -3110,7 +3115,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2405
+#: freeculture.xml:2406
 msgid ""
 "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit "
 "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be "
@@ -3120,7 +3125,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 59 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2412
+#: freeculture.xml:2413
 msgid ""
 "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he "
 "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower "
@@ -3134,7 +3139,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2425
+#: freeculture.xml:2426
 msgid ""
 "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free "
 "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source "
@@ -3144,7 +3149,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2432
+#: freeculture.xml:2433
 msgid ""
 "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as "
 "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . .  unleash a "
@@ -3155,7 +3160,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2440
+#: freeculture.xml:2441
 msgid ""
 "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract.  They "
 "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, "
@@ -3166,7 +3171,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2449
+#: freeculture.xml:2450
 msgid ""
 "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same "
 "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, "
@@ -3181,7 +3186,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 60 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2461
+#: freeculture.xml:2462
 msgid ""
 "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just "
 "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as "
@@ -3190,7 +3195,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2469
+#: freeculture.xml:2470
 msgid ""
 "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed.  Indeed, as "
 "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly "
@@ -3203,7 +3208,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2484
+#: freeculture.xml:2485
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access "
 "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" "
@@ -3212,7 +3217,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2478
+#: freeculture.xml:2479
 msgid ""
 "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars.  "
 "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has "
@@ -3224,7 +3229,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2492
+#: freeculture.xml:2493
 msgid ""
 "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown "
 "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and "
@@ -3232,7 +3237,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2497
+#: freeculture.xml:2498
 msgid ""
 "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, "
 "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural "
@@ -3242,7 +3247,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2505
+#: freeculture.xml:2506
 msgid ""
 "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving "
 "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to "
@@ -3251,19 +3256,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2511
+#: freeculture.xml:2512
 msgid ""
 "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter "
 "9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2517
+#: freeculture.xml:2518
 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2519
+#: freeculture.xml:2520
 msgid ""
 "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a "
 "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York.  His major "
@@ -3273,7 +3278,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2526
+#: freeculture.xml:2527
 msgid ""
 "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions.  It "
 "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to "
@@ -3284,7 +3289,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2534
+#: freeculture.xml:2535
 msgid ""
 "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one "
 "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the "
@@ -3295,7 +3300,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 62 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2541
+#: freeculture.xml:2542
 msgid ""
 "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the "
 "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of "
@@ -3308,7 +3313,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2553
+#: freeculture.xml:2554
 msgid ""
 "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself.  Microsoft, for "
 "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search "
@@ -3319,7 +3324,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2562
+#: freeculture.xml:2563
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network.  Indeed, "
 "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His "
@@ -3333,7 +3338,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2574
+#: freeculture.xml:2575
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, "
 "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system "
@@ -3344,7 +3349,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 63 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2581
+#: freeculture.xml:2582
 msgid ""
 "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students "
 "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies "
@@ -3354,7 +3359,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2590
+#: freeculture.xml:2591
 msgid ""
 "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files "
 "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of "
@@ -3371,7 +3376,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2605
+#: freeculture.xml:2606
 msgid ""
 "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The "
 "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the "
@@ -3382,7 +3387,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2614
+#: freeculture.xml:2615
 msgid ""
 "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . .  "
 "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or "
@@ -3398,7 +3403,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 64 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2627
+#: freeculture.xml:2628
 msgid ""
 "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and "
 "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he "
@@ -3412,7 +3417,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2650
+#: freeculture.xml:2651
 msgid ""
 "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit "
 "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" <citetitle>Professional Media Group "
@@ -3420,7 +3425,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2638
+#: freeculture.xml:2639
 msgid ""
 "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other "
 "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at "
@@ -3435,7 +3440,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2656
+#: freeculture.xml:2657
 msgid ""
 "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened.  An "
 "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to "
@@ -3444,7 +3449,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2663
+#: freeculture.xml:2664
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They "
 "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it "
@@ -3458,7 +3463,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 65 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2674
+#: freeculture.xml:2675
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight.  But "
 "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American "
@@ -3470,7 +3475,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2684
+#: freeculture.xml:2685
 msgid ""
 "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or "
 "$12,000 and a settlement."
@@ -3478,7 +3483,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2696
+#: freeculture.xml:2697
 msgid ""
 "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001)  "
 "(27&ndash;2042&mdash;Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for "
@@ -3487,14 +3492,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2704
+#: freeculture.xml:2705
 msgid ""
 "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" "
 "<citetitle>Wall Street Journal</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, A24."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2688
+#: freeculture.xml:2689
 msgid ""
 "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality.  Let's "
 "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality.  Where is the "
@@ -3508,7 +3513,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2709
+#: freeculture.xml:2710
 msgid ""
 "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The "
 "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had "
@@ -3516,7 +3521,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2716
+#: freeculture.xml:2717
 msgid ""
 "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an "
 "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever "
@@ -3525,7 +3530,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2723
+#: freeculture.xml:2724
 msgid ""
 "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his "
 "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do "
@@ -3535,12 +3540,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2732
+#: freeculture.xml:2733
 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2734
+#: freeculture.xml:2735
 msgid ""
 "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their "
 "permission&mdash;if \"if value, then right\" is true&mdash;then the history "
@@ -3551,12 +3556,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2742
+#: freeculture.xml:2743
 msgid "Film"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2746
+#: freeculture.xml:2747
 msgid ""
 "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary "
 "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
@@ -3566,7 +3571,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 67 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2744
+#: freeculture.xml:2745
 msgid ""
 "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East "
@@ -3580,12 +3585,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2762
+#: freeculture.xml:2763
 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2766
+#: freeculture.xml:2767
 msgid ""
 "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the "
 "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as "
@@ -3597,7 +3602,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2786
+#: freeculture.xml:2787
 msgid ""
 "J. A. Aberdeen, <citetitle>Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent "
 "Motion Picture Producers</citetitle> (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and "
@@ -3612,17 +3617,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2797
+#: freeculture.xml:2798
 msgid "General Film Company"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3043 freeculture.xml:4130 freeculture.xml:9451
+#: freeculture.xml:2799 freeculture.xml:3044 freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:9465
 msgid "Picker, Randal C."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2775
+#: freeculture.xml:2776
 msgid ""
 "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of "
 "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by "
@@ -3639,7 +3644,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2808
+#: freeculture.xml:2809
 msgid ""
 "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" <citetitle>The Silents "
 "Majority</citetitle>, archived at <ulink "
@@ -3647,7 +3652,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2802
+#: freeculture.xml:2803
 msgid ""
 "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like "
 "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted.  "
@@ -3662,7 +3667,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 68 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2818
+#: freeculture.xml:2819
 msgid ""
 "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal "
 "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a "
@@ -3672,19 +3677,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:2829
+#: freeculture.xml:2830
 msgid "Recorded Music"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2831
+#: freeculture.xml:2832
 msgid ""
 "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how "
 "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2835
+#: freeculture.xml:2836
 msgid ""
 "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for "
 "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the "
@@ -3696,12 +3701,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2844 freeculture.xml:2988
+#: freeculture.xml:2845 freeculture.xml:2989
 msgid "Beatles"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2846
+#: freeculture.xml:2847
 msgid ""
 "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or "
 "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I "
@@ -3721,7 +3726,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 69 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2864
+#: freeculture.xml:2865
 msgid ""
 "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to "
 "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it,"
@@ -3729,7 +3734,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2878
+#: freeculture.xml:2879
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 "
 "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st "
@@ -3740,7 +3745,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2871
+#: freeculture.xml:2872
 msgid ""
 "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A "
 "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights "
@@ -3752,7 +3757,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2892
+#: freeculture.xml:2893
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of "
 "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
@@ -3760,7 +3765,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2898
+#: freeculture.xml:2899
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of "
 "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)."
@@ -3768,14 +3773,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2905
+#: freeculture.xml:2906
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of "
 "John Philip Sousa, composer)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2888
+#: freeculture.xml:2889
 msgid ""
 "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works "
 "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American "
@@ -3788,7 +3793,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2918
+#: freeculture.xml:2919
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283&ndash;84 "
 "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating "
@@ -3797,7 +3802,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2929
+#: freeculture.xml:2930
 msgid ""
 "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared "
 "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American "
@@ -3805,7 +3810,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2910
+#: freeculture.xml:2911
 msgid ""
 "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the "
 "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano "
@@ -3823,7 +3828,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 70 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2935
+#: freeculture.xml:2936
 msgid ""
 "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer "
 "<emphasis>and</emphasis> the recording artist. Congress amended the law to "
@@ -3838,7 +3843,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2950
+#: freeculture.xml:2951
 msgid ""
 "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will "
 "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license "
@@ -3849,12 +3854,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:2965 freeculture.xml:13712
+#: freeculture.xml:2966 freeculture.xml:13729
 msgid "Grisham, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2958
+#: freeculture.xml:2959
 msgid ""
 "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a "
 "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the "
@@ -3867,7 +3872,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2982
+#: freeculture.xml:2983
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and "
 "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., "
@@ -3878,7 +3883,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2968
+#: freeculture.xml:2969
 msgid ""
 "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in "
 "effect, the law <emphasis>subsidizes</emphasis> the recording industry "
@@ -3895,7 +3900,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2991
+#: freeculture.xml:2992
 msgid ""
 "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, "
 "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for "
@@ -3904,7 +3909,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3013
+#: freeculture.xml:3014
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on "
 "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March "
@@ -3912,7 +3917,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:2998
+#: freeculture.xml:2999
 msgid ""
 "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system "
 "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a "
@@ -3929,29 +3934,29 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3020
+#: freeculture.xml:3021
 msgid ""
 "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative "
 "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3025 freeculture.xml:4095
+#: freeculture.xml:3026 freeculture.xml:4103
 msgid "Radio"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3027
+#: freeculture.xml:3028
 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3042
+#: freeculture.xml:3043
 msgid "Hand, Learned"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3033
+#: freeculture.xml:3034
 msgid ""
 "See 17 <citetitle>United States Code</citetitle>, sections 106 and 110. At "
 "the beginning, record companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" "
@@ -3968,7 +3973,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3030
+#: freeculture.xml:3031
 msgid ""
 "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public "
 "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -3978,13 +3983,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3060 freeculture.xml:8550 freeculture.xml:9006 freeculture.xml:11898
+#: freeculture.xml:3061 freeculture.xml:8563 freeculture.xml:9019 freeculture.xml:11913
 msgid "Lovett, Lyle"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 72 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3050
+#: freeculture.xml:3051
 msgid ""
 "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy "
 "of the <emphasis>composer's</emphasis> work. The radio station is also "
@@ -3999,7 +4004,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3065
+#: freeculture.xml:3066
 msgid ""
 "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio "
 "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need "
@@ -4009,12 +4014,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3073 freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:5934
+#: freeculture.xml:3074 freeculture.xml:3566 freeculture.xml:5943
 msgid "Madonna"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3076
+#: freeculture.xml:3077
 msgid ""
 "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music.  Imagine "
 "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public "
@@ -4023,7 +4028,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3082
+#: freeculture.xml:3083
 msgid ""
 "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then "
 "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under "
@@ -4035,7 +4040,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3093
+#: freeculture.xml:3094
 msgid ""
 "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists "
 "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the "
@@ -4046,18 +4051,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:3102 freeculture.xml:4101
+#: freeculture.xml:3103 freeculture.xml:4109
 msgid "Cable TV"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3105
+#: freeculture.xml:3106
 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 73 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3108
+#: freeculture.xml:3109
 msgid ""
 "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable "
 "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that "
@@ -4069,18 +4074,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3118
+#: freeculture.xml:3119
 msgid "Anello, Douglas"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3119
+#: freeculture.xml:3120
 msgid "Burdick, Quentin"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3125
+#: freeculture.xml:3126
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the "
 "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee "
@@ -4090,14 +4095,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3136
+#: freeculture.xml:3137
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, "
 "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3121
+#: freeculture.xml:3122
 msgid ""
 "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft.  Rosel "
 "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and "
@@ -4112,14 +4117,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3147
+#: freeculture.xml:3148
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, "
 "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3143
+#: freeculture.xml:3144
 msgid ""
 "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only "
 "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid "
@@ -4127,13 +4132,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3153
+#: freeculture.xml:3154
 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3162
+#: freeculture.xml:3163
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B.  Krim, "
 "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United "
@@ -4141,7 +4146,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3157
+#: freeculture.xml:3158
 msgid ""
 "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our "
 "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't "
@@ -4151,14 +4156,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3173
+#: freeculture.xml:3174
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, "
 "president of the Screen Actors Guild)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3169
+#: freeculture.xml:3170
 msgid ""
 "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston "
 "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder "
@@ -4166,19 +4171,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3178
+#: freeculture.xml:3179
 msgid ""
 "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney "
 "General Edwin Zimmerman put it,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3194 freeculture.xml:3196
+#: freeculture.xml:3195 freeculture.xml:3197
 msgid "Zimmerman, Edwin"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3192
+#: freeculture.xml:3193
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Law Revision&mdash;CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M.  Zimmerman, "
 "acting assistant attorney general).  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
@@ -4186,7 +4191,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3183
+#: freeculture.xml:3184
 msgid ""
 "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright "
 "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are "
@@ -4198,14 +4203,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3200
+#: freeculture.xml:3201
 msgid ""
 "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court "
 "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3204
+#: freeculture.xml:3205
 msgid ""
 "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of "
 "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the "
@@ -4220,7 +4225,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3221
+#: freeculture.xml:3222
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, <citetitle>The "
 "Engine of Free Expression: Copyright on the Internet&mdash;The Myth of Free "
@@ -4231,7 +4236,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3216
+#: freeculture.xml:3217
 msgid ""
 "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value "
 "from someone else's creative property without permission from that "
@@ -4244,12 +4249,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3238
+#: freeculture.xml:3239
 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3240
+#: freeculture.xml:3241
 msgid ""
 "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in "
 "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized "
@@ -4260,7 +4265,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 76 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3248
+#: freeculture.xml:3249
 msgid ""
 "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is "
 "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to "
@@ -4272,13 +4277,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3258
+#: freeculture.xml:3259
 msgid "Piracy I"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3266
+#: freeculture.xml:3267
 msgid ""
 "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), "
 "<citetitle>The Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003</citetitle>, "
@@ -4288,7 +4293,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3260
+#: freeculture.xml:3261
 msgid ""
 "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are "
 "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, "
@@ -4300,7 +4305,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3276
+#: freeculture.xml:3277
 msgid ""
 "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor "
 "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this "
@@ -4308,7 +4313,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3282
+#: freeculture.xml:3283
 msgid ""
 "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for "
 "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred "
@@ -4320,7 +4325,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3291
+#: freeculture.xml:3292
 msgid ""
 "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the "
 "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American "
@@ -4335,7 +4340,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 77 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3302
+#: freeculture.xml:3303
 msgid ""
 "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these "
 "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to "
@@ -4344,12 +4349,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3329 freeculture.xml:12178 freeculture.xml:12604 freeculture.xml:12611
+#: freeculture.xml:3330 freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12620 freeculture.xml:12627
 msgid "Drahos, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3315
+#: freeculture.xml:3316
 msgid ""
 "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
 "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
@@ -4368,7 +4373,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3310
+#: freeculture.xml:3311
 msgid ""
 "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its "
 "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these "
@@ -4380,12 +4385,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:3605 freeculture.xml:14239
+#: freeculture.xml:3350 freeculture.xml:3613 freeculture.xml:14256
 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3342
+#: freeculture.xml:3343
 msgid ""
 "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan "
 "Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle> (New York: "
@@ -4398,7 +4403,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3336
+#: freeculture.xml:3337
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any "
 "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to "
@@ -4408,7 +4413,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3353
+#: freeculture.xml:3354
 msgid ""
 "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands "
 "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they "
@@ -4424,7 +4429,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 78 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3366
+#: freeculture.xml:3367
 msgid ""
 "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property "
 "right of a very special sort, it <emphasis>is</emphasis> a property "
@@ -4441,13 +4446,28 @@ msgid ""
 "owner. That is exactly what \"property\" means."
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3396 freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:11054 freeculture.xml:12503 freeculture.xml:13053
+msgid "Linux operating system"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3395
+#: freeculture.xml:3398
+msgid "Microsoft"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><secondary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3399
+msgid "Windows operating system of"
+msgstr ""
+
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:3401
 msgid "Windows"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3384
+#: freeculture.xml:3385
 msgid ""
 "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the "
 "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" "
@@ -4459,11 +4479,12 @@ msgid ""
 "the piracy. If instead of pirating Microsoft Windows, the Chinese used the "
 "free GNU/Linux operating system, then these Chinese users would not "
 "eventually be buying Microsoft.  Without piracy, then, Microsoft would "
-"lose.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"lose.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3398
+#: freeculture.xml:3404
 msgid ""
 "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good "
 "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, "
@@ -4474,7 +4495,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3406
+#: freeculture.xml:3412
 msgid ""
 "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic "
 "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it "
@@ -4485,12 +4506,13 @@ msgid ""
 "fight Netscape. A property right means giving the property owner the right "
 "to say who gets access to what&mdash;at least ordinarily. And if the law "
 "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of "
-"access, then violating the law is still wrong."
+"access, then violating the law is still wrong.  <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 79 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3420
+#: freeculture.xml:3427
 msgid ""
 "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I "
 "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at "
@@ -4502,7 +4524,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3430
+#: freeculture.xml:3437
 msgid ""
 "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part "
 "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at "
@@ -4514,7 +4536,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3439
+#: freeculture.xml:3446
 msgid ""
 "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy "
 "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to "
@@ -4523,7 +4545,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3445
+#: freeculture.xml:3452
 msgid ""
 "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly "
 "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it "
@@ -4532,20 +4554,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3451
+#: freeculture.xml:3458
 msgid ""
 "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push "
 "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:3457
+#: freeculture.xml:3464
 msgid "Piracy II"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3462
+#: freeculture.xml:3469
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 "
 "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)."
@@ -4553,7 +4575,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 80 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3459
+#: freeculture.xml:3466
 msgid ""
 "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] "
 "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This "
@@ -4563,12 +4585,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3484 freeculture.xml:7983
+#: freeculture.xml:3492 freeculture.xml:7996
 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3476
+#: freeculture.xml:3483
 msgid ""
 "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
 "Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do "
@@ -4582,12 +4604,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3487
+#: freeculture.xml:3495
 msgid "Fanning, Shawn"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3471
+#: freeculture.xml:3478
 msgid ""
 "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the "
 "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations.  Like "
@@ -4599,7 +4621,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3495
+#: freeculture.xml:3503
 msgid ""
 "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" "
 "<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; "
@@ -4612,7 +4634,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3490
+#: freeculture.xml:3498
 msgid ""
 "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster "
 "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, "
@@ -4628,7 +4650,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3517
+#: freeculture.xml:3525
 msgid ""
 "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music "
 "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of "
@@ -4639,14 +4661,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3526
+#: freeculture.xml:3534
 msgid ""
 "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" "
 "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3511
+#: freeculture.xml:3519
 msgid ""
 "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have "
 "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 "
@@ -4662,7 +4684,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3535
+#: freeculture.xml:3543
 msgid ""
 "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does "
 "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, "
@@ -4674,14 +4696,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 81 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3545
+#: freeculture.xml:3553
 msgid ""
 "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different "
 "kinds into four types."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3551
+#: freeculture.xml:3559
 msgid ""
 "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
 "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, "
@@ -4694,7 +4716,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  B. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3562
+#: freeculture.xml:3570
 msgid ""
 "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing "
 "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard "
@@ -4707,7 +4729,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  C. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3573
+#: freeculture.xml:3581
 msgid ""
 "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content "
 "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the "
@@ -4726,26 +4748,26 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  PAGE BREAK 82 
 #.  D. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3590
+#: freeculture.xml:3598
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3596
+#: freeculture.xml:3604
 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3604
+#: freeculture.xml:3612
 msgid ""
 "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, "
 "148&ndash;49.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3599
+#: freeculture.xml:3607
 msgid ""
 "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of "
 "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of "
@@ -4759,7 +4781,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3615
+#: freeculture.xml:3623
 msgid ""
 "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful "
 "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers "
@@ -4770,7 +4792,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3630
+#: freeculture.xml:3638
 msgid ""
 "See Cap Gemini Ernst &amp; Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the "
 "Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report "
@@ -4786,7 +4808,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3623
+#: freeculture.xml:3631
 msgid ""
 "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder "
 "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame "
@@ -4801,12 +4823,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3656
+#: freeculture.xml:3664
 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3648
+#: freeculture.xml:3656
 msgid ""
 "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact "
 "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In "
@@ -4817,7 +4839,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3660
+#: freeculture.xml:3668
 msgid ""
 "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong "
 "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry "
@@ -4830,7 +4852,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3670
+#: freeculture.xml:3678
 msgid ""
 "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the "
 "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause.  The "
@@ -4842,7 +4864,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3681
+#: freeculture.xml:3689
 msgid ""
 "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file "
 "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest "
@@ -4851,7 +4873,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3690
+#: freeculture.xml:3698
 msgid ""
 "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend "
 "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink "
@@ -4869,12 +4891,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3717
+#: freeculture.xml:3725
 msgid "Black, Jane"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3714
+#: freeculture.xml:3722
 msgid ""
 "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February "
 "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -4882,7 +4904,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3686
+#: freeculture.xml:3694
 msgid ""
 "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 "
 "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder "
@@ -4903,7 +4925,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 84 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3732
+#: freeculture.xml:3740
 msgid ""
 "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is "
 "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the "
@@ -4914,7 +4936,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3740
+#: freeculture.xml:3748
 msgid ""
 "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain "
 "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording "
@@ -4932,7 +4954,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3755
+#: freeculture.xml:3763
 msgid ""
 "These are the harms&mdash;alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, "
 "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording "
@@ -4941,7 +4963,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3767
+#: freeculture.xml:3775
 msgid ""
 "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no "
 "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law&mdash;Coming "
@@ -4952,7 +4974,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3761
+#: freeculture.xml:3769
 msgid ""
 "One benefit is type C sharing&mdash;making available content that is "
 "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available.  "
@@ -4967,7 +4989,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3787
+#: freeculture.xml:3795
 msgid ""
 "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in "
 "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, "
@@ -4981,7 +5003,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3781
+#: freeculture.xml:3789
 msgid ""
 "In real space&mdash;long before the Internet&mdash;the market had a simple "
 "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands "
@@ -4996,12 +5018,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3807
+#: freeculture.xml:3815
 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3809
+#: freeculture.xml:3817
 msgid ""
 "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record "
 "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content "
@@ -5016,7 +5038,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3822
+#: freeculture.xml:3830
 msgid ""
 "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the "
 "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well "
@@ -5028,7 +5050,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 86 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3830
+#: freeculture.xml:3838
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D "
 "sharing to occur&mdash;the sharing of content that copyright owners want to "
@@ -5045,7 +5067,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3847
+#: freeculture.xml:3855
 msgid ""
 "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with "
 "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A "
@@ -5054,7 +5076,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3853
+#: freeculture.xml:3861
 msgid ""
 "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably "
 "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has "
@@ -5063,7 +5085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3860
+#: freeculture.xml:3868
 msgid ""
 "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much "
 "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good.  And "
@@ -5078,7 +5100,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3873
+#: freeculture.xml:3881
 msgid ""
 "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target "
 "just what you call type A sharing?\""
@@ -5086,7 +5108,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3890
+#: freeculture.xml:3898
 msgid ""
 "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 "
 "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at "
@@ -5097,7 +5119,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3877
+#: freeculture.xml:3885
 msgid ""
 "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of "
 "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that "
@@ -5110,7 +5132,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3901
+#: freeculture.xml:3909
 msgid ""
 "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing "
 "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure "
@@ -5124,7 +5146,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3912
+#: freeculture.xml:3920
 msgid ""
 "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content "
 "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process "
@@ -5136,7 +5158,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3921
+#: freeculture.xml:3929
 msgid ""
 "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests "
 "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the "
@@ -5150,7 +5172,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3933
+#: freeculture.xml:3941
 msgid ""
 "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the "
 "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, "
@@ -5161,7 +5183,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 88 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3943
+#: freeculture.xml:3951
 msgid ""
 "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, "
 "served two important goals&mdash;indeed, the two central goals of any "
@@ -5179,12 +5201,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:3958
+#: freeculture.xml:3966
 msgid "Betamax"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3960
+#: freeculture.xml:3968
 msgid ""
 "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and "
 "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the "
@@ -5200,7 +5222,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 89 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3973
+#: freeculture.xml:3981
 msgid ""
 "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to "
 "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It "
@@ -5217,7 +5239,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3995
+#: freeculture.xml:4003
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 "
 "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., "
@@ -5227,13 +5249,13 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4007
+#: freeculture.xml:4015
 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4012
+#: freeculture.xml:4020
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
 "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)."
@@ -5241,14 +5263,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4023
+#: freeculture.xml:4031
 msgid ""
 "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack "
 "Valenti)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:3988
+#: freeculture.xml:3996
 msgid ""
 "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti "
 "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of "
@@ -5274,14 +5296,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4040
+#: freeculture.xml:4048
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony "
 "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir.  1981)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4028
+#: freeculture.xml:4036
 msgid ""
 "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In "
 "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in "
@@ -5297,7 +5319,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 90 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4045
+#: freeculture.xml:4053
 msgid ""
 "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit.  And in "
 "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and "
@@ -5306,14 +5328,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f23 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4064
+#: freeculture.xml:4072
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
 "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4054
+#: freeculture.xml:4062
 msgid ""
 "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to "
 "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for "
@@ -5324,7 +5346,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4069
+#: freeculture.xml:4077
 msgid ""
 "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision.  But as with "
 "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the "
@@ -5334,82 +5356,82 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4077
+#: freeculture.xml:4085
 msgid "Table"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4081
+#: freeculture.xml:4089
 msgid "CASE"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4082
+#: freeculture.xml:4090
 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4083
+#: freeculture.xml:4091
 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4084
+#: freeculture.xml:4092
 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4089
+#: freeculture.xml:4097
 msgid "Recordings"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4090
+#: freeculture.xml:4098
 msgid "Composers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4091 freeculture.xml:4103 freeculture.xml:4109
+#: freeculture.xml:4099 freeculture.xml:4111 freeculture.xml:4117
 msgid "No protection"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4092 freeculture.xml:4104
+#: freeculture.xml:4100 freeculture.xml:4112
 msgid "Statutory license"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4096
+#: freeculture.xml:4104
 msgid "Recording artists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4097
+#: freeculture.xml:4105
 msgid "N/A"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4098 freeculture.xml:4110
+#: freeculture.xml:4106 freeculture.xml:4118
 msgid "Nothing"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4102
+#: freeculture.xml:4110
 msgid "Broadcasters"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4107
+#: freeculture.xml:4115
 msgid "VCR"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:4108
+#: freeculture.xml:4116
 msgid "Film creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4120
+#: freeculture.xml:4128
 msgid ""
 "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other "
 "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was "
@@ -5426,7 +5448,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4117
+#: freeculture.xml:4125
 msgid ""
 "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way "
 "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each "
@@ -5436,7 +5458,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 91 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4137
+#: freeculture.xml:4145
 msgid ""
 "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or "
 "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these "
@@ -5449,7 +5471,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4149
+#: freeculture.xml:4157
 msgid ""
 "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up "
 "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt "
@@ -5463,14 +5485,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f25 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4166
+#: freeculture.xml:4174
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City "
 "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4161
+#: freeculture.xml:4169
 msgid ""
 "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has "
 "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright "
@@ -5484,7 +5506,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4177
+#: freeculture.xml:4185
 msgid ""
 "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is "
 "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires "
@@ -5501,7 +5523,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f26 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4201
+#: freeculture.xml:4209
 msgid ""
 "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes "
 "Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, "
@@ -5509,7 +5531,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4193
+#: freeculture.xml:4201
 msgid ""
 "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode "
 "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally "
@@ -5529,20 +5551,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4215
+#: freeculture.xml:4223
 msgid ""
 "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it "
 "should be protected just as any other property is protected.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4223
+#: freeculture.xml:4231
 msgid "\"PROPERTY\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 94 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4228
+#: freeculture.xml:4236
 msgid ""
 "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can "
 "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the "
@@ -5551,7 +5573,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4235
+#: freeculture.xml:4243
 msgid ""
 "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit "
 "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property.  "
@@ -5566,7 +5588,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4260
+#: freeculture.xml:4268
 msgid ""
 "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in "
 "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew "
@@ -5574,7 +5596,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4247
+#: freeculture.xml:4255
 msgid ""
 "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, "
 "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the "
@@ -5590,7 +5612,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4266
+#: freeculture.xml:4274
 msgid ""
 "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the "
 "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss "
@@ -5600,7 +5622,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4279
+#: freeculture.xml:4287
 msgid ""
 "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are "
 "intangible.  A property right is simply a right that an individual has "
@@ -5612,7 +5634,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4274
+#: freeculture.xml:4282
 msgid ""
 "But how, and to what extent, and in what form&mdash;the details, in other "
 "words&mdash;matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the "
@@ -5621,7 +5643,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4289
+#: freeculture.xml:4297
 msgid ""
 "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding "
 "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is "
@@ -5633,12 +5655,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4302
+#: freeculture.xml:4310
 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4304
+#: freeculture.xml:4312
 msgid ""
 "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in "
 "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play "
@@ -5652,7 +5674,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4319
+#: freeculture.xml:4327
 msgid ""
 "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent "
 "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his "
@@ -5666,7 +5688,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4330
+#: freeculture.xml:4338
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
 "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), "
@@ -5675,7 +5697,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 97 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4315
+#: freeculture.xml:4323
 msgid ""
 "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was "
 "written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the "
@@ -5691,7 +5713,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4352
+#: freeculture.xml:4360
 msgid ""
 "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a "
 "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
@@ -5699,7 +5721,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4343
+#: freeculture.xml:4351
 msgid ""
 "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a "
 "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of "
@@ -5713,8 +5735,13 @@ msgid ""
 "about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?"
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:4377
+msgid "Licensing Act (1662)"
+msgstr ""
+
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4360
+#: freeculture.xml:4368
 msgid ""
 "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" "
 "was&mdash;indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of "
@@ -5723,11 +5750,11 @@ msgid ""
 "law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to make it easier "
 "for the Crown to control what was published.  But after it expired, there "
 "was no positive law that said that the publishers, or \"Stationers,\" had an "
-"exclusive right to print books."
+"exclusive right to print books.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4371
+#: freeculture.xml:4380
 msgid ""
 "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that "
 "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words "
@@ -5743,7 +5770,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 98 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4383
+#: freeculture.xml:4392
 msgid ""
 "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they "
 "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign "
@@ -5755,7 +5782,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4395
+#: freeculture.xml:4404
 msgid ""
 "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an "
 "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and "
@@ -5766,7 +5793,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4404
+#: freeculture.xml:4413
 msgid ""
 "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament "
 "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular "
@@ -5775,7 +5802,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4410
+#: freeculture.xml:4419
 msgid ""
 "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very "
 "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: "
@@ -5789,7 +5816,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4421
+#: freeculture.xml:4430
 msgid ""
 "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about "
 "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of "
@@ -5798,7 +5825,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 99 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4427
+#: freeculture.xml:4436
 msgid ""
 "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to "
 "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't "
@@ -5814,7 +5841,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4442
+#: freeculture.xml:4451
 msgid ""
 "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were "
 "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term "
@@ -5827,7 +5854,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4454
+#: freeculture.xml:4463
 msgid ""
 "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British.  They had "
 "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially "
@@ -5842,7 +5869,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4470
+#: freeculture.xml:4479
 msgid ""
 "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally "
 "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that "
@@ -5855,14 +5882,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4496
+#: freeculture.xml:4505
 msgid ""
 "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary "
 "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4481
+#: freeculture.xml:4490
 msgid ""
 "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a "
 "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers.  "
@@ -5878,7 +5905,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4501
+#: freeculture.xml:4510
 msgid ""
 "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of "
 "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was "
@@ -5888,7 +5915,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4509
+#: freeculture.xml:4518
 msgid ""
 "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among "
 "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of "
@@ -5902,7 +5929,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4521
+#: freeculture.xml:4530
 msgid ""
 "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting "
 "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every "
@@ -5914,7 +5941,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4530
+#: freeculture.xml:4539
 msgid ""
 "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that "
 "echo today,"
@@ -5922,7 +5949,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4545
+#: freeculture.xml:4554
 msgid ""
 "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the "
 "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the "
@@ -5934,7 +5961,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4535
+#: freeculture.xml:4544
 msgid ""
 "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well "
 "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that "
@@ -5946,7 +5973,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4556
+#: freeculture.xml:4565
 msgid ""
 "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series "
 "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave "
@@ -5963,7 +5990,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4577
+#: freeculture.xml:4586
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" "
 "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a "
@@ -5972,7 +5999,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4571
+#: freeculture.xml:4580
 msgid ""
 "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the "
 "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah.  Until "
@@ -5985,14 +6012,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4590
+#: freeculture.xml:4599
 msgid ""
 "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and "
 "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62&ndash;69."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4586
+#: freeculture.xml:4595
 msgid ""
 "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight.  The hero of "
 "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder "
@@ -6001,7 +6028,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4600
+#: freeculture.xml:4609
 msgid ""
 "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard "
 "University Press, 1993), 92."
@@ -6009,17 +6036,17 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4610
+#: freeculture.xml:4619
 msgid "Ibid., 93."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4612
+#: freeculture.xml:4621
 msgid "Erskine, Andrew"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4595
+#: freeculture.xml:4604
 msgid ""
 "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in "
 "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of "
@@ -6034,14 +6061,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4621
+#: freeculture.xml:4630
 msgid ""
 "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical "
 "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4615
+#: freeculture.xml:4624
 msgid ""
 "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, "
 "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive "
@@ -6053,7 +6080,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4629
+#: freeculture.xml:4638
 msgid ""
 "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like "
 "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" "
@@ -6063,7 +6090,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4641
+#: freeculture.xml:4650
 msgid ""
 "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: "
 "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law "
@@ -6071,7 +6098,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4634
+#: freeculture.xml:4643
 msgid ""
 "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James "
 "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the "
@@ -6082,7 +6109,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4650
+#: freeculture.xml:4659
 msgid ""
 "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English "
 "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection "
@@ -6096,7 +6123,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 103 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4661
+#: freeculture.xml:4670
 msgid ""
 "Considered as a matter of abstract justice&mdash;reasoning as if justice "
 "were just a matter of logical deduction from first "
@@ -6111,25 +6138,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4676
+#: freeculture.xml:4685
 msgid ""
 "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, "
 "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4679
+#: freeculture.xml:4688
 msgid "Beckett, Thomas"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4685
+#: freeculture.xml:4694
 msgid "Ibid., 1156."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4681
+#: freeculture.xml:4690
 msgid ""
 "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate "
 "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas "
@@ -6143,7 +6170,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4695
+#: freeculture.xml:4704
 msgid ""
 "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
 "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention "
@@ -6156,7 +6183,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4705
+#: freeculture.xml:4714
 msgid ""
 "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to "
 "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special "
@@ -6166,7 +6193,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 104 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4712
+#: freeculture.xml:4721
 msgid ""
 "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks "
 "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the "
@@ -6178,32 +6205,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4730
+#: freeculture.xml:4739
 msgid "Bacon, Francis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4731
+#: freeculture.xml:4740
 msgid "Bunyan, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4732
+#: freeculture.xml:4741
 msgid "Johnson, Samuel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4733
+#: freeculture.xml:4742
 msgid "Milton, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4734
+#: freeculture.xml:4743
 msgid "Shakespeare, William"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4722
+#: freeculture.xml:4731
 msgid ""
 "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> "
 "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public "
@@ -6220,12 +6247,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4747
+#: freeculture.xml:4756
 msgid "Rose, 97."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4737
+#: freeculture.xml:4746
 msgid ""
 "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled "
 "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most "
@@ -6239,7 +6266,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4751
+#: freeculture.xml:4760
 msgid ""
 "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally "
 "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning "
@@ -6247,7 +6274,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4757
+#: freeculture.xml:4766
 msgid ""
 "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly "
 "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now "
@@ -6260,7 +6287,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 105 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4772
+#: freeculture.xml:4781
 msgid ""
 "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say "
 "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that "
@@ -6282,7 +6309,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4793
+#: freeculture.xml:4802
 msgid ""
 "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, "
 "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the "
@@ -6290,12 +6317,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4801
+#: freeculture.xml:4810
 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4803
+#: freeculture.xml:4812
 msgid ""
 "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been "
 "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher "
@@ -6304,19 +6331,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4810
+#: freeculture.xml:4819
 msgid ""
 "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me "
 "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4821 freeculture.xml:4890
+#: freeculture.xml:4830 freeculture.xml:4899
 msgid "San Francisco Opera"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4815
+#: freeculture.xml:4824
 msgid ""
 "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The "
 "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera.  Stagehands are a "
@@ -6328,7 +6355,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 107 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4824
+#: freeculture.xml:4833
 msgid ""
 "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing "
 "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set.  Playing on the "
@@ -6339,7 +6366,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4833
+#: freeculture.xml:4842
 msgid ""
 "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else "
 "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The "
@@ -6349,12 +6376,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4845 freeculture.xml:4853
+#: freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:4862
 msgid "Gracie Films"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4840
+#: freeculture.xml:4849
 msgid ""
 "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office "
 "to get permission.  Groening approved the shot. The shot was a "
@@ -6365,7 +6392,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4848
+#: freeculture.xml:4857
 msgid ""
 "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be "
 "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company.  Else "
@@ -6376,7 +6403,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4856
+#: freeculture.xml:4865
 msgid ""
 "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that "
 "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation&mdash;or at least that someone "
@@ -6387,7 +6414,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4864
+#: freeculture.xml:4873
 msgid ""
 "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he "
 "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera.  He explained "
@@ -6398,7 +6425,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 108 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4872
+#: freeculture.xml:4881
 msgid ""
 "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you "
 "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip "
@@ -6410,12 +6437,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4891
+#: freeculture.xml:4900
 msgid "Day After Trinity, The"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4884
+#: freeculture.xml:4893
 msgid ""
 "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on "
 "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this "
@@ -6427,7 +6454,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4894
+#: freeculture.xml:4903
 msgid ""
 "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the "
 "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their "
@@ -6441,7 +6468,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4905
+#: freeculture.xml:4914
 msgid ""
 "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The "
 "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a "
@@ -6454,7 +6481,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4917
+#: freeculture.xml:4926
 msgid ""
 "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers "
 "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with "
@@ -6464,7 +6491,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4914
+#: freeculture.xml:4923
 msgid ""
 "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought "
 "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just "
@@ -6475,12 +6502,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 109 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4929
+#: freeculture.xml:4938
 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4933
+#: freeculture.xml:4942
 msgid ""
 "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the "
 "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what "
@@ -6492,7 +6519,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4943
+#: freeculture.xml:4952
 msgid ""
 "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors "
 "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue "
@@ -6502,12 +6529,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4960
+#: freeculture.xml:4969
 msgid "Lucas, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4951
+#: freeculture.xml:4960
 msgid ""
 "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I "
 "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and "
@@ -6523,7 +6550,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  3. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 110 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4964
+#: freeculture.xml:4973
 msgid ""
 "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School "
 ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would "
@@ -6534,14 +6561,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4974
+#: freeculture.xml:4983
 msgid ""
 "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we "
 "are up against a release deadline and out of money."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4981
+#: freeculture.xml:4990
 msgid ""
 "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore "
 "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture.  But in "
@@ -6552,7 +6579,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:4989
+#: freeculture.xml:4998
 msgid ""
 "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its "
 "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect "
@@ -6561,22 +6588,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:4998
+#: freeculture.xml:5007
 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:4999
+#: freeculture.xml:5008
 msgid "Allen, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5000 freeculture.xml:5008 freeculture.xml:5019 freeculture.xml:5034 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5048 freeculture.xml:5100 freeculture.xml:5116 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:5202 freeculture.xml:9554
+#: freeculture.xml:5009 freeculture.xml:5017 freeculture.xml:5028 freeculture.xml:5043 freeculture.xml:5052 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5125 freeculture.xml:5148 freeculture.xml:5211 freeculture.xml:9568
 msgid "Alben, Alex"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5002
+#: freeculture.xml:5011
 msgid ""
 "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc.  Starwave was an "
 "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop "
@@ -6586,7 +6613,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5010
+#: freeculture.xml:5019
 msgid ""
 "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the "
 "emerging market for CD-ROM technology&mdash;not to distribute film, but to "
@@ -6598,7 +6625,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5021
+#: freeculture.xml:5030
 msgid ""
 "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a "
 "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him "
@@ -6608,7 +6635,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 112 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5028
+#: freeculture.xml:5037
 msgid ""
 "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave "
 "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, "
@@ -6618,7 +6645,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5036
+#: freeculture.xml:5045
 msgid ""
 "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was "
 "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" "
@@ -6628,24 +6655,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5045
+#: freeculture.xml:5054
 msgid ""
 "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave.  Slade asked, "
 "\"Well, what will it take?\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5061
+#: freeculture.xml:5070
 msgid "artists"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5062
+#: freeculture.xml:5071
 msgid "publicity rights on images of"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5056
+#: freeculture.xml:5065
 msgid ""
 "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of "
 "publicity&mdash;rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation "
@@ -6654,7 +6681,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5050
+#: freeculture.xml:5059
 msgid ""
 "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who "
 "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to "
@@ -6663,7 +6690,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5067
+#: freeculture.xml:5076
 msgid ""
 "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing "
 "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim "
@@ -6673,7 +6700,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5074
+#: freeculture.xml:5083
 msgid ""
 "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his "
 "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben "
@@ -6681,7 +6708,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5080
+#: freeculture.xml:5089
 msgid ""
 "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips.  We made some "
 "artistic decisions about what film clips to include&mdash;of course we were "
@@ -6693,7 +6720,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 113 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5089
+#: freeculture.xml:5098
 msgid ""
 "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for "
 "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than "
@@ -6706,7 +6733,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5102
+#: freeculture.xml:5111
 msgid ""
 "Some actors were glad to help&mdash;Donald Sutherland, for example, followed "
 "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared.  Others were "
@@ -6719,14 +6746,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5113
+#: freeculture.xml:5122
 msgid ""
 "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later&mdash;\"and even then we weren't "
 "sure whether we were totally in the clear.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5118
+#: freeculture.xml:5127
 msgid ""
 "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the "
 "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for "
@@ -6734,7 +6761,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5124
+#: freeculture.xml:5133
 msgid ""
 "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands "
 "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, "
@@ -6747,20 +6774,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 114 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5136
+#: freeculture.xml:5145
 msgid ""
 "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, "
 "and it sold very well."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5140
+#: freeculture.xml:5149
 msgid "Drucker, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5148
+#: freeculture.xml:5157
 msgid ""
 "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, "
 "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services "
@@ -6769,7 +6796,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5142
+#: freeculture.xml:5151
 msgid ""
 "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a "
 "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this "
@@ -6780,7 +6807,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5156
+#: freeculture.xml:5165
 msgid ""
 "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and "
 "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be "
@@ -6790,7 +6817,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5164
+#: freeculture.xml:5173
 msgid ""
 "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she "
 "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is "
@@ -6799,7 +6826,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5172
+#: freeculture.xml:5181
 msgid ""
 "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be "
 "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of "
@@ -6812,7 +6839,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 115 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5183
+#: freeculture.xml:5192
 msgid ""
 "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing "
 "mechanism&mdash;where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't "
@@ -6832,7 +6859,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5204
+#: freeculture.xml:5213
 msgid ""
 "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the "
 "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that "
@@ -6852,7 +6879,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 116 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5221
+#: freeculture.xml:5230
 msgid ""
 "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a "
 "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California.  "
@@ -6863,7 +6890,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5231
+#: freeculture.xml:5240
 msgid ""
 "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth "
 "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> "
@@ -6872,12 +6899,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5236
+#: freeculture.xml:5245
 msgid "Nimmer, David"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5238
+#: freeculture.xml:5247
 msgid ""
 "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, "
 "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had "
@@ -6888,12 +6915,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5245
+#: freeculture.xml:5254
 msgid "Boies, David"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5247
+#: freeculture.xml:5256
 msgid ""
 "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film "
 "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to "
@@ -6910,7 +6937,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5262
+#: freeculture.xml:5271
 msgid ""
 "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone "
 "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and "
@@ -6920,12 +6947,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5278
+#: freeculture.xml:5287
 msgid "Camp Chaos"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5269
+#: freeculture.xml:5278
 msgid ""
 "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its "
 "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before "
@@ -6938,7 +6965,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5281
+#: freeculture.xml:5290
 msgid ""
 "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted "
 "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly "
@@ -6948,7 +6975,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5288
+#: freeculture.xml:5297
 msgid ""
 "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so "
 "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they "
@@ -6965,7 +6992,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5303
+#: freeculture.xml:5312
 msgid ""
 "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for "
 "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if "
@@ -6975,7 +7002,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 118 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5309
+#: freeculture.xml:5318
 msgid ""
 "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, "
 "the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin "
@@ -6988,7 +7015,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5321
+#: freeculture.xml:5330
 msgid ""
 "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film "
 "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and "
@@ -6999,7 +7026,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5330
+#: freeculture.xml:5339
 msgid ""
 "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you "
 "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this "
@@ -7012,7 +7039,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5340
+#: freeculture.xml:5349
 msgid ""
 "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first "
 "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much "
@@ -7028,12 +7055,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5355
+#: freeculture.xml:5364
 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5357
+#: freeculture.xml:5366
 msgid ""
 "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"&mdash;computer codes designed to "
 "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy "
@@ -7045,7 +7072,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5366
+#: freeculture.xml:5375
 msgid ""
 "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And "
 "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these "
@@ -7056,7 +7083,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5374
+#: freeculture.xml:5383
 msgid ""
 "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated.  In "
 "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were "
@@ -7066,7 +7093,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 120 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5382
+#: freeculture.xml:5391
 msgid ""
 "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way "
 "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was "
@@ -7074,7 +7101,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5387
+#: freeculture.xml:5396
 msgid ""
 "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no "
 "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the "
@@ -7085,7 +7112,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5400
+#: freeculture.xml:5409
 msgid ""
 "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House "
 "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release "
@@ -7095,7 +7122,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5394
+#: freeculture.xml:5403
 msgid ""
 "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the "
 "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have "
@@ -7105,7 +7132,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5408
+#: freeculture.xml:5417
 msgid ""
 "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember "
 "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your "
@@ -7118,7 +7145,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5419
+#: freeculture.xml:5428
 msgid ""
 "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat "
 "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget "
@@ -7131,7 +7158,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 121 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5428
+#: freeculture.xml:5437
 msgid ""
 "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet "
 "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially "
@@ -7143,7 +7170,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5439
+#: freeculture.xml:5448
 msgid ""
 "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very "
 "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer "
@@ -7156,7 +7183,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5449
+#: freeculture.xml:5458
 msgid ""
 "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human "
 "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of "
@@ -7176,7 +7203,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 122 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5467
+#: freeculture.xml:5476
 msgid ""
 "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember "
 "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a "
@@ -7188,7 +7215,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5479
+#: freeculture.xml:5488
 msgid ""
 "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in "
 "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded "
@@ -7199,7 +7226,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5487
+#: freeculture.xml:5496
 msgid ""
 "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, "
 "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in "
@@ -7210,7 +7237,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5504
+#: freeculture.xml:5513
 msgid ""
 "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the "
 "Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 "
@@ -7220,7 +7247,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5495
+#: freeculture.xml:5504
 msgid ""
 "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress "
 "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such "
@@ -7233,7 +7260,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5512
+#: freeculture.xml:5521
 msgid ""
 "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were "
 "originally not copyrighted&mdash;there was no way to capture the broadcasts, "
@@ -7247,7 +7274,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 123 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5523
+#: freeculture.xml:5532
 msgid ""
 "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his "
 "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from "
@@ -7259,12 +7286,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5550
+#: freeculture.xml:5559
 msgid "Movie Archive"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5534
+#: freeculture.xml:5543
 msgid ""
 "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose "
 "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films "
@@ -7285,7 +7312,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5553
+#: freeculture.xml:5562
 msgid ""
 "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we "
 "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what "
@@ -7295,7 +7322,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5561
+#: freeculture.xml:5570
 msgid ""
 "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this "
 "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is "
@@ -7306,7 +7333,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 124 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5569
+#: freeculture.xml:5578
 msgid ""
 "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of "
 "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if "
@@ -7318,7 +7345,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5581
+#: freeculture.xml:5590
 msgid ""
 "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has "
 "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every "
@@ -7330,7 +7357,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5593
+#: freeculture.xml:5602
 msgid ""
 "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar "
 "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago "
@@ -7341,7 +7368,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5590
+#: freeculture.xml:5599
 msgid ""
 "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very "
 "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder "
@@ -7353,7 +7380,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5607
+#: freeculture.xml:5616
 msgid ""
 "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative "
 "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular "
@@ -7367,7 +7394,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 125 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5618
+#: freeculture.xml:5627
 msgid ""
 "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It "
 "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all "
@@ -7379,7 +7406,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5630
+#: freeculture.xml:5639
 msgid ""
 "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that "
 "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to "
@@ -7390,7 +7417,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5638
+#: freeculture.xml:5647
 msgid ""
 "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined "
 "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are "
@@ -7399,7 +7426,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5645
+#: freeculture.xml:5654
 msgid ""
 "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music.  "
 "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, "
@@ -7416,7 +7443,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 126 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5659
+#: freeculture.xml:5668
 msgid ""
 "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only "
 "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of "
@@ -7432,7 +7459,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5674
+#: freeculture.xml:5683
 msgid ""
 "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an "
 "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call "
@@ -7443,17 +7470,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5684
+#: freeculture.xml:5693
 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5693
+#: freeculture.xml:5702
 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5686
+#: freeculture.xml:5695
 msgid ""
 "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of "
 "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's "
@@ -7465,42 +7492,42 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5706
+#: freeculture.xml:5715
 msgid "Disney, Inc."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5707
+#: freeculture.xml:5716
 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5708
+#: freeculture.xml:5717
 msgid "MGM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5709
+#: freeculture.xml:5718
 msgid "Paramount Pictures"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5710
+#: freeculture.xml:5719
 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5711
+#: freeculture.xml:5720
 msgid "Universal Pictures"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5712
+#: freeculture.xml:5721
 msgid "Warner Brothers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5696
+#: freeculture.xml:5705
 msgid ""
 "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture "
 "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to "
@@ -7519,7 +7546,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 128 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5716
+#: freeculture.xml:5725
 msgid ""
 "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has "
 "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a "
@@ -7533,7 +7560,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5728
+#: freeculture.xml:5737
 msgid ""
 "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture "
 "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating "
@@ -7545,13 +7572,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5737
+#: freeculture.xml:5746
 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5751
+#: freeculture.xml:5760
 msgid ""
 "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R.  4794, "
 "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on "
@@ -7561,7 +7588,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5742
+#: freeculture.xml:5751
 msgid ""
 "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the "
 "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and "
@@ -7575,7 +7602,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 129 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5761
+#: freeculture.xml:5770
 msgid ""
 "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's "
 "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The "
@@ -7587,7 +7614,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5772
+#: freeculture.xml:5781
 msgid ""
 "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with "
 "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use "
@@ -7603,7 +7630,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5787
+#: freeculture.xml:5796
 msgid ""
 "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of "
 "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my "
@@ -7615,7 +7642,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5784
+#: freeculture.xml:5793
 msgid ""
 "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise "
 "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -7627,7 +7654,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5802
+#: freeculture.xml:5811
 msgid ""
 "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our "
 "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is "
@@ -7638,7 +7665,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 130 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5810
+#: freeculture.xml:5819
 msgid ""
 "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, "
 "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince "
@@ -7652,7 +7679,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5825
+#: freeculture.xml:5834
 msgid ""
 "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of "
 "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in "
@@ -7666,7 +7693,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5837
+#: freeculture.xml:5846
 msgid ""
 "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did "
 "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important "
@@ -7681,7 +7708,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 131 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5848
+#: freeculture.xml:5857
 msgid ""
 "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti "
 "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to "
@@ -7697,7 +7724,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5863
+#: freeculture.xml:5872
 msgid ""
 "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property "
 "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated "
@@ -7708,7 +7735,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5872
+#: freeculture.xml:5881
 msgid ""
 "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong.  There "
 "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong.  The "
@@ -7722,7 +7749,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5884
+#: freeculture.xml:5893
 msgid ""
 "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least "
 "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical "
@@ -7732,7 +7759,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5892
+#: freeculture.xml:5901
 msgid ""
 "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of "
 "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled.  Once "
@@ -7748,7 +7775,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 132 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5907
+#: freeculture.xml:5916
 msgid ""
 "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how "
 "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the "
@@ -7760,19 +7787,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:5916
+#: freeculture.xml:5925
 msgid ""
 "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken "
 "the right or regulation."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:5917 freeculture.xml:6092 freeculture.xml:6393
+#: freeculture.xml:5926 freeculture.xml:6101 freeculture.xml:6402
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5920
+#: freeculture.xml:5929
 msgid ""
 "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group "
 "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case "
@@ -7789,7 +7816,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5937
+#: freeculture.xml:5946
 msgid ""
 "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual "
 "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a "
@@ -7802,7 +7829,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5948
+#: freeculture.xml:5957
 msgid ""
 "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through "
 "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These "
@@ -7814,7 +7841,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5958
+#: freeculture.xml:5967
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, "
 "\"architecture\"&mdash;the physical world as one finds it&mdash;is a "
@@ -7832,7 +7859,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 134 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5975
+#: freeculture.xml:5984
 msgid ""
 "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: "
 "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by "
@@ -7840,7 +7867,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5981
+#: freeculture.xml:5990
 msgid ""
 "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective "
 "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we "
@@ -7852,12 +7879,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:5990
+#: freeculture.xml:5999
 msgid "driving speed, constraints on"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:5993
+#: freeculture.xml:6002
 msgid ""
 "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high "
 "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how "
@@ -7874,7 +7901,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6011
+#: freeculture.xml:6020
 msgid ""
 "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean "
 "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's "
@@ -7888,7 +7915,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 135 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6007
+#: freeculture.xml:6016
 msgid ""
 "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While "
 "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role "
@@ -7905,22 +7932,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6035
+#: freeculture.xml:6044
 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6036
+#: freeculture.xml:6045
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6075
+#: freeculture.xml:6084
 msgid "Commons, John R."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6047
+#: freeculture.xml:6056
 msgid ""
 "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object "
 "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any "
@@ -7953,7 +7980,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6039
+#: freeculture.xml:6048
 msgid ""
 "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand "
 "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any "
@@ -7964,12 +7991,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6079
+#: freeculture.xml:6088
 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6081
+#: freeculture.xml:6090
 msgid ""
 "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, "
 "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the "
@@ -7978,18 +8005,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6087
+#: freeculture.xml:6096
 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6091 freeculture.xml:6392
+#: freeculture.xml:6100 freeculture.xml:6401
 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 136 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6096
+#: freeculture.xml:6105
 msgid ""
 "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law "
 "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those "
@@ -8003,7 +8030,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6108
+#: freeculture.xml:6117
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p "
 "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does "
@@ -8015,7 +8042,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 137 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6116
+#: freeculture.xml:6125
 msgid ""
 "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response.  "
 "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, "
@@ -8026,17 +8053,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6126
+#: freeculture.xml:6135
 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6127
+#: freeculture.xml:6136
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6130
+#: freeculture.xml:6139
 msgid ""
 "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the "
 "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department "
@@ -8051,7 +8078,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 138 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6142
+#: freeculture.xml:6151
 msgid ""
 "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed&mdash;if it was to "
 "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by "
@@ -8068,7 +8095,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6159
+#: freeculture.xml:6168
 msgid ""
 "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign "
 "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological "
@@ -8080,7 +8107,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6175
+#: freeculture.xml:6184
 msgid ""
 "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" "
 "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink "
@@ -8091,7 +8118,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6167
+#: freeculture.xml:6176
 msgid ""
 "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it "
 "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology "
@@ -8114,19 +8141,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6207
+#: freeculture.xml:6216
 msgid ""
 "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, "
 "1994), 170&ndash;71."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6216 freeculture.xml:12578
+#: freeculture.xml:6225 freeculture.xml:12594
 msgid "Gates, Bill"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6197
+#: freeculture.xml:6206
 msgid ""
 "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no.  In a free "
 "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, "
@@ -8145,7 +8172,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6219
+#: freeculture.xml:6228
 msgid ""
 "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new "
 "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government "
@@ -8157,7 +8184,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6229
+#: freeculture.xml:6238
 msgid ""
 "In the context of laws regulating speech&mdash;which include, obviously, "
 "copyright law&mdash;that duty is even stronger. When the industry "
@@ -8174,7 +8201,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 140 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6243
+#: freeculture.xml:6252
 msgid ""
 "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes "
 "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My "
@@ -8185,22 +8212,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6252
+#: freeculture.xml:6261
 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6255
+#: freeculture.xml:6264
 msgid "DDT"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6263
+#: freeculture.xml:6272
 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6258
+#: freeculture.xml:6267
 msgid ""
 "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul "
 "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the "
@@ -8210,7 +8237,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6266
+#: freeculture.xml:6275
 msgid ""
 "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop "
 "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was "
@@ -8218,17 +8245,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6270 freeculture.xml:6276
+#: freeculture.xml:6279 freeculture.xml:6285
 msgid "Carson, Rachel"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6277
+#: freeculture.xml:6286
 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6272
+#: freeculture.xml:6281
 msgid ""
 "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, "
 "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having "
@@ -8238,7 +8265,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6280
+#: freeculture.xml:6289
 msgid ""
 "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim "
 "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced "
@@ -8251,7 +8278,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6293
+#: freeculture.xml:6302
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: "
 "Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 "
@@ -8260,7 +8287,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 141 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6289
+#: freeculture.xml:6298
 msgid ""
 "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle "
 "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for "
@@ -8278,7 +8305,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6310
+#: freeculture.xml:6319
 msgid ""
 "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this "
 "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on "
@@ -8292,19 +8319,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6321
+#: freeculture.xml:6330
 msgid ""
 "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free "
 "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6328
+#: freeculture.xml:6337
 msgid "Beginnings"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6330
+#: freeculture.xml:6339
 msgid ""
 "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved "
 "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative "
@@ -8313,7 +8340,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6336
+#: freeculture.xml:6345
 msgid ""
 "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress "
 "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, "
@@ -8322,7 +8349,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 142 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6341
+#: freeculture.xml:6350
 msgid ""
 "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, "
 "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right "
@@ -8336,7 +8363,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6354
+#: freeculture.xml:6363
 msgid ""
 "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in "
 "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a "
@@ -8348,7 +8375,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6363
+#: freeculture.xml:6372
 msgid ""
 "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the "
 "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built "
@@ -8365,7 +8392,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6378
+#: freeculture.xml:6387
 msgid ""
 "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" "
 "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever "
@@ -8376,7 +8403,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 143 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6385
+#: freeculture.xml:6394
 msgid ""
 "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in "
 "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular "
@@ -8384,38 +8411,38 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6396
+#: freeculture.xml:6405
 msgid "We will end here:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6399
+#: freeculture.xml:6408
 msgid "&quot;Copyright&quot; today."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6400
+#: freeculture.xml:6409
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 144 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6403
+#: freeculture.xml:6412
 msgid "Let me explain how."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6408
+#: freeculture.xml:6417
 msgid "Law: Duration"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:6424
+#: freeculture.xml:6433
 msgid "Crosskey, William W."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6418
+#: freeculture.xml:6427
 msgid ""
 "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History "
 "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), "
@@ -8426,7 +8453,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6410
+#: freeculture.xml:6419
 msgid ""
 "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced "
 "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English "
@@ -8442,7 +8469,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6434
+#: freeculture.xml:6443
 msgid ""
 "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting "
 "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal "
@@ -8453,7 +8480,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6442
+#: freeculture.xml:6451
 msgid ""
 "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal "
 "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was "
@@ -8464,7 +8491,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6457
+#: freeculture.xml:6466
 msgid ""
 "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to "
 "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A "
@@ -8483,7 +8510,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6449
+#: freeculture.xml:6458
 msgid ""
 "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten "
 "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered "
@@ -8496,7 +8523,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 145 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6473
+#: freeculture.xml:6482
 msgid ""
 "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of "
 "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted "
@@ -8507,7 +8534,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6488
+#: freeculture.xml:6497
 msgid ""
 "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of "
 "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For "
@@ -8521,7 +8548,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6482
+#: freeculture.xml:6491
 msgid ""
 "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of "
 "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of "
@@ -8532,12 +8559,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6503
+#: freeculture.xml:6512
 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6499
+#: freeculture.xml:6508
 msgid ""
 "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an "
 "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of "
@@ -8550,7 +8577,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6511
+#: freeculture.xml:6520
 msgid ""
 "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was "
 "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to "
@@ -8561,7 +8588,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6519
+#: freeculture.xml:6528
 msgid ""
 "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined "
 "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has "
@@ -8575,7 +8602,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 146 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6529
+#: freeculture.xml:6538
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of "
 "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public "
@@ -8587,7 +8614,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6540
+#: freeculture.xml:6549
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, "
 "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers "
@@ -8599,7 +8626,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6550
+#: freeculture.xml:6559
 msgid ""
 "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works "
 "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term&mdash;the maximum "
@@ -8611,7 +8638,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6560
+#: freeculture.xml:6569
 msgid ""
 "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure "
 "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And "
@@ -8623,7 +8650,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6577
+#: freeculture.xml:6586
 msgid ""
 "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first "
 "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than "
@@ -8632,7 +8659,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6569
+#: freeculture.xml:6578
 msgid ""
 "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is "
 "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew "
@@ -8644,12 +8671,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6586
+#: freeculture.xml:6595
 msgid "Law: Scope"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6588
+#: freeculture.xml:6597
 msgid ""
 "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law.  The "
 "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not "
@@ -8658,7 +8685,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6594
+#: freeculture.xml:6603
 msgid ""
 "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, "
 "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or "
@@ -8674,7 +8701,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6607
+#: freeculture.xml:6616
 msgid ""
 "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today "
 "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers "
@@ -8692,7 +8719,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 148 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6622
+#: freeculture.xml:6631
 msgid ""
 "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural "
 "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the "
@@ -8707,7 +8734,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6636
+#: freeculture.xml:6645
 msgid ""
 "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding "
 "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten "
@@ -8723,7 +8750,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6650
+#: freeculture.xml:6659
 msgid ""
 "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we "
 "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you "
@@ -8734,13 +8761,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6658
+#: freeculture.xml:6667
 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6669
+#: freeculture.xml:6678
 msgid ""
 "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of "
 "American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of "
@@ -8749,7 +8776,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6662
+#: freeculture.xml:6671
 msgid ""
 "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually "
 "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another "
@@ -8763,7 +8790,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 149 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6681
+#: freeculture.xml:6690
 msgid ""
 "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by "
 "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally "
@@ -8774,7 +8801,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6690
+#: freeculture.xml:6699
 msgid ""
 "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is "
 "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every "
@@ -8785,7 +8812,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6699
+#: freeculture.xml:6708
 msgid ""
 "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use "
 "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to "
@@ -8793,7 +8820,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6704
+#: freeculture.xml:6713
 msgid ""
 "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control "
 "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today "
@@ -8808,7 +8835,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6718
+#: freeculture.xml:6727
 msgid ""
 "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, "
 "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was "
@@ -8820,7 +8847,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6740
+#: freeculture.xml:6749
 msgid ""
 "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal "
 "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -8829,7 +8856,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6730
+#: freeculture.xml:6739
 msgid ""
 "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free "
 "culture&mdash;at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law "
@@ -8845,7 +8872,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6755
+#: freeculture.xml:6764
 msgid ""
 "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about "
 "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the "
@@ -8856,7 +8883,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6750
+#: freeculture.xml:6759
 msgid ""
 "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can "
 "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to "
@@ -8866,7 +8893,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6766
+#: freeculture.xml:6775
 msgid ""
 "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be "
 "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without "
@@ -8876,7 +8903,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6775
+#: freeculture.xml:6784
 msgid ""
 "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the "
 "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to "
@@ -8885,13 +8912,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6783
+#: freeculture.xml:6792
 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6790
+#: freeculture.xml:6799
 msgid ""
 "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly "
 "regulates more than \"copies\"&mdash;a public performance of a copyrighted "
@@ -8904,7 +8931,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6785
+#: freeculture.xml:6794
 msgid ""
 "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in "
 "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and "
@@ -8915,7 +8942,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 151 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6802
+#: freeculture.xml:6811
 msgid ""
 "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for "
 "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's "
@@ -8931,7 +8958,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6820
+#: freeculture.xml:6829
 msgid ""
 "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we "
 "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its "
@@ -8940,7 +8967,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6815
+#: freeculture.xml:6824
 msgid ""
 "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very "
 "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet "
@@ -8952,25 +8979,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6831
+#: freeculture.xml:6840
 msgid ""
 "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty "
 "circle."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6835
+#: freeculture.xml:6844
 msgid "All potential uses of a book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6836
+#: freeculture.xml:6845
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 152 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6840
+#: freeculture.xml:6849
 msgid ""
 "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all "
 "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated "
@@ -8985,17 +9012,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6853
+#: freeculture.xml:6862
 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6854
+#: freeculture.xml:6863
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6857
+#: freeculture.xml:6866
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by "
 "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is "
@@ -9006,26 +9033,26 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6865
+#: freeculture.xml:6874
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that "
 "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6870
+#: freeculture.xml:6879
 msgid ""
 "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a "
 "copyrighted work."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6871
+#: freeculture.xml:6880
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6874
+#: freeculture.xml:6883
 msgid ""
 "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as "
 "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated.  You "
@@ -9038,30 +9065,30 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6885
+#: freeculture.xml:6894
 msgid "Unregulated copying considered &quot;fair uses.&quot;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6886
+#: freeculture.xml:6895
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:6890
+#: freeculture.xml:6899
 msgid ""
 "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively "
 "regulated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:6891
+#: freeculture.xml:6900
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 154 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6895
+#: freeculture.xml:6904
 msgid ""
 "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three "
 "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that "
@@ -9070,7 +9097,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6903
+#: freeculture.xml:6912
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but "
 "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need "
@@ -9080,7 +9107,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6900
+#: freeculture.xml:6909
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet&mdash;a distributed, digital network where every use of a "
 "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> "
@@ -9097,7 +9124,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 155 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6924
+#: freeculture.xml:6933
 msgid ""
 "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the "
 "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no "
@@ -9110,7 +9137,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6937
+#: freeculture.xml:6946
 msgid ""
 "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of "
 "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or "
@@ -9124,7 +9151,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6949
+#: freeculture.xml:6958
 msgid ""
 "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is "
 "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make "
@@ -9133,7 +9160,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6955
+#: freeculture.xml:6964
 msgid ""
 "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever "
 "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively "
@@ -9144,7 +9171,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6963
+#: freeculture.xml:6972
 msgid ""
 "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative "
 "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in "
@@ -9159,7 +9186,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 156 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6975
+#: freeculture.xml:6984
 msgid ""
 "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden "
 "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear.  If a "
@@ -9173,7 +9200,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:6990
+#: freeculture.xml:6999
 msgid ""
 "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free "
 "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair "
@@ -9185,7 +9212,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7000
+#: freeculture.xml:7009
 msgid ""
 "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the "
 "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video "
@@ -9195,7 +9222,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7007
+#: freeculture.xml:7016
 msgid ""
 "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to "
 "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews.  The "
@@ -9207,7 +9234,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 157 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7019
+#: freeculture.xml:7028
 msgid ""
 "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it "
 "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than "
@@ -9223,7 +9250,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7036
+#: freeculture.xml:7045
 msgid ""
 "Disney countersued&mdash;for $100 million in damages. Those damages were "
 "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on "
@@ -9236,7 +9263,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7048
+#: freeculture.xml:7057
 msgid ""
 "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video "
 "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be "
@@ -9248,7 +9275,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7057
+#: freeculture.xml:7066
 msgid ""
 "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would "
 "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives "
@@ -9265,7 +9292,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 158 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7072
+#: freeculture.xml:7081
 msgid ""
 "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control "
 "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes &amp; Noble has the right to say you "
@@ -9282,7 +9309,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7087
+#: freeculture.xml:7096
 msgid ""
 "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed "
 "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of "
@@ -9293,12 +9320,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7096
+#: freeculture.xml:7105
 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7098
+#: freeculture.xml:7107
 msgid ""
 "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second "
 "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its "
@@ -9307,7 +9334,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7104
+#: freeculture.xml:7113
 msgid ""
 "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that "
 "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law.  The law, "
@@ -9317,20 +9344,25 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7111
+#: freeculture.xml:7120
 msgid "Casablanca"
 msgstr ""
 
+#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
+#: freeculture.xml:7122 freeculture.xml:7286
+msgid "Marx Brothers"
+msgstr ""
+
 #.  f19 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7120
+#: freeculture.xml:7132
 msgid ""
 "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and "
 "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172&ndash;73."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7113
+#: freeculture.xml:7125
 msgid ""
 "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner "
 "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of "
@@ -9341,7 +9373,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7129
+#: freeculture.xml:7141
 msgid ""
 "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and "
 "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1&ndash;3.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
@@ -9349,7 +9381,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7125
+#: freeculture.xml:7137
 msgid ""
 "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers "
 "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder "
@@ -9360,7 +9392,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7137
+#: freeculture.xml:7149
 msgid ""
 "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the "
 "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly "
@@ -9369,7 +9401,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7143
+#: freeculture.xml:7155
 msgid ""
 "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the "
 "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: "
@@ -9381,12 +9413,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7154
+#: freeculture.xml:7166
 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7157
+#: freeculture.xml:7169
 msgid ""
 "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a "
 "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that "
@@ -9395,13 +9427,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7164
+#: freeculture.xml:7176
 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 160 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7168
+#: freeculture.xml:7180
 msgid ""
 "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book "
 "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: "
@@ -9414,35 +9446,35 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7179
+#: freeculture.xml:7191
 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7180
+#: freeculture.xml:7192
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7183
+#: freeculture.xml:7195
 msgid ""
 "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions "
 "that the publisher purports to grant with this book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7187
+#: freeculture.xml:7199
 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7188
+#: freeculture.xml:7200
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 161 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7192
+#: freeculture.xml:7204
 msgid ""
 "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard "
 "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no "
@@ -9453,64 +9485,64 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7200
+#: freeculture.xml:7212
 msgid ""
 "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the "
 "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7204
+#: freeculture.xml:7216
 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s &quot;Politics&quot;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7205
+#: freeculture.xml:7217
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7208
+#: freeculture.xml:7220
 msgid ""
 "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at "
 "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7213
+#: freeculture.xml:7225
 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s &quot;Politics&quot;."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7214
+#: freeculture.xml:7226
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7217
+#: freeculture.xml:7229
 msgid ""
 "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original "
 "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7222
+#: freeculture.xml:7235
 msgid "List of the permissions for &quot;The Future of Ideas&quot;."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7223
+#: freeculture.xml:7236
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7226
+#: freeculture.xml:7239
 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7236
+#: freeculture.xml:7249
 msgid ""
 "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for "
 "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read "
@@ -9521,7 +9553,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7229
+#: freeculture.xml:7242
 msgid ""
 "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"&mdash; as "
 "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works.  For "
@@ -9536,7 +9568,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7251
+#: freeculture.xml:7264
 msgid ""
 "The control comes instead from the code&mdash;from the technology within "
 "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are "
@@ -9554,17 +9586,17 @@ msgid ""
 "read aloud."
 msgstr ""
 
-#.  PAGE BREAK 163 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7269
+#: freeculture.xml:7282
 msgid ""
 "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world "
 "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried "
-"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence."
+"to type \"Warner Brothers,\" erased \"Brothers\" from the sentence.  "
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7275
+#: freeculture.xml:7289
 msgid ""
 "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright "
 "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The "
@@ -9576,7 +9608,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7284
+#: freeculture.xml:7298
 msgid ""
 "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls "
 "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that "
@@ -9586,14 +9618,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7292
+#: freeculture.xml:7305
 msgid ""
 "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook "
 "Reader."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7296
+#: freeculture.xml:7309
 msgid ""
 "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public "
 "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the "
@@ -9603,18 +9635,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7304
+#: freeculture.xml:7317
 msgid "List of the permissions for &quot;Alice's Adventures in Wonderland&quot;."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7306
+#: freeculture.xml:7319
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 164 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7310
+#: freeculture.xml:7323
 msgid ""
 "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, "
 "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" "
@@ -9622,7 +9654,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7317
+#: freeculture.xml:7330
 msgid ""
 "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission.  For the "
 "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; "
@@ -9633,7 +9665,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7325
+#: freeculture.xml:7338
 msgid ""
 "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to "
 "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting "
@@ -9648,7 +9680,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7338
+#: freeculture.xml:7351
 msgid ""
 "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative "
 "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with "
@@ -9658,19 +9690,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7346
+#: freeculture.xml:7359
 msgid ""
 "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story "
 "of mine that makes the same point."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7350
+#: freeculture.xml:7363
 msgid "Aibo robotic dog"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7353
+#: freeculture.xml:7366
 msgid ""
 "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns "
 "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that "
@@ -9679,7 +9711,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 165 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7358
+#: freeculture.xml:7371
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up "
 "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable "
@@ -9690,7 +9722,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7367
+#: freeculture.xml:7380
 msgid ""
 "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers.  You "
 "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently.  So to "
@@ -9701,7 +9733,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7375
+#: freeculture.xml:7388
 msgid ""
 "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word "
 "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly "
@@ -9717,7 +9749,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7387
+#: freeculture.xml:7400
 msgid ""
 "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like "
 "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult "
@@ -9727,7 +9759,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7394
+#: freeculture.xml:7407
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and "
 "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance "
@@ -9738,7 +9770,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 166 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7402
+#: freeculture.xml:7415
 msgid ""
 "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United "
 "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it "
@@ -9753,7 +9785,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7418
+#: freeculture.xml:7431
 msgid ""
 "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show&mdash; not "
 "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed "
@@ -9767,12 +9799,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7441 freeculture.xml:9867
+#: freeculture.xml:7454 freeculture.xml:9881
 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7431
+#: freeculture.xml:7444
 msgid ""
 "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" "
 "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play "
@@ -9789,7 +9821,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7429
+#: freeculture.xml:7442
 msgid ""
 "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a "
@@ -9799,7 +9831,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7449
+#: freeculture.xml:7462
 msgid ""
 "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to "
 "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it "
@@ -9811,7 +9843,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7459
+#: freeculture.xml:7472
 msgid ""
 "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition.  In "
 "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of "
@@ -9821,7 +9853,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 167 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7466
+#: freeculture.xml:7479
 msgid ""
 "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the "
 "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems "
@@ -9830,7 +9862,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7472
+#: freeculture.xml:7485
 msgid ""
 "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United "
 "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just "
@@ -9841,7 +9873,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7480
+#: freeculture.xml:7493
 msgid ""
 "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing "
 "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or "
@@ -9851,7 +9883,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7488
+#: freeculture.xml:7501
 msgid ""
 "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then "
 "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com "
@@ -9859,7 +9891,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7495
+#: freeculture.xml:7508
 msgid ""
 "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's "
 "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention "
@@ -9867,7 +9899,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7501
+#: freeculture.xml:7514
 msgid ""
 "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of "
 "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an "
@@ -9876,7 +9908,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 168 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7507
+#: freeculture.xml:7520
 msgid ""
 "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public "
 "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the "
@@ -9885,7 +9917,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7515
+#: freeculture.xml:7528
 msgid ""
 "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread "
 "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such "
@@ -9893,7 +9925,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7520
+#: freeculture.xml:7533
 msgid ""
 "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about "
 "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the "
@@ -9906,7 +9938,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7531
+#: freeculture.xml:7544
 msgid ""
 "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code "
 "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, "
@@ -9916,7 +9948,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7538
+#: freeculture.xml:7551
 msgid ""
 "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the "
 "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at "
@@ -9928,7 +9960,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 169 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7547
+#: freeculture.xml:7560
 msgid ""
 "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a "
 "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance "
@@ -9942,7 +9974,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7559
+#: freeculture.xml:7572
 msgid ""
 "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line "
 "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection "
@@ -9953,7 +9985,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7567
+#: freeculture.xml:7580
 msgid ""
 "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by "
 "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could "
@@ -9966,7 +9998,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f23 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7593
+#: freeculture.xml:7606
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal "
 "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers "
@@ -9976,7 +10008,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7578
+#: freeculture.xml:7591
 msgid ""
 "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the "
 "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that "
@@ -9995,7 +10027,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 170 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7602
+#: freeculture.xml:7615
 msgid ""
 "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses "
 "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR "
@@ -10003,17 +10035,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7607
+#: freeculture.xml:7620
 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7611
+#: freeculture.xml:7624
 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7614
+#: freeculture.xml:7627
 msgid ""
 "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention "
 "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different "
@@ -10025,7 +10057,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 171 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7622
+#: freeculture.xml:7635
 msgid ""
 "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree "
 "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to "
@@ -10034,17 +10066,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7630
+#: freeculture.xml:7643
 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7631
+#: freeculture.xml:7644
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7634
+#: freeculture.xml:7647
 msgid ""
 "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns "
 "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention "
@@ -10055,7 +10087,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7642
+#: freeculture.xml:7655
 msgid ""
 "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the "
 "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict "
@@ -10066,7 +10098,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7650
+#: freeculture.xml:7663
 msgid ""
 "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The "
 "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become "
@@ -10080,7 +10112,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7662
+#: freeculture.xml:7675
 msgid ""
 "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law "
 "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease "
@@ -10095,7 +10127,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f24 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7681
+#: freeculture.xml:7694
 msgid ""
 "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, "
 "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los "
@@ -10103,7 +10135,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7675
+#: freeculture.xml:7688
 msgid ""
 "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan "
 "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of "
@@ -10113,7 +10145,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7687
+#: freeculture.xml:7700
 msgid ""
 "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity.  "
 "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered "
@@ -10123,7 +10155,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7694
+#: freeculture.xml:7707
 msgid ""
 "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally "
 "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots "
@@ -10136,7 +10168,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7704
+#: freeculture.xml:7717
 msgid ""
 "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the "
 "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's "
@@ -10147,13 +10179,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7713
+#: freeculture.xml:7726
 msgid "Market: Concentration"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 173 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7715
+#: freeculture.xml:7728
 msgid ""
 "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically&mdash;tripled in the past "
 "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well&mdash;from "
@@ -10171,7 +10203,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7733
+#: freeculture.xml:7746
 msgid ""
 "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't "
 "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in "
@@ -10181,7 +10213,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7740
+#: freeculture.xml:7753
 msgid ""
 "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media.  In "
 "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical "
@@ -10194,18 +10226,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7751
+#: freeculture.xml:7764
 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7754
+#: freeculture.xml:7767
 msgid "BMG"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f25 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7760
+#: freeculture.xml:7773
 msgid ""
 "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and "
 "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003)  (statement "
@@ -10214,7 +10246,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f26 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7767
+#: freeculture.xml:7780
 msgid ""
 "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" "
 "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002."
@@ -10222,19 +10254,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f27 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7773
+#: freeculture.xml:7786
 msgid ""
 "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston "
 "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7776
+#: freeculture.xml:7789
 msgid "McCain, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7756
+#: freeculture.xml:7769
 msgid ""
 "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain "
 "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five "
@@ -10249,7 +10281,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 174 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7779
+#: freeculture.xml:7792
 msgid ""
 "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the "
 "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than "
@@ -10262,7 +10294,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7790
+#: freeculture.xml:7803
 msgid ""
 "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well.  Today, there are "
 "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were "
@@ -10276,12 +10308,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7804 freeculture.xml:7821
+#: freeculture.xml:7817 freeculture.xml:7834
 msgid "Fallows, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7801
+#: freeculture.xml:7814
 msgid ""
 "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in "
 "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent "
@@ -10289,7 +10321,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7819
+#: freeculture.xml:7832
 msgid ""
 "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic "
 "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
@@ -10297,7 +10329,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7808
+#: freeculture.xml:7821
 msgid ""
 "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its "
 "integration. They supply content&mdash;Fox movies . . .  Fox TV shows "
@@ -10312,7 +10344,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7826
+#: freeculture.xml:7839
 msgid ""
 "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large "
 "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many "
@@ -10321,18 +10353,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:7832
+#: freeculture.xml:7845
 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure>
-#: freeculture.xml:7833
+#: freeculture.xml:7846
 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 175 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7837
+#: freeculture.xml:7850
 msgid ""
 "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is "
 "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute "
@@ -10340,7 +10372,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7842
+#: freeculture.xml:7855
 msgid ""
 "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing "
 "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and "
@@ -10349,24 +10381,24 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7848
+#: freeculture.xml:7861
 msgid ""
 "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration "
 "may matter."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7851
+#: freeculture.xml:7864
 msgid "Lear, Norman"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7853 freeculture.xml:7917
+#: freeculture.xml:7866 freeculture.xml:7930
 msgid "All in the Family"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7855
+#: freeculture.xml:7868
 msgid ""
 "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the "
 "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It "
@@ -10377,7 +10409,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f29 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7867
+#: freeculture.xml:7880
 msgid ""
 "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center "
 "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, "
@@ -10388,7 +10420,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7862
+#: freeculture.xml:7875
 msgid ""
 "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to "
 "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking.  The copyrights that "
@@ -10398,7 +10430,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 176 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7879
+#: freeculture.xml:7892
 msgid ""
 "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the "
 "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a "
@@ -10410,7 +10442,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f30 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7898
+#: freeculture.xml:7911
 msgid ""
 "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media "
 "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st "
@@ -10422,7 +10454,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7888
+#: freeculture.xml:7901
 msgid ""
 "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence.  After "
 "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance.  In 1985, there were "
@@ -10441,7 +10473,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7919
+#: freeculture.xml:7932
 msgid ""
 "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the "
 "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show "
@@ -10450,17 +10482,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7928
+#: freeculture.xml:7941
 msgid "Diller, Barry"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7929
+#: freeculture.xml:7942
 msgid "Moyers, Bill"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7925
+#: freeculture.xml:7938
 msgid ""
 "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of "
 "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry "
@@ -10470,7 +10502,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f32 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7942
+#: freeculture.xml:7955
 msgid ""
 "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill "
 "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available "
@@ -10478,7 +10510,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7933
+#: freeculture.xml:7946
 msgid ""
 "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their "
 "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their "
@@ -10489,7 +10521,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7949
+#: freeculture.xml:7962
 msgid ""
 "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large "
 "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous.  Increasingly "
@@ -10503,13 +10535,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:7960
+#: freeculture.xml:7973
 msgid "Clark, Kim B."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f33 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7969
+#: freeculture.xml:7982
 msgid ""
 "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The "
 "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do "
@@ -10525,7 +10557,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7962
+#: freeculture.xml:7975
 msgid ""
 "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration "
 "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's "
@@ -10539,7 +10571,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7986
+#: freeculture.xml:7999
 msgid ""
 "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say "
 "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies "
@@ -10547,14 +10579,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7992
+#: freeculture.xml:8005
 msgid ""
 "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest "
 "the concern."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:7996
+#: freeculture.xml:8009
 msgid ""
 "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug "
 "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; "
@@ -10563,7 +10595,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 178 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8001
+#: freeculture.xml:8014
 msgid ""
 "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any "
 "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I "
@@ -10581,7 +10613,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8020
+#: freeculture.xml:8033
 msgid ""
 "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is "
 "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend "
@@ -10589,7 +10621,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8026
+#: freeculture.xml:8039
 msgid ""
 "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a "
 "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores "
@@ -10604,14 +10636,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8038
+#: freeculture.xml:8051
 msgid ""
 "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its "
 "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8042
+#: freeculture.xml:8055
 msgid ""
 "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a "
 "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to "
@@ -10621,7 +10653,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 179 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8048
+#: freeculture.xml:8061
 msgid ""
 "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the "
 "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the "
@@ -10630,22 +10662,22 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8089
+#: freeculture.xml:8102
 msgid "Comcast"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8090
+#: freeculture.xml:8103
 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8091
+#: freeculture.xml:8104
 msgid "WJOA"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8065
+#: freeculture.xml:8078
 msgid ""
 "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that "
 "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the "
@@ -10676,7 +10708,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8055
+#: freeculture.xml:8068
 msgid ""
 "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding "
 "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed "
@@ -10690,7 +10722,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8095
+#: freeculture.xml:8108
 msgid ""
 "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well&mdash;if we lived in a "
 "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws "
@@ -10703,12 +10735,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8107
+#: freeculture.xml:8120
 msgid "Together"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8109
+#: freeculture.xml:8122
 msgid ""
 "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright "
 "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the "
@@ -10718,7 +10750,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 180 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8115
+#: freeculture.xml:8128
 msgid ""
 "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed&mdash; when "
 "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to "
@@ -10733,7 +10765,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8131
+#: freeculture.xml:8144
 msgid ""
 "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright "
 "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, "
@@ -10742,7 +10774,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8137
+#: freeculture.xml:8150
 msgid ""
 "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture "
 "notwithstanding.  And these massive shifts in the effective power of "
@@ -10756,7 +10788,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8149
+#: freeculture.xml:8162
 msgid ""
 "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant "
 "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now "
@@ -10771,7 +10803,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 181 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8161
+#: freeculture.xml:8174
 msgid ""
 "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we "
 "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together "
@@ -10782,7 +10814,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8185
+#: freeculture.xml:8198
 msgid ""
 "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of "
 "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159&ndash;60.  "
@@ -10790,7 +10822,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8170
+#: freeculture.xml:8183
 msgid ""
 "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they "
 "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the "
@@ -10808,12 +10840,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8191
+#: freeculture.xml:8204
 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8194
+#: freeculture.xml:8207
 msgid ""
 "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and "
 "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished "
@@ -10823,38 +10855,38 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8207 freeculture.xml:8245
+#: freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:8258
 msgid "PUBLISH"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8208 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8318
+#: freeculture.xml:8221 freeculture.xml:8259 freeculture.xml:8298 freeculture.xml:8331
 msgid "TRANSFORM"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8213 freeculture.xml:8251 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8323
+#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264 freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8336
 msgid "Commercial"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8214 freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8324 freeculture.xml:8325 freeculture.xml:8329 freeculture.xml:8330
+#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8266 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8305 freeculture.xml:8337 freeculture.xml:8338 freeculture.xml:8342 freeculture.xml:8343
 msgid "&copy;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8215 freeculture.xml:8219 freeculture.xml:8220 freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8297
+#: freeculture.xml:8228 freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8310
 msgid "Free"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8218 freeculture.xml:8256 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8328
+#: freeculture.xml:8231 freeculture.xml:8269 freeculture.xml:8308 freeculture.xml:8341
 msgid "Noncommercial"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 182 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8227
+#: freeculture.xml:8240
 msgid ""
 "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright "
 "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached "
@@ -10864,12 +10896,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8236
+#: freeculture.xml:8249
 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8265
+#: freeculture.xml:8278
 msgid ""
 "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law&mdash;if published, "
 "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered "
@@ -10878,7 +10910,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8271
+#: freeculture.xml:8284
 msgid ""
 "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this "
 "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of "
@@ -10888,17 +10920,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8284 freeculture.xml:8317
+#: freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8330
 msgid "COPY"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry>
-#: freeculture.xml:8296
+#: freeculture.xml:8309
 msgid "&copy;/Free"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8304
+#: freeculture.xml:8317
 msgid ""
 "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy "
 "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market "
@@ -10909,7 +10941,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 183 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8337
+#: freeculture.xml:8350
 msgid ""
 "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was "
 "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity&mdash; commercial or "
@@ -10918,7 +10950,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8345
+#: freeculture.xml:8358
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does "
 "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether "
@@ -10927,7 +10959,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8351
+#: freeculture.xml:8364
 msgid ""
 "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying.  But I "
 "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it "
@@ -10940,7 +10972,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f36 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8367
+#: freeculture.xml:8380
 msgid ""
 "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement "
 "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public "
@@ -10951,7 +10983,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8361
+#: freeculture.xml:8374
 msgid ""
 "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course "
 "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, "
@@ -10969,7 +11001,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 184 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8384
+#: freeculture.xml:8397
 msgid ""
 "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on "
 "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of "
@@ -10988,7 +11020,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8403
+#: freeculture.xml:8416
 msgid ""
 "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response "
 "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the "
@@ -11003,33 +11035,33 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8420
+#: freeculture.xml:8433
 msgid "PUZZLES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8424
+#: freeculture.xml:8437
 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8426
+#: freeculture.xml:8439
 msgid "chimeras"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8429
+#: freeculture.xml:8442
 msgid "Wells, H. G."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8432
+#: freeculture.xml:8445
 msgid "&quot;Country of the Blind, The&quot; (Wells)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8440
+#: freeculture.xml:8453
 msgid ""
 "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, "
 "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael "
@@ -11037,7 +11069,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8436
+#: freeculture.xml:8449
 msgid ""
 "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez "
 "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in "
@@ -11051,7 +11083,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8452
+#: freeculture.xml:8465
 msgid ""
 "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight "
 "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" "
@@ -11065,7 +11097,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 187 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8464
+#: freeculture.xml:8477
 msgid ""
 "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the "
 "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, "
@@ -11079,7 +11111,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8475
+#: freeculture.xml:8488
 msgid ""
 "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" "
 "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father "
@@ -11088,21 +11120,21 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8481
+#: freeculture.xml:8494
 msgid ""
 "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is "
 "affected,\" he reports."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8485
+#: freeculture.xml:8498
 msgid ""
 "\"What affects it?\" the father asks.  \"Those queer things that are called "
 "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8490
+#: freeculture.xml:8503
 msgid ""
 "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in "
 "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy "
@@ -11112,7 +11144,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 188 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8496
+#: freeculture.xml:8509
 msgid ""
 "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform "
 "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride.  (You'll "
@@ -11127,7 +11159,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8513
+#: freeculture.xml:8526
 msgid ""
 "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible.  A "
 "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is "
@@ -11138,7 +11170,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8521
+#: freeculture.xml:8534
 msgid ""
 "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and "
 "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly "
@@ -11155,7 +11187,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8535
+#: freeculture.xml:8548
 msgid ""
 "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a "
 "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my "
@@ -11167,7 +11199,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8544
+#: freeculture.xml:8557
 msgid ""
 "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into "
 "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" "
@@ -11179,7 +11211,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 189 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8555
+#: freeculture.xml:8568
 msgid ""
 "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from "
 "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from "
@@ -11191,7 +11223,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8565
+#: freeculture.xml:8578
 msgid ""
 "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it "
 "is both&mdash;both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is "
@@ -11201,12 +11233,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8611 freeculture.xml:9311
+#: freeculture.xml:8624 freeculture.xml:9325
 msgid "Berman, Howard L."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8581
+#: freeculture.xml:8594
 msgid ""
 "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the "
 "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright "
@@ -11240,7 +11272,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8572
+#: freeculture.xml:8585
 msgid ""
 "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, "
 "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We "
@@ -11253,7 +11285,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8617
+#: freeculture.xml:8630
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as "
 "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no "
@@ -11263,7 +11295,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8624
+#: freeculture.xml:8637
 msgid ""
 "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake.  Rather than "
 "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that "
@@ -11277,7 +11309,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 190 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8636
+#: freeculture.xml:8649
 msgid ""
 "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of "
 "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is "
@@ -11288,7 +11320,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8644
+#: freeculture.xml:8657
 msgid ""
 "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My "
 "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will "
@@ -11302,14 +11334,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8657
+#: freeculture.xml:8670
 msgid ""
 "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, "
 "and we want to protect those rights."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8661
+#: freeculture.xml:8674
 msgid ""
 "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major "
 "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it "
@@ -11320,7 +11352,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8679
+#: freeculture.xml:8692
 msgid ""
 "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital "
 "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the "
@@ -11331,7 +11363,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8669
+#: freeculture.xml:8682
 msgid ""
 "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with "
 "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for "
@@ -11344,12 +11376,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8693 freeculture.xml:9042
+#: freeculture.xml:8706 freeculture.xml:9055
 msgid "Vivendi Universal"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8690
+#: freeculture.xml:8703
 msgid ""
 "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the "
 "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed.  <placeholder "
@@ -11357,7 +11389,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8696
+#: freeculture.xml:8709
 msgid ""
 "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It "
 "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill "
@@ -11365,12 +11397,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8704
+#: freeculture.xml:8717
 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8707
+#: freeculture.xml:8720
 msgid ""
 "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has "
 "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought "
@@ -11380,7 +11412,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8715
+#: freeculture.xml:8728
 msgid ""
 "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in "
 "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to "
@@ -11389,7 +11421,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8722
+#: freeculture.xml:8735
 msgid ""
 "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first "
 "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of "
@@ -11398,7 +11430,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8730
+#: freeculture.xml:8743
 msgid ""
 "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the "
 "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control "
@@ -11408,7 +11440,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 193 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8737
+#: freeculture.xml:8750
 msgid ""
 "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe "
 "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident "
@@ -11418,12 +11450,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8744
+#: freeculture.xml:8757
 msgid "Constraining Creators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8746
+#: freeculture.xml:8759
 msgid ""
 "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies.  "
 "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share "
@@ -11440,7 +11472,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8761
+#: freeculture.xml:8774
 msgid ""
 "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the "
 "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in "
@@ -11455,7 +11487,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 194 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8772
+#: freeculture.xml:8785
 msgid ""
 "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture "
 "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated "
@@ -11465,7 +11497,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8782
+#: freeculture.xml:8795
 msgid ""
 "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the "
 "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a "
@@ -11479,12 +11511,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8810 freeculture.xml:8831
+#: freeculture.xml:8823 freeculture.xml:8844
 msgid "Worldcom"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8805
+#: freeculture.xml:8818
 msgid ""
 "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at "
 "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley &amp; Sons, 2003), 176, 204; "
@@ -11495,12 +11527,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8826
+#: freeculture.xml:8839
 msgid "Bush, George W."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8817
+#: freeculture.xml:8830
 msgid ""
 "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the "
 "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an "
@@ -11514,7 +11546,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8793
+#: freeculture.xml:8806
 msgid ""
 "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of "
 "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is "
@@ -11536,7 +11568,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8853
+#: freeculture.xml:8866
 msgid ""
 "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" "
 "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -11546,7 +11578,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8834
+#: freeculture.xml:8847
 msgid ""
 "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high "
 "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never "
@@ -11566,7 +11598,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8863
+#: freeculture.xml:8876
 msgid ""
 "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing "
 "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger "
@@ -11579,7 +11611,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8874
+#: freeculture.xml:8887
 msgid ""
 "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting "
 "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the "
@@ -11593,7 +11625,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8885
+#: freeculture.xml:8898
 msgid ""
 "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described "
 "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, "
@@ -11603,7 +11635,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 196 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8894
+#: freeculture.xml:8907
 msgid ""
 "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend "
 "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for "
@@ -11616,7 +11648,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8904
+#: freeculture.xml:8917
 msgid ""
 "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate "
 "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law "
@@ -11629,7 +11661,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8915
+#: freeculture.xml:8928
 msgid ""
 "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of "
 "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend "
@@ -11642,13 +11674,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8926
+#: freeculture.xml:8939
 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 197 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8930
+#: freeculture.xml:8943
 msgid ""
 "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are "
 "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being "
@@ -11661,12 +11693,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:8943
+#: freeculture.xml:8956
 msgid "Constraining Innovators"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8945
+#: freeculture.xml:8958
 msgid ""
 "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story&mdash;creativity "
 "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you "
@@ -11677,7 +11709,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8953
+#: freeculture.xml:8966
 msgid ""
 "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense.  Indeed, "
 "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket "
@@ -11689,7 +11721,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8962
+#: freeculture.xml:8975
 msgid ""
 "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same "
 "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, "
@@ -11704,13 +11736,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:8974 freeculture.xml:9080
+#: freeculture.xml:8987 freeculture.xml:9093
 msgid "Barry, Hank"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 198 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8976
+#: freeculture.xml:8989
 msgid ""
 "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy "
 "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of "
@@ -11724,7 +11756,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8988
+#: freeculture.xml:9001
 msgid ""
 "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in "
 "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way "
@@ -11732,7 +11764,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:8993
+#: freeculture.xml:9006
 msgid ""
 "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com.  MP3.com was "
 "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new "
@@ -11743,7 +11775,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9001
+#: freeculture.xml:9014
 msgid ""
 "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to "
 "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to "
@@ -11753,7 +11785,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9009
+#: freeculture.xml:9022
 msgid ""
 "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences.  "
 "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference "
@@ -11768,7 +11800,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 199 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9021
+#: freeculture.xml:9034
 msgid ""
 "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that "
 "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com "
@@ -11778,7 +11810,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9030
+#: freeculture.xml:9043
 msgid ""
 "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to "
 "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, "
@@ -11792,7 +11824,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9045
+#: freeculture.xml:9058
 msgid ""
 "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed "
 "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of "
@@ -11804,12 +11836,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9055
+#: freeculture.xml:9068
 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9058
+#: freeculture.xml:9071
 msgid ""
 "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a "
 "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a "
@@ -11822,7 +11854,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 200 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9068
+#: freeculture.xml:9081
 msgid ""
 "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified "
 "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to "
@@ -11834,13 +11866,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9079
+#: freeculture.xml:9092
 msgid "Hummer, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9088
+#: freeculture.xml:9101
 msgid ""
 "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los "
 "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the "
@@ -11852,7 +11884,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9082
+#: freeculture.xml:9095
 msgid ""
 "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal "
 "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm "
@@ -11872,17 +11904,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9109
+#: freeculture.xml:9122
 msgid "BMW"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9124
+#: freeculture.xml:9137
 msgid "Needleman, Rafe"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9120
+#: freeculture.xml:9133
 msgid ""
 "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business "
 "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -11892,7 +11924,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9111
+#: freeculture.xml:9124
 msgid ""
 "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, "
 "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany "
@@ -11904,7 +11936,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9129
+#: freeculture.xml:9142
 msgid ""
 "This is the world of the mafia&mdash;filled with \"your money or your life\" "
 "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law "
@@ -11916,7 +11948,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 201 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9139
+#: freeculture.xml:9152
 msgid ""
 "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal "
 "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess "
@@ -11932,7 +11964,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9154
+#: freeculture.xml:9167
 msgid ""
 "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair "
 "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both "
@@ -11947,7 +11979,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 202 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9166
+#: freeculture.xml:9179
 msgid ""
 "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the "
 "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden "
@@ -11970,7 +12002,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9188
+#: freeculture.xml:9201
 msgid ""
 "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the "
 "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's "
@@ -11984,7 +12016,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9202
+#: freeculture.xml:9215
 msgid ""
 "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the "
 "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), "
@@ -11994,12 +12026,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9218
+#: freeculture.xml:9231
 msgid "GartnerG2, 26&ndash;27."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9198
+#: freeculture.xml:9211
 msgid ""
 "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the "
 "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would "
@@ -12017,7 +12049,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 203 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9223
+#: freeculture.xml:9236
 msgid ""
 "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why "
 "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical "
@@ -12028,14 +12060,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9237
+#: freeculture.xml:9250
 msgid ""
 "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, "
 "February 2002 (Entertainment)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9234
+#: freeculture.xml:9247
 msgid ""
 "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, "
 "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would "
@@ -12045,7 +12077,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9245
+#: freeculture.xml:9258
 msgid ""
 "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed "
 "innovation&mdash;again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free "
@@ -12053,7 +12085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9251
+#: freeculture.xml:9264
 msgid ""
 "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of "
 "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others.  When "
@@ -12061,16 +12093,15 @@ msgid ""
 "regulation the powerful use to defeat competitors."
 msgstr ""
 
-#.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9260
+#: freeculture.xml:9273
 msgid ""
 "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: "
-"Prometheus Books, 2001)."
+"Prometheus Books, 2001).  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9257
+#: freeculture.xml:9270
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as "
 "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica "
@@ -12083,7 +12114,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9270
+#: freeculture.xml:9284
 msgid ""
 "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the "
 "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a "
@@ -12094,7 +12125,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9279
+#: freeculture.xml:9293
 msgid ""
 "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry "
 "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia "
@@ -12112,7 +12143,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9297
+#: freeculture.xml:9311
 msgid ""
 "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the "
 "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize "
@@ -12131,7 +12162,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9277
+#: freeculture.xml:9291
 msgid ""
 "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses "
@@ -12143,7 +12174,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 204 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9319
+#: freeculture.xml:9333
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the "
 "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he "
@@ -12155,7 +12186,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9329
+#: freeculture.xml:9343
 msgid ""
 "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The "
 "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist "
@@ -12168,7 +12199,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9340
+#: freeculture.xml:9354
 msgid ""
 "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to "
 "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels "
@@ -12179,7 +12210,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9349
+#: freeculture.xml:9363
 msgid ""
 "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are "
 "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in "
@@ -12195,7 +12226,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 205 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9364
+#: freeculture.xml:9378
 msgid ""
 "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement "
 "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since "
@@ -12207,12 +12238,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9388
+#: freeculture.xml:9402
 msgid "Lessing, 239."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9374
+#: freeculture.xml:9388
 msgid ""
 "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, "
 "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded "
@@ -12230,12 +12261,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9398
+#: freeculture.xml:9412
 msgid "Ibid., 229."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9393
+#: freeculture.xml:9407
 msgid ""
 "This potential for FM radio was never realized&mdash;not because Armstrong "
 "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of "
@@ -12245,7 +12276,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9403
+#: freeculture.xml:9417
 msgid ""
 "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there "
 "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio "
@@ -12256,7 +12287,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 206 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9411
+#: freeculture.xml:9425
 msgid ""
 "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new "
 "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful "
@@ -12271,12 +12302,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9450
+#: freeculture.xml:9464
 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9433
+#: freeculture.xml:9447
 msgid ""
 "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration "
 "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by "
@@ -12298,7 +12329,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9426
+#: freeculture.xml:9440
 msgid ""
 "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher "
 "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to "
@@ -12309,7 +12340,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9457
+#: freeculture.xml:9471
 msgid ""
 "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were "
 "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) "
@@ -12318,57 +12349,57 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9465
+#: freeculture.xml:9479
 msgid "name of the service;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9468
+#: freeculture.xml:9482
 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9471
+#: freeculture.xml:9485
 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9474
+#: freeculture.xml:9488
 msgid "date of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9477
+#: freeculture.xml:9491
 msgid "time of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9480
+#: freeculture.xml:9494
 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9483
+#: freeculture.xml:9497
 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9486
+#: freeculture.xml:9500
 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9489
+#: freeculture.xml:9503
 msgid "sound recording title;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9492
+#: freeculture.xml:9506
 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9495
+#: freeculture.xml:9509
 msgid ""
 "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of "
 "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of "
@@ -12376,77 +12407,77 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9498
+#: freeculture.xml:9512
 msgid "featured recording artist;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9501
+#: freeculture.xml:9515
 msgid "retail album title;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9504
+#: freeculture.xml:9518
 msgid "recording label;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9507
+#: freeculture.xml:9521
 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9510
+#: freeculture.xml:9524
 msgid "catalog number;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9513
+#: freeculture.xml:9527
 msgid "copyright owner information;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9516
+#: freeculture.xml:9530
 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9519
+#: freeculture.xml:9533
 msgid "name of the service or entity;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9522
+#: freeculture.xml:9536
 msgid "channel or program;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9525
+#: freeculture.xml:9539
 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9528
+#: freeculture.xml:9542
 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9531
+#: freeculture.xml:9545
 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9534
+#: freeculture.xml:9548
 msgid "Unique User identifier;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9537
+#: freeculture.xml:9551
 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9542
+#: freeculture.xml:9556
 msgid ""
 "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, "
 "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the "
@@ -12457,7 +12488,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9550
+#: freeculture.xml:9564
 msgid ""
 "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic "
 "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was "
@@ -12465,7 +12496,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9556
+#: freeculture.xml:9570
 msgid ""
 "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to "
 "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at "
@@ -12474,7 +12505,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 208 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9562
+#: freeculture.xml:9576
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony "
 "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and "
@@ -12488,7 +12519,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9578
+#: freeculture.xml:9592
 msgid ""
 "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry "
 "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry "
@@ -12497,7 +12528,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9586
+#: freeculture.xml:9600
 msgid ""
 "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that "
 "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the "
@@ -12508,12 +12539,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:9596
+#: freeculture.xml:9610
 msgid "Corrupting Citizens"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9598
+#: freeculture.xml:9612
 msgid ""
 "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives "
 "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity "
@@ -12521,7 +12552,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9604
+#: freeculture.xml:9618
 msgid ""
 "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important "
 "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts "
@@ -12530,7 +12561,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9613
+#: freeculture.xml:9627
 msgid ""
 "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet "
 "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink "
@@ -12541,7 +12572,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 209 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9609
+#: freeculture.xml:9623
 msgid ""
 "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war "
 "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number "
@@ -12559,14 +12590,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f16. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9647
+#: freeculture.xml:9661
 msgid ""
 "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" "
 "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9634
+#: freeculture.xml:9648
 msgid ""
 "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal "
 "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in "
@@ -12589,7 +12620,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f17. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9669
+#: freeculture.xml:9683
 msgid ""
 "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During "
 "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 "
@@ -12598,7 +12629,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f18. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9677
+#: freeculture.xml:9691
 msgid ""
 "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform "
 "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John "
@@ -12607,7 +12638,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f19. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9687
+#: freeculture.xml:9701
 msgid ""
 "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" "
 "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey "
@@ -12615,7 +12646,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9659
+#: freeculture.xml:9673
 msgid ""
 "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something "
 "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol "
@@ -12638,7 +12669,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9696
+#: freeculture.xml:9710
 msgid ""
 "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly "
 "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students "
@@ -12657,7 +12688,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9713
+#: freeculture.xml:9727
 msgid ""
 "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more "
 "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make "
@@ -12671,7 +12702,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 211 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9726
+#: freeculture.xml:9740
 msgid ""
 "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we "
 "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics "
@@ -12681,7 +12712,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9733
+#: freeculture.xml:9747
 msgid ""
 "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but "
 "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people "
@@ -12698,7 +12729,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9747
+#: freeculture.xml:9761
 msgid ""
 "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the "
 "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways "
@@ -12712,13 +12743,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9759
+#: freeculture.xml:9773
 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example."
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 212 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9762
+#: freeculture.xml:9776
 msgid ""
 "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of "
 "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought.  The law "
@@ -12729,7 +12760,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9773
+#: freeculture.xml:9787
 msgid ""
 "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph "
 "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without "
@@ -12740,12 +12771,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9781
+#: freeculture.xml:9795
 msgid "Adromeda"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9783
+#: freeculture.xml:9797
 msgid ""
 "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large "
 "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in "
@@ -12759,7 +12790,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9794
+#: freeculture.xml:9808
 msgid ""
 "This use is enabled by unprotected media&mdash;either CDs or records.  But "
 "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so "
@@ -12772,7 +12803,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 213 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9804
+#: freeculture.xml:9818
 msgid ""
 "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your "
 "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, "
@@ -12786,7 +12817,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9818
+#: freeculture.xml:9832
 msgid ""
 "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the "
 "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with "
@@ -12798,7 +12829,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9827
+#: freeculture.xml:9841
 msgid ""
 "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a "
 "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only "
@@ -12811,7 +12842,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9838
+#: freeculture.xml:9852
 msgid ""
 "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning "
 "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this "
@@ -12823,7 +12854,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9847
+#: freeculture.xml:9861
 msgid ""
 "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled "
 "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form "
@@ -12832,7 +12863,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9853
+#: freeculture.xml:9867
 msgid ""
 "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable "
 "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; "
@@ -12847,19 +12878,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:9872 freeculture.xml:9981
+#: freeculture.xml:9886 freeculture.xml:9995
 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9870
+#: freeculture.xml:9884
 msgid ""
 "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, "
 "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9876
+#: freeculture.xml:9890
 msgid ""
 "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to "
 "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you "
@@ -12872,7 +12903,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9888
+#: freeculture.xml:9902
 msgid ""
 "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into "
 "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to "
@@ -12880,7 +12911,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9893
+#: freeculture.xml:9907
 msgid ""
 "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA "
 "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the "
@@ -12892,7 +12923,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f20. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9911
+#: freeculture.xml:9925
 msgid ""
 "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in "
 "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington "
@@ -12908,7 +12939,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9902
+#: freeculture.xml:9916
 msgid ""
 "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to "
 "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded "
@@ -12922,7 +12953,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f21. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9929
+#: freeculture.xml:9943
 msgid ""
 "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some "
 "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink "
@@ -12930,7 +12961,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9925
+#: freeculture.xml:9939
 msgid ""
 "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A "
 "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted "
@@ -12942,7 +12973,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f22. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9950
+#: freeculture.xml:9964
 msgid ""
 "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" "
 "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank "
@@ -12963,7 +12994,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9938
+#: freeculture.xml:9952
 msgid ""
 "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a "
 "CD to your daughter&mdash;a collection of songs just like the cassettes you "
@@ -12980,7 +13011,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9969
+#: freeculture.xml:9983
 msgid ""
 "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a "
 "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that "
@@ -12994,7 +13025,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:9985
+#: freeculture.xml:9999
 msgid ""
 "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans "
 "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the "
@@ -13015,7 +13046,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10005
+#: freeculture.xml:10019
 msgid ""
 "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the "
 "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective&mdash; securing "
@@ -13026,12 +13057,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10018
+#: freeculture.xml:10032
 msgid "BALANCES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10023
+#: freeculture.xml:10037
 msgid ""
 "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is "
 "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the "
@@ -13040,7 +13071,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10029
+#: freeculture.xml:10043
 msgid ""
 "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the "
 "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop&mdash;or before she "
@@ -13050,7 +13081,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10037
+#: freeculture.xml:10051
 msgid ""
 "A war about copyright rages all around&mdash;and we're all focusing on the "
 "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses.  "
@@ -13062,7 +13093,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 219 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10046
+#: freeculture.xml:10060
 msgid ""
 "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with "
 "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the "
@@ -13072,7 +13103,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10054
+#: freeculture.xml:10068
 msgid ""
 "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and "
 "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline "
@@ -13080,7 +13111,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10059
+#: freeculture.xml:10073
 msgid ""
 "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, "
 "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more "
@@ -13089,7 +13120,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10065
+#: freeculture.xml:10079
 msgid ""
 "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my "
 "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of "
@@ -13098,12 +13129,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:10075
+#: freeculture.xml:10089
 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10077
+#: freeculture.xml:10091
 msgid ""
 "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like "
 "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one "
@@ -13114,7 +13145,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10086
+#: freeculture.xml:10100
 msgid ""
 "It didn't work&mdash;at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne "
 "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a "
@@ -13124,7 +13155,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 221 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10093
+#: freeculture.xml:10107
 msgid ""
 "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, "
 "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world "
@@ -13136,7 +13167,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10104
+#: freeculture.xml:10118
 msgid ""
 "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source "
 "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed "
@@ -13153,7 +13184,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10127
+#: freeculture.xml:10141
 msgid ""
 "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but "
 "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of "
@@ -13171,7 +13202,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10116
+#: freeculture.xml:10130
 msgid ""
 "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public "
 "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of "
@@ -13185,7 +13216,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10144
+#: freeculture.xml:10158
 msgid ""
 "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection "
 "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the "
@@ -13202,7 +13233,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10164
+#: freeculture.xml:10178
 msgid ""
 "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to "
 "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the "
@@ -13214,7 +13245,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10159
+#: freeculture.xml:10173
 msgid ""
 "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in "
 "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, "
@@ -13223,7 +13254,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10175
+#: freeculture.xml:10189
 msgid ""
 "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through "
 "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he "
@@ -13234,7 +13265,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10184
+#: freeculture.xml:10198
 msgid ""
 "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a "
 "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional "
@@ -13244,7 +13275,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10195
+#: freeculture.xml:10209
 msgid ""
 "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . .  by securing "
 "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their "
@@ -13252,7 +13283,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10201
+#: freeculture.xml:10215
 msgid ""
 "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of "
 "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power "
@@ -13265,12 +13296,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10220 freeculture.xml:11662
+#: freeculture.xml:10234 freeculture.xml:11677
 msgid "Jaszi, Peter"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10211
+#: freeculture.xml:10225
 msgid ""
 "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending "
 "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if "
@@ -13283,7 +13314,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10223
+#: freeculture.xml:10237
 msgid ""
 "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting "
 "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration "
@@ -13296,7 +13327,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10234
+#: freeculture.xml:10248
 msgid ""
 "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of "
 "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are "
@@ -13308,7 +13339,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10243
+#: freeculture.xml:10257
 msgid ""
 "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the "
 "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one "
@@ -13320,7 +13351,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10253
+#: freeculture.xml:10267
 msgid ""
 "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of "
 "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to "
@@ -13330,7 +13361,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 224 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10260
+#: freeculture.xml:10274
 msgid ""
 "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C "
 "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving "
@@ -13338,7 +13369,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10268
+#: freeculture.xml:10282
 msgid ""
 "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could "
 "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of "
@@ -13347,14 +13378,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10274
+#: freeculture.xml:10288
 msgid ""
 "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about "
 "it?\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10278
+#: freeculture.xml:10292
 msgid ""
 "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the "
 "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support "
@@ -13362,7 +13393,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10283
+#: freeculture.xml:10297
 msgid ""
 "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know "
 "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if "
@@ -13370,7 +13401,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10289
+#: freeculture.xml:10303
 msgid ""
 "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to "
 "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the "
@@ -13379,14 +13410,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10295
+#: freeculture.xml:10309
 msgid ""
 "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct "
 "conclusion:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10299
+#: freeculture.xml:10313
 msgid ""
 "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 "
 "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would "
@@ -13394,7 +13425,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10305
+#: freeculture.xml:10319
 msgid ""
 "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute "
 "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these "
@@ -13403,7 +13434,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 225 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10311
+#: freeculture.xml:10325
 msgid ""
 "You quickly get the point&mdash;you as the member of the board and, I trust, "
 "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary "
@@ -13415,7 +13446,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10322
+#: freeculture.xml:10336
 msgid ""
 "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be "
 "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to "
@@ -13424,7 +13455,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10334
+#: freeculture.xml:10348
 msgid ""
 "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse "
 "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" "
@@ -13433,7 +13464,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10341
+#: freeculture.xml:10355
 msgid ""
 "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>."
@@ -13441,7 +13472,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10349
+#: freeculture.xml:10363
 msgid ""
 "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" "
 "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, "
@@ -13449,7 +13480,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10327
+#: freeculture.xml:10341
 msgid ""
 "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term "
 "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the "
@@ -13464,7 +13495,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10356
+#: freeculture.xml:10370
 msgid ""
 "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not "
 "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the "
@@ -13478,7 +13509,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 226 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10369
+#: freeculture.xml:10383
 msgid ""
 "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would "
 "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme "
@@ -13490,7 +13521,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10382
+#: freeculture.xml:10396
 msgid ""
 "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very "
 "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate "
@@ -13500,7 +13531,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10392
+#: freeculture.xml:10406
 msgid ""
 "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no "
 "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when "
@@ -13510,7 +13541,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10399
+#: freeculture.xml:10413
 msgid ""
 "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in "
 "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The "
@@ -13526,7 +13557,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10414
+#: freeculture.xml:10428
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 "
 "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)."
@@ -13534,14 +13565,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10421
+#: freeculture.xml:10435
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 "
 "U.S. 598 (2000)."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10412
+#: freeculture.xml:10426
 msgid ""
 "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the "
 "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything "
@@ -13554,7 +13585,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10428
+#: freeculture.xml:10442
 msgid ""
 "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries "
 "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of "
@@ -13568,7 +13599,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 227 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10425
+#: freeculture.xml:10439
 msgid ""
 "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress "
 "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -13582,7 +13613,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10449
+#: freeculture.xml:10463
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in "
 "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle.  Many believed the "
@@ -13598,7 +13629,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10462
+#: freeculture.xml:10476
 msgid ""
 "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in "
 "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the "
@@ -13618,7 +13649,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10485
+#: freeculture.xml:10499
 msgid ""
 "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, "
 "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S.  "
@@ -13627,7 +13658,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10479
+#: freeculture.xml:10493
 msgid ""
 "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the "
 "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public "
@@ -13639,7 +13670,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10495
+#: freeculture.xml:10509
 msgid ""
 "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a "
 "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the "
@@ -13651,7 +13682,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10507
+#: freeculture.xml:10521
 msgid ""
 "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended.  "
 "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for "
@@ -13665,7 +13696,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10528
+#: freeculture.xml:10542
 msgid ""
 "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the "
 "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal "
@@ -13675,7 +13706,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10522
+#: freeculture.xml:10536
 msgid ""
 "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) "
 "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that "
@@ -13687,7 +13718,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 229 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10537
+#: freeculture.xml:10551
 msgid ""
 "Think practically about the consequence of this extension&mdash;practically, "
 "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, "
@@ -13698,7 +13729,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10549
+#: freeculture.xml:10563
 msgid ""
 "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still "
 "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not "
@@ -13709,14 +13740,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10557
+#: freeculture.xml:10571
 msgid ""
 "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the "
 "current copyright owners. How would you do that?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10561
+#: freeculture.xml:10575
 msgid ""
 "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners "
 "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and "
@@ -13724,7 +13755,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10568
+#: freeculture.xml:10582
 msgid ""
 "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of "
 "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about "
@@ -13734,14 +13765,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10577
+#: freeculture.xml:10591
 msgid ""
 "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists "
 "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10582
+#: freeculture.xml:10596
 msgid ""
 "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty "
 "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles "
@@ -13753,7 +13784,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 230 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10591
+#: freeculture.xml:10605
 msgid ""
 "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house "
 "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is "
@@ -13767,7 +13798,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10606
+#: freeculture.xml:10620
 msgid ""
 "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library.  The "
 "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already "
@@ -13781,7 +13812,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10618
+#: freeculture.xml:10632
 msgid ""
 "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, "
 "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other "
@@ -13789,13 +13820,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10623
+#: freeculture.xml:10637
 msgid "Agee, Michael"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10636
+#: freeculture.xml:10650
 msgid ""
 "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" "
 "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, "
@@ -13805,12 +13836,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10642
+#: freeculture.xml:10656
 msgid "Lucky Dog, The"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10625
+#: freeculture.xml:10639
 msgid ""
 "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which "
 "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct "
@@ -13825,7 +13856,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10645
+#: freeculture.xml:10659
 msgid ""
 "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this "
 "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that "
@@ -13835,7 +13866,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 231 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10651
+#: freeculture.xml:10665
 msgid ""
 "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any "
 "continuing commercial value. The rest&mdash;to the extent it survives at "
@@ -13847,7 +13878,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10669
+#: freeculture.xml:10683
 msgid ""
 "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the "
 "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
@@ -13859,7 +13890,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10662
+#: freeculture.xml:10676
 msgid ""
 "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs.  For most "
 "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital "
@@ -13870,7 +13901,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10679
+#: freeculture.xml:10693
 msgid ""
 "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important.  "
 "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In "
@@ -13880,7 +13911,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10687
+#: freeculture.xml:10701
 msgid ""
 "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't "
 "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't "
@@ -13891,7 +13922,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10695
+#: freeculture.xml:10709
 msgid ""
 "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the "
 "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a "
@@ -13906,7 +13937,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 232 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10706
+#: freeculture.xml:10720
 msgid ""
 "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these "
 "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would "
@@ -13916,7 +13947,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10716
+#: freeculture.xml:10730
 msgid ""
 "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have "
 "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock "
@@ -13925,7 +13956,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10724
+#: freeculture.xml:10738
 msgid ""
 "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has "
 "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a "
@@ -13935,7 +13966,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10733
+#: freeculture.xml:10747
 msgid ""
 "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative "
 "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books "
@@ -13946,7 +13977,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10743
+#: freeculture.xml:10757
 msgid ""
 "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep "
 "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes &amp; Noble, and we don't "
@@ -13960,7 +13991,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 233 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10756
+#: freeculture.xml:10770
 msgid ""
 "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression.  In "
 "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this "
@@ -13968,7 +13999,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10763
+#: freeculture.xml:10777
 msgid ""
 "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our "
 "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no "
@@ -13981,7 +14012,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10774
+#: freeculture.xml:10788
 msgid ""
 "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a "
 "film&mdash;the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs&mdash;were so high, "
@@ -13992,7 +14023,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10783
+#: freeculture.xml:10797
 msgid ""
 "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our "
 "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost "
@@ -14001,12 +14032,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10789
+#: freeculture.xml:10803
 msgid "But this situation has now changed."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10792
+#: freeculture.xml:10806
 msgid ""
 "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies "
 "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of.  Digital "
@@ -14021,7 +14052,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 234 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10805
+#: freeculture.xml:10819
 msgid ""
 "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this "
 "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of "
@@ -14034,7 +14065,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10815
+#: freeculture.xml:10829
 msgid ""
 "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that "
 "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in "
@@ -14048,7 +14079,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10826
+#: freeculture.xml:10840
 msgid ""
 "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster "
 "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too.  So won't "
@@ -14056,7 +14087,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10832
+#: freeculture.xml:10846
 msgid ""
 "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that "
 "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes &amp; Noble offered "
@@ -14070,7 +14101,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f13. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10855
+#: freeculture.xml:10869
 msgid ""
 "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 "
 "December 2002, available at <ulink "
@@ -14078,7 +14109,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10843
+#: freeculture.xml:10857
 msgid ""
 "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should "
 "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My "
@@ -14092,7 +14123,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10862
+#: freeculture.xml:10876
 msgid ""
 "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal "
 "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny "
@@ -14103,7 +14134,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10870
+#: freeculture.xml:10884
 msgid ""
 "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument.  A "
 "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our "
@@ -14113,7 +14144,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10877
+#: freeculture.xml:10891
 msgid ""
 "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights "
 "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: "
@@ -14126,7 +14157,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10888
+#: freeculture.xml:10902
 msgid ""
 "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the "
 "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important "
@@ -14136,7 +14167,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 236 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10894
+#: freeculture.xml:10908
 msgid ""
 "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc.  This "
 "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the "
@@ -14146,7 +14177,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10903
+#: freeculture.xml:10917
 msgid ""
 "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme "
 "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one "
@@ -14156,7 +14187,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10910
+#: freeculture.xml:10924
 msgid ""
 "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our "
 "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of "
@@ -14164,7 +14195,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10916
+#: freeculture.xml:10930
 msgid ""
 "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly "
 "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost "
@@ -14177,7 +14208,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10926
+#: freeculture.xml:10940
 msgid ""
 "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been "
 "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this "
@@ -14185,13 +14216,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10931 freeculture.xml:10945
+#: freeculture.xml:10945 freeculture.xml:10959
 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 237 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10933
+#: freeculture.xml:10947
 msgid ""
 "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very "
 "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary "
@@ -14203,17 +14234,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10943 freeculture.xml:11283 freeculture.xml:11298 freeculture.xml:11391 freeculture.xml:11605 freeculture.xml:11636 freeculture.xml:11724
+#: freeculture.xml:10957 freeculture.xml:11298 freeculture.xml:11313 freeculture.xml:11406 freeculture.xml:11620 freeculture.xml:11651 freeculture.xml:11739
 msgid "Ayer, Don"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:10944
+#: freeculture.xml:10958
 msgid "Bromberg, Dan"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10947
+#: freeculture.xml:10961
 msgid ""
 "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was "
 "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite "
@@ -14226,7 +14257,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10957
+#: freeculture.xml:10971
 msgid ""
 "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a "
 "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it "
@@ -14247,7 +14278,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10978
+#: freeculture.xml:10992
 msgid ""
 "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm "
 "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no "
@@ -14258,7 +14289,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 238 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:10986
+#: freeculture.xml:11000
 msgid ""
 "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in "
 "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court "
@@ -14277,17 +14308,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11017 freeculture.xml:11040
+#: freeculture.xml:11031 freeculture.xml:11055
 msgid "Eagle Forum"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11018
+#: freeculture.xml:11032
 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11005
+#: freeculture.xml:11019
 msgid ""
 "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, "
 "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning.  "
@@ -14305,7 +14336,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11021
+#: freeculture.xml:11035
 msgid ""
 "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting "
 "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in "
@@ -14315,7 +14346,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11029
+#: freeculture.xml:11043
 msgid ""
 "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it "
 "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software "
@@ -14325,11 +14356,12 @@ msgid ""
 "Amendment scholars. There was an exhaustive and uncontroverted brief by the "
 "world's experts in the history of the Progress Clause. And of course, there "
 "was a new brief by Eagle Forum, repeating and strengthening its arguments.  "
-"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" "
+"id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11043
+#: freeculture.xml:11058
 msgid ""
 "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, "
 "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including "
@@ -14338,7 +14370,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11049
+#: freeculture.xml:11064
 msgid ""
 "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've "
 "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law "
@@ -14347,32 +14379,32 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11055
+#: freeculture.xml:11070
 msgid "Akerlof, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11056
+#: freeculture.xml:11071
 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11057
+#: freeculture.xml:11072
 msgid "Buchanan, James"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11058
+#: freeculture.xml:11073
 msgid "Coase, Ronald"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11059
+#: freeculture.xml:11074
 msgid "Friedman, Milton"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11061
+#: freeculture.xml:11076
 msgid ""
 "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five "
 "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton "
@@ -14386,12 +14418,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11084 freeculture.xml:11097 freeculture.xml:11289 freeculture.xml:11641
+#: freeculture.xml:11099 freeculture.xml:11112 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11656
 msgid "Fried, Charles"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11072
+#: freeculture.xml:11087
 msgid ""
 "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to "
 "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from "
@@ -14406,7 +14438,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11087
+#: freeculture.xml:11102
 msgid ""
 "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor "
 "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media "
@@ -14421,7 +14453,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11100
+#: freeculture.xml:11115
 msgid ""
 "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as "
 "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians "
@@ -14430,7 +14462,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11107
+#: freeculture.xml:11122
 msgid ""
 "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the "
 "law. The congressmen were not surprising either&mdash;they were defending "
@@ -14442,7 +14474,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11123
+#: freeculture.xml:11138
 msgid ""
 "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> "
 "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S.  (2003) (No. 01-618), 19."
@@ -14450,19 +14482,19 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11131
+#: freeculture.xml:11146
 msgid ""
 "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins "
 "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11138
+#: freeculture.xml:11153
 msgid "Gershwin, George"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11116
+#: freeculture.xml:11131
 msgid ""
 "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the "
 "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work&mdash; better "
@@ -14479,7 +14511,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11141
+#: freeculture.xml:11156
 msgid ""
 "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate.  "
 "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is "
@@ -14494,7 +14526,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11153
+#: freeculture.xml:11168
 msgid ""
 "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean "
 "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend "
@@ -14506,7 +14538,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11162
+#: freeculture.xml:11177
 msgid ""
 "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called "
 "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives "
@@ -14519,13 +14551,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11171 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11534 freeculture.xml:11546
+#: freeculture.xml:11186 freeculture.xml:11210 freeculture.xml:11549 freeculture.xml:11561
 msgid "Breyer, Stephen"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 242 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11173
+#: freeculture.xml:11188
 msgid ""
 "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on "
 "Congress's power. These four&mdash;Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice "
@@ -14538,7 +14570,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11185
+#: freeculture.xml:11200
 msgid ""
 "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her "
 "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are "
@@ -14551,7 +14583,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11197
+#: freeculture.xml:11212
 msgid ""
 "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as "
 "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored "
@@ -14561,7 +14593,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11205
+#: freeculture.xml:11220
 msgid ""
 "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice "
 "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges "
@@ -14572,7 +14604,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11213
+#: freeculture.xml:11228
 msgid ""
 "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: "
 "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and "
@@ -14585,7 +14617,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 243 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11223
+#: freeculture.xml:11238
 msgid ""
 "This then was the core of our strategy&mdash;a strategy for which I am "
 "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the "
@@ -14600,7 +14632,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11237
+#: freeculture.xml:11252
 msgid ""
 "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done "
 "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that "
@@ -14610,7 +14642,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11244
+#: freeculture.xml:11259
 msgid ""
 "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly "
 "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of "
@@ -14620,7 +14652,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 244 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11251
+#: freeculture.xml:11266
 msgid ""
 "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended "
 "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic.  It then "
@@ -14638,7 +14670,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11274
+#: freeculture.xml:11289
 msgid ""
 "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single "
 "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the "
@@ -14649,7 +14681,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11285
+#: freeculture.xml:11300
 msgid ""
 "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He "
 "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles "
@@ -14659,7 +14691,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11292
+#: freeculture.xml:11307
 msgid ""
 "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be "
 "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a "
@@ -14670,7 +14702,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 245 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11300
+#: freeculture.xml:11315
 msgid ""
 "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't "
 "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right "
@@ -14688,7 +14720,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11317
+#: freeculture.xml:11332
 msgid ""
 "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for "
 "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my "
@@ -14704,7 +14736,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11332
+#: freeculture.xml:11347
 msgid ""
 "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I "
 "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This "
@@ -14713,14 +14745,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11338
+#: freeculture.xml:11353
 msgid ""
 "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening.  The history "
 "was bothering her."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11343
+#: freeculture.xml:11358
 msgid ""
 "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, "
 "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions "
@@ -14729,7 +14761,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11350
+#: freeculture.xml:11365
 msgid ""
 "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of "
 "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to "
@@ -14738,7 +14770,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 246 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11356
+#: freeculture.xml:11371
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, "
 "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives "
@@ -14746,14 +14778,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11364
+#: freeculture.xml:11379
 msgid ""
 "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the "
 "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11370
+#: freeculture.xml:11385
 msgid ""
 "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, "
 "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone "
@@ -14763,14 +14795,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11378
+#: freeculture.xml:11393
 msgid ""
 "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I "
 "answered,"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11384
+#: freeculture.xml:11399
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all.  Nothing "
 "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about "
@@ -14780,7 +14812,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11393
+#: freeculture.xml:11408
 msgid ""
 "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer "
 "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of "
@@ -14790,7 +14822,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11400
+#: freeculture.xml:11415
 msgid ""
 "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been "
 "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> "
@@ -14799,21 +14831,21 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 247 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11405
+#: freeculture.xml:11420
 msgid ""
 "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic.  "
 "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11412
+#: freeculture.xml:11427
 msgid ""
 "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy "
 "verbatim other people's books, don't you?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11416
+#: freeculture.xml:11431
 msgid ""
 "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the "
 "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that "
@@ -14822,7 +14854,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11425
+#: freeculture.xml:11440
 msgid ""
 "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the "
 "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor "
@@ -14830,7 +14862,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11431
+#: freeculture.xml:11446
 msgid ""
 "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time "
 "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the "
@@ -14839,7 +14871,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11439
+#: freeculture.xml:11454
 msgid ""
 "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal.  Olson's "
 "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the "
@@ -14855,7 +14887,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 248 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11452
+#: freeculture.xml:11467
 msgid ""
 "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I "
 "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered "
@@ -14863,7 +14895,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11460
+#: freeculture.xml:11475
 msgid ""
 "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over "
 "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the "
@@ -14880,7 +14912,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11475
+#: freeculture.xml:11490
 msgid ""
 "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and "
 "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the "
@@ -14890,7 +14922,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11482
+#: freeculture.xml:11497
 msgid ""
 "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off "
 "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I "
@@ -14898,7 +14930,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11487
+#: freeculture.xml:11502
 msgid ""
 "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money "
 "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last "
@@ -14906,7 +14938,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11493
+#: freeculture.xml:11508
 msgid ""
 "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the "
 "principle in this case from the principle in "
@@ -14917,7 +14949,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 249 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11502
+#: freeculture.xml:11517
 msgid ""
 "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument.  Consistent "
 "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found "
@@ -14925,7 +14957,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11507
+#: freeculture.xml:11522
 msgid ""
 "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable&mdash;for her, and for Justice "
 "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too "
@@ -14934,7 +14966,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11513
+#: freeculture.xml:11528
 msgid ""
 "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was "
 "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited "
@@ -14948,7 +14980,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11524
+#: freeculture.xml:11539
 msgid ""
 "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they "
 "would respect? By what right did they&mdash;the silent five&mdash;get to "
@@ -14961,7 +14993,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11536
+#: freeculture.xml:11551
 msgid ""
 "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion "
 "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of "
@@ -14976,7 +15008,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 250 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11549
+#: freeculture.xml:11564
 msgid ""
 "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was "
 "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has "
@@ -14989,7 +15021,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11560
+#: freeculture.xml:11575
 msgid ""
 "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because "
 "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was "
@@ -15000,7 +15032,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11567
+#: freeculture.xml:11582
 msgid ""
 "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression "
 "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the "
@@ -15008,7 +15040,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11572
+#: freeculture.xml:11587
 msgid ""
 "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one "
 "thing for them to have explained why the principle of "
@@ -15025,7 +15057,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 251 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11585
+#: freeculture.xml:11600
 msgid ""
 "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the "
 "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined "
@@ -15040,7 +15072,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11600
+#: freeculture.xml:11615
 msgid ""
 "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself.  For I "
 "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as "
@@ -15048,7 +15080,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11607
+#: freeculture.xml:11622
 msgid ""
 "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism "
 "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular.  Most have a "
@@ -15063,7 +15095,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 252 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11618
+#: freeculture.xml:11633
 msgid ""
 "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see "
 "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in "
@@ -15082,7 +15114,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11638
+#: freeculture.xml:11653
 msgid ""
 "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have "
 "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen "
@@ -15090,7 +15122,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11644
+#: freeculture.xml:11659
 msgid ""
 "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not "
 "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take "
@@ -15099,7 +15131,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11650
+#: freeculture.xml:11665
 msgid ""
 "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing "
 "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little "
@@ -15109,7 +15141,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11657
+#: freeculture.xml:11672
 msgid ""
 "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in "
 "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading "
@@ -15121,7 +15153,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 253 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11665
+#: freeculture.xml:11680
 msgid ""
 "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, "
 "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, "
@@ -15141,7 +15173,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11686
+#: freeculture.xml:11701
 msgid ""
 "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing "
 "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright "
@@ -15152,12 +15184,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11700
+#: freeculture.xml:11715
 msgid "Bolling, Ruben"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11695
+#: freeculture.xml:11710
 msgid ""
 "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious "
 "images&mdash;of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the "
@@ -15167,7 +15199,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11703
+#: freeculture.xml:11718
 msgid ""
 "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from "
 "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call "
@@ -15179,12 +15211,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:11714
+#: freeculture.xml:11729
 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11716
+#: freeculture.xml:11731
 msgid ""
 "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I "
 "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in "
@@ -15196,7 +15228,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11726
+#: freeculture.xml:11741
 msgid ""
 "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San "
 "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same "
@@ -15210,7 +15242,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 256 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11736
+#: freeculture.xml:11751
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I "
 "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the "
@@ -15220,7 +15252,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11744
+#: freeculture.xml:11759
 msgid ""
 "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name.  Eric "
 "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said "
@@ -15228,7 +15260,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11749
+#: freeculture.xml:11764
 msgid ""
 "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either "
 "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation "
@@ -15239,12 +15271,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11757 freeculture.xml:11956
+#: freeculture.xml:11772 freeculture.xml:11971
 msgid "Forbes, Steve"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11759
+#: freeculture.xml:11774
 msgid ""
 "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in "
 "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing "
@@ -15258,7 +15290,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11771
+#: freeculture.xml:11786
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration "
 "requirement.  For one of the hardest things about the current system for "
@@ -15271,18 +15303,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11781
+#: freeculture.xml:11796
 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11782 freeculture.xml:11821
+#: freeculture.xml:11797 freeculture.xml:11836
 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11789
+#: freeculture.xml:11804
 msgid ""
 "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright "
 "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with "
@@ -15304,7 +15336,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11785
+#: freeculture.xml:11800
 msgid ""
 "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in "
 "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal "
@@ -15318,7 +15350,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11815
+#: freeculture.xml:11830
 msgid ""
 "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd "
 "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world "
@@ -15328,7 +15360,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11823
+#: freeculture.xml:11838
 msgid ""
 "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in "
 "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, "
@@ -15341,7 +15373,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11833
+#: freeculture.xml:11848
 msgid ""
 "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the "
 "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should "
@@ -15352,7 +15384,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11841
+#: freeculture.xml:11856
 msgid ""
 "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the "
 "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a "
@@ -15363,7 +15395,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 258 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11849
+#: freeculture.xml:11864
 msgid ""
 "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral "
 "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a "
@@ -15375,7 +15407,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11861
+#: freeculture.xml:11876
 msgid ""
 "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the "
 "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property "
@@ -15386,7 +15418,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11870
+#: freeculture.xml:11885
 msgid ""
 "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because "
 "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be "
@@ -15404,7 +15436,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11886
+#: freeculture.xml:11901
 msgid ""
 "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in "
 "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that "
@@ -15419,7 +15451,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11901
+#: freeculture.xml:11916
 msgid ""
 "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we "
 "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" "
@@ -15431,7 +15463,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11911
+#: freeculture.xml:11926
 msgid ""
 "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to "
 "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious "
@@ -15443,7 +15475,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11920
+#: freeculture.xml:11935
 msgid ""
 "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is "
 "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer "
@@ -15453,7 +15485,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11927
+#: freeculture.xml:11942
 msgid ""
 "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended "
 "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your "
@@ -15463,7 +15495,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11934
+#: freeculture.xml:11949
 msgid ""
 "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the "
 "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than "
@@ -15472,7 +15504,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 260 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11940
+#: freeculture.xml:11955
 msgid ""
 "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I "
 "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt "
@@ -15490,7 +15522,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11958
+#: freeculture.xml:11973
 msgid ""
 "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay "
 "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be "
@@ -15499,12 +15531,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:11971
+#: freeculture.xml:11986
 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11964
+#: freeculture.xml:11979
 msgid ""
 "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the "
 "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It "
@@ -15516,7 +15548,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11974
+#: freeculture.xml:11989
 msgid ""
 "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the "
 "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of "
@@ -15528,7 +15560,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 261 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:11982
+#: freeculture.xml:11997
 msgid ""
 "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central "
 "concept in the proposed bill\"&mdash;that copyrights be renewed. That was "
@@ -15550,7 +15582,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12003
+#: freeculture.xml:12018
 msgid ""
 "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do "
 "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of "
@@ -15561,7 +15593,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12011
+#: freeculture.xml:12026
 msgid ""
 "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to "
 "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed.  In the other, "
@@ -15573,7 +15605,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12021
+#: freeculture.xml:12036
 msgid ""
 "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been "
 "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react.  And "
@@ -15583,7 +15615,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 262 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12030
+#: freeculture.xml:12045
 msgid ""
 "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright "
 "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the "
@@ -15597,7 +15629,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12041
+#: freeculture.xml:12056
 msgid ""
 "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, "
 "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest "
@@ -15610,12 +15642,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12051
+#: freeculture.xml:12066
 msgid "What does this industry really want?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12054
+#: freeculture.xml:12069
 msgid ""
 "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the "
 "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting "
@@ -15628,7 +15660,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12065
+#: freeculture.xml:12080
 msgid ""
 "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The "
 "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not "
@@ -15639,7 +15671,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 263 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12073
+#: freeculture.xml:12088
 msgid ""
 "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard "
 "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain "
@@ -15650,7 +15682,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12085
+#: freeculture.xml:12100
 msgid ""
 "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if "
 "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and "
@@ -15660,7 +15692,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12092
+#: freeculture.xml:12107
 msgid ""
 "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the "
 "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long "
@@ -15672,12 +15704,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12104
+#: freeculture.xml:12119
 msgid "CONCLUSION"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12107
+#: freeculture.xml:12122
 msgid ""
 "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus "
 "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa.  "
@@ -15687,7 +15719,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12114
+#: freeculture.xml:12129
 msgid ""
 "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression.  "
 "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already "
@@ -15698,7 +15730,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12129
+#: freeculture.xml:12144
 msgid ""
 "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating "
 "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), "
@@ -15709,7 +15741,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12122
+#: freeculture.xml:12137
 msgid ""
 "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United "
 "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, "
@@ -15722,7 +15754,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 265 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12140
+#: freeculture.xml:12155
 msgid ""
 "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are "
 "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by "
@@ -15733,7 +15765,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12148
+#: freeculture.xml:12163
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am "
 "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by "
@@ -15746,7 +15778,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12159
+#: freeculture.xml:12174
 msgid ""
 "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another "
 "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders "
@@ -15756,12 +15788,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12177 freeculture.xml:12605
+#: freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12621
 msgid "Braithwaite, John"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12175
+#: freeculture.xml:12190
 msgid ""
 "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: "
 "<citetitle>Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New "
@@ -15770,7 +15802,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12166
+#: freeculture.xml:12181
 msgid ""
 "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the "
 "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another "
@@ -15783,7 +15815,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12188
+#: freeculture.xml:12203
 msgid ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
 "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
@@ -15798,7 +15830,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12215
+#: freeculture.xml:12230
 msgid ""
 "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent "
 "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a "
@@ -15807,7 +15839,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12182
+#: freeculture.xml:12197
 msgid ""
 "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than "
 "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association "
@@ -15830,7 +15862,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12221
+#: freeculture.xml:12236
 msgid ""
 "We should place the intervention by the United States in context.  No doubt "
 "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to "
@@ -15842,7 +15874,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12231
+#: freeculture.xml:12246
 msgid ""
 "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States "
 "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens.  This is not "
@@ -15853,7 +15885,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12239
+#: freeculture.xml:12254
 msgid ""
 "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits "
 "of United States drug companies&mdash;at least, not substantially. It was "
@@ -15867,7 +15899,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  f5. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 333 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12254
+#: freeculture.xml:12269
 msgid ""
 "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at "
 "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco "
@@ -15885,7 +15917,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12248
+#: freeculture.xml:12263
 msgid ""
 "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, "
 "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the "
@@ -15897,7 +15929,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12275
+#: freeculture.xml:12290
 msgid ""
 "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now "
 "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this "
@@ -15910,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12285
+#: freeculture.xml:12300
 msgid ""
 "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations.  Their "
 "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation.  They push a "
@@ -15921,7 +15953,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12293
+#: freeculture.xml:12308
 msgid ""
 "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug "
 "companies would love&mdash;they say, and I believe them&mdash;to sell their "
@@ -15933,7 +15965,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 268 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12301
+#: freeculture.xml:12316
 msgid ""
 "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the "
 "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies "
@@ -15949,7 +15981,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12316
+#: freeculture.xml:12331
 msgid ""
 "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? "
 "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have "
@@ -15957,7 +15989,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12322
+#: freeculture.xml:12337
 msgid ""
 "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent "
 "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same "
@@ -15972,7 +16004,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 269 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12334
+#: freeculture.xml:12349
 msgid ""
 "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the "
 "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism.  "
@@ -15992,7 +16024,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12354
+#: freeculture.xml:12369
 msgid ""
 "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet "
 "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates "
@@ -16010,7 +16042,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12371
+#: freeculture.xml:12386
 msgid ""
 "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington "
 "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink "
@@ -16024,12 +16056,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12399 freeculture.xml:13124
+#: freeculture.xml:12414 freeculture.xml:13141
 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12368
+#: freeculture.xml:12383
 msgid ""
 "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by "
 "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a "
@@ -16053,7 +16085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12402
+#: freeculture.xml:12417
 msgid ""
 "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one "
 "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual "
@@ -16064,14 +16096,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f7. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12410
+#: freeculture.xml:12425
 msgid ""
 "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the "
 "meeting."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12409
+#: freeculture.xml:12424
 msgid ""
 "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was "
 "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its "
@@ -16083,7 +16115,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 271 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12420
+#: freeculture.xml:12435
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about "
 "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory "
@@ -16107,7 +16139,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12444
+#: freeculture.xml:12459
 msgid ""
 "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had "
 "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the "
@@ -16116,7 +16148,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12450
+#: freeculture.xml:12465
 msgid ""
 "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at "
 "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" "
@@ -16131,7 +16163,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12472
+#: freeculture.xml:12487
 msgid ""
 "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more "
 "sophisticated.  As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open "
@@ -16151,7 +16183,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12461
+#: freeculture.xml:12476
 msgid ""
 "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear "
 "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial "
@@ -16162,12 +16194,12 @@ msgid ""
 "entity. Thus, to support \"open source and free software\" is not to oppose "
 "commercial entities. It is, instead, to support a mode of software "
 "development that is different from Microsoft's.<placeholder "
-"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>"
+"type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 272 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12490
+#: freeculture.xml:12506
 msgid ""
 "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free "
 "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is "
@@ -16186,14 +16218,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f9. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12516
+#: freeculture.xml:12532
 msgid ""
 "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink "
 "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12508
+#: freeculture.xml:12524
 msgid ""
 "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, "
 "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would "
@@ -16206,7 +16238,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12522
+#: freeculture.xml:12538
 msgid ""
 "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, "
 "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with "
@@ -16216,7 +16248,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12530
+#: freeculture.xml:12546
 msgid ""
 "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing "
 "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of "
@@ -16228,12 +16260,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12540
+#: freeculture.xml:12556
 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12544
+#: freeculture.xml:12560
 msgid ""
 "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free "
 "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called "
@@ -16246,7 +16278,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12554
+#: freeculture.xml:12570
 msgid ""
 "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" "
 "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory "
@@ -16261,7 +16293,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12567
+#: freeculture.xml:12583
 msgid ""
 "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize "
 "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights "
@@ -16278,7 +16310,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 274 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12581
+#: freeculture.xml:12597
 msgid ""
 "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which "
 "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that "
@@ -16291,7 +16323,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12593
+#: freeculture.xml:12609
 msgid ""
 "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the "
 "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not "
@@ -16305,14 +16337,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12610
+#: freeculture.xml:12626
 msgid ""
 "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, "
 "210&ndash;20.  <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12607
+#: freeculture.xml:12623
 msgid ""
 "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we "
 "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -16323,7 +16355,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12619
+#: freeculture.xml:12635
 msgid ""
 "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment "
 "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why "
@@ -16333,7 +16365,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 275 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12626
+#: freeculture.xml:12642
 msgid ""
 "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it "
 "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to "
@@ -16346,7 +16378,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12638
+#: freeculture.xml:12654
 msgid ""
 "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought "
 "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our "
@@ -16359,7 +16391,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12648
+#: freeculture.xml:12664
 msgid ""
 "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea.  Instead, the "
 "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of "
@@ -16370,7 +16402,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12656
+#: freeculture.xml:12672
 msgid ""
 "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, "
 "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of "
@@ -16378,7 +16410,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12662
+#: freeculture.xml:12678
 msgid ""
 "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government "
 "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means "
@@ -16392,7 +16424,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 276 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12673
+#: freeculture.xml:12689
 msgid ""
 "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the "
 "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something "
@@ -16402,12 +16434,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12692
+#: freeculture.xml:12708
 msgid "Turner, Ted"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12682
+#: freeculture.xml:12698
 msgid ""
 "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon.  There are moments "
 "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was "
@@ -16422,7 +16454,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12696
+#: freeculture.xml:12712
 msgid ""
 "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the "
 "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to "
@@ -16432,7 +16464,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12704
+#: freeculture.xml:12720
 msgid ""
 "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle.  Largeness "
 "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very "
@@ -16442,7 +16474,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12711
+#: freeculture.xml:12727
 msgid ""
 "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but "
 "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in "
@@ -16454,7 +16486,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12721
+#: freeculture.xml:12737
 msgid ""
 "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition "
 "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about "
@@ -16464,7 +16496,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12728
+#: freeculture.xml:12744
 msgid ""
 "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number "
 "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of "
@@ -16475,20 +16507,20 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12736
+#: freeculture.xml:12752
 msgid ""
 "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our "
 "tragedy."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12739
+#: freeculture.xml:12755
 msgid "Dylan, Bob"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f11. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12744
+#: freeculture.xml:12760
 msgid ""
 "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September "
 "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -16507,7 +16539,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f12. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12762
+#: freeculture.xml:12778
 msgid ""
 "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 "
 "September 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -16517,7 +16549,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  f13. 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 334 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12769
+#: freeculture.xml:12785
 msgid ""
 "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan "
 "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink "
@@ -16525,7 +16557,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12741
+#: freeculture.xml:12757
 msgid ""
 "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA "
 "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder "
@@ -16544,18 +16576,18 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12786 freeculture.xml:13140
+#: freeculture.xml:12802 freeculture.xml:13157
 msgid "Creative Commons"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12787
+#: freeculture.xml:12803
 msgid "Gil, Gilberto"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  f14. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12792
+#: freeculture.xml:12808
 msgid ""
 "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 "
 "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -16564,7 +16596,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f15. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12801
+#: freeculture.xml:12817
 msgid ""
 "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, "
 "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>."
@@ -16572,7 +16604,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 278 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12789
+#: freeculture.xml:12805
 msgid ""
 "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it "
 "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download "
@@ -16591,20 +16623,20 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 279 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12815
+#: freeculture.xml:12831
 msgid ""
 "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this "
 "potential is ever to be realized."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12825
+#: freeculture.xml:12841
 msgid "AFTERWORD"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 280 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12830
+#: freeculture.xml:12846
 msgid ""
 "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must "
 "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what "
@@ -16612,7 +16644,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12835
+#: freeculture.xml:12851
 msgid ""
 "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that "
 "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can "
@@ -16621,7 +16653,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12841
+#: freeculture.xml:12857
 msgid ""
 "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a "
 "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, "
@@ -16630,7 +16662,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12848
+#: freeculture.xml:12864
 msgid ""
 "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having "
 "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think "
@@ -16640,12 +16672,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12857
+#: freeculture.xml:12873
 msgid "US, NOW"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12859
+#: freeculture.xml:12875
 msgid ""
 "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has "
 "been framed at the extremes&mdash;as a grand either/or: either property or "
@@ -16654,7 +16686,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12865
+#: freeculture.xml:12881
 msgid ""
 "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in "
 "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who "
@@ -16668,7 +16700,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 282 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12875
+#: freeculture.xml:12891
 msgid ""
 "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively "
 "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied "
@@ -16679,7 +16711,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12887
+#: freeculture.xml:12903
 msgid ""
 "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) "
 "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through "
@@ -16695,7 +16727,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12901
+#: freeculture.xml:12917
 msgid ""
 "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle&mdash;neither \"all "
 "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights "
@@ -16705,12 +16737,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:12910
+#: freeculture.xml:12926
 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12912
+#: freeculture.xml:12928
 msgid ""
 "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will "
 "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the "
@@ -16722,12 +16754,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12922
+#: freeculture.xml:12938
 msgid "What made it assured?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12926
+#: freeculture.xml:12942
 msgid ""
 "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your "
 "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering "
@@ -16744,12 +16776,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12940
+#: freeculture.xml:12956
 msgid "Amazon"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12942
+#: freeculture.xml:12958
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has "
 "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the "
@@ -16762,7 +16794,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12952
+#: freeculture.xml:12968
 msgid ""
 "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about "
 "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people "
@@ -16775,7 +16807,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12968
+#: freeculture.xml:12984
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the "
 "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford "
@@ -16789,7 +16821,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 284 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12962
+#: freeculture.xml:12978
 msgid ""
 "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on "
 "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction "
@@ -16802,7 +16834,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12986
+#: freeculture.xml:13002
 msgid ""
 "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software "
 "movement. When computers with software were first made available "
@@ -16813,12 +16845,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:12993
+#: freeculture.xml:13009
 msgid "Stallman, Richard"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:12995
+#: freeculture.xml:13011
 msgid ""
 "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a "
 "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was "
@@ -16828,7 +16860,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13003
+#: freeculture.xml:13019
 msgid ""
 "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a "
 "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone "
@@ -16842,7 +16874,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13015
+#: freeculture.xml:13031
 msgid ""
 "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for "
 "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system "
@@ -16855,7 +16887,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 285 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13024
+#: freeculture.xml:13040
 msgid ""
 "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early "
 "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code.  The world of "
@@ -16865,16 +16897,17 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13033
+#: freeculture.xml:13049
 msgid ""
 "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating "
 "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was "
 "the birth of the GNU project, into which Linus Torvalds's \"Linux\" kernel "
-"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system."
+"was added to produce the GNU/Linux operating system.  <placeholder "
+"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13039
+#: freeculture.xml:13056
 msgid ""
 "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software "
 "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software "
@@ -16887,7 +16920,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13050
+#: freeculture.xml:13067
 msgid ""
 "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for "
 "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken "
@@ -16898,7 +16931,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13058
+#: freeculture.xml:13075
 msgid ""
 "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with "
 "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific "
@@ -16907,7 +16940,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 286 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13063
+#: freeculture.xml:13080
 msgid ""
 "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that "
 "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to "
@@ -16924,7 +16957,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13079
+#: freeculture.xml:13096
 msgid ""
 "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to "
 "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for "
@@ -16936,7 +16969,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13088
+#: freeculture.xml:13105
 msgid ""
 "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was "
 "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this "
@@ -16944,7 +16977,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13093
+#: freeculture.xml:13110
 msgid ""
 "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with "
 "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, "
@@ -16959,7 +16992,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13105
+#: freeculture.xml:13122
 msgid ""
 "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that "
 "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means "
@@ -16969,7 +17002,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13113
+#: freeculture.xml:13130
 msgid ""
 "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the "
 "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for "
@@ -16984,7 +17017,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13127
+#: freeculture.xml:13144
 msgid ""
 "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted "
 "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets.  There's no "
@@ -16995,19 +17028,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13138
+#: freeculture.xml:13155
 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13143
+#: freeculture.xml:13160
 msgid ""
 "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the "
 "increasing control effected through law and technology."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13147
+#: freeculture.xml:13164
 msgid ""
 "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation "
 "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its "
@@ -17021,7 +17054,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 288 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13158
+#: freeculture.xml:13175
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>&mdash;which means without a middleman, or "
 "without a lawyer.  By developing a free set of licenses that people can "
@@ -17039,7 +17072,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13176
+#: freeculture.xml:13193
 msgid ""
 "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise "
 "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a "
@@ -17052,7 +17085,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13187
+#: freeculture.xml:13204
 msgid ""
 "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of "
 "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair "
@@ -17065,12 +17098,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13208
+#: freeculture.xml:13225
 msgid "Garlick, Mia"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13198
+#: freeculture.xml:13215
 msgid ""
 "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons.  And of "
 "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such "
@@ -17084,7 +17117,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13211
+#: freeculture.xml:13228
 msgid ""
 "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to "
 "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are "
@@ -17098,7 +17131,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13223
+#: freeculture.xml:13240
 msgid ""
 "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate "
 "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science "
@@ -17108,7 +17141,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13230
+#: freeculture.xml:13247
 msgid ""
 "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned "
 "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1)  those who will buy "
@@ -17122,7 +17155,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13242
+#: freeculture.xml:13259
 msgid ""
 "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion.  "
 "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had "
@@ -17131,7 +17164,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 290 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13248
+#: freeculture.xml:13265
 msgid ""
 "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was "
 "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a "
@@ -17144,7 +17177,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13275
+#: freeculture.xml:13292
 msgid ""
 "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real "
 "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg "
@@ -17153,7 +17186,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13259
+#: freeculture.xml:13276
 msgid ""
 "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary "
 "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There "
@@ -17173,7 +17206,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13284
+#: freeculture.xml:13301
 msgid ""
 "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons "
 "license just because they want to express to others the importance of "
@@ -17188,7 +17221,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 291 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13296
+#: freeculture.xml:13313
 msgid ""
 "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million "
 "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is "
@@ -17199,7 +17232,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13306
+#: freeculture.xml:13323
 msgid ""
 "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere "
 "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to "
@@ -17210,7 +17243,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13314
+#: freeculture.xml:13331
 msgid ""
 "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and "
 "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The "
@@ -17221,12 +17254,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13328
+#: freeculture.xml:13345
 msgid "THEM, SOON"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13330
+#: freeculture.xml:13347
 msgid ""
 "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also "
 "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the "
@@ -17236,7 +17269,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13337
+#: freeculture.xml:13354
 msgid ""
 "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and "
 "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a "
@@ -17245,12 +17278,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13344
+#: freeculture.xml:13361
 msgid "1. More Formalities"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13346
+#: freeculture.xml:13363
 msgid ""
 "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land "
 "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed.  If "
@@ -17260,14 +17293,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 293 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13353
+#: freeculture.xml:13370
 msgid ""
 "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements "
 "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13358
+#: freeculture.xml:13375
 msgid ""
 "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, "
 "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to "
@@ -17276,12 +17309,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13364
+#: freeculture.xml:13381
 msgid "Why?"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13367
+#: freeculture.xml:13384
 msgid ""
 "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a "
 "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a "
@@ -17291,7 +17324,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13375
+#: freeculture.xml:13392
 msgid ""
 "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a "
 "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens "
@@ -17306,7 +17339,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13389
+#: freeculture.xml:13406
 msgid ""
 "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only.  "
 "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted "
@@ -17314,7 +17347,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13387
+#: freeculture.xml:13404
 msgid ""
 "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder "
 "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>&mdash;but it should not change it by going back "
@@ -17324,7 +17357,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13397
+#: freeculture.xml:13414
 msgid ""
 "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering "
 "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of "
@@ -17335,12 +17368,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13409
+#: freeculture.xml:13426
 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13411
+#: freeculture.xml:13428
 msgid ""
 "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the "
 "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that "
@@ -17355,7 +17388,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13424
+#: freeculture.xml:13441
 msgid ""
 "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of "
 "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think "
@@ -17367,7 +17400,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13433
+#: freeculture.xml:13450
 msgid ""
 "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet.  There "
 "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world.  Domain name "
@@ -17380,7 +17413,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 295 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13443
+#: freeculture.xml:13460
 msgid ""
 "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of "
 "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but "
@@ -17394,12 +17427,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13458
+#: freeculture.xml:13475
 msgid "MARKING"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13460
+#: freeculture.xml:13477
 msgid ""
 "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative "
 "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for "
@@ -17411,7 +17444,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13470
+#: freeculture.xml:13487
 msgid ""
 "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted "
 "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy "
@@ -17419,7 +17452,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13476
+#: freeculture.xml:13493
 msgid ""
 "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that "
 "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear "
@@ -17433,7 +17466,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13493
+#: freeculture.xml:13510
 msgid ""
 "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved "
 "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system "
@@ -17442,7 +17475,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 296 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13486
+#: freeculture.xml:13503
 msgid ""
 "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be "
 "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need "
@@ -17458,7 +17491,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13506
+#: freeculture.xml:13523
 msgid ""
 "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here "
 "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way "
@@ -17468,7 +17501,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13513
+#: freeculture.xml:13530
 msgid ""
 "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for "
 "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright "
@@ -17482,7 +17515,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13525
+#: freeculture.xml:13542
 msgid ""
 "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements.  "
 "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason "
@@ -17493,7 +17526,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13533
+#: freeculture.xml:13550
 msgid ""
 "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system "
 "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things "
@@ -17501,7 +17534,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13538
+#: freeculture.xml:13555
 msgid ""
 "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most "
 "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed.  It "
@@ -17512,12 +17545,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13550
+#: freeculture.xml:13567
 msgid "2. Shorter Terms"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13552
+#: freeculture.xml:13569
 msgid ""
 "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for "
 "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural "
@@ -17526,7 +17559,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13565
+#: freeculture.xml:13582
 msgid ""
 "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 "
 "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink "
@@ -17534,7 +17567,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13557
+#: freeculture.xml:13574
 msgid ""
 "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a "
 "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement "
@@ -17547,7 +17580,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13572
+#: freeculture.xml:13589
 msgid ""
 "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's "
 "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles "
@@ -17556,7 +17589,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  (1) 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13580
+#: freeculture.xml:13597
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary "
 "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong "
@@ -17569,7 +17602,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  (2) 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 298 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13589
+#: freeculture.xml:13606
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and "
 "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair "
@@ -17583,7 +17616,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f4. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13610
+#: freeculture.xml:13627
 msgid ""
 "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation "
 "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at "
@@ -17591,12 +17624,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13618
+#: freeculture.xml:13635
 msgid "veterans' pensions"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13602
+#: freeculture.xml:13619
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed.  "
 "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be "
@@ -17611,7 +17644,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  (4) 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13622
+#: freeculture.xml:13639
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright "
 "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once "
@@ -17628,7 +17661,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13638
+#: freeculture.xml:13655
 msgid ""
 "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> "
 "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the "
@@ -17636,7 +17669,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13644
+#: freeculture.xml:13661
 msgid ""
 "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I "
 "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than "
@@ -17645,12 +17678,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13654
+#: freeculture.xml:13671
 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13656
+#: freeculture.xml:13673
 msgid ""
 "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted "
 "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the "
@@ -17661,7 +17694,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13664
+#: freeculture.xml:13681
 msgid ""
 "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive "
 "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right "
@@ -17673,14 +17706,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f5. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13677
+#: freeculture.xml:13694
 msgid ""
 "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New "
 "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13673
+#: freeculture.xml:13690
 msgid ""
 "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the "
 "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and "
@@ -17692,12 +17725,12 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f6. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13690
+#: freeculture.xml:13707
 msgid "Ibid., 56."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><blockquote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13686
+#: freeculture.xml:13703
 msgid ""
 "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range "
 "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of "
@@ -17706,7 +17739,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13695
+#: freeculture.xml:13712
 msgid ""
 "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and "
 "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make "
@@ -17716,7 +17749,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13702
+#: freeculture.xml:13719
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, "
 "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect "
@@ -17728,7 +17761,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13715
+#: freeculture.xml:13732
 msgid ""
 "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights "
 "be narrowed.  Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are "
@@ -17743,7 +17776,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13728
+#: freeculture.xml:13745
 msgid ""
 "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint "
 "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable "
@@ -17753,12 +17786,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:13744
+#: freeculture.xml:13761
 msgid "Goldstein, Paul"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13742
+#: freeculture.xml:13759
 msgid ""
 "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the "
 "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), "
@@ -17766,7 +17799,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13736
+#: freeculture.xml:13753
 msgid ""
 "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and "
 "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected.  This is the "
@@ -17776,7 +17809,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13750
+#: freeculture.xml:13767
 msgid ""
 "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal "
 "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the "
@@ -17787,7 +17820,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 301 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13757
+#: freeculture.xml:13774
 msgid ""
 "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the "
 "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory "
@@ -17797,12 +17830,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:13767
+#: freeculture.xml:13784
 msgid "4. Liberate the Music&mdash;Again"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13769
+#: freeculture.xml:13786
 msgid ""
 "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be "
 "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, "
@@ -17812,7 +17845,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13776
+#: freeculture.xml:13793
 msgid ""
 "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's "
 "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any "
@@ -17823,7 +17856,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13785
+#: freeculture.xml:13802
 msgid ""
 "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in "
 "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, "
@@ -17833,7 +17866,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13792
+#: freeculture.xml:13809
 msgid ""
 "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of "
 "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not "
@@ -17843,7 +17876,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  A. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13800
+#: freeculture.xml:13817
 msgid ""
 "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing "
 "CDs."
@@ -17851,7 +17884,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  B. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13805
+#: freeculture.xml:13822
 msgid ""
 "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to "
 "purchasing CDs."
@@ -17860,7 +17893,7 @@ msgstr ""
 #.  PAGE BREAK 302 
 #.  C. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13811
+#: freeculture.xml:13828
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been "
@@ -17869,7 +17902,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  D. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13817
+#: freeculture.xml:13834
 msgid ""
 "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content "
 "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly "
@@ -17877,7 +17910,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13823
+#: freeculture.xml:13840
 msgid ""
 "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must "
 "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness "
@@ -17888,7 +17921,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13831
+#: freeculture.xml:13848
 msgid ""
 "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial.  "
 "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I "
@@ -17897,7 +17930,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13838
+#: freeculture.xml:13855
 msgid ""
 "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context "
 "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should "
@@ -17905,7 +17938,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13843
+#: freeculture.xml:13860
 msgid ""
 "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive "
 "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of "
@@ -17920,7 +17953,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 303 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13855
+#: freeculture.xml:13872
 msgid ""
 "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the "
 "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make "
@@ -17937,7 +17970,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f8. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13888
+#: freeculture.xml:13905
 msgid ""
 "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April "
 "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link "
@@ -17945,7 +17978,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13870
+#: freeculture.xml:13887
 msgid ""
 "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give "
 "you access to content on the fly&mdash;such as Internet radio, content that "
@@ -17967,7 +18000,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 304 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13895
+#: freeculture.xml:13912
 msgid ""
 "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the "
 "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file "
@@ -17983,7 +18016,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13911
+#: freeculture.xml:13928
 msgid ""
 "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" "
 "here to solve. Let's start with type D content&mdash;uncopyrighted content "
@@ -17996,7 +18029,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13922
+#: freeculture.xml:13939
 msgid ""
 "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at "
 "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable "
@@ -18007,7 +18040,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13931
+#: freeculture.xml:13948
 msgid ""
 "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, "
 "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries "
@@ -18019,7 +18052,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13941
+#: freeculture.xml:13958
 msgid ""
 "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem "
 "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the "
@@ -18032,7 +18065,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 305 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13952
+#: freeculture.xml:13969
 msgid ""
 "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure "
 "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the "
@@ -18044,7 +18077,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13962
+#: freeculture.xml:13979
 msgid ""
 "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works "
 "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be "
@@ -18057,7 +18090,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13972
+#: freeculture.xml:13989
 msgid ""
 "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only "
 "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies "
@@ -18068,14 +18101,14 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13980
+#: freeculture.xml:13997
 msgid ""
 "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in "
 "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13984
+#: freeculture.xml:14001
 msgid ""
 "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of "
 "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet)  has harmed a "
@@ -18089,7 +18122,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 306 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:13995
+#: freeculture.xml:14012
 msgid ""
 "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or "
 "asbestos.  But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law.  "
@@ -18100,12 +18133,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary>
-#: freeculture.xml:14041
+#: freeculture.xml:14058
 msgid "Fisher, William"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14007
+#: freeculture.xml:14024
 msgid ""
 "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and "
 "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at "
@@ -18144,7 +18177,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14003
+#: freeculture.xml:14020
 msgid ""
 "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by "
 "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" "
@@ -18159,7 +18192,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14054
+#: freeculture.xml:14071
 msgid ""
 "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million "
 "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, "
@@ -18177,7 +18210,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 307 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14069
+#: freeculture.xml:14086
 msgid ""
 "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is "
 "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system "
@@ -18190,7 +18223,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14082
+#: freeculture.xml:14099
 msgid ""
 "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" "
 "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be "
@@ -18207,7 +18240,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14097
+#: freeculture.xml:14114
 msgid ""
 "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" "
 "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for "
@@ -18222,7 +18255,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14109
+#: freeculture.xml:14126
 msgid ""
 "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't "
 "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of "
@@ -18233,13 +18266,13 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14118
+#: freeculture.xml:14135
 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 308 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14123
+#: freeculture.xml:14140
 msgid ""
 "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in "
 "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to "
@@ -18248,19 +18281,19 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14130
+#: freeculture.xml:14147
 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  1. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14136
+#: freeculture.xml:14153
 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;"
 msgstr ""
 
 #.  2. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14140
+#: freeculture.xml:14157
 msgid ""
 "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial "
 "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;"
@@ -18268,14 +18301,14 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  3. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14146
+#: freeculture.xml:14163
 msgid ""
 "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the "
 "extent actual harm is demonstrated."
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14151
+#: freeculture.xml:14168
 msgid ""
 "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive "
 "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of "
@@ -18284,7 +18317,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14157
+#: freeculture.xml:14174
 msgid ""
 "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts "
 "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue "
@@ -18301,7 +18334,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 309 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14171
+#: freeculture.xml:14188
 msgid ""
 "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of "
 "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding "
@@ -18311,12 +18344,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14182
+#: freeculture.xml:14199
 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14184
+#: freeculture.xml:14201
 msgid ""
 "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe "
 "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, "
@@ -18325,7 +18358,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14190
+#: freeculture.xml:14207
 msgid ""
 "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers "
 "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that "
@@ -18336,7 +18369,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  f10. 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14207
+#: freeculture.xml:14224
 msgid ""
 "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer "
 "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, "
@@ -18344,7 +18377,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14198
+#: freeculture.xml:14215
 msgid ""
 "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by "
 "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are "
@@ -18357,7 +18390,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14213
+#: freeculture.xml:14230
 msgid ""
 "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is "
 "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure "
@@ -18365,7 +18398,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para><footnote><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14223
+#: freeculture.xml:14240
 msgid ""
 "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be "
 "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to "
@@ -18385,7 +18418,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14218
+#: freeculture.xml:14235
 msgid ""
 "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits.  But "
 "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system "
@@ -18397,7 +18430,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 310 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14247
+#: freeculture.xml:14264
 msgid ""
 "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for "
 "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is "
@@ -18407,7 +18440,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14255
+#: freeculture.xml:14272
 msgid ""
 "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at "
 "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a "
@@ -18420,7 +18453,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14265
+#: freeculture.xml:14282
 msgid ""
 "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our "
 "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty "
@@ -18431,7 +18464,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14273
+#: freeculture.xml:14290
 msgid ""
 "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away "
 "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the "
@@ -18439,7 +18472,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14279
+#: freeculture.xml:14296
 msgid ""
 "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital "
 "technology&mdash;the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about "
@@ -18452,7 +18485,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 311 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14288
+#: freeculture.xml:14305
 msgid ""
 "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture&mdash;but it should "
 "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely "
@@ -18462,7 +18495,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><section><section><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14297
+#: freeculture.xml:14314
 msgid ""
 "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is "
 "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your "
@@ -18470,12 +18503,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14308
+#: freeculture.xml:14325
 msgid "NOTES"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14310
+#: freeculture.xml:14327
 msgid ""
 "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide "
 "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly "
@@ -18489,12 +18522,12 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title>
-#: freeculture.xml:14325
+#: freeculture.xml:14342
 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS"
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14327
+#: freeculture.xml:14344
 msgid ""
 "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that "
 "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work "
@@ -18503,7 +18536,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14333
+#: freeculture.xml:14350
 msgid ""
 "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including "
 "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and "
@@ -18519,7 +18552,7 @@ msgstr ""
 
 #.  PAGE BREAK 337 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14346
+#: freeculture.xml:14363
 msgid ""
 "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its "
 "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me "
@@ -18532,7 +18565,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14357
+#: freeculture.xml:14374
 msgid ""
 "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw "
 "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive "
@@ -18553,7 +18586,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14377
+#: freeculture.xml:14394
 msgid ""
 "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and "
 "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice.  Michael helped me to "
@@ -18564,7 +18597,7 @@ msgid ""
 msgstr ""
 
 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para>
-#: freeculture.xml:14386
+#: freeculture.xml:14403
 msgid ""
 "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that "
 "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "
diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml
index 667dc5a..de7d48b 100644
--- a/freeculture.xml
+++ b/freeculture.xml
@@ -794,6 +794,7 @@ This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now
 been erased.<footnote><para>
 See Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (New York: Prometheus Books,
 2001), ch. 13.
+<indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
 The Internet has set the stage for this erasure and, pushed by big
 media, the law has now affected it. For the first time in our
@@ -4373,6 +4374,7 @@ as a way to make it easier for the Crown to control what was
 published.  But after it expired, there was no positive law that said
 that the publishers, or "Stationers," had an exclusive right to print
 books.
+<indexterm><primary>Licensing Act (1662)</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean
@@ -7116,6 +7118,9 @@ tradition embraced, who said whether and how the law would restrict
 your freedom.
 </para>
 <indexterm><primary>Casablanca</primary></indexterm>
+<indexterm id="idxmarxbrothers" class='startofrange'>
+  <primary>Marx Brothers</primary>
+</indexterm>
 <para>
 There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers
 and Warner Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of
@@ -7147,16 +7152,16 @@ silly claim. This extremism was irrelevant to the real freedoms anyone
 (including Warner Brothers) enjoyed.
 </para>
 <para>
-On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because
-on the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by
-a machine: Increasingly, the rules of copyright law, as interpreted by
-the copyright owner, get built into the technology that delivers 
-		copyrighted
-content. It is code, rather than law, that rules. And the problem
-with code regulations is that, unlike law, code has no shame. Code
-would not get the humor of the Marx Brothers. The consequence of
-that is not at all funny.
+On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on
+the Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a
+machine: Increasingly, the rules of copyright law, as interpreted by
+the copyright owner, get built into the technology that delivers
+copyrighted content. It is code, rather than law, that rules. And the
+problem with code regulations is that, unlike law, code has no
+shame. Code would not get the humor of the Marx Brothers. The
+consequence of that is not at all funny.
 </para>
+<indexterm startref="idxmarxbrothers" class='endofrange'/>
 <para>
 Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader.
 </para>
@@ -7222,7 +7227,8 @@ the book.
 </figure>
 <para>
 Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the
-original e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:
+original e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of
+Ideas</citetitle>:
 </para>
 <!-- PAGE BREAK 162 -->
 <figure id="fig-1631">
@@ -7233,26 +7239,26 @@ original e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetit
 No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!
 </para>
 <para>
-Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls "permissions"&mdash;
-as if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works.
-For works under copyright, the copyright owner certainly does have
-the power&mdash;up to the limits of the copyright law. But for work not 
-		under
-copyright, there is no such copyright power.<footnote><para>
+Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls
+"permissions"&mdash; as if the publisher has the power to control how
+you use these works.  For works under copyright, the copyright owner
+certainly does have the power&mdash;up to the limits of the copyright
+law. But for work not under copyright, there is no such copyright
+power.<footnote><para>
 <!-- f21 -->
-In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for
-example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read
-it only three times, or that I promise to read it three times. But that 
-		obligation
-(and the limits for creating that obligation) would come from the
-contract, not from copyright law, and the obligations of contract would
-not necessarily pass to anyone who subsequently acquired the book.
+In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might,
+for example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I
+will read it only three times, or that I promise to read it three
+times. But that obligation (and the limits for creating that
+obligation) would come from the contract, not from copyright law, and
+the obligations of contract would not necessarily pass to anyone who
+subsequently acquired the book.
 </para></footnote>
-When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the permission to
-copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten days, what
-that really means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the publisher
-to control how I use the book on my computer, far beyond the control
-that the law would enable.
+When my e-book of <citetitle>Middlemarch</citetitle> says I have the
+permission to copy only ten text selections into the memory every ten
+days, what that really means is that the eBook Reader has enabled the
+publisher to control how I use the book on my computer, far beyond the
+control that the law would enable.
 </para>
 <para>
 The control comes instead from the code&mdash;from the technology
@@ -7277,6 +7283,7 @@ These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a
 world where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when
 you tried to type "Warner Brothers," erased "Brothers" from the
 sentence.
+<indexterm><primary>Marx Brothers</primary></indexterm>
 </para>
 <para>
 This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright
@@ -7289,23 +7296,22 @@ built into the technology have no similar built-in check.
 </para>
 <para>
 How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the
-controls built into the technology? Software used to be sold with 
-		technologies
-that limited the ability of users to copy the software, but those
-were trivial protections to defeat. Why won't it be trivial to defeat these
-protections as well?
+controls built into the technology? Software used to be sold with
+technologies that limited the ability of users to copy the software,
+but those were trivial protections to defeat. Why won't it be trivial
+to defeat these protections as well?
 </para>
 <para>
 We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe
 eBook Reader.
 </para>
 <para>
-Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a 
-		public
-relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for
-free on the Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</citetitle>.
-This wonderful book is in the public domain. Yet when you clicked on
-Permissions for that book, you got the following report:
+Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public
+relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free
+on the Adobe site was a copy of <citetitle>Alice's Adventures in
+Wonderland</citetitle>.  This wonderful book is in the public
+domain. Yet when you clicked on Permissions for that book, you got the
+following report:
 </para>
 <figure id="fig-1641">
 <title>List of the permissions for &quot;Alice's Adventures in
@@ -9266,6 +9272,7 @@ regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica
 Litman in her book <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle>,<footnote><para>
 <!-- f9. --> Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books,
 2001).
+<indexterm><primary>Litman, Jessica</primary></indexterm>
 </para></footnote>
  overall this history of copyright
 is not bad. As chapter 10 details, when new technologies have come