From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Wed, 15 Aug 2012 07:29:28 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update with new indexes and wrap lines. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1596 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/85adb6f201e346900442aafeb3409a04241d5cbc?ds=sidebyside Update with new indexes and wrap lines. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 37b1dae..2a4857f 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-15 07:39+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-15 09:26+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -13104,6 +13104,10 @@ msgstr "" "video rørledningen fikk tilhengere fra trevare, sette tilhengere på bånd, og " "solgt kassetter til selge i detalj butikker." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "browsing" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index e9f848b..bec704a 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-15 07:39+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-15 09:26+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -470,7 +470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:13220 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" @@ -480,7 +480,7 @@ msgid "Stevens, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:412 freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13219 +#: freeculture.xml:412 freeculture.xml:422 freeculture.xml:13221 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -582,17 +582,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:14217 +#: freeculture.xml:484 freeculture.xml:14223 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:487 freeculture.xml:14219 +#: freeculture.xml:487 freeculture.xml:14225 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:488 freeculture.xml:14220 +#: freeculture.xml:488 freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -645,12 +645,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:565 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:999 freeculture.xml:1016 freeculture.xml:1063 freeculture.xml:9115 freeculture.xml:12588 freeculture.xml:13325 +#: freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:565 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:999 freeculture.xml:1016 freeculture.xml:1063 freeculture.xml:9117 freeculture.xml:12590 freeculture.xml:13327 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:566 freeculture.xml:585 freeculture.xml:1000 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1064 freeculture.xml:9116 freeculture.xml:12589 freeculture.xml:13326 +#: freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:566 freeculture.xml:585 freeculture.xml:1000 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1064 freeculture.xml:9118 freeculture.xml:12591 freeculture.xml:13328 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:9123 freeculture.xml:9778 +#: freeculture.xml:609 freeculture.xml:9125 freeculture.xml:9780 msgid "Armstrong, Edwin Howard" msgstr "" @@ -1102,7 +1102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:868 freeculture.xml:9668 +#: freeculture.xml:868 freeculture.xml:9670 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1220,7 +1220,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:963 freeculture.xml:14625 +#: freeculture.xml:963 freeculture.xml:14631 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -2151,7 +2151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1655 freeculture.xml:2891 freeculture.xml:4575 freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:7441 freeculture.xml:8571 +#: freeculture.xml:1655 freeculture.xml:2891 freeculture.xml:4575 freeculture.xml:4801 freeculture.xml:7443 freeculture.xml:8573 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2523,7 +2523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1912 freeculture.xml:9265 +#: freeculture.xml:1912 freeculture.xml:9267 msgid "images, ownership of" msgstr "" @@ -2654,7 +2654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2517 freeculture.xml:6454 freeculture.xml:7305 freeculture.xml:8402 freeculture.xml:8474 +#: freeculture.xml:2011 freeculture.xml:2517 freeculture.xml:6454 freeculture.xml:7305 freeculture.xml:8404 freeculture.xml:8476 msgid "advertising" msgstr "" @@ -2806,7 +2806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:3908 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:8290 +#: freeculture.xml:2123 freeculture.xml:3908 freeculture.xml:4990 freeculture.xml:8292 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -2954,7 +2954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2235 freeculture.xml:8229 freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:2235 freeculture.xml:8231 freeculture.xml:8470 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3767,12 +3767,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2822 freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:4121 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:9728 freeculture.xml:9829 freeculture.xml:10003 freeculture.xml:14588 freeculture.xml:14656 +#: freeculture.xml:2822 freeculture.xml:3181 freeculture.xml:4121 freeculture.xml:5243 freeculture.xml:5294 freeculture.xml:9730 freeculture.xml:9831 freeculture.xml:10005 freeculture.xml:14594 freeculture.xml:14662 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2823 freeculture.xml:3182 freeculture.xml:4122 freeculture.xml:9729 freeculture.xml:9830 freeculture.xml:10004 freeculture.xml:14589 freeculture.xml:14657 +#: freeculture.xml:2823 freeculture.xml:3182 freeculture.xml:4122 freeculture.xml:9731 freeculture.xml:9832 freeculture.xml:10006 freeculture.xml:14595 freeculture.xml:14663 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -3899,7 +3899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2939 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:9603 freeculture.xml:9722 +#: freeculture.xml:2939 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:9605 freeculture.xml:9724 msgid "broadcast flag" msgstr "" @@ -3930,7 +3930,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:9873 +#: freeculture.xml:2943 freeculture.xml:3201 freeculture.xml:4335 freeculture.xml:9875 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -4193,7 +4193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:14280 +#: freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:14286 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4323,7 +4323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:8939 freeculture.xml:9404 freeculture.xml:12402 +#: freeculture.xml:3218 freeculture.xml:8941 freeculture.xml:9406 freeculture.xml:12404 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4635,7 +4635,7 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:3502 freeculture.xml:3551 freeculture.xml:14688 +#: freeculture.xml:3423 freeculture.xml:3502 freeculture.xml:3551 freeculture.xml:14694 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" @@ -4712,7 +4712,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:12692 freeculture.xml:13141 freeculture.xml:13148 +#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:12694 freeculture.xml:13143 freeculture.xml:13150 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -4749,7 +4749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3517 freeculture.xml:3787 freeculture.xml:14832 +#: freeculture.xml:3517 freeculture.xml:3787 freeculture.xml:14838 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -4812,12 +4812,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3564 freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:11500 freeculture.xml:13017 freeculture.xml:13582 +#: freeculture.xml:3564 freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:11502 freeculture.xml:13019 freeculture.xml:13588 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3565 freeculture.xml:3595 freeculture.xml:11502 freeculture.xml:13018 freeculture.xml:13583 +#: freeculture.xml:3565 freeculture.xml:3595 freeculture.xml:11504 freeculture.xml:13020 freeculture.xml:13589 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -4974,7 +4974,7 @@ msgid "innovation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:8359 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:8361 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" @@ -5384,12 +5384,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3963 freeculture.xml:3974 freeculture.xml:3999 freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4515 freeculture.xml:5846 freeculture.xml:5854 freeculture.xml:5909 freeculture.xml:6790 freeculture.xml:6794 freeculture.xml:7137 freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7455 freeculture.xml:13775 freeculture.xml:14503 freeculture.xml:14507 +#: freeculture.xml:3963 freeculture.xml:3974 freeculture.xml:3999 freeculture.xml:4024 freeculture.xml:4515 freeculture.xml:5846 freeculture.xml:5854 freeculture.xml:5909 freeculture.xml:6790 freeculture.xml:6794 freeculture.xml:7137 freeculture.xml:7202 freeculture.xml:7239 freeculture.xml:7457 freeculture.xml:13781 freeculture.xml:14509 freeculture.xml:14513 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3964 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:6795 freeculture.xml:14508 +#: freeculture.xml:3964 freeculture.xml:3975 freeculture.xml:6795 freeculture.xml:14514 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -5428,7 +5428,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:5847 freeculture.xml:5855 freeculture.xml:6791 freeculture.xml:14504 +#: freeculture.xml:4000 freeculture.xml:5847 freeculture.xml:5855 freeculture.xml:6791 freeculture.xml:14510 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -5460,7 +5460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4025 freeculture.xml:13776 +#: freeculture.xml:4025 freeculture.xml:13782 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6508,7 +6508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4823 freeculture.xml:14924 +#: freeculture.xml:4823 freeculture.xml:14930 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7117,7 +7117,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5231 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:9979 freeculture.xml:14295 +#: freeculture.xml:5231 freeculture.xml:5297 freeculture.xml:5481 freeculture.xml:9981 freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -7595,12 +7595,12 @@ msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5594 freeculture.xml:8767 freeculture.xml:10996 freeculture.xml:11245 +#: freeculture.xml:5594 freeculture.xml:8769 freeculture.xml:10998 freeculture.xml:11247 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5596 freeculture.xml:8066 +#: freeculture.xml:5596 freeculture.xml:8068 msgid "bots" msgstr "" @@ -8069,7 +8069,7 @@ msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5955 freeculture.xml:9743 +#: freeculture.xml:5955 freeculture.xml:9745 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" @@ -8116,7 +8116,7 @@ msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5983 freeculture.xml:7419 +#: freeculture.xml:5983 freeculture.xml:7421 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" @@ -8437,7 +8437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6269 freeculture.xml:6359 freeculture.xml:6378 freeculture.xml:9356 freeculture.xml:9554 +#: freeculture.xml:6221 freeculture.xml:6269 freeculture.xml:6359 freeculture.xml:6378 freeculture.xml:9358 freeculture.xml:9556 msgid "market constraints" msgstr "" @@ -8777,12 +8777,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:14871 +#: freeculture.xml:6485 freeculture.xml:14877 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:13100 +#: freeculture.xml:6486 freeculture.xml:13102 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -9755,7 +9755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7456 +#: freeculture.xml:7203 freeculture.xml:7240 freeculture.xml:7458 msgid "on Internet" msgstr "" @@ -9885,8 +9885,13 @@ msgid "" "put the trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:7314 freeculture.xml:7374 freeculture.xml:13455 +msgid "browsing" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7315 +#: freeculture.xml:7316 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9899,7 +9904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7324 +#: freeculture.xml:7325 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9915,7 +9920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7339 +#: freeculture.xml:7340 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had willfully " @@ -9928,7 +9933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7349 +#: freeculture.xml:7350 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9940,7 +9945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7359 +#: freeculture.xml:7360 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9956,13 +9961,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7373 msgid "Barnes & Noble" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7375 +#: freeculture.xml:7377 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9979,7 +9984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7390 +#: freeculture.xml:7392 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9990,12 +9995,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7399 +#: freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7401 +#: freeculture.xml:7403 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -10004,7 +10009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7407 +#: freeculture.xml:7409 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -10014,18 +10019,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7414 +#: freeculture.xml:7416 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7416 freeculture.xml:7599 +#: freeculture.xml:7418 freeculture.xml:7601 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7430 +#: freeculture.xml:7432 msgid "" "See David Lange, <quote>Recognizing the Public Domain,</quote> " "<citetitle>Law and Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): " @@ -10033,7 +10038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7422 +#: freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -10044,7 +10049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7439 +#: freeculture.xml:7441 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10052,7 +10057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7435 +#: freeculture.xml:7437 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers <quote>were brothers long before you " @@ -10064,7 +10069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7449 +#: freeculture.xml:7451 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -10073,7 +10078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7459 +#: freeculture.xml:7461 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -10085,17 +10090,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7472 +#: freeculture.xml:7474 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7475 +#: freeculture.xml:7477 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7478 +#: freeculture.xml:7480 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -10104,13 +10109,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7485 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7489 +#: freeculture.xml:7491 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -10123,35 +10128,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7502 +#: freeculture.xml:7504 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7503 +#: freeculture.xml:7505 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7506 +#: freeculture.xml:7508 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7510 +#: freeculture.xml:7512 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7511 +#: freeculture.xml:7513 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7515 +#: freeculture.xml:7517 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -10162,17 +10167,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7525 +#: freeculture.xml:7527 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7526 +#: freeculture.xml:7528 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:7525 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -10180,57 +10185,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7529 +#: freeculture.xml:7531 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7530 +#: freeculture.xml:7532 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7533 +#: freeculture.xml:7535 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7538 +#: freeculture.xml:7540 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s <quote>Politics</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7539 +#: freeculture.xml:7541 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7542 +#: freeculture.xml:7544 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7548 +#: freeculture.xml:7550 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>The Future of Ideas</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7549 +#: freeculture.xml:7551 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7552 +#: freeculture.xml:7554 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7562 +#: freeculture.xml:7564 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -10241,7 +10246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7555 +#: freeculture.xml:7557 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls " "<quote>permissions</quote>— as if the publisher has the power to " @@ -10256,7 +10261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7577 +#: freeculture.xml:7579 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book <quote>lives.</quote> Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -10275,7 +10280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7595 +#: freeculture.xml:7597 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -10284,7 +10289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7602 +#: freeculture.xml:7604 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -10296,7 +10301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7611 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -10306,19 +10311,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7618 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7630 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7622 +#: freeculture.xml:7624 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -10329,17 +10334,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7631 +#: freeculture.xml:7633 msgid "List of the permissions for <quote>Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</quote>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7633 +#: freeculture.xml:7635 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7637 +#: freeculture.xml:7639 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the " @@ -10348,7 +10353,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7642 +#: freeculture.xml:7644 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -10359,7 +10364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7650 +#: freeculture.xml:7652 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -10374,7 +10379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7663 +#: freeculture.xml:7665 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -10384,34 +10389,34 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7673 +#: freeculture.xml:7675 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7677 freeculture.xml:7827 freeculture.xml:7898 freeculture.xml:8008 +#: freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7829 freeculture.xml:7900 freeculture.xml:8010 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7680 freeculture.xml:7830 freeculture.xml:7899 freeculture.xml:8009 +#: freeculture.xml:7682 freeculture.xml:7832 freeculture.xml:7901 freeculture.xml:8011 msgid "robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7683 freeculture.xml:7833 freeculture.xml:7901 freeculture.xml:8011 +#: freeculture.xml:7685 freeculture.xml:7835 freeculture.xml:7903 freeculture.xml:8013 msgid "Sony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:7684 freeculture.xml:7834 freeculture.xml:7902 freeculture.xml:8012 +#: freeculture.xml:7686 freeculture.xml:7836 freeculture.xml:7904 freeculture.xml:8014 msgid "Aibo robotic dog produced by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7687 +#: freeculture.xml:7689 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named <quote>Aibo.</quote> The Aibo " "learns tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and " @@ -10419,7 +10424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7692 +#: freeculture.xml:7694 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -10430,7 +10435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7701 +#: freeculture.xml:7703 msgid "" "<quote>Teach</quote> here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute " "computers. You teach a computer how to do something by programming it " @@ -10441,12 +10446,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7708 +#: freeculture.xml:7710 msgid "hacks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 +#: freeculture.xml:7712 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -10462,7 +10467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7724 +#: freeculture.xml:7726 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -10472,7 +10477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7731 +#: freeculture.xml:7733 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -10483,7 +10488,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7741 +#: freeculture.xml:7743 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -10498,7 +10503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7757 +#: freeculture.xml:7759 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -10512,12 +10517,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7780 freeculture.xml:10293 +#: freeculture.xml:7782 freeculture.xml:10295 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7770 +#: freeculture.xml:7772 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, <quote>Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to " "Science,</quote> <citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan " @@ -10536,7 +10541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7768 +#: freeculture.xml:7770 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -10546,7 +10551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7788 +#: freeculture.xml:7790 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -10558,7 +10563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7798 +#: freeculture.xml:7800 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10568,7 +10573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7805 +#: freeculture.xml:7807 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10577,7 +10582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7811 +#: freeculture.xml:7813 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10588,7 +10593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7819 +#: freeculture.xml:7821 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10598,7 +10603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7839 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10606,7 +10611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7844 +#: freeculture.xml:7846 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10614,7 +10619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7853 +#: freeculture.xml:7855 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10623,7 +10628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7859 +#: freeculture.xml:7861 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10632,7 +10637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7867 +#: freeculture.xml:7869 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10640,7 +10645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7872 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10653,7 +10658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7883 +#: freeculture.xml:7885 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10663,7 +10668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7890 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10675,7 +10680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7905 +#: freeculture.xml:7907 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10689,7 +10694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7917 +#: freeculture.xml:7919 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10700,17 +10705,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7924 freeculture.xml:7957 +#: freeculture.xml:7926 freeculture.xml:7959 msgid "Rogers, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7934 freeculture.xml:7970 freeculture.xml:7998 +#: freeculture.xml:7936 freeculture.xml:7972 freeculture.xml:8000 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7926 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10723,7 +10728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7953 +#: freeculture.xml:7955 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " @@ -10734,7 +10739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7938 +#: freeculture.xml:7940 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "<quote>Neighborhood</quote> at hours when some children cannot use it. I " @@ -10754,7 +10759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7963 +#: freeculture.xml:7965 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10762,19 +10767,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7968 +#: freeculture.xml:7970 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7973 +#: freeculture.xml:7975 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7976 +#: freeculture.xml:7978 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10785,13 +10790,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7984 +#: freeculture.xml:7986 msgid "handguns" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7987 +#: freeculture.xml:7989 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10800,17 +10805,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7995 +#: freeculture.xml:7997 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7996 +#: freeculture.xml:7998 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8000 +#: freeculture.xml:8002 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10821,7 +10826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8015 +#: freeculture.xml:8017 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10832,7 +10837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8023 +#: freeculture.xml:8025 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10846,7 +10851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8035 +#: freeculture.xml:8037 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10861,7 +10866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8054 +#: freeculture.xml:8056 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, <quote>Legal " "Fictions, Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,</quote> " @@ -10870,7 +10875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8048 +#: freeculture.xml:8050 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10880,7 +10885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8060 +#: freeculture.xml:8062 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10890,7 +10895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8068 +#: freeculture.xml:8070 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10903,7 +10908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8078 +#: freeculture.xml:8080 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10914,13 +10919,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8087 +#: freeculture.xml:8089 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8089 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10938,7 +10943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8107 +#: freeculture.xml:8109 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10948,7 +10953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8114 +#: freeculture.xml:8116 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10961,13 +10966,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8125 +#: freeculture.xml:8127 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8133 +#: freeculture.xml:8135 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10976,7 +10981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8140 +#: freeculture.xml:8142 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, <quote>Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to " "Slide,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10984,39 +10989,39 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8146 +#: freeculture.xml:8148 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, <quote>Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,</quote> " "<citetitle>Charleston Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 +#: freeculture.xml:8151 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8150 freeculture.xml:9507 +#: freeculture.xml:8152 freeculture.xml:9509 msgid "EMI" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 +#: freeculture.xml:8153 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8152 freeculture.xml:9508 +#: freeculture.xml:8154 freeculture.xml:9510 msgid "Universal Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8153 +#: freeculture.xml:8155 msgid "Warner Music Group" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8129 +#: freeculture.xml:8131 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, " @@ -11034,7 +11039,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8156 +#: freeculture.xml:8158 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -11047,7 +11052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8167 +#: freeculture.xml:8169 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -11061,12 +11066,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8181 freeculture.xml:8198 +#: freeculture.xml:8183 freeculture.xml:8200 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8178 +#: freeculture.xml:8180 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -11074,7 +11079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8196 +#: freeculture.xml:8198 msgid "" "James Fallows, <quote>The Age of Murdoch,</quote> <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -11082,7 +11087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8185 +#: freeculture.xml:8187 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -11097,7 +11102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8203 +#: freeculture.xml:8205 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -11106,18 +11111,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8209 +#: freeculture.xml:8211 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:8210 +#: freeculture.xml:8212 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8214 +#: freeculture.xml:8216 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -11125,7 +11130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8219 +#: freeculture.xml:8221 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -11134,24 +11139,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8227 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8228 +#: freeculture.xml:8230 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8230 freeculture.xml:8293 +#: freeculture.xml:8232 freeculture.xml:8295 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8232 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -11162,7 +11167,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8244 +#: freeculture.xml:8246 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, <quote>The Axis of Access,</quote> remarks before Weidenbaum " "Center Forum, <quote>Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,</quote> " @@ -11173,7 +11178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8239 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -11183,7 +11188,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8255 +#: freeculture.xml:8257 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -11195,7 +11200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8274 +#: freeculture.xml:8276 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -11207,7 +11212,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8264 +#: freeculture.xml:8266 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -11226,7 +11231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8295 +#: freeculture.xml:8297 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -11235,17 +11240,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8304 +#: freeculture.xml:8306 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8305 +#: freeculture.xml:8307 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8301 +#: freeculture.xml:8303 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -11255,7 +11260,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8318 +#: freeculture.xml:8320 msgid "" "<quote>Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,</quote> <citetitle>Now with " "Bill Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript " @@ -11263,7 +11268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8309 +#: freeculture.xml:8311 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -11274,7 +11279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8325 +#: freeculture.xml:8327 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -11288,13 +11293,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8336 +#: freeculture.xml:8338 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8345 +#: freeculture.xml:8347 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -11310,7 +11315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8338 +#: freeculture.xml:8340 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the " @@ -11325,7 +11330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8362 +#: freeculture.xml:8364 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -11333,14 +11338,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8368 +#: freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8372 +#: freeculture.xml:8374 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -11349,7 +11354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8377 +#: freeculture.xml:8379 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -11367,7 +11372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8396 +#: freeculture.xml:8398 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -11375,7 +11380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8405 +#: freeculture.xml:8407 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the <quote>war on drugs.</quote> The campaign " @@ -11390,14 +11395,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8419 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8421 +#: freeculture.xml:8423 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -11407,7 +11412,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8427 +#: freeculture.xml:8429 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -11416,32 +11421,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8469 +#: freeculture.xml:8471 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8470 +#: freeculture.xml:8472 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8473 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8472 +#: freeculture.xml:8474 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8473 +#: freeculture.xml:8475 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8444 +#: freeculture.xml:8446 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -11475,7 +11480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8434 +#: freeculture.xml:8436 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "<quote>controversial</quote> ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -11489,7 +11494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8478 +#: freeculture.xml:8480 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -11502,12 +11507,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8491 +#: freeculture.xml:8493 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8493 +#: freeculture.xml:8495 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should <quote>protect my property.</quote> In " @@ -11517,7 +11522,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8499 +#: freeculture.xml:8501 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this <quote>property</quote> has " "changed— when we recognize how it might now interact with both " @@ -11532,7 +11537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8515 +#: freeculture.xml:8517 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -11541,7 +11546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8521 +#: freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -11555,7 +11560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8533 +#: freeculture.xml:8535 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -11570,7 +11575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8545 +#: freeculture.xml:8547 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -11581,7 +11586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8569 +#: freeculture.xml:8571 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his <quote>four " "surrenders</quote> of copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, " @@ -11589,7 +11594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8554 +#: freeculture.xml:8556 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11607,14 +11612,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8575 +#: freeculture.xml:8577 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>This has been</emphasis> a long chapter. Its point " "can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8579 +#: freeculture.xml:8581 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11624,38 +11629,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8591 freeculture.xml:8628 +#: freeculture.xml:8593 freeculture.xml:8630 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8592 freeculture.xml:8629 freeculture.xml:8667 freeculture.xml:8699 +#: freeculture.xml:8594 freeculture.xml:8631 freeculture.xml:8669 freeculture.xml:8701 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8597 freeculture.xml:8634 freeculture.xml:8672 freeculture.xml:8704 +#: freeculture.xml:8599 freeculture.xml:8636 freeculture.xml:8674 freeculture.xml:8706 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8598 freeculture.xml:8635 freeculture.xml:8636 freeculture.xml:8673 freeculture.xml:8674 freeculture.xml:8705 freeculture.xml:8706 freeculture.xml:8710 freeculture.xml:8711 +#: freeculture.xml:8600 freeculture.xml:8637 freeculture.xml:8638 freeculture.xml:8675 freeculture.xml:8676 freeculture.xml:8707 freeculture.xml:8708 freeculture.xml:8712 freeculture.xml:8713 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8599 freeculture.xml:8603 freeculture.xml:8604 freeculture.xml:8640 freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:8679 +#: freeculture.xml:8601 freeculture.xml:8605 freeculture.xml:8606 freeculture.xml:8642 freeculture.xml:8643 freeculture.xml:8681 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8602 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8677 freeculture.xml:8709 +#: freeculture.xml:8604 freeculture.xml:8641 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:8711 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8611 +#: freeculture.xml:8613 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11665,12 +11670,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8620 +#: freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8648 +#: freeculture.xml:8650 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11679,7 +11684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8654 +#: freeculture.xml:8656 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11689,17 +11694,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8666 freeculture.xml:8698 +#: freeculture.xml:8668 freeculture.xml:8700 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8678 +#: freeculture.xml:8680 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8686 +#: freeculture.xml:8688 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11710,7 +11715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8718 +#: freeculture.xml:8720 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11719,7 +11724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8726 +#: freeculture.xml:8728 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11728,7 +11733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8732 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11742,12 +11747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8756 +#: freeculture.xml:8758 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8750 +#: freeculture.xml:8752 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11758,7 +11763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8744 +#: freeculture.xml:8746 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of <quote>property,</quote> and of course, as with any " @@ -11776,7 +11781,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8769 +#: freeculture.xml:8771 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by <quote>property.</quote> The very " @@ -11795,7 +11800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8788 +#: freeculture.xml:8790 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11810,33 +11815,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8805 +#: freeculture.xml:8807 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8809 +#: freeculture.xml:8811 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8811 +#: freeculture.xml:8813 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8814 +#: freeculture.xml:8816 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8817 +#: freeculture.xml:8819 msgid "<quote>Country of the Blind, The</quote> (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8826 +#: freeculture.xml:8828 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, <quote>The Country of the Blind</quote> (1904, 1911). See " "H. G. Wells, <citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other " @@ -11845,7 +11850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8821 +#: freeculture.xml:8823 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In a well-known</emphasis> short story by " "H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez trips (literally, down an ice " @@ -11860,7 +11865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8838 +#: freeculture.xml:8840 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are " @@ -11875,7 +11880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8850 +#: freeculture.xml:8852 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11889,7 +11894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8861 +#: freeculture.xml:8863 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his <quote>mysteriously " "delighted</quote> love, the father and the village object. <quote>You see, " @@ -11899,14 +11904,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8867 +#: freeculture.xml:8869 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. <quote>His brain " "is affected,</quote> he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8871 +#: freeculture.xml:8873 msgid "" "<quote>What affects it?</quote> the father asks. <quote>Those queer things " "that are called the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to " @@ -11914,7 +11919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8876 +#: freeculture.xml:8878 msgid "" "The doctor continues: <quote>I think I may say with reasonable certainty " "that in order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and " @@ -11923,7 +11928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8882 +#: freeculture.xml:8884 msgid "" "<quote>Thank Heaven for science!</quote> says the father to the doctor. They " "inform Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. " @@ -11933,7 +11938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8888 +#: freeculture.xml:8890 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It sometimes</emphasis> happens that the eggs of " "twins fuse in the mother's womb. That fusion produces a " @@ -11945,7 +11950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8902 +#: freeculture.xml:8904 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11956,7 +11961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8910 +#: freeculture.xml:8912 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11973,7 +11978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8924 +#: freeculture.xml:8926 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11986,7 +11991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:8935 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, <quote>File sharing is just like walking " "into a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with " @@ -11998,7 +12003,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8944 +#: freeculture.xml:8946 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -12010,7 +12015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8954 +#: freeculture.xml:8956 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -12020,22 +12025,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8970 freeculture.xml:9252 freeculture.xml:10295 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 freeculture.xml:9254 freeculture.xml:10297 msgid "ISPs (Internet service providers), user identities revealed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9001 +#: freeculture.xml:9003 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9002 freeculture.xml:9720 +#: freeculture.xml:9004 freeculture.xml:9722 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8970 +#: freeculture.xml:8972 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For an excellent summary, see the " "report prepared by GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society " @@ -12071,7 +12076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8961 +#: freeculture.xml:8963 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -12084,7 +12089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9008 +#: freeculture.xml:9010 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -12094,7 +12099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9015 +#: freeculture.xml:9017 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -12108,7 +12113,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9027 +#: freeculture.xml:9029 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -12119,7 +12124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9035 +#: freeculture.xml:9037 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to <quote>steal</quote> " "music. My focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this " @@ -12133,14 +12138,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9048 +#: freeculture.xml:9050 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9052 +#: freeculture.xml:9054 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -12151,7 +12156,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9069 +#: freeculture.xml:9071 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -12162,7 +12167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9059 +#: freeculture.xml:9061 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -12175,12 +12180,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9083 freeculture.xml:9440 +#: freeculture.xml:9085 freeculture.xml:9442 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9080 +#: freeculture.xml:9082 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of " "<quote>the major labels.</quote> Its position on these matters has now " @@ -12188,7 +12193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9086 +#: freeculture.xml:9088 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -12196,12 +12201,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9094 +#: freeculture.xml:9096 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9096 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>To fight</emphasis> <quote>piracy,</quote> to " "protect <quote>property,</quote> the content industry has launched a " @@ -12212,7 +12217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9104 +#: freeculture.xml:9106 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for <quote>free culture.</quote> But my aim now " @@ -12221,7 +12226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9110 +#: freeculture.xml:9112 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -12230,7 +12235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9118 +#: freeculture.xml:9120 msgid "" "Yet <quote>common sense</quote> does not see it this way. Common sense is " "still on the side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme " @@ -12240,7 +12245,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9126 +#: freeculture.xml:9128 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -12250,12 +12255,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9133 +#: freeculture.xml:9135 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9135 +#: freeculture.xml:9137 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -12272,7 +12277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9150 +#: freeculture.xml:9152 msgid "" "This digital <quote>capturing and sharing</quote> is in part an extension of " "the capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and " @@ -12287,7 +12292,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9161 +#: freeculture.xml:9163 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -12297,7 +12302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9171 +#: freeculture.xml:9173 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -12311,12 +12316,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9199 freeculture.xml:9220 +#: freeculture.xml:9201 freeculture.xml:9222 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9194 +#: freeculture.xml:9196 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -12327,12 +12332,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9215 +#: freeculture.xml:9217 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9206 +#: freeculture.xml:9208 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -12346,7 +12351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9182 +#: freeculture.xml:9184 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -12367,13 +12372,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9222 +#: freeculture.xml:9224 msgid "art, underground" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9243 +#: freeculture.xml:9245 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, <quote>Artists Just Wanna Be Free,</quote> " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12383,7 +12388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9224 +#: freeculture.xml:9226 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -12403,7 +12408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9254 +#: freeculture.xml:9256 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -12417,7 +12422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9267 +#: freeculture.xml:9269 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -12431,7 +12436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9278 +#: freeculture.xml:9280 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -12442,7 +12447,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9289 +#: freeculture.xml:9291 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -12455,7 +12460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9299 +#: freeculture.xml:9301 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "<quote>breathing room</quote> between regulation by the law and the access " @@ -12468,7 +12473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9310 +#: freeculture.xml:9312 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -12481,13 +12486,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9321 +#: freeculture.xml:9323 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9325 +#: freeculture.xml:9327 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -12500,12 +12505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9338 +#: freeculture.xml:9340 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9340 +#: freeculture.xml:9342 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -12516,7 +12521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9348 +#: freeculture.xml:9350 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -12528,7 +12533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9358 +#: freeculture.xml:9360 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -12543,13 +12548,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9370 freeculture.xml:9478 +#: freeculture.xml:9372 freeculture.xml:9480 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9372 +#: freeculture.xml:9374 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -12564,7 +12569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9385 +#: freeculture.xml:9387 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -12572,12 +12577,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9389 +#: freeculture.xml:9391 msgid "Roberts, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9391 +#: freeculture.xml:9393 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -12588,7 +12593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9399 +#: freeculture.xml:9401 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -12598,7 +12603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9407 +#: freeculture.xml:9409 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12613,7 +12618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9419 +#: freeculture.xml:9421 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12623,7 +12628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9428 +#: freeculture.xml:9430 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12637,7 +12642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9443 +#: freeculture.xml:9445 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12649,12 +12654,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9453 +#: freeculture.xml:9455 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9456 +#: freeculture.xml:9458 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12667,7 +12672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9466 +#: freeculture.xml:9468 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12679,18 +12684,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9477 +#: freeculture.xml:9479 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9479 +#: freeculture.xml:9481 msgid "Hummer Winblad" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9487 +#: freeculture.xml:9489 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, <quote>Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,</quote> " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel " @@ -12703,7 +12708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9481 +#: freeculture.xml:9483 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -12724,17 +12729,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9511 +#: freeculture.xml:9513 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9526 +#: freeculture.xml:9528 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:9524 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, <quote>Driving in Cars with MP3s,</quote> " "<citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12744,7 +12749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9513 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12756,7 +12761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9531 +#: freeculture.xml:9533 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with <quote>your money or your " "life</quote> offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats " @@ -12768,7 +12773,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9541 +#: freeculture.xml:9543 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of <quote>illegal.</quote> The law " @@ -12784,7 +12789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9556 +#: freeculture.xml:9558 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the <quote>real</quote> law is, realism about the effect of " @@ -12799,7 +12804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:9570 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12818,7 +12823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9587 +#: freeculture.xml:9589 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The uncertainty</emphasis> of the law is one burden " "on innovation. There is a second burden that operates more directly. This is " @@ -12828,7 +12833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9594 +#: freeculture.xml:9596 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12842,7 +12847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9609 +#: freeculture.xml:9611 msgid "" "<quote>Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,</quote> " "GartnerG2 and the Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law " @@ -12852,12 +12857,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9622 +#: freeculture.xml:9624 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9605 +#: freeculture.xml:9607 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12875,7 +12880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9626 +#: freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12886,19 +12891,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9640 +#: freeculture.xml:9642 msgid "" "See David McGuire, <quote>Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,</quote> " "Newsbytes, February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9646 freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:9648 freeculture.xml:11503 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9636 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12909,7 +12914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9649 +#: freeculture.xml:9651 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There is one</emphasis> more obvious way in which " "this war has harmed innovation—again, a story that will be quite " @@ -12917,7 +12922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9656 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12926,14 +12931,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9666 +#: freeculture.xml:9668 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9660 +#: freeculture.xml:9662 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -12947,7 +12952,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9677 +#: freeculture.xml:9679 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12957,12 +12962,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9686 +#: freeculture.xml:9688 msgid "Grokster, Ltd." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9686 +#: freeculture.xml:9688 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> The only circuit court exception " "is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry Association of America " @@ -12981,17 +12986,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9705 +#: freeculture.xml:9707 msgid "Tauzin, Billy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9721 +#: freeculture.xml:9723 msgid "Hollings, Fritz" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9705 +#: freeculture.xml:9707 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> For example, in July 2002, " "Representative Howard Berman introduced the Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention " @@ -13012,7 +13017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9684 +#: freeculture.xml:9686 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -13023,7 +13028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9734 +#: freeculture.xml:9736 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -13037,7 +13042,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9746 +#: freeculture.xml:9748 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -13050,7 +13055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9757 +#: freeculture.xml:9759 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -13061,7 +13066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9766 +#: freeculture.xml:9768 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -13077,7 +13082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9784 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -13089,12 +13094,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9806 +#: freeculture.xml:9808 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:9794 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -13112,12 +13117,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9816 +#: freeculture.xml:9818 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9811 +#: freeculture.xml:9813 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -13127,7 +13132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9821 +#: freeculture.xml:9823 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -13138,7 +13143,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9833 +#: freeculture.xml:9835 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -13153,12 +13158,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9872 +#: freeculture.xml:9874 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9855 +#: freeculture.xml:9857 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -13180,7 +13185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9848 +#: freeculture.xml:9850 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -13191,7 +13196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9880 +#: freeculture.xml:9882 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -13200,57 +13205,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9888 +#: freeculture.xml:9890 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9891 +#: freeculture.xml:9893 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9894 +#: freeculture.xml:9896 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9897 +#: freeculture.xml:9899 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9900 +#: freeculture.xml:9902 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9903 +#: freeculture.xml:9905 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9906 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9909 +#: freeculture.xml:9911 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9912 +#: freeculture.xml:9914 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9915 +#: freeculture.xml:9917 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9918 +#: freeculture.xml:9920 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -13258,77 +13263,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9921 +#: freeculture.xml:9923 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9924 +#: freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9930 +#: freeculture.xml:9932 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9933 +#: freeculture.xml:9935 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9936 +#: freeculture.xml:9938 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9939 +#: freeculture.xml:9941 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9942 +#: freeculture.xml:9944 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9945 +#: freeculture.xml:9947 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9948 +#: freeculture.xml:9950 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9951 +#: freeculture.xml:9953 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:9956 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9957 +#: freeculture.xml:9959 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9960 +#: freeculture.xml:9962 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9965 +#: freeculture.xml:9967 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -13339,7 +13344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9973 +#: freeculture.xml:9975 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -13347,12 +13352,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9977 freeculture.xml:14672 +#: freeculture.xml:9979 freeculture.xml:14678 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9982 +#: freeculture.xml:9984 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -13361,7 +13366,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9988 +#: freeculture.xml:9990 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -13375,7 +13380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10007 +#: freeculture.xml:10009 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, <quote>Well, we don't really model this as an " "industry with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an " @@ -13384,7 +13389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10016 +#: freeculture.xml:10018 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -13395,12 +13400,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10026 +#: freeculture.xml:10028 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10028 +#: freeculture.xml:10030 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -13408,7 +13413,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10034 +#: freeculture.xml:10036 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -13417,7 +13422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10043 +#: freeculture.xml:10045 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, <quote>The Music Downloading Deluge,</quote> " "Pew Internet and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -13428,7 +13433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10039 +#: freeculture.xml:10041 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -13446,7 +13451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10077 +#: freeculture.xml:10079 msgid "" "Alex Pham, <quote>The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA " "Case,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, " @@ -13454,7 +13459,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10064 +#: freeculture.xml:10066 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -13477,7 +13482,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#: freeculture.xml:10101 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, <quote>Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,</quote> <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, " @@ -13486,7 +13491,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10109 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -13495,7 +13500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10117 +#: freeculture.xml:10119 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, <quote>Tax " "Compliance,</quote> <citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 " @@ -13503,12 +13508,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10124 +#: freeculture.xml:10126 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10089 +#: freeculture.xml:10091 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -13532,12 +13537,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10142 +#: freeculture.xml:10144 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10127 +#: freeculture.xml:10129 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -13557,7 +13562,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10145 +#: freeculture.xml:10147 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -13571,7 +13576,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10158 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -13581,7 +13586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10165 +#: freeculture.xml:10167 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -13598,7 +13603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10179 +#: freeculture.xml:10181 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -13612,13 +13617,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10191 +#: freeculture.xml:10193 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10194 +#: freeculture.xml:10196 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -13629,7 +13634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10205 +#: freeculture.xml:10207 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13641,12 +13646,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10213 +#: freeculture.xml:10215 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10215 +#: freeculture.xml:10217 msgid "" "This <quote>use</quote> of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a " "large process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing " @@ -13660,7 +13665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10226 +#: freeculture.xml:10228 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13673,7 +13678,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10236 +#: freeculture.xml:10238 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13687,7 +13692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10250 +#: freeculture.xml:10252 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13699,7 +13704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10259 +#: freeculture.xml:10261 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13712,7 +13717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10270 +#: freeculture.xml:10272 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13724,7 +13729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10279 +#: freeculture.xml:10281 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13734,7 +13739,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 214 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10285 +#: freeculture.xml:10287 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -13743,7 +13748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10298 +#: freeculture.xml:10300 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There's one more</emphasis> aspect to this " "corruption that is particularly important to civil liberties, and follows " @@ -13755,19 +13760,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10309 freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:10311 freeculture.xml:10421 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10307 +#: freeculture.xml:10309 msgid "" "<quote>If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,</quote> von " "Lohmann explains, <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10313 +#: freeculture.xml:10315 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -13781,7 +13786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10325 +#: freeculture.xml:10327 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -13789,7 +13794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10330 +#: freeculture.xml:10332 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13801,7 +13806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10348 +#: freeculture.xml:10350 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, <quote>RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single " "Mother in Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,</quote> " @@ -13818,7 +13823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10339 +#: freeculture.xml:10341 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -13832,7 +13837,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10366 +#: freeculture.xml:10368 msgid "" "See <quote>Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses " "Some Methods Used,</quote> CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13840,7 +13845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10362 +#: freeculture.xml:10364 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13852,7 +13857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10387 +#: freeculture.xml:10389 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, <quote>Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not " "Penitent,</quote> <citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City " @@ -13875,7 +13880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10375 +#: freeculture.xml:10377 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13892,7 +13897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10409 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13906,7 +13911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10423 +#: freeculture.xml:10425 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13927,7 +13932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10443 +#: freeculture.xml:10445 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered " "<quote>criminals</quote> under the law, and when the law could achieve the " @@ -13938,12 +13943,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10456 +#: freeculture.xml:10458 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10461 +#: freeculture.xml:10463 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>So here's</emphasis> the picture: You're standing at " "the side of the road. Your car is on fire. You are angry and upset because " @@ -13953,7 +13958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10468 +#: freeculture.xml:10470 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13963,7 +13968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10478 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A war</emphasis> about copyright rages all " "around—and we're all focusing on the wrong thing. No doubt, current " @@ -13976,7 +13981,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10486 +#: freeculture.xml:10488 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13986,7 +13991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10494 +#: freeculture.xml:10496 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13994,7 +13999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10499 +#: freeculture.xml:10501 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -14003,7 +14008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10505 +#: freeculture.xml:10507 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -14012,17 +14017,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10515 +#: freeculture.xml:10517 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10517 +#: freeculture.xml:10519 msgid "Hawthorne, Nathaniel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10520 +#: freeculture.xml:10522 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In 1995</emphasis>, a father was frustrated that his " "daughters didn't seem to like Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one " @@ -14034,7 +14039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10529 +#: freeculture.xml:10531 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -14044,7 +14049,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10538 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -14056,7 +14061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10547 +#: freeculture.xml:10549 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -14073,7 +14078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10571 +#: freeculture.xml:10573 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -14091,7 +14096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10560 +#: freeculture.xml:10562 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -14106,7 +14111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10588 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -14122,17 +14127,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10601 freeculture.xml:10611 +#: freeculture.xml:10603 freeculture.xml:10613 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10602 freeculture.xml:10612 +#: freeculture.xml:10604 freeculture.xml:10614 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10611 +#: freeculture.xml:10613 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " "id=\"1\"/> The full text is: <quote>Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -14145,7 +14150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10606 +#: freeculture.xml:10608 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -14154,7 +14159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10624 +#: freeculture.xml:10626 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -14165,7 +14170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10633 +#: freeculture.xml:10635 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -14175,7 +14180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10644 +#: freeculture.xml:10646 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -14183,7 +14188,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10650 +#: freeculture.xml:10652 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -14197,12 +14202,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10669 freeculture.xml:12154 +#: freeculture.xml:10671 freeculture.xml:12156 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10660 +#: freeculture.xml:10662 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -14216,7 +14221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10672 +#: freeculture.xml:10674 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -14229,7 +14234,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10683 +#: freeculture.xml:10685 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. <quote>Corruption</quote> not in the sense that representatives " @@ -14241,7 +14246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10692 +#: freeculture.xml:10694 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -14253,7 +14258,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10702 +#: freeculture.xml:10704 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -14263,7 +14268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10709 +#: freeculture.xml:10711 msgid "" "<quote>Next year,</quote> the adviser announces, <quote>our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -14272,7 +14277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10717 +#: freeculture.xml:10719 msgid "" "<quote>There's a proposal in Congress, however,</quote> she continues, " "<quote>that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -14281,14 +14286,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10723 +#: freeculture.xml:10725 msgid "" "<quote>Hope?</quote> a fellow board member says. <quote>Can't we be doing " "something about it?</quote>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10727 +#: freeculture.xml:10729 msgid "" "<quote>Well, obviously, yes,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -14296,7 +14301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10732 +#: freeculture.xml:10734 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. <quote>How much would we get " @@ -14305,7 +14310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10738 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "" "<quote>Well,</quote> the adviser says, <quote>if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -14314,14 +14319,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10744 +#: freeculture.xml:10746 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10748 +#: freeculture.xml:10750 msgid "" "<quote>So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -14329,7 +14334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10754 +#: freeculture.xml:10756 msgid "" "<quote>Absolutely,</quote> the adviser responds. <quote>It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -14338,7 +14343,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10760 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -14350,7 +14355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10771 +#: freeculture.xml:10773 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -14359,7 +14364,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10783 +#: freeculture.xml:10785 msgid "" "Associated Press, <quote>Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,</quote> " @@ -14368,7 +14373,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10790 +#: freeculture.xml:10792 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, <quote>Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age,</quote> available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -14377,7 +14382,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10798 +#: freeculture.xml:10800 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, <quote>Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,</quote> " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -14385,7 +14390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10778 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this <quote>theory</quote> about incentives was proved " @@ -14400,7 +14405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10805 +#: freeculture.xml:10807 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Constitutional law</emphasis> is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -14415,7 +14420,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10817 +#: freeculture.xml:10819 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -14427,7 +14432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10830 +#: freeculture.xml:10832 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -14437,7 +14442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10840 +#: freeculture.xml:10842 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -14447,12 +14452,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10846 freeculture.xml:11633 +#: freeculture.xml:10848 freeculture.xml:11635 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10848 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -14468,7 +14473,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10863 +#: freeculture.xml:10865 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -14476,14 +14481,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10870 +#: freeculture.xml:10872 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10861 +#: freeculture.xml:10863 msgid "" "<quote>We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments,</quote> the Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14496,7 +14501,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10877 +#: freeculture.xml:10879 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -14511,7 +14516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10874 +#: freeculture.xml:10876 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -14525,7 +14530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10898 +#: freeculture.xml:10900 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -14541,7 +14546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10911 +#: freeculture.xml:10913 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Now let's pause</emphasis> for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not " @@ -14562,7 +14567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10935 +#: freeculture.xml:10937 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -14571,12 +14576,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10943 +#: freeculture.xml:10945 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10929 +#: freeculture.xml:10931 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -14588,7 +14593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10946 +#: freeculture.xml:10948 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -14600,7 +14605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10958 +#: freeculture.xml:10960 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is valuable</emphasis> copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and <quote>Rhapsody in " @@ -14615,7 +14620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10976 +#: freeculture.xml:10978 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -14625,7 +14630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10970 +#: freeculture.xml:10972 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -14637,7 +14642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10985 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -14648,7 +14653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10998 +#: freeculture.xml:11000 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -14659,14 +14664,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11006 +#: freeculture.xml:11008 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11010 +#: freeculture.xml:11012 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -14674,7 +14679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11017 +#: freeculture.xml:11019 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14684,7 +14689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11026 +#: freeculture.xml:11028 msgid "" "<quote>But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,</quote> the " "apologists for the system respond. <quote>Why should there be a list of " @@ -14692,7 +14697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11031 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14704,7 +14709,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11040 +#: freeculture.xml:11042 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14718,7 +14723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11055 +#: freeculture.xml:11057 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14732,7 +14737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11067 +#: freeculture.xml:11069 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14740,23 +14745,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11073 +#: freeculture.xml:11075 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11075 freeculture.xml:11513 +#: freeculture.xml:11077 freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11076 +#: freeculture.xml:11078 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11089 +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, <quote>High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law,</quote> <citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -14766,12 +14771,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11095 +#: freeculture.xml:11097 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11078 +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14787,7 +14792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11098 +#: freeculture.xml:11100 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14797,7 +14802,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11104 +#: freeculture.xml:11106 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14809,7 +14814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11122 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -14821,7 +14826,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11117 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -14832,7 +14837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11132 +#: freeculture.xml:11134 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -14842,7 +14847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11140 +#: freeculture.xml:11142 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14853,7 +14858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11148 +#: freeculture.xml:11150 msgid "" "<quote>But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?</quote> Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14868,7 +14873,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:11161 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14878,7 +14883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11172 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14887,7 +14892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11178 +#: freeculture.xml:11180 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Of all the</emphasis> creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -14898,7 +14903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:11188 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14909,7 +14914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11196 +#: freeculture.xml:11198 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14923,7 +14928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11209 +#: freeculture.xml:11211 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14931,7 +14936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11216 +#: freeculture.xml:11218 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14944,7 +14949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11227 +#: freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14955,7 +14960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11236 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14964,12 +14969,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11242 +#: freeculture.xml:11244 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11248 +#: freeculture.xml:11250 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14984,7 +14989,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11261 +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14997,7 +15002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11271 +#: freeculture.xml:11273 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -15011,7 +15016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11282 +#: freeculture.xml:11284 msgid "" "You may well ask, <quote>But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -15020,7 +15025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11288 +#: freeculture.xml:11290 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -15035,7 +15040,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11312 +#: freeculture.xml:11314 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, <quote>The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,</quote> " "20 December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -15043,7 +15048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11300 +#: freeculture.xml:11302 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -15057,7 +15062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11319 +#: freeculture.xml:11321 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In January 1999</emphasis>, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -15069,7 +15074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11328 +#: freeculture.xml:11330 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -15079,7 +15084,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11335 +#: freeculture.xml:11337 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for <quote>limited Times</quote> only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -15093,7 +15098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11346 +#: freeculture.xml:11348 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -15102,13 +15107,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11351 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11353 +#: freeculture.xml:11355 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -15118,7 +15123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11362 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -15128,7 +15133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11369 +#: freeculture.xml:11371 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -15136,7 +15141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11375 +#: freeculture.xml:11377 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>It is over</emphasis> a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -15149,7 +15154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11386 +#: freeculture.xml:11388 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -15157,13 +15162,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 freeculture.xml:11405 +#: freeculture.xml:11393 freeculture.xml:11407 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11393 +#: freeculture.xml:11395 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The mistake</emphasis> was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -15175,17 +15180,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11403 freeculture.xml:11764 freeculture.xml:11780 freeculture.xml:11877 freeculture.xml:12097 freeculture.xml:12128 freeculture.xml:12226 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 freeculture.xml:11766 freeculture.xml:11782 freeculture.xml:11879 freeculture.xml:12099 freeculture.xml:12130 freeculture.xml:12228 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11404 +#: freeculture.xml:11406 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 +#: freeculture.xml:11409 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -15198,7 +15203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11417 +#: freeculture.xml:11419 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -15220,7 +15225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11438 +#: freeculture.xml:11440 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -15231,7 +15236,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11446 +#: freeculture.xml:11448 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -15250,17 +15255,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11477 freeculture.xml:11503 +#: freeculture.xml:11479 freeculture.xml:11505 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11478 +#: freeculture.xml:11480 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11465 +#: freeculture.xml:11467 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -15278,7 +15283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11481 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -15288,7 +15293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11489 +#: freeculture.xml:11491 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -15304,17 +15309,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11510 +#: freeculture.xml:11512 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11511 +#: freeculture.xml:11513 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11506 +#: freeculture.xml:11508 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -15324,7 +15329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11515 +#: freeculture.xml:11517 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -15333,32 +15338,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11521 +#: freeculture.xml:11523 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11524 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11523 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11524 +#: freeculture.xml:11526 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11525 +#: freeculture.xml:11527 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11527 +#: freeculture.xml:11529 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -15372,27 +15377,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11550 freeculture.xml:11566 freeculture.xml:11771 freeculture.xml:12133 +#: freeculture.xml:11552 freeculture.xml:11568 freeculture.xml:11773 freeculture.xml:12135 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11551 +#: freeculture.xml:11553 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11552 +#: freeculture.xml:11554 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11553 freeculture.xml:11765 freeculture.xml:12886 +#: freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:11767 freeculture.xml:12888 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11538 +#: freeculture.xml:11540 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -15409,7 +15414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11556 +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -15424,7 +15429,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11571 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these <quote>friends</quote> included " @@ -15434,7 +15439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11576 +#: freeculture.xml:11578 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -15446,7 +15451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11592 +#: freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -15454,7 +15459,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11600 +#: freeculture.xml:11602 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, <quote>Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray,</quote> <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March " @@ -15462,12 +15467,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11607 +#: freeculture.xml:11609 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11585 +#: freeculture.xml:11587 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -15484,7 +15489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11610 +#: freeculture.xml:11612 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -15499,7 +15504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11624 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -15509,7 +15514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11631 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Between February</emphasis> and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -15517,12 +15522,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11634 freeculture.xml:11822 +#: freeculture.xml:11636 freeculture.xml:11824 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11636 +#: freeculture.xml:11638 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "<quote>the Conservatives.</quote> The other we called <quote>the " @@ -15535,18 +15540,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11645 freeculture.xml:11672 freeculture.xml:12024 freeculture.xml:12036 +#: freeculture.xml:11647 freeculture.xml:11674 freeculture.xml:12026 freeculture.xml:12038 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11647 freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:11649 freeculture.xml:11990 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11650 +#: freeculture.xml:11652 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -15559,7 +15564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11662 +#: freeculture.xml:11664 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -15572,7 +15577,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11674 +#: freeculture.xml:11676 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -15582,7 +15587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11683 +#: freeculture.xml:11685 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -15593,7 +15598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11691 +#: freeculture.xml:11693 msgid "" "This analysis of <quote>the Rest</quote> showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -15606,7 +15611,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11701 +#: freeculture.xml:11703 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -15621,7 +15626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11715 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The argument</emphasis> on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -15631,7 +15636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11723 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -15640,7 +15645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11730 +#: freeculture.xml:11732 msgid "" "But this <quote>consistency</quote> should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -15655,7 +15660,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11745 +#: freeculture.xml:11747 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Oral argument</emphasis> was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -15665,7 +15670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11755 +#: freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -15676,7 +15681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11767 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -15686,7 +15691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11774 +#: freeculture.xml:11776 msgid "" "<quote>I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -15696,7 +15701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11782 +#: freeculture.xml:11784 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -15710,7 +15715,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11792 +#: freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The night before</emphasis> the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -15720,7 +15725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11802 +#: freeculture.xml:11804 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -15736,7 +15741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11817 +#: freeculture.xml:11819 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -15745,14 +15750,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11824 +#: freeculture.xml:11826 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11829 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15761,7 +15766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11836 +#: freeculture.xml:11838 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede <quote>that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind.</quote> But my response again and again was " @@ -15770,7 +15775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11842 +#: freeculture.xml:11844 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15778,14 +15783,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11850 +#: freeculture.xml:11852 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11856 +#: freeculture.xml:11858 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15795,14 +15800,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11864 +#: freeculture.xml:11866 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:11872 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15812,7 +15817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11879 +#: freeculture.xml:11881 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15822,7 +15827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11886 +#: freeculture.xml:11888 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -15831,21 +15836,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11898 +#: freeculture.xml:11900 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11902 +#: freeculture.xml:11904 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -15854,12 +15859,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11910 +#: freeculture.xml:11912 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11912 +#: freeculture.xml:11914 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -15867,7 +15872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11918 +#: freeculture.xml:11920 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -15876,7 +15881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11926 +#: freeculture.xml:11928 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -15892,7 +15897,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11939 +#: freeculture.xml:11941 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I left</emphasis> the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -15901,7 +15906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11948 +#: freeculture.xml:11950 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15918,7 +15923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11963 +#: freeculture.xml:11965 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The morning</emphasis> of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -15929,7 +15934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11971 +#: freeculture.xml:11973 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15937,7 +15942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11976 +#: freeculture.xml:11978 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -15945,7 +15950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11982 +#: freeculture.xml:11984 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15956,7 +15961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11992 +#: freeculture.xml:11994 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15964,7 +15969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11997 +#: freeculture.xml:11999 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -15973,7 +15978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12003 +#: freeculture.xml:12005 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15987,7 +15992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12014 +#: freeculture.xml:12016 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -16000,7 +16005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12026 +#: freeculture.xml:12028 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -16015,7 +16020,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12039 +#: freeculture.xml:12041 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -16029,7 +16034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12050 +#: freeculture.xml:12052 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -16040,7 +16045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12057 +#: freeculture.xml:12059 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Defeat brings depression</emphasis>. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -16048,12 +16053,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12062 +#: freeculture.xml:12064 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12064 +#: freeculture.xml:12066 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five <quote>Conservatives.</quote> It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -16071,7 +16076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12077 +#: freeculture.xml:12079 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -16086,7 +16091,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12092 +#: freeculture.xml:12094 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -16094,7 +16099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12101 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -16109,7 +16114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12110 +#: freeculture.xml:12112 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -16128,7 +16133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12130 +#: freeculture.xml:12132 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -16136,7 +16141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12136 +#: freeculture.xml:12138 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -16145,7 +16150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12142 +#: freeculture.xml:12144 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -16155,7 +16160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12149 +#: freeculture.xml:12151 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -16166,7 +16171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12159 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -16179,7 +16184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12166 +#: freeculture.xml:12168 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>While the reaction</emphasis> to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -16193,7 +16198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12181 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -16204,12 +16209,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12195 freeculture.xml:12200 +#: freeculture.xml:12197 freeculture.xml:12202 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12190 +#: freeculture.xml:12192 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -16220,19 +16225,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12198 +#: freeculture.xml:12200 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12199 +#: freeculture.xml:12201 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -16245,12 +16250,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12214 +#: freeculture.xml:12216 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12216 +#: freeculture.xml:12218 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -16263,7 +16268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12228 +#: freeculture.xml:12230 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -16277,7 +16282,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12238 +#: freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -16287,7 +16292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12246 +#: freeculture.xml:12248 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -16295,7 +16300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12251 +#: freeculture.xml:12253 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -16307,12 +16312,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12259 freeculture.xml:12460 +#: freeculture.xml:12261 freeculture.xml:12462 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12261 +#: freeculture.xml:12263 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -16326,7 +16331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12273 +#: freeculture.xml:12275 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -16339,22 +16344,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12283 +#: freeculture.xml:12285 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12284 freeculture.xml:12325 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 freeculture.xml:12327 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:12294 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:12294 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -16377,7 +16382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12287 +#: freeculture.xml:12289 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -16392,7 +16397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12319 +#: freeculture.xml:12321 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -16402,7 +16407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12327 +#: freeculture.xml:12329 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -16415,7 +16420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12339 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -16426,7 +16431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12345 +#: freeculture.xml:12347 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -16437,7 +16442,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12353 +#: freeculture.xml:12355 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -16449,7 +16454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -16460,7 +16465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12374 +#: freeculture.xml:12376 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -16478,7 +16483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12390 +#: freeculture.xml:12392 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -16493,7 +16498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12407 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -16506,7 +16511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12415 +#: freeculture.xml:12417 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -16518,7 +16523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12424 +#: freeculture.xml:12426 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -16528,7 +16533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12431 +#: freeculture.xml:12433 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -16538,7 +16543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12438 +#: freeculture.xml:12440 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -16547,7 +16552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12444 +#: freeculture.xml:12446 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -16565,7 +16570,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12462 +#: freeculture.xml:12464 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -16575,12 +16580,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12478 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12469 +#: freeculture.xml:12471 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -16592,7 +16597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12479 +#: freeculture.xml:12481 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -16604,7 +16609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12487 +#: freeculture.xml:12489 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -16626,7 +16631,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12508 +#: freeculture.xml:12510 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -16637,7 +16642,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12516 +#: freeculture.xml:12518 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -16650,7 +16655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 +#: freeculture.xml:12528 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -16660,7 +16665,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12535 +#: freeculture.xml:12537 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -16674,12 +16679,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12545 +#: freeculture.xml:12547 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12547 +#: freeculture.xml:12549 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -16692,12 +16697,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12557 +#: freeculture.xml:12559 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12562 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -16710,7 +16715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12571 +#: freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -16721,7 +16726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12579 +#: freeculture.xml:12581 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -16732,7 +16737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12591 +#: freeculture.xml:12593 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -16742,7 +16747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12598 +#: freeculture.xml:12600 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -16754,27 +16759,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12610 +#: freeculture.xml:12612 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12612 +#: freeculture.xml:12614 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12615 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12618 +#: freeculture.xml:12620 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12621 +#: freeculture.xml:12623 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -16784,7 +16789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12628 +#: freeculture.xml:12630 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -16795,7 +16800,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12643 +#: freeculture.xml:12645 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -16806,7 +16811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12636 +#: freeculture.xml:12638 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16819,7 +16824,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12654 +#: freeculture.xml:12656 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -16830,7 +16835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12662 +#: freeculture.xml:12664 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -16843,7 +16848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12673 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -16853,12 +16858,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12691 freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:12693 freeculture.xml:13144 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12689 +#: freeculture.xml:12691 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -16867,7 +16872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12680 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -16880,7 +16885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12702 +#: freeculture.xml:12704 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16895,7 +16900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12729 +#: freeculture.xml:12731 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16904,7 +16909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12696 +#: freeculture.xml:12698 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -16927,7 +16932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12735 +#: freeculture.xml:12737 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -16939,7 +16944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12745 +#: freeculture.xml:12747 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -16950,7 +16955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -16964,7 +16969,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12768 +#: freeculture.xml:12770 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -16982,7 +16987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12762 +#: freeculture.xml:12764 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -16994,7 +16999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12789 +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17007,7 +17012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12799 +#: freeculture.xml:12801 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17018,7 +17023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12809 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17030,7 +17035,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12815 +#: freeculture.xml:12817 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17047,7 +17052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12830 +#: freeculture.xml:12832 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17055,7 +17060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12838 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17069,7 +17074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 +#: freeculture.xml:12850 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17081,7 +17086,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12859 +#: freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17096,7 +17101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12873 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -17113,18 +17118,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12888 +#: freeculture.xml:12890 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12892 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12895 +#: freeculture.xml:12897 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -17139,22 +17144,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 freeculture.xml:13610 +#: freeculture.xml:12925 freeculture.xml:13616 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12924 freeculture.xml:13015 freeculture.xml:13535 +#: freeculture.xml:12926 freeculture.xml:13017 freeculture.xml:13541 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:12927 freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12892 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -17180,7 +17185,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12929 +#: freeculture.xml:12931 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -17191,14 +17196,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12937 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12936 +#: freeculture.xml:12938 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -17210,7 +17215,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12947 +#: freeculture.xml:12949 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17234,7 +17239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12971 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17243,7 +17248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12977 +#: freeculture.xml:12979 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -17258,7 +17263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12999 +#: freeculture.xml:13001 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -17279,12 +17284,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13018 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -17303,7 +17308,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13021 +#: freeculture.xml:13023 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -17322,19 +17327,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13047 +#: freeculture.xml:13049 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13051 +#: freeculture.xml:13053 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13039 +#: freeculture.xml:13041 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -17347,7 +17352,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13054 +#: freeculture.xml:13056 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -17357,12 +17362,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13061 freeculture.xml:13115 +#: freeculture.xml:13063 freeculture.xml:13117 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13063 +#: freeculture.xml:13065 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -17374,12 +17379,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13073 +#: freeculture.xml:13075 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13077 +#: freeculture.xml:13079 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -17392,12 +17397,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13086 +#: freeculture.xml:13088 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13088 +#: freeculture.xml:13090 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -17413,7 +17418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13102 +#: freeculture.xml:13104 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -17429,7 +17434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -17443,7 +17448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13130 +#: freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -17457,14 +17462,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13147 +#: freeculture.xml:13149 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 +#: freeculture.xml:13146 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17475,7 +17480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13158 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -17485,7 +17490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13163 +#: freeculture.xml:13165 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -17498,7 +17503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13177 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -17511,7 +17516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13186 +#: freeculture.xml:13188 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -17523,7 +17528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13194 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -17531,7 +17536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13200 +#: freeculture.xml:13202 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -17546,7 +17551,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13211 +#: freeculture.xml:13213 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -17556,17 +17561,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13220 +#: freeculture.xml:13222 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13222 +#: freeculture.xml:13224 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13225 +#: freeculture.xml:13227 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -17580,7 +17585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13236 +#: freeculture.xml:13238 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -17590,7 +17595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:13246 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -17600,7 +17605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13251 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -17612,7 +17617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13261 +#: freeculture.xml:13263 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -17622,7 +17627,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13268 +#: freeculture.xml:13270 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -17633,20 +17638,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13276 +#: freeculture.xml:13278 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13279 +#: freeculture.xml:13281 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:13287 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17665,7 +17670,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13303 +#: freeculture.xml:13305 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17675,7 +17680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13310 +#: freeculture.xml:13312 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17683,7 +17688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13281 +#: freeculture.xml:13283 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -17703,28 +17708,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13327 freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13329 freeculture.xml:13697 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13328 +#: freeculture.xml:13330 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13329 +#: freeculture.xml:13331 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13330 +#: freeculture.xml:13332 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:13337 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -17733,7 +17738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13346 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17742,7 +17747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13332 +#: freeculture.xml:13334 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -17761,20 +17766,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13358 +#: freeculture.xml:13360 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:13368 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13370 +#: freeculture.xml:13372 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -17782,7 +17787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13377 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -17791,7 +17796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13383 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -17800,7 +17805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -17810,12 +17815,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13397 +#: freeculture.xml:13399 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13399 +#: freeculture.xml:13401 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -17825,7 +17830,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13406 +#: freeculture.xml:13408 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -17839,7 +17844,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13418 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -17851,7 +17856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13428 +#: freeculture.xml:13430 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -17868,7 +17873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13442 +#: freeculture.xml:13444 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -17879,12 +17884,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13451 +#: freeculture.xml:13453 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13453 +#: freeculture.xml:13458 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -17896,12 +17901,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13463 +#: freeculture.xml:13468 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13467 +#: freeculture.xml:13472 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -17919,17 +17924,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13482 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13492 +#: freeculture.xml:13497 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 +#: freeculture.xml:13489 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -17943,7 +17948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13495 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -17956,7 +17961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13517 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -17971,7 +17976,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13505 +#: freeculture.xml:13511 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -17985,7 +17990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13529 +#: freeculture.xml:13535 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -17997,12 +18002,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13537 +#: freeculture.xml:13543 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13539 +#: freeculture.xml:13545 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18012,7 +18017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13547 +#: freeculture.xml:13553 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18026,7 +18031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13559 +#: freeculture.xml:13565 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18039,7 +18044,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13568 +#: freeculture.xml:13574 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18049,12 +18054,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13576 +#: freeculture.xml:13582 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13578 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18065,7 +18070,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13586 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18078,7 +18083,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13603 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18089,7 +18094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13605 +#: freeculture.xml:13611 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -18098,7 +18103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 +#: freeculture.xml:13619 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18115,7 +18120,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13629 +#: freeculture.xml:13635 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18127,7 +18132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13644 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18135,7 +18140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13643 +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18150,7 +18155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13661 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18160,7 +18165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13663 +#: freeculture.xml:13669 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18175,7 +18180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13677 +#: freeculture.xml:13683 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18186,24 +18191,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13689 +#: freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13694 +#: freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13697 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13699 +#: freeculture.xml:13705 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -18217,7 +18222,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13710 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -18236,7 +18241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13728 +#: freeculture.xml:13734 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -18250,7 +18255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13745 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -18263,12 +18268,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#: freeculture.xml:13766 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13750 +#: freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -18282,7 +18287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13763 +#: freeculture.xml:13769 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -18297,7 +18302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13779 +#: freeculture.xml:13785 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -18307,7 +18312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13786 +#: freeculture.xml:13792 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -18321,7 +18326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13798 +#: freeculture.xml:13804 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -18329,18 +18334,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13803 +#: freeculture.xml:13809 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13804 +#: freeculture.xml:13810 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13806 +#: freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -18352,23 +18357,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13817 +#: freeculture.xml:13823 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13818 +#: freeculture.xml:13824 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13836 +#: freeculture.xml:13842 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -18377,7 +18382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -18397,7 +18402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13845 +#: freeculture.xml:13851 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -18412,7 +18417,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13857 +#: freeculture.xml:13863 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -18423,7 +18428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:13873 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -18434,7 +18439,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13881 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -18445,12 +18450,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13889 +#: freeculture.xml:13895 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13891 +#: freeculture.xml:13897 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -18460,7 +18465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13898 +#: freeculture.xml:13904 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -18469,12 +18474,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13905 +#: freeculture.xml:13911 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13913 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -18484,14 +18489,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13914 +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:13925 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -18500,12 +18505,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13931 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13928 +#: freeculture.xml:13934 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -18516,7 +18521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13943 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -18531,7 +18536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13951 +#: freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -18539,7 +18544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13949 +#: freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -18549,7 +18554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13965 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -18560,12 +18565,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:13977 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -18580,7 +18585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13986 +#: freeculture.xml:13992 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -18592,7 +18597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13995 +#: freeculture.xml:14001 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -18605,7 +18610,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14005 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -18619,12 +18624,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14020 +#: freeculture.xml:14026 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14022 +#: freeculture.xml:14028 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -18636,7 +18641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14032 +#: freeculture.xml:14038 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -18644,7 +18649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14038 +#: freeculture.xml:14044 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -18658,7 +18663,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14061 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -18667,7 +18672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14048 +#: freeculture.xml:14054 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -18683,7 +18688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14068 +#: freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -18693,7 +18698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14075 +#: freeculture.xml:14081 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -18707,7 +18712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:14093 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -18718,7 +18723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14095 +#: freeculture.xml:14101 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -18726,7 +18731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14100 +#: freeculture.xml:14106 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -18737,12 +18742,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14112 +#: freeculture.xml:14118 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14114 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -18751,7 +18756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14127 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -18759,7 +18764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14125 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -18772,7 +18777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14140 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -18781,7 +18786,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14142 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -18794,7 +18799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14151 +#: freeculture.xml:14157 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -18809,7 +18814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -18817,12 +18822,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14186 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14170 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -18837,7 +18842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14184 +#: freeculture.xml:14190 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -18854,7 +18859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -18862,7 +18867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14206 +#: freeculture.xml:14212 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -18872,12 +18877,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:14222 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14223 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -18888,7 +18893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:14237 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -18901,19 +18906,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14244 +#: freeculture.xml:14250 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14250 +#: freeculture.xml:14256 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:14246 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -18925,12 +18930,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14258 +#: freeculture.xml:14264 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:14260 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -18939,7 +18944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14263 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -18949,7 +18954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#: freeculture.xml:14276 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -18961,7 +18966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14283 +#: freeculture.xml:14289 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -18976,7 +18981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14297 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -18986,12 +18991,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14313 +#: freeculture.xml:14319 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14311 +#: freeculture.xml:14317 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -18999,7 +19004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14305 +#: freeculture.xml:14311 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19009,7 +19014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14325 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19020,7 +19025,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:14332 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19030,12 +19035,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:14342 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14338 +#: freeculture.xml:14344 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19045,7 +19050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14351 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19056,7 +19061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19066,7 +19071,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14361 +#: freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19077,7 +19082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14370 +#: freeculture.xml:14376 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19085,7 +19090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14375 +#: freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19094,7 +19099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14381 +#: freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19103,7 +19108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14393 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19111,7 +19116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14393 +#: freeculture.xml:14399 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19122,7 +19127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14401 +#: freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19132,7 +19137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14409 +#: freeculture.xml:14415 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19140,7 +19145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14414 +#: freeculture.xml:14420 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19155,7 +19160,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:14432 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19171,13 +19176,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:14446 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14460 +#: freeculture.xml:14466 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19185,7 +19190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:14448 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -19207,7 +19212,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14467 +#: freeculture.xml:14473 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -19223,7 +19228,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14483 +#: freeculture.xml:14489 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -19237,7 +19242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14494 +#: freeculture.xml:14500 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -19249,7 +19254,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:14517 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -19262,7 +19267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14521 +#: freeculture.xml:14527 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -19275,7 +19280,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14532 +#: freeculture.xml:14538 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -19287,7 +19292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14542 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -19300,7 +19305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14552 +#: freeculture.xml:14558 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -19311,14 +19316,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:14566 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14570 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -19332,7 +19337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14575 +#: freeculture.xml:14581 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -19343,17 +19348,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14624 +#: freeculture.xml:14630 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14626 freeculture.xml:14639 +#: freeculture.xml:14632 freeculture.xml:14645 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14587 +#: freeculture.xml:14593 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -19395,7 +19400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14583 +#: freeculture.xml:14589 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19410,7 +19415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14641 +#: freeculture.xml:14647 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -19428,7 +19433,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14660 +#: freeculture.xml:14666 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -19441,7 +19446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14674 +#: freeculture.xml:14680 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -19459,7 +19464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14690 +#: freeculture.xml:14696 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -19475,7 +19480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14702 +#: freeculture.xml:14708 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -19486,13 +19491,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14711 +#: freeculture.xml:14717 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14716 +#: freeculture.xml:14722 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -19501,19 +19506,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14723 +#: freeculture.xml:14729 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14729 +#: freeculture.xml:14735 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14733 +#: freeculture.xml:14739 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -19521,14 +19526,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14739 +#: freeculture.xml:14745 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14744 +#: freeculture.xml:14750 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -19537,7 +19542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14750 +#: freeculture.xml:14756 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -19554,7 +19559,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14764 +#: freeculture.xml:14770 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -19564,12 +19569,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14775 +#: freeculture.xml:14781 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14777 +#: freeculture.xml:14783 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -19578,7 +19583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14783 +#: freeculture.xml:14789 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -19589,7 +19594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14800 +#: freeculture.xml:14806 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -19597,7 +19602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14791 +#: freeculture.xml:14797 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -19610,7 +19615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14806 +#: freeculture.xml:14812 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -19618,7 +19623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14816 +#: freeculture.xml:14822 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -19638,7 +19643,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14811 +#: freeculture.xml:14817 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -19650,7 +19655,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14840 +#: freeculture.xml:14846 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -19660,7 +19665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14848 +#: freeculture.xml:14854 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -19673,7 +19678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14858 +#: freeculture.xml:14864 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -19684,7 +19689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14866 +#: freeculture.xml:14872 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -19692,7 +19697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14873 +#: freeculture.xml:14879 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -19705,7 +19710,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14882 +#: freeculture.xml:14888 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -19715,7 +19720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14891 +#: freeculture.xml:14897 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -19723,12 +19728,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14900 +#: freeculture.xml:14906 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14902 +#: freeculture.xml:14908 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -19742,12 +19747,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14917 +#: freeculture.xml:14923 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14919 +#: freeculture.xml:14925 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -19756,7 +19761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14926 +#: freeculture.xml:14932 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -19772,7 +19777,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:14945 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -19785,7 +19790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14950 +#: freeculture.xml:14956 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -19807,7 +19812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14970 +#: freeculture.xml:14976 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -19818,7 +19823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14979 +#: freeculture.xml:14985 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index d43d001..7b925c4 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -7311,6 +7311,7 @@ to video stores. The video stores displayed the trailers as a way to sell videos. Video Pipeline got the trailers from the film distributors, put the trailers on tape, and sold the tapes to the retail stores. </para> +<indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm> <para> The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to think about the Internet as another way to distribute these @@ -7370,6 +7371,7 @@ control. The technology expands the scope of effective control, because the technology builds a copy into every transaction. </para> <indexterm><primary>Barnes & Noble</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>browsing</primary></indexterm> <para> <!-- PAGE BREAK 158 --> No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for @@ -13449,6 +13451,9 @@ before. <section id="examples"> <title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples + + browsing + If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about @@ -13501,6 +13506,7 @@ you. If it becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday disappears. + It is this reality that explains the push of many to define privacy on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what