From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Tue, 24 Jul 2012 20:42:12 +0000 (+0200) Subject: New index entry. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2151 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/8ae51cee45e82193a0b00bbcbbc31eb184bbec84?ds=sidebyside New index entry. --- diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 2a2430e..1cd52c1 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-24 21:18+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-24 22:28+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -417,12 +417,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:361 freeculture.xml:12698 +#: freeculture.xml:361 freeculture.xml:12699 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:372 freeculture.xml:382 freeculture.xml:12711 +#: freeculture.xml:372 freeculture.xml:382 freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -555,12 +555,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:511 freeculture.xml:530 freeculture.xml:930 freeculture.xml:947 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8747 freeculture.xml:12099 freeculture.xml:12802 +#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:480 freeculture.xml:511 freeculture.xml:530 freeculture.xml:930 freeculture.xml:947 freeculture.xml:992 freeculture.xml:8748 freeculture.xml:12100 freeculture.xml:12803 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:481 freeculture.xml:512 freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:931 freeculture.xml:948 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:8748 freeculture.xml:12100 freeculture.xml:12803 +#: freeculture.xml:468 freeculture.xml:481 freeculture.xml:512 freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:931 freeculture.xml:948 freeculture.xml:993 freeculture.xml:8749 freeculture.xml:12101 freeculture.xml:12804 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1099,7 +1099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:14041 +#: freeculture.xml:894 freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -3563,7 +3563,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2770 freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:4133 freeculture.xml:9470 +#: freeculture.xml:2770 freeculture.xml:3013 freeculture.xml:4133 freeculture.xml:9471 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -3794,7 +3794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2936 freeculture.xml:13717 +#: freeculture.xml:2936 freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4273,7 +4273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3297 freeculture.xml:12194 freeculture.xml:12623 freeculture.xml:12630 +#: freeculture.xml:3297 freeculture.xml:12195 freeculture.xml:12624 freeculture.xml:12631 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -4309,7 +4309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3317 freeculture.xml:3594 freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:3317 freeculture.xml:3594 freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -6455,7 +6455,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5023 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5042 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5071 freeculture.xml:5123 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:5162 freeculture.xml:5224 freeculture.xml:9572 +#: freeculture.xml:5023 freeculture.xml:5031 freeculture.xml:5042 freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5071 freeculture.xml:5123 freeculture.xml:5139 freeculture.xml:5162 freeculture.xml:5224 freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -7987,7 +7987,7 @@ msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6234 freeculture.xml:12597 +#: freeculture.xml:6234 freeculture.xml:12598 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -9605,7 +9605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7473 freeculture.xml:9884 +#: freeculture.xml:7473 freeculture.xml:9885 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" @@ -10446,6 +10446,11 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:8114 +msgid "WJOA" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:8089 msgid "" @@ -10472,7 +10477,7 @@ msgid "" "SFGate.com, 16 June 2003, available at link #32. The ground was that " "the criticism was \"too controversial.\" " +"id=\"0\"/> " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -10490,7 +10495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:8117 +#: freeculture.xml:8118 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10503,12 +10508,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:8129 +#: freeculture.xml:8130 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8131 +#: freeculture.xml:8132 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10518,7 +10523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8137 +#: freeculture.xml:8138 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10533,7 +10538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8153 +#: freeculture.xml:8154 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10542,7 +10547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8159 +#: freeculture.xml:8160 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10556,7 +10561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8171 +#: freeculture.xml:8172 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10571,7 +10576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8183 +#: freeculture.xml:8184 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10583,14 +10588,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8205 +#: freeculture.xml:8206 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8191 +#: freeculture.xml:8192 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10608,12 +10613,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8210 +#: freeculture.xml:8211 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8213 +#: freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10623,38 +10628,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8226 freeculture.xml:8264 +#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8227 freeculture.xml:8265 freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8337 +#: freeculture.xml:8228 freeculture.xml:8266 freeculture.xml:8305 freeculture.xml:8338 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8270 freeculture.xml:8309 freeculture.xml:8342 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8310 freeculture.xml:8343 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 freeculture.xml:8271 freeculture.xml:8272 freeculture.xml:8310 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8343 freeculture.xml:8344 freeculture.xml:8348 freeculture.xml:8349 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8272 freeculture.xml:8273 freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8344 freeculture.xml:8345 freeculture.xml:8349 freeculture.xml:8350 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8234 freeculture.xml:8238 freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:8276 freeculture.xml:8277 freeculture.xml:8316 +#: freeculture.xml:8235 freeculture.xml:8239 freeculture.xml:8240 freeculture.xml:8277 freeculture.xml:8278 freeculture.xml:8317 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8237 freeculture.xml:8275 freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8347 +#: freeculture.xml:8238 freeculture.xml:8276 freeculture.xml:8315 freeculture.xml:8348 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8246 +#: freeculture.xml:8247 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10664,12 +10669,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8255 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8285 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10678,7 +10683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8290 +#: freeculture.xml:8291 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10688,17 +10693,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8303 freeculture.xml:8336 +#: freeculture.xml:8304 freeculture.xml:8337 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8315 +#: freeculture.xml:8316 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 +#: freeculture.xml:8324 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10709,7 +10714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8356 +#: freeculture.xml:8357 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10718,7 +10723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8365 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10727,7 +10732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8370 +#: freeculture.xml:8371 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -10740,7 +10745,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8386 +#: freeculture.xml:8387 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -10750,7 +10755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8380 +#: freeculture.xml:8381 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -10768,7 +10773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8403 +#: freeculture.xml:8404 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -10787,7 +10792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8422 +#: freeculture.xml:8423 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -10802,33 +10807,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8439 +#: freeculture.xml:8440 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8443 +#: freeculture.xml:8444 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8445 +#: freeculture.xml:8446 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8448 +#: freeculture.xml:8449 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8451 +#: freeculture.xml:8452 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8459 +#: freeculture.xml:8460 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " "Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " @@ -10836,7 +10841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8455 +#: freeculture.xml:8456 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -10850,7 +10855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8472 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -10864,7 +10869,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8483 +#: freeculture.xml:8484 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -10878,7 +10883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8494 +#: freeculture.xml:8495 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -10887,21 +10892,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8500 +#: freeculture.xml:8501 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8504 +#: freeculture.xml:8505 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8509 +#: freeculture.xml:8510 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -10911,7 +10916,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8515 +#: freeculture.xml:8516 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -10926,7 +10931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8532 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -10937,7 +10942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8540 +#: freeculture.xml:8541 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -10954,7 +10959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8554 +#: freeculture.xml:8555 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -10966,7 +10971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8563 +#: freeculture.xml:8564 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -10977,7 +10982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8573 +#: freeculture.xml:8574 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -10989,7 +10994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8583 +#: freeculture.xml:8584 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -10999,12 +11004,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8629 freeculture.xml:9329 +#: freeculture.xml:8630 freeculture.xml:9330 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8599 +#: freeculture.xml:8600 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11037,7 +11042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8590 +#: freeculture.xml:8591 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11050,7 +11055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8635 +#: freeculture.xml:8636 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11060,7 +11065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8642 +#: freeculture.xml:8643 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11073,7 +11078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8654 +#: freeculture.xml:8655 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11084,7 +11089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8662 +#: freeculture.xml:8663 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11098,14 +11103,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8675 +#: freeculture.xml:8676 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8679 +#: freeculture.xml:8680 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11116,7 +11121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8696 +#: freeculture.xml:8697 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11127,7 +11132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8687 +#: freeculture.xml:8688 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11140,14 +11145,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8711 +#: freeculture.xml:8712 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 +#: freeculture.xml:8717 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11155,12 +11160,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8724 +#: freeculture.xml:8725 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8727 +#: freeculture.xml:8728 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11170,7 +11175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8735 +#: freeculture.xml:8736 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11179,7 +11184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8742 +#: freeculture.xml:8743 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11188,7 +11193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8750 +#: freeculture.xml:8751 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11198,7 +11203,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8757 +#: freeculture.xml:8758 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11208,12 +11213,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8764 +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8766 +#: freeculture.xml:8767 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11230,7 +11235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8781 +#: freeculture.xml:8782 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11245,7 +11250,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8792 +#: freeculture.xml:8793 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11255,7 +11260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8802 +#: freeculture.xml:8803 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11270,7 +11275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8825 +#: freeculture.xml:8826 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " "N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " @@ -11280,12 +11285,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8846 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8837 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11299,7 +11304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8813 +#: freeculture.xml:8814 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11321,7 +11326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8872 +#: freeculture.xml:8873 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11330,7 +11335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8852 +#: freeculture.xml:8853 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11350,7 +11355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8883 +#: freeculture.xml:8884 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -11363,7 +11368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8894 +#: freeculture.xml:8895 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11377,7 +11382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8905 +#: freeculture.xml:8906 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -11387,7 +11392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8914 +#: freeculture.xml:8915 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11400,7 +11405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8924 +#: freeculture.xml:8925 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11413,7 +11418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8935 +#: freeculture.xml:8936 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11426,13 +11431,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8946 +#: freeculture.xml:8947 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8950 +#: freeculture.xml:8951 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11445,12 +11450,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8963 +#: freeculture.xml:8964 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8965 +#: freeculture.xml:8966 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11461,7 +11466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8973 +#: freeculture.xml:8974 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11473,7 +11478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8982 +#: freeculture.xml:8983 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11488,13 +11493,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8994 freeculture.xml:9095 +#: freeculture.xml:8995 freeculture.xml:9096 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8996 +#: freeculture.xml:8997 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -11508,7 +11513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9008 +#: freeculture.xml:9009 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " @@ -11516,7 +11521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9013 +#: freeculture.xml:9014 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11527,7 +11532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9021 +#: freeculture.xml:9022 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11537,7 +11542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9029 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11552,7 +11557,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9040 +#: freeculture.xml:9041 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11562,7 +11567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9049 +#: freeculture.xml:9050 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11576,7 +11581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9061 +#: freeculture.xml:9062 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11588,12 +11593,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9071 +#: freeculture.xml:9072 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9074 +#: freeculture.xml:9075 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11606,7 +11611,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9084 +#: freeculture.xml:9085 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11618,13 +11623,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9094 +#: freeculture.xml:9095 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9102 +#: freeculture.xml:9103 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " @@ -11635,7 +11640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9097 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11655,17 +11660,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9126 +#: freeculture.xml:9127 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9141 +#: freeculture.xml:9142 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9137 +#: freeculture.xml:9138 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11674,7 +11679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9128 +#: freeculture.xml:9129 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11686,7 +11691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9146 +#: freeculture.xml:9147 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11698,7 +11703,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9156 +#: freeculture.xml:9157 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11714,7 +11719,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9171 +#: freeculture.xml:9172 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11729,7 +11734,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9183 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -11752,7 +11757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9205 +#: freeculture.xml:9206 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -11766,7 +11771,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9219 +#: freeculture.xml:9220 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -11776,12 +11781,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9235 +#: freeculture.xml:9236 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9215 +#: freeculture.xml:9216 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -11799,7 +11804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9240 +#: freeculture.xml:9241 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -11810,14 +11815,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9254 +#: freeculture.xml:9255 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9251 +#: freeculture.xml:9252 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -11827,7 +11832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9262 +#: freeculture.xml:9263 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -11835,7 +11840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9268 +#: freeculture.xml:9269 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -11845,12 +11850,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9277 +#: freeculture.xml:9278 msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9274 +#: freeculture.xml:9275 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " @@ -11863,7 +11868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9287 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -11874,7 +11879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9295 +#: freeculture.xml:9296 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " "of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " @@ -11891,7 +11896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9315 +#: freeculture.xml:9316 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -11910,7 +11915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9294 +#: freeculture.xml:9295 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -11922,7 +11927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9337 +#: freeculture.xml:9338 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -11934,7 +11939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9347 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -11947,7 +11952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9358 +#: freeculture.xml:9359 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -11958,7 +11963,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9367 +#: freeculture.xml:9368 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -11974,7 +11979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9382 +#: freeculture.xml:9383 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -11986,12 +11991,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9406 +#: freeculture.xml:9407 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9392 +#: freeculture.xml:9393 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12009,12 +12014,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9416 +#: freeculture.xml:9417 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9411 +#: freeculture.xml:9412 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12024,7 +12029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9421 +#: freeculture.xml:9422 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12035,7 +12040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9429 +#: freeculture.xml:9430 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12050,12 +12055,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9469 +#: freeculture.xml:9470 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9452 +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12076,7 +12081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9445 +#: freeculture.xml:9446 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12087,7 +12092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9476 +#: freeculture.xml:9477 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12095,57 +12100,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9483 +#: freeculture.xml:9484 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9486 +#: freeculture.xml:9487 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9489 +#: freeculture.xml:9490 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9492 +#: freeculture.xml:9493 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9495 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9498 +#: freeculture.xml:9499 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9501 +#: freeculture.xml:9502 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9504 +#: freeculture.xml:9505 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9507 +#: freeculture.xml:9508 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9510 +#: freeculture.xml:9511 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9513 +#: freeculture.xml:9514 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12153,77 +12158,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#: freeculture.xml:9517 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9519 +#: freeculture.xml:9520 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9525 +#: freeculture.xml:9526 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9528 +#: freeculture.xml:9529 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9531 +#: freeculture.xml:9532 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9534 +#: freeculture.xml:9535 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9537 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9540 +#: freeculture.xml:9541 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9543 +#: freeculture.xml:9544 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9546 +#: freeculture.xml:9547 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9549 +#: freeculture.xml:9550 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9552 +#: freeculture.xml:9553 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9555 +#: freeculture.xml:9556 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9560 +#: freeculture.xml:9561 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12233,7 +12238,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:9569 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12241,7 +12246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9574 +#: freeculture.xml:9575 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12250,7 +12255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9580 +#: freeculture.xml:9581 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12264,7 +12269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9596 +#: freeculture.xml:9597 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " @@ -12273,7 +12278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9603 +#: freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12284,12 +12289,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9613 +#: freeculture.xml:9614 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9615 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12297,7 +12302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9621 +#: freeculture.xml:9622 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12306,7 +12311,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9630 +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12317,7 +12322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9626 +#: freeculture.xml:9627 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12335,14 +12340,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9664 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9651 +#: freeculture.xml:9652 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12365,7 +12370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9686 +#: freeculture.xml:9687 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -12373,7 +12378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9694 +#: freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12382,7 +12387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9704 +#: freeculture.xml:9705 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " @@ -12390,7 +12395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9676 +#: freeculture.xml:9677 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12413,7 +12418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9713 +#: freeculture.xml:9714 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12432,7 +12437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9730 +#: freeculture.xml:9731 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12446,7 +12451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9743 +#: freeculture.xml:9744 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12456,7 +12461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9750 +#: freeculture.xml:9751 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12473,7 +12478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9764 +#: freeculture.xml:9765 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12487,13 +12492,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9776 +#: freeculture.xml:9777 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9779 +#: freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12504,7 +12509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9790 +#: freeculture.xml:9791 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12515,12 +12520,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9798 +#: freeculture.xml:9799 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9800 +#: freeculture.xml:9801 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12534,7 +12539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:9812 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12547,7 +12552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9821 +#: freeculture.xml:9822 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12561,7 +12566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9835 +#: freeculture.xml:9836 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12573,7 +12578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9844 +#: freeculture.xml:9845 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12586,7 +12591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9855 +#: freeculture.xml:9856 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12598,7 +12603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9864 +#: freeculture.xml:9865 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12607,7 +12612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9870 +#: freeculture.xml:9871 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12622,12 +12627,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9887 +#: freeculture.xml:9888 msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9892 +#: freeculture.xml:9893 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12640,7 +12645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9904 +#: freeculture.xml:9905 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12648,7 +12653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9909 +#: freeculture.xml:9910 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12660,7 +12665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -12675,7 +12680,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:9919 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12689,7 +12694,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9945 +#: freeculture.xml:9946 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12697,7 +12702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9941 +#: freeculture.xml:9942 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12709,7 +12714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9966 +#: freeculture.xml:9967 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " @@ -12728,7 +12733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:9955 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12746,7 +12751,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9985 +#: freeculture.xml:9986 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12759,7 +12764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10000 +#: freeculture.xml:10001 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -12780,7 +12785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10020 +#: freeculture.xml:10021 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -12791,12 +12796,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10033 +#: freeculture.xml:10034 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10037 +#: freeculture.xml:10038 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -12805,7 +12810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10043 +#: freeculture.xml:10044 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -12815,7 +12820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10051 +#: freeculture.xml:10052 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -12827,7 +12832,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10060 +#: freeculture.xml:10061 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -12837,7 +12842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10068 +#: freeculture.xml:10069 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -12845,7 +12850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10073 +#: freeculture.xml:10074 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -12854,7 +12859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10079 +#: freeculture.xml:10080 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -12863,12 +12868,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:10089 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10090 +#: freeculture.xml:10091 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -12879,7 +12884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#: freeculture.xml:10100 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -12889,7 +12894,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10106 +#: freeculture.xml:10107 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -12901,7 +12906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10117 +#: freeculture.xml:10118 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -12916,7 +12921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10140 +#: freeculture.xml:10141 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -12934,7 +12939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10129 +#: freeculture.xml:10130 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -12948,7 +12953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10157 +#: freeculture.xml:10158 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " @@ -12964,7 +12969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10177 +#: freeculture.xml:10178 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -12976,7 +12981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:10173 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -12985,7 +12990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10188 +#: freeculture.xml:10189 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -12996,7 +13001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10197 +#: freeculture.xml:10198 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13006,7 +13011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10208 +#: freeculture.xml:10209 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -13014,7 +13019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10214 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13027,12 +13032,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10233 freeculture.xml:11683 +#: freeculture.xml:10234 freeculture.xml:11684 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10224 +#: freeculture.xml:10225 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13045,7 +13050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10236 +#: freeculture.xml:10237 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13058,7 +13063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10247 +#: freeculture.xml:10248 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13070,7 +13075,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10256 +#: freeculture.xml:10257 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13082,7 +13087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10266 +#: freeculture.xml:10267 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13092,7 +13097,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10273 +#: freeculture.xml:10274 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13100,7 +13105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10281 +#: freeculture.xml:10282 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13109,14 +13114,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10287 +#: freeculture.xml:10288 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10291 +#: freeculture.xml:10292 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13124,7 +13129,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10296 +#: freeculture.xml:10297 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13132,7 +13137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10302 +#: freeculture.xml:10303 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13141,14 +13146,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10308 +#: freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10312 +#: freeculture.xml:10313 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13156,7 +13161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10318 +#: freeculture.xml:10319 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13165,7 +13170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10324 +#: freeculture.xml:10325 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13177,7 +13182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10335 +#: freeculture.xml:10336 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13186,7 +13191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10348 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -13195,7 +13200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10355 +#: freeculture.xml:10356 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13203,7 +13208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:10363 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " @@ -13211,7 +13216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10342 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13226,7 +13231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10370 +#: freeculture.xml:10371 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13240,7 +13245,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10383 +#: freeculture.xml:10384 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -13252,7 +13257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10396 +#: freeculture.xml:10397 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13262,7 +13267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10406 +#: freeculture.xml:10407 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13272,7 +13277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10415 +#: freeculture.xml:10416 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -13288,18 +13293,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10431 +#: freeculture.xml:10432 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10437 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10428 +#: freeculture.xml:10429 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13311,7 +13316,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10444 +#: freeculture.xml:10445 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13325,7 +13330,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10442 +#: freeculture.xml:10443 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13339,7 +13344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10468 +#: freeculture.xml:10469 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " @@ -13354,7 +13359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:10483 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " @@ -13374,7 +13379,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10505 +#: freeculture.xml:10506 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " "U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " @@ -13382,7 +13387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10500 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13394,7 +13399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10515 +#: freeculture.xml:10516 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13406,7 +13411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10527 +#: freeculture.xml:10528 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13420,7 +13425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10548 +#: freeculture.xml:10549 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13429,7 +13434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10542 +#: freeculture.xml:10543 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13441,7 +13446,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10557 +#: freeculture.xml:10558 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13452,7 +13457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10569 +#: freeculture.xml:10570 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13463,14 +13468,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10577 +#: freeculture.xml:10578 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10581 +#: freeculture.xml:10582 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13478,7 +13483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10588 +#: freeculture.xml:10589 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13488,14 +13493,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10597 +#: freeculture.xml:10598 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10603 +#: freeculture.xml:10604 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -13507,7 +13512,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10612 +#: freeculture.xml:10613 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13521,7 +13526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10627 +#: freeculture.xml:10628 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13535,7 +13540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10639 +#: freeculture.xml:10640 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13543,13 +13548,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10644 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10657 +#: freeculture.xml:10658 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -13558,7 +13563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13572,7 +13577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10665 +#: freeculture.xml:10666 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13582,7 +13587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10671 +#: freeculture.xml:10672 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13594,7 +13599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10688 +#: freeculture.xml:10689 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " @@ -13604,7 +13609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10682 +#: freeculture.xml:10683 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13615,7 +13620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10698 +#: freeculture.xml:10699 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13625,7 +13630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10706 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -13635,7 +13640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10715 +#: freeculture.xml:10716 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13650,7 +13655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10726 +#: freeculture.xml:10727 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13660,7 +13665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10736 +#: freeculture.xml:10737 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13669,7 +13674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10744 +#: freeculture.xml:10745 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13679,7 +13684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10753 +#: freeculture.xml:10754 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13690,7 +13695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10763 +#: freeculture.xml:10764 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13704,7 +13709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10777 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13712,7 +13717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10783 +#: freeculture.xml:10784 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13725,7 +13730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10793 +#: freeculture.xml:10794 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13736,7 +13741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10802 +#: freeculture.xml:10803 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -13745,12 +13750,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10808 +#: freeculture.xml:10809 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10811 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -13765,7 +13770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10824 +#: freeculture.xml:10825 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -13778,7 +13783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10834 +#: freeculture.xml:10835 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -13791,7 +13796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10845 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -13799,7 +13804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10851 +#: freeculture.xml:10852 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -13813,7 +13818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10874 +#: freeculture.xml:10875 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -13821,7 +13826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10862 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -13835,7 +13840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10881 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -13846,7 +13851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10889 +#: freeculture.xml:10890 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -13856,7 +13861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10896 +#: freeculture.xml:10897 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -13869,7 +13874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10907 +#: freeculture.xml:10908 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -13879,7 +13884,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10913 +#: freeculture.xml:10914 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -13889,7 +13894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10922 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -13899,7 +13904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10929 +#: freeculture.xml:10930 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -13907,7 +13912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10935 +#: freeculture.xml:10936 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -13920,7 +13925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10945 +#: freeculture.xml:10946 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -13928,13 +13933,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10950 freeculture.xml:10964 +#: freeculture.xml:10951 freeculture.xml:10965 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10952 +#: freeculture.xml:10953 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -13946,17 +13951,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10962 freeculture.xml:11303 freeculture.xml:11318 freeculture.xml:11412 freeculture.xml:11626 freeculture.xml:11657 freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:10963 freeculture.xml:11304 freeculture.xml:11319 freeculture.xml:11413 freeculture.xml:11627 freeculture.xml:11658 freeculture.xml:11746 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10963 +#: freeculture.xml:10964 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10966 +#: freeculture.xml:10967 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -13969,7 +13974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:10977 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -13990,7 +13995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10997 +#: freeculture.xml:10998 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14001,7 +14006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11005 +#: freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14020,17 +14025,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11036 freeculture.xml:11059 +#: freeculture.xml:11037 freeculture.xml:11060 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11037 +#: freeculture.xml:11038 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11024 +#: freeculture.xml:11025 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14048,7 +14053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11040 +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14058,7 +14063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11048 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14072,7 +14077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11062 +#: freeculture.xml:11063 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14081,7 +14086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11068 +#: freeculture.xml:11069 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14090,32 +14095,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11074 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 +#: freeculture.xml:11076 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11077 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11079 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11080 +#: freeculture.xml:11081 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14129,12 +14134,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11103 freeculture.xml:11116 freeculture.xml:11309 freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:11104 freeculture.xml:11117 freeculture.xml:11310 freeculture.xml:11663 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11091 +#: freeculture.xml:11092 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14149,7 +14154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11106 +#: freeculture.xml:11107 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14164,7 +14169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14173,7 +14178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11126 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14185,7 +14190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11142 +#: freeculture.xml:11143 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14193,19 +14198,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11150 +#: freeculture.xml:11151 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11157 +#: freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11135 +#: freeculture.xml:11136 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14221,7 +14226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11160 +#: freeculture.xml:11161 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14236,7 +14241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11172 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14248,7 +14253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11181 +#: freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14260,13 +14265,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11214 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11568 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11192 +#: freeculture.xml:11193 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14279,7 +14284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11204 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14292,7 +14297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11216 +#: freeculture.xml:11217 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14302,7 +14307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11224 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14313,7 +14318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:11233 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14326,7 +14331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11243 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -14339,7 +14344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11255 +#: freeculture.xml:11256 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14349,7 +14354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11264 +#: freeculture.xml:11265 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14359,7 +14364,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11271 +#: freeculture.xml:11272 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14377,7 +14382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11294 +#: freeculture.xml:11295 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14388,7 +14393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11305 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14398,7 +14403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11312 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14409,7 +14414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11320 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14427,7 +14432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11337 +#: freeculture.xml:11338 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14443,7 +14448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11352 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14452,14 +14457,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11358 +#: freeculture.xml:11359 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11363 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14468,7 +14473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11370 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14477,7 +14482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11376 +#: freeculture.xml:11377 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14485,14 +14490,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11384 +#: freeculture.xml:11385 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11390 +#: freeculture.xml:11391 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14502,14 +14507,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11398 +#: freeculture.xml:11399 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11404 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14519,7 +14524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11414 +#: freeculture.xml:11415 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14529,7 +14534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11421 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " @@ -14538,21 +14543,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11426 +#: freeculture.xml:11427 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11434 +#: freeculture.xml:11435 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11438 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14561,7 +14566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11447 +#: freeculture.xml:11448 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14569,7 +14574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11453 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14578,7 +14583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11461 +#: freeculture.xml:11462 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14594,7 +14599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:11475 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14602,7 +14607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11482 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14619,7 +14624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11497 +#: freeculture.xml:11498 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14629,7 +14634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11504 +#: freeculture.xml:11505 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14637,7 +14642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11509 +#: freeculture.xml:11510 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -14645,7 +14650,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -14655,7 +14660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11523 +#: freeculture.xml:11524 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14663,7 +14668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11528 +#: freeculture.xml:11529 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " @@ -14672,7 +14677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11534 +#: freeculture.xml:11535 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14685,7 +14690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11545 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14698,7 +14703,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11557 +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14713,7 +14718,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11571 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14726,7 +14731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11581 +#: freeculture.xml:11582 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -14736,7 +14741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11588 +#: freeculture.xml:11589 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -14744,7 +14749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " @@ -14760,7 +14765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11606 +#: freeculture.xml:11607 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -14775,7 +14780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11621 +#: freeculture.xml:11622 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -14783,7 +14788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -14798,7 +14803,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11639 +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -14817,7 +14822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11659 +#: freeculture.xml:11660 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -14825,7 +14830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11665 +#: freeculture.xml:11666 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -14834,7 +14839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11671 +#: freeculture.xml:11672 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -14844,7 +14849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11678 +#: freeculture.xml:11679 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -14856,7 +14861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11686 +#: freeculture.xml:11687 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -14876,7 +14881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11707 +#: freeculture.xml:11708 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -14887,12 +14892,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11721 +#: freeculture.xml:11722 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11716 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -14902,7 +14907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11724 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -14914,12 +14919,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11735 +#: freeculture.xml:11736 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:11738 msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " @@ -14931,7 +14936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11747 +#: freeculture.xml:11748 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -14945,7 +14950,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11757 +#: freeculture.xml:11758 msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -14955,7 +14960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11766 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -14963,7 +14968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11770 +#: freeculture.xml:11771 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -14974,12 +14979,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11778 freeculture.xml:11976 +#: freeculture.xml:11779 freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -14993,7 +14998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11792 +#: freeculture.xml:11793 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15006,18 +15011,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11802 +#: freeculture.xml:11803 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11803 freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11804 freeculture.xml:11843 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#: freeculture.xml:11811 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15039,7 +15044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11806 +#: freeculture.xml:11807 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -15053,7 +15058,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11836 +#: freeculture.xml:11837 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15063,7 +15068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11844 +#: freeculture.xml:11845 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15075,7 +15080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11854 +#: freeculture.xml:11855 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15086,7 +15091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11862 +#: freeculture.xml:11863 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15097,7 +15102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:11871 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15109,7 +15114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11882 +#: freeculture.xml:11883 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15120,7 +15125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11892 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15139,7 +15144,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11907 +#: freeculture.xml:11908 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15153,7 +15158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11921 +#: freeculture.xml:11922 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15165,7 +15170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11931 +#: freeculture.xml:11932 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15176,7 +15181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11940 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15186,7 +15191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11947 +#: freeculture.xml:11948 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15196,7 +15201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11954 +#: freeculture.xml:11955 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15205,7 +15210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11960 +#: freeculture.xml:11961 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15223,7 +15228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11978 +#: freeculture.xml:11979 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15232,7 +15237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11984 +#: freeculture.xml:11985 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15243,7 +15248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:11994 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15255,7 +15260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12001 +#: freeculture.xml:12002 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15277,7 +15282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12022 +#: freeculture.xml:12023 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15288,7 +15293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12030 +#: freeculture.xml:12031 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15300,7 +15305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12040 +#: freeculture.xml:12041 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15310,7 +15315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12049 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15324,7 +15329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12060 +#: freeculture.xml:12061 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15337,12 +15342,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12070 +#: freeculture.xml:12071 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12073 +#: freeculture.xml:12074 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15354,7 +15359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12083 +#: freeculture.xml:12084 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15365,7 +15370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12090 +#: freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15376,7 +15381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12103 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15386,7 +15391,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12109 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15398,12 +15403,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12121 +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12123 +#: freeculture.xml:12124 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15413,7 +15418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12130 +#: freeculture.xml:12131 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15424,7 +15429,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12145 +#: freeculture.xml:12146 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15435,7 +15440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15448,7 +15453,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12156 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15459,7 +15464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12164 +#: freeculture.xml:12165 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15472,7 +15477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12175 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15482,12 +15487,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12624 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 freeculture.xml:12625 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12191 +#: freeculture.xml:12192 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " @@ -15495,7 +15500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12182 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15508,7 +15513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12204 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15522,7 +15527,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12235 +#: freeculture.xml:12236 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15531,7 +15536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12198 +#: freeculture.xml:12199 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15554,7 +15559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12241 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15566,7 +15571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12251 +#: freeculture.xml:12252 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15577,7 +15582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12259 +#: freeculture.xml:12260 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15591,7 +15596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12274 +#: freeculture.xml:12275 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " @@ -15608,7 +15613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12269 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15620,7 +15625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12295 +#: freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15633,7 +15638,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12305 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15644,7 +15649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12313 +#: freeculture.xml:12314 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15656,7 +15661,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12321 +#: freeculture.xml:12322 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15672,7 +15677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12336 +#: freeculture.xml:12337 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15680,7 +15685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12342 +#: freeculture.xml:12343 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15695,7 +15700,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12354 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15715,7 +15720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12374 +#: freeculture.xml:12375 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -15733,7 +15738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12391 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15746,12 +15751,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12419 freeculture.xml:13139 +#: freeculture.xml:12420 freeculture.xml:13140 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12388 +#: freeculture.xml:12389 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -15775,7 +15780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12422 +#: freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -15786,14 +15791,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12430 +#: freeculture.xml:12431 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12429 +#: freeculture.xml:12430 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -15805,7 +15810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12440 +#: freeculture.xml:12441 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -15829,7 +15834,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12464 +#: freeculture.xml:12465 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -15838,7 +15843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12470 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -15853,7 +15858,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12492 +#: freeculture.xml:12493 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -15872,7 +15877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12481 +#: freeculture.xml:12482 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -15888,7 +15893,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12511 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -15907,14 +15912,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12536 +#: freeculture.xml:12537 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12528 +#: freeculture.xml:12529 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -15927,7 +15932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12542 +#: freeculture.xml:12543 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -15937,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12550 +#: freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -15949,12 +15954,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12564 +#: freeculture.xml:12565 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -15967,7 +15972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12574 +#: freeculture.xml:12575 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -15982,7 +15987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12588 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -15998,7 +16003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12600 +#: freeculture.xml:12601 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16011,7 +16016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12612 +#: freeculture.xml:12613 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16025,14 +16030,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12629 +#: freeculture.xml:12630 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12626 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16042,7 +16047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12637 +#: freeculture.xml:12638 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16052,7 +16057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12644 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16065,7 +16070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12656 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16078,7 +16083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12666 +#: freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16089,7 +16094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12674 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16097,7 +16102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12680 +#: freeculture.xml:12681 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16111,7 +16116,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12691 +#: freeculture.xml:12692 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16121,12 +16126,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12710 +#: freeculture.xml:12711 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12700 +#: freeculture.xml:12701 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16141,7 +16146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12714 +#: freeculture.xml:12715 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16151,7 +16156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12722 +#: freeculture.xml:12723 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16161,7 +16166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12730 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16173,7 +16178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12739 +#: freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16183,7 +16188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12746 +#: freeculture.xml:12747 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16194,20 +16199,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12754 +#: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12757 +#: freeculture.xml:12758 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12762 +#: freeculture.xml:12763 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16225,7 +16230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12780 +#: freeculture.xml:12781 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16235,7 +16240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12787 +#: freeculture.xml:12788 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16243,7 +16248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12759 +#: freeculture.xml:12760 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16262,18 +16267,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12804 freeculture.xml:13155 +#: freeculture.xml:12805 freeculture.xml:13156 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12805 +#: freeculture.xml:12806 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12810 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16282,7 +16287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 +#: freeculture.xml:12820 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16290,7 +16295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16309,20 +16314,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12833 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12842 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12845 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16330,7 +16335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12850 +#: freeculture.xml:12851 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16339,7 +16344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:12857 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16348,7 +16353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12863 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16358,12 +16363,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12872 +#: freeculture.xml:12873 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12874 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16372,7 +16377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12880 +#: freeculture.xml:12881 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16386,7 +16391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12891 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16397,7 +16402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12902 +#: freeculture.xml:12903 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16413,7 +16418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12916 +#: freeculture.xml:12917 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16423,12 +16428,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 +#: freeculture.xml:12926 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12927 +#: freeculture.xml:12928 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16440,12 +16445,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12941 +#: freeculture.xml:12942 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16462,12 +16467,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12955 +#: freeculture.xml:12956 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12957 +#: freeculture.xml:12958 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16480,7 +16485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12967 +#: freeculture.xml:12968 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16493,7 +16498,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12983 +#: freeculture.xml:12984 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " @@ -16506,7 +16511,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12977 +#: freeculture.xml:12978 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16519,7 +16524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13001 +#: freeculture.xml:13002 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16530,12 +16535,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13008 +#: freeculture.xml:13009 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13010 +#: freeculture.xml:13011 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16545,7 +16550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13018 +#: freeculture.xml:13019 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16559,7 +16564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13030 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16572,7 +16577,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13039 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16582,7 +16587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13048 +#: freeculture.xml:13049 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16591,7 +16596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13054 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16604,7 +16609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13065 +#: freeculture.xml:13066 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16615,7 +16620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13073 +#: freeculture.xml:13074 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16624,7 +16629,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13078 +#: freeculture.xml:13079 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16641,7 +16646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13094 +#: freeculture.xml:13095 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16653,7 +16658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13103 +#: freeculture.xml:13104 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16661,7 +16666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13108 +#: freeculture.xml:13109 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16676,7 +16681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13121 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16686,7 +16691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13128 +#: freeculture.xml:13129 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16701,7 +16706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:13143 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16712,19 +16717,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13153 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13158 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13162 +#: freeculture.xml:13163 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -16738,7 +16743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13172 +#: freeculture.xml:13173 msgid "" "Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " @@ -16756,7 +16761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13190 +#: freeculture.xml:13191 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -16769,7 +16774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13201 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -16782,12 +16787,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13222 +#: freeculture.xml:13223 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13212 +#: freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -16801,7 +16806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13225 +#: freeculture.xml:13226 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -16815,7 +16820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -16825,7 +16830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:13245 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -16839,7 +16844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:13257 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -16848,7 +16853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13262 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -16861,7 +16866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13288 +#: freeculture.xml:13289 msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " @@ -16870,7 +16875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -16889,7 +16894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13297 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -16904,7 +16909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13309 +#: freeculture.xml:13310 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -16915,7 +16920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13319 +#: freeculture.xml:13320 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -16926,7 +16931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13327 +#: freeculture.xml:13328 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -16937,12 +16942,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13341 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13343 +#: freeculture.xml:13344 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -16952,7 +16957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13350 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -16961,12 +16966,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13357 +#: freeculture.xml:13358 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13359 +#: freeculture.xml:13360 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -16976,14 +16981,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:13367 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13371 +#: freeculture.xml:13372 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -16992,12 +16997,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13377 +#: freeculture.xml:13378 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13380 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -17007,7 +17012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17022,7 +17027,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13402 +#: freeculture.xml:13403 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17030,7 +17035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13400 +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17040,7 +17045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#: freeculture.xml:13411 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17051,12 +17056,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13422 +#: freeculture.xml:13423 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13424 +#: freeculture.xml:13425 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17071,7 +17076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13437 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17083,7 +17088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13446 +#: freeculture.xml:13447 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17096,7 +17101,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13456 +#: freeculture.xml:13457 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17110,12 +17115,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13472 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13473 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17127,7 +17132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13483 +#: freeculture.xml:13484 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17135,7 +17140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13489 +#: freeculture.xml:13490 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17149,7 +17154,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13506 +#: freeculture.xml:13507 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17158,7 +17163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17174,7 +17179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13519 +#: freeculture.xml:13520 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17184,7 +17189,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13526 +#: freeculture.xml:13527 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17198,7 +17203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13537 +#: freeculture.xml:13538 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17209,7 +17214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13545 +#: freeculture.xml:13546 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17217,7 +17222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13550 +#: freeculture.xml:13551 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17228,12 +17233,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13562 +#: freeculture.xml:13563 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13564 +#: freeculture.xml:13565 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17242,14 +17247,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13577 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13569 +#: freeculture.xml:13570 msgid "" "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " @@ -17260,7 +17265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13583 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17269,7 +17274,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -17282,7 +17287,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13599 +#: freeculture.xml:13600 msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " @@ -17296,7 +17301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13619 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17304,7 +17309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13612 +#: freeculture.xml:13613 msgid "" "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " @@ -17318,7 +17323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:13631 msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -17335,7 +17340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13645 +#: freeculture.xml:13646 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -17343,7 +17348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13651 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17352,12 +17357,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13662 +#: freeculture.xml:13663 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17368,7 +17373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13670 +#: freeculture.xml:13671 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17380,14 +17385,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13683 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13679 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17399,12 +17404,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13696 +#: freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13693 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17413,7 +17418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13701 +#: freeculture.xml:13702 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17423,7 +17428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -17435,7 +17440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13720 +#: freeculture.xml:13721 msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -17450,7 +17455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13732 +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17460,12 +17465,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13746 +#: freeculture.xml:13747 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " @@ -17473,7 +17478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13740 +#: freeculture.xml:13741 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17483,7 +17488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13754 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17494,7 +17499,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13761 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17504,12 +17509,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13771 +#: freeculture.xml:13772 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13773 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17519,7 +17524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13781 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17530,7 +17535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13789 +#: freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17540,7 +17545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13797 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17550,7 +17555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13804 +#: freeculture.xml:13805 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17558,7 +17563,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17567,7 +17572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13815 +#: freeculture.xml:13816 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17576,7 +17581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:13822 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17584,7 +17589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:13828 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17595,7 +17600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13835 +#: freeculture.xml:13836 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17604,7 +17609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13842 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17612,7 +17617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13847 +#: freeculture.xml:13848 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17627,7 +17632,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13859 +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17644,7 +17649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13891 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17652,7 +17657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17673,7 +17678,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13898 +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17689,7 +17694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13914 +#: freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17702,7 +17707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13926 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -17713,7 +17718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13934 +#: freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -17725,7 +17730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -17738,7 +17743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -17750,7 +17755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13965 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -17763,7 +17768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13975 +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -17774,14 +17779,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13983 +#: freeculture.xml:13984 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13987 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -17795,7 +17800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13998 +#: freeculture.xml:13999 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -17806,12 +17811,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14042 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14009 +#: freeculture.xml:14010 msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " "October 2000), available at <ulink " @@ -17848,7 +17853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14006 +#: freeculture.xml:14007 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17863,7 +17868,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -17881,7 +17886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14071 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -17894,7 +17899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14083 +#: freeculture.xml:14084 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -17911,7 +17916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14098 +#: freeculture.xml:14099 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -17926,7 +17931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14111 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -17937,13 +17942,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14124 +#: freeculture.xml:14125 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -17952,19 +17957,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#: freeculture.xml:14132 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14137 +#: freeculture.xml:14138 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14141 +#: freeculture.xml:14142 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -17972,14 +17977,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14147 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -17988,7 +17993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14158 +#: freeculture.xml:14159 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18005,7 +18010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18015,12 +18020,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14184 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14185 +#: freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18029,7 +18034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14192 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18040,14 +18045,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14208 +#: freeculture.xml:14209 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14199 +#: freeculture.xml:14200 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18060,7 +18065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14214 +#: freeculture.xml:14215 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18068,7 +18073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14224 +#: freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18087,7 +18092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14219 +#: freeculture.xml:14220 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18099,7 +18104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18109,7 +18114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14256 +#: freeculture.xml:14257 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18122,7 +18127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14266 +#: freeculture.xml:14267 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18133,7 +18138,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14274 +#: freeculture.xml:14275 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18141,7 +18146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18154,7 +18159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14289 +#: freeculture.xml:14290 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18164,7 +18169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14298 +#: freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18172,12 +18177,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14307 +#: freeculture.xml:14308 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14309 +#: freeculture.xml:14310 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18191,12 +18196,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14324 +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:14327 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18205,7 +18210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14332 +#: freeculture.xml:14333 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18221,7 +18226,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14346 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18234,7 +18239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14356 +#: freeculture.xml:14357 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18255,7 +18260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14376 +#: freeculture.xml:14377 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18266,7 +18271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14385 +#: freeculture.xml:14386 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "