From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 1 Oct 2015 06:08:40 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Generated. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~48 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/6cab2fffa4ea30304bb5ef4f6eba7e46db37fb5b?ds=sidebyside Generated. --- diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index bedd97b..9e90dd1 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-09-17 11:43+0200\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2015-10-01 08:08+0200\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -117,7 +117,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15937 +#: freeculture.xml:95 freeculture.xml:15938 msgid "" "This book is licensed under a Creative Commons license. This license permits " "non-commercial use of this work, so long as attribution is given. For more " @@ -344,12 +344,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13953 +#: freeculture.xml:335 freeculture.xml:13954 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13954 +#: freeculture.xml:336 freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:13955 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -471,17 +471,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14985 +#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:14986 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13855 freeculture.xml:14986 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:4693 freeculture.xml:13856 freeculture.xml:14987 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14986 +#: freeculture.xml:427 freeculture.xml:14987 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -518,12 +518,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13270 freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:451 freeculture.xml:464 freeculture.xml:497 freeculture.xml:517 freeculture.xml:703 freeculture.xml:831 freeculture.xml:958 freeculture.xml:976 freeculture.xml:1024 freeculture.xml:9642 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13271 freeculture.xml:14058 +#: freeculture.xml:452 freeculture.xml:465 freeculture.xml:498 freeculture.xml:518 freeculture.xml:704 freeculture.xml:832 freeculture.xml:959 freeculture.xml:977 freeculture.xml:1025 freeculture.xml:9643 freeculture.xml:13272 freeculture.xml:14059 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -547,7 +547,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:467 freeculture.xml:4581 freeculture.xml:5184 freeculture.xml:8955 freeculture.xml:12299 freeculture.xml:12300 freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -732,7 +732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14121 +#: freeculture.xml:598 freeculture.xml:6877 freeculture.xml:14122 msgid "RCA" msgstr "" @@ -913,12 +913,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14227 freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:1097 freeculture.xml:2315 freeculture.xml:2352 freeculture.xml:2365 freeculture.xml:2449 freeculture.xml:2483 freeculture.xml:2509 freeculture.xml:2760 freeculture.xml:4186 freeculture.xml:6757 freeculture.xml:7620 freeculture.xml:7688 freeculture.xml:7976 freeculture.xml:10260 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153 freeculture.xml:14154 freeculture.xml:14228 freeculture.xml:14759 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:14152 +#: freeculture.xml:723 freeculture.xml:4733 freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:14153 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -979,7 +979,7 @@ msgid "culture" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:761 freeculture.xml:810 freeculture.xml:1701 freeculture.xml:5291 freeculture.xml:6526 freeculture.xml:14193 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1046,8 +1046,9 @@ msgid "" "in publication, but also a privacy interest. By granting authors the " "exclusive right to first publication, state copyright law gave authors the " "power to control the spread of facts about them. See Samuel D. Warren and " -"Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, Harvard Law Review 4 " -"(1890): 193, 198–200. " +"Louis D. Brandeis, The Right to Privacy, Harvard " +"Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -1158,7 +1159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13159 +#: freeculture.xml:877 freeculture.xml:4400 freeculture.xml:6298 freeculture.xml:7575 freeculture.xml:11227 freeculture.xml:13160 msgid "Valenti, Jack" msgstr "" @@ -1212,7 +1213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12370 +#: freeculture.xml:909 freeculture.xml:6909 freeculture.xml:7022 freeculture.xml:7023 freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:7073 freeculture.xml:7663 freeculture.xml:8953 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11555 freeculture.xml:12210 freeculture.xml:12371 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1237,7 +1238,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15384 +#: freeculture.xml:912 freeculture.xml:922 freeculture.xml:15385 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1299,7 +1300,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13502 freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:960 freeculture.xml:1147 freeculture.xml:13503 freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "intellectual property rights" msgstr "" @@ -1916,7 +1917,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15452 +#: freeculture.xml:1339 freeculture.xml:1499 freeculture.xml:3012 freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:7445 freeculture.xml:7623 freeculture.xml:15453 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2046,7 +2047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:1433 freeculture.xml:1434 freeculture.xml:4786 freeculture.xml:4787 freeculture.xml:4853 freeculture.xml:4891 freeculture.xml:4947 freeculture.xml:4993 freeculture.xml:5128 freeculture.xml:5222 freeculture.xml:6725 freeculture.xml:7025 freeculture.xml:7026 freeculture.xml:7029 freeculture.xml:7102 freeculture.xml:7128 freeculture.xml:7168 freeculture.xml:7292 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7376 freeculture.xml:7679 freeculture.xml:7850 freeculture.xml:11191 freeculture.xml:11215 freeculture.xml:11556 freeculture.xml:11557 freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" @@ -2056,7 +2057,7 @@ msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14386 freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:1435 freeculture.xml:1436 freeculture.xml:5223 freeculture.xml:7132 freeculture.xml:7257 freeculture.xml:8144 freeculture.xml:11125 freeculture.xml:13591 freeculture.xml:14387 freeculture.xml:14388 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -2678,7 +2679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15416 +#: freeculture.xml:1894 freeculture.xml:2000 freeculture.xml:2380 freeculture.xml:2398 freeculture.xml:8841 freeculture.xml:9676 freeculture.xml:15417 msgid "democracy" msgstr "" @@ -2964,7 +2965,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15450 +#: freeculture.xml:2077 freeculture.xml:6834 freeculture.xml:8922 freeculture.xml:8956 freeculture.xml:15451 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -3558,7 +3559,7 @@ msgstr "" #: freeculture.xml:2496 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the " -"Pot, New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." +"Pot, New York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -4011,7 +4012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:13758 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 freeculture.xml:3728 freeculture.xml:3730 freeculture.xml:3731 freeculture.xml:5566 freeculture.xml:8274 freeculture.xml:13690 freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -4271,12 +4272,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:5575 freeculture.xml:5624 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15349 freeculture.xml:15414 +#: freeculture.xml:2955 freeculture.xml:3349 freeculture.xml:4310 freeculture.xml:10306 freeculture.xml:10407 freeculture.xml:10568 freeculture.xml:10591 freeculture.xml:15350 freeculture.xml:15415 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4382,12 +4383,12 @@ msgid "Hollywood film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15453 +#: freeculture.xml:3027 freeculture.xml:7811 freeculture.xml:15454 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:3029 freeculture.xml:7268 freeculture.xml:11195 freeculture.xml:11196 freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "patents" msgstr "" @@ -4677,7 +4678,7 @@ msgid "player pianos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12367 freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:3216 freeculture.xml:3217 freeculture.xml:4312 freeculture.xml:4313 freeculture.xml:4398 freeculture.xml:4399 freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:7129 freeculture.xml:7244 freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:10408 freeculture.xml:10409 freeculture.xml:10410 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12209 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12368 freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -4780,7 +4781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15045 +#: freeculture.xml:3271 freeculture.xml:15046 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4918,7 +4919,7 @@ msgid "music recordings played on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13083 +#: freeculture.xml:3385 freeculture.xml:9466 freeculture.xml:9945 freeculture.xml:13084 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4991,7 +4992,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15449 +#: freeculture.xml:3429 freeculture.xml:4334 freeculture.xml:8639 freeculture.xml:8679 freeculture.xml:15450 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5235,12 +5236,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15451 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 freeculture.xml:3672 freeculture.xml:3722 freeculture.xml:15452 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14840 freeculture.xml:15433 +#: freeculture.xml:3593 freeculture.xml:4052 freeculture.xml:9946 freeculture.xml:10809 freeculture.xml:14841 freeculture.xml:15434 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5322,7 +5323,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13868 freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:3666 freeculture.xml:13377 freeculture.xml:13869 freeculture.xml:13876 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5359,7 +5360,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15599 +#: freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:3971 freeculture.xml:15600 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5422,7 +5423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15452 +#: freeculture.xml:3723 freeculture.xml:15453 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" @@ -5432,17 +5433,17 @@ msgid "open-source software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13687 freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:3724 freeculture.xml:3725 freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:14280 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12139 freeculture.xml:13702 freeculture.xml:14335 +#: freeculture.xml:3726 freeculture.xml:3756 freeculture.xml:12140 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12141 freeculture.xml:13703 freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:3727 freeculture.xml:3757 freeculture.xml:12142 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14337 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5483,12 +5484,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14367 +#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:4808 freeculture.xml:5032 freeculture.xml:6529 freeculture.xml:6605 freeculture.xml:6742 freeculture.xml:7159 freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14367 +#: freeculture.xml:3745 freeculture.xml:14368 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5843,12 +5844,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15157 +#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:3997 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:15158 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15157 freeculture.xml:15158 +#: freeculture.xml:3988 freeculture.xml:4367 freeculture.xml:8434 freeculture.xml:8463 freeculture.xml:10230 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:15158 freeculture.xml:15159 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6069,12 +6070,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14539 freeculture.xml:15269 freeculture.xml:15270 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:4732 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:6247 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:7618 freeculture.xml:7687 freeculture.xml:7975 freeculture.xml:14540 freeculture.xml:15270 freeculture.xml:15271 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15270 +#: freeculture.xml:4154 freeculture.xml:4163 freeculture.xml:7230 freeculture.xml:15271 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6113,7 +6114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15269 +#: freeculture.xml:4184 freeculture.xml:6190 freeculture.xml:6195 freeculture.xml:7231 freeculture.xml:15270 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6155,7 +6156,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14539 +#: freeculture.xml:4208 freeculture.xml:14540 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6780,7 +6781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14526 +#: freeculture.xml:4673 freeculture.xml:6488 freeculture.xml:14527 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -6875,7 +6876,7 @@ msgid "England, copyright laws developed in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14063 +#: freeculture.xml:4736 freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" @@ -7394,7 +7395,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15696 +#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:15697 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -8075,7 +8076,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15060 +#: freeculture.xml:5565 freeculture.xml:5625 freeculture.xml:5810 freeculture.xml:10566 freeculture.xml:15061 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8746,7 +8747,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14238 freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404 +#: freeculture.xml:6034 freeculture.xml:11124 freeculture.xml:14239 freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -9420,7 +9421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13641 +#: freeculture.xml:6525 freeculture.xml:8060 freeculture.xml:9928 freeculture.xml:11255 freeculture.xml:11301 freeculture.xml:13642 msgid "Lessig, Lawrence" msgstr "" @@ -9894,12 +9895,12 @@ msgid "free market, technological changes in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15638 +#: freeculture.xml:6872 freeculture.xml:15639 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 freeculture.xml:13828 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10133,7 +10134,7 @@ msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12370 +#: freeculture.xml:7024 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:12371 msgid "Progress Clause of" msgstr "" @@ -10148,7 +10149,7 @@ msgid "constitutional tradition on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12368 +#: freeculture.xml:7028 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:12369 msgid "Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10162,7 +10163,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12367 +#: freeculture.xml:7036 freeculture.xml:12368 msgid "in constitutional Progress Clause" msgstr "" @@ -10447,7 +10448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12369 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 freeculture.xml:11190 freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "copyright terms extended by" msgstr "" @@ -10473,7 +10474,7 @@ msgid "CTEA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15556 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 freeculture.xml:7256 freeculture.xml:7291 freeculture.xml:11216 freeculture.xml:15557 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" @@ -10531,7 +10532,7 @@ msgid "of natural authors vs. corporations" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13485 +#: freeculture.xml:7293 freeculture.xml:13486 msgid "corporations" msgstr "" @@ -11216,7 +11217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 freeculture.xml:7894 freeculture.xml:14194 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -14364,7 +14365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12140 +#: freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:12141 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" @@ -14857,7 +14858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15432 +#: freeculture.xml:10565 freeculture.xml:15433 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -15611,7 +15612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12240 +#: freeculture.xml:11173 freeculture.xml:12241 msgid "pornography" msgstr "" @@ -15745,7 +15746,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12208 +#: freeculture.xml:11252 freeculture.xml:11464 freeculture.xml:12209 msgid "constitutional powers of" msgstr "" @@ -15787,7 +15788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12826 +#: freeculture.xml:11287 freeculture.xml:12827 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -16018,12 +16019,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12365 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 freeculture.xml:12366 msgid "commerce, interstate" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12366 +#: freeculture.xml:11465 freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "interstate commerce" msgstr "" @@ -16048,12 +16049,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12291 +#: freeculture.xml:11483 freeculture.xml:12292 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12294 freeculture.xml:12364 freeculture.xml:12558 freeculture.xml:12655 freeculture.xml:12725 +#: freeculture.xml:11484 freeculture.xml:11540 freeculture.xml:12295 freeculture.xml:12365 freeculture.xml:12559 freeculture.xml:12656 freeculture.xml:12726 msgid "United States v. Lopez" msgstr "" @@ -16081,7 +16082,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12295 +#: freeculture.xml:11509 freeculture.xml:12296 msgid "United States v. Morrison" msgstr "" @@ -16135,7 +16136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12297 +#: freeculture.xml:11539 freeculture.xml:12298 msgid "Supreme Court restraint on" msgstr "" @@ -16360,7 +16361,7 @@ msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12164 +#: freeculture.xml:11725 freeculture.xml:12165 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" @@ -16734,15 +16735,16 @@ msgstr "" #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "" -"It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " -"Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " -"hundred cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it " -"practically never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other " -"court has yet reviewed the statute." +"It was here that most expected Eldred " +"v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme Court rarely " +"reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one hundred " +"cases a year, out of more than five thousand appeals.) And it practically " +"never reviews a decision that upholds a statute when no other court has yet " +"reviewed the statute." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12018 +#: freeculture.xml:12019 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -16750,7 +16752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12024 +#: freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -16763,7 +16765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12035 +#: freeculture.xml:12036 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -16771,18 +16773,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12040 freeculture.xml:12055 +#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12056 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12041 freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12439 +#: freeculture.xml:12042 freeculture.xml:12193 freeculture.xml:12440 msgid "Jones, Day, Reavis and Pogue (Jones Day)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12043 +#: freeculture.xml:12044 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -16794,17 +16796,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12053 freeculture.xml:12436 freeculture.xml:12453 freeculture.xml:12550 freeculture.xml:12775 freeculture.xml:12806 freeculture.xml:12905 +#: freeculture.xml:12054 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:12454 freeculture.xml:12551 freeculture.xml:12776 freeculture.xml:12807 freeculture.xml:12906 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12054 +#: freeculture.xml:12055 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12057 +#: freeculture.xml:12058 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -16817,7 +16819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12068 +#: freeculture.xml:12069 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -16839,7 +16841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12089 +#: freeculture.xml:12090 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -16850,7 +16852,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12097 +#: freeculture.xml:12098 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -16869,17 +16871,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12115 freeculture.xml:12142 +#: freeculture.xml:12116 freeculture.xml:12143 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12117 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12118 +#: freeculture.xml:12119 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -16896,7 +16898,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12132 +#: freeculture.xml:12133 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16907,7 +16909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12144 +#: freeculture.xml:12145 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16920,17 +16922,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12156 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12157 +#: freeculture.xml:12158 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12159 +#: freeculture.xml:12160 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16939,7 +16941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12166 +#: freeculture.xml:12167 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16948,32 +16950,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12172 +#: freeculture.xml:12173 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12173 +#: freeculture.xml:12174 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12174 +#: freeculture.xml:12175 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12175 +#: freeculture.xml:12176 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12177 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12178 +#: freeculture.xml:12179 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16987,28 +16989,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12188 freeculture.xml:12207 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12189 freeculture.xml:12208 freeculture.xml:12439 freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12189 +#: freeculture.xml:12190 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12190 +#: freeculture.xml:12191 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12191 freeculture.xml:12437 freeculture.xml:13596 +#: freeculture.xml:12192 freeculture.xml:12438 freeculture.xml:13597 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12195 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -17022,12 +17024,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12209 +#: freeculture.xml:12210 msgid "Commerce Clause of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12211 +#: freeculture.xml:12212 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -17041,7 +17043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12223 +#: freeculture.xml:12224 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these friends included " @@ -17051,7 +17053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12230 +#: freeculture.xml:12231 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -17062,18 +17064,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12238 +#: freeculture.xml:12239 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12239 +#: freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "Porgy and Bess" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12249 +#: freeculture.xml:12250 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred " "v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -17081,7 +17083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12257 +#: freeculture.xml:12258 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray, New York Times, 28 March " @@ -17090,7 +17092,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12242 +#: freeculture.xml:12243 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -17107,7 +17109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12266 +#: freeculture.xml:12267 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -17122,7 +17124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12278 +#: freeculture.xml:12279 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -17132,7 +17134,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12285 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "Between February and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -17140,37 +17142,37 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12289 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 msgid "Kennedy, Anthony" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12290 freeculture.xml:12292 freeculture.xml:12495 +#: freeculture.xml:12291 freeculture.xml:12293 freeculture.xml:12496 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12293 +#: freeculture.xml:12294 msgid "Thomas, Clarence" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12296 +#: freeculture.xml:12297 msgid "Scalia, Antonin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12298 +#: freeculture.xml:12299 msgid "congressional actions restrained by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12299 +#: freeculture.xml:12300 msgid "factions of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12301 +#: freeculture.xml:12302 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "the Conservatives. The other we called the " @@ -17183,18 +17185,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12310 freeculture.xml:12335 freeculture.xml:12700 freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12336 freeculture.xml:12701 freeculture.xml:12713 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12311 freeculture.xml:12663 +#: freeculture.xml:12312 freeculture.xml:12664 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12313 +#: freeculture.xml:12314 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -17207,7 +17209,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12325 +#: freeculture.xml:12326 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -17220,7 +17222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12337 +#: freeculture.xml:12338 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -17230,7 +17232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12347 +#: freeculture.xml:12348 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -17241,7 +17243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12355 +#: freeculture.xml:12356 msgid "" "This analysis of the Rest showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -17254,7 +17256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12372 +#: freeculture.xml:12373 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -17269,7 +17271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12386 +#: freeculture.xml:12387 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -17279,7 +17281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12395 +#: freeculture.xml:12396 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -17288,7 +17290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12402 +#: freeculture.xml:12403 msgid "" "But this consistency should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -17303,7 +17305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12417 +#: freeculture.xml:12418 msgid "" "Oral argument was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -17313,7 +17315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12427 +#: freeculture.xml:12428 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -17324,7 +17326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12441 +#: freeculture.xml:12442 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -17333,7 +17335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12447 +#: freeculture.xml:12448 msgid "" "I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -17343,7 +17345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12455 +#: freeculture.xml:12456 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -17357,7 +17359,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12465 +#: freeculture.xml:12466 msgid "" "The night before the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -17367,7 +17369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12475 +#: freeculture.xml:12476 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -17383,7 +17385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12490 +#: freeculture.xml:12491 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -17392,14 +17394,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12497 +#: freeculture.xml:12498 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12502 +#: freeculture.xml:12503 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -17408,7 +17410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12509 +#: freeculture.xml:12510 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind. But my response again and again was " @@ -17417,7 +17419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12515 +#: freeculture.xml:12516 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -17425,14 +17427,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12523 +#: freeculture.xml:12524 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12529 +#: freeculture.xml:12530 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -17442,14 +17444,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12537 +#: freeculture.xml:12538 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12543 +#: freeculture.xml:12544 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -17459,7 +17461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12552 +#: freeculture.xml:12553 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -17469,7 +17471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12561 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez " @@ -17478,21 +17480,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12565 +#: freeculture.xml:12566 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12572 +#: freeculture.xml:12573 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12576 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -17501,12 +17503,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12584 +#: freeculture.xml:12585 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12586 +#: freeculture.xml:12587 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -17514,7 +17516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12592 +#: freeculture.xml:12593 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -17523,7 +17525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12600 +#: freeculture.xml:12601 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -17539,7 +17541,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12613 +#: freeculture.xml:12614 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -17548,7 +17550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12622 +#: freeculture.xml:12623 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -17565,7 +17567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12637 +#: freeculture.xml:12638 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -17576,7 +17578,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12645 +#: freeculture.xml:12646 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -17584,7 +17586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12650 +#: freeculture.xml:12651 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against reasoning. And here was the last " @@ -17592,7 +17594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12658 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -17603,7 +17605,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12667 +#: freeculture.xml:12668 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -17611,7 +17613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12672 +#: freeculture.xml:12673 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too " @@ -17620,7 +17622,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12678 +#: freeculture.xml:12679 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -17634,7 +17636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12690 +#: freeculture.xml:12691 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -17647,7 +17649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12702 +#: freeculture.xml:12703 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -17662,7 +17664,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12715 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -17676,7 +17678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12727 +#: freeculture.xml:12728 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was " @@ -17687,7 +17689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12734 +#: freeculture.xml:12735 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -17695,12 +17697,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12739 +#: freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12742 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five Conservatives. It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -17718,7 +17720,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12755 +#: freeculture.xml:12756 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -17733,7 +17735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12770 +#: freeculture.xml:12771 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -17741,7 +17743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12778 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -17756,7 +17758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12788 +#: freeculture.xml:12789 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -17775,7 +17777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12810 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -17783,7 +17785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12814 +#: freeculture.xml:12815 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -17792,7 +17794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12820 +#: freeculture.xml:12821 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -17802,7 +17804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12828 +#: freeculture.xml:12829 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -17812,7 +17814,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12835 +#: freeculture.xml:12836 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -17825,7 +17827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12844 +#: freeculture.xml:12845 msgid "" "While the reaction to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -17839,7 +17841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12859 +#: freeculture.xml:12860 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -17850,12 +17852,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12874 freeculture.xml:12879 +#: freeculture.xml:12875 freeculture.xml:12880 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12869 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -17866,14 +17868,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12878 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "" " " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12882 +#: freeculture.xml:12883 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That grand " @@ -17886,12 +17888,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12893 +#: freeculture.xml:12894 msgid "Chapter Fourteen: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12895 +#: freeculture.xml:12896 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -17904,7 +17906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12907 +#: freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -17918,7 +17920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12917 +#: freeculture.xml:12918 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -17928,7 +17930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12925 +#: freeculture.xml:12926 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17936,7 +17938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12930 +#: freeculture.xml:12931 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17948,22 +17950,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12938 freeculture.xml:13141 +#: freeculture.xml:12939 freeculture.xml:13142 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12939 +#: freeculture.xml:12940 msgid "Democratic Party" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12940 +#: freeculture.xml:12941 msgid "Republican Party" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12942 +#: freeculture.xml:12943 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17977,7 +17979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12954 +#: freeculture.xml:12955 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17990,22 +17992,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12964 +#: freeculture.xml:12965 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12965 freeculture.xml:13006 +#: freeculture.xml:12966 freeculture.xml:13007 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -18028,7 +18030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12968 +#: freeculture.xml:12969 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -18043,7 +18045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13000 +#: freeculture.xml:13001 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -18053,7 +18055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13008 +#: freeculture.xml:13009 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -18066,7 +18068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13018 +#: freeculture.xml:13019 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -18077,7 +18079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13026 +#: freeculture.xml:13027 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -18088,7 +18090,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13034 +#: freeculture.xml:13035 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -18100,7 +18102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13046 +#: freeculture.xml:13047 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -18111,7 +18113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13055 +#: freeculture.xml:13056 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -18129,7 +18131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13071 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -18144,7 +18146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13086 +#: freeculture.xml:13087 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -18157,7 +18159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13097 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -18169,7 +18171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13105 +#: freeculture.xml:13106 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -18179,7 +18181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13112 +#: freeculture.xml:13113 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -18189,7 +18191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13119 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -18198,7 +18200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13125 +#: freeculture.xml:13126 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -18216,7 +18218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 +#: freeculture.xml:13144 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -18226,12 +18228,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13149 +#: freeculture.xml:13150 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13151 +#: freeculture.xml:13152 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -18242,12 +18244,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13159 +#: freeculture.xml:13160 msgid "Eldred Act opposed by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13161 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -18259,7 +18261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13169 +#: freeculture.xml:13170 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -18281,7 +18283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13190 +#: freeculture.xml:13191 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -18292,7 +18294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13198 +#: freeculture.xml:13199 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -18305,7 +18307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13208 +#: freeculture.xml:13209 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -18315,7 +18317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13217 +#: freeculture.xml:13218 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -18329,12 +18331,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13227 +#: freeculture.xml:13228 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13229 +#: freeculture.xml:13230 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -18347,12 +18349,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13239 +#: freeculture.xml:13240 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13242 +#: freeculture.xml:13243 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -18365,7 +18367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13253 +#: freeculture.xml:13254 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -18376,7 +18378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13261 +#: freeculture.xml:13262 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -18387,7 +18389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:13274 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -18397,7 +18399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13280 +#: freeculture.xml:13281 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -18409,47 +18411,47 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13292 +#: freeculture.xml:13293 msgid "Conclusion" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13293 +#: freeculture.xml:13294 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13294 +#: freeculture.xml:13295 msgid "AIDS medications" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13295 +#: freeculture.xml:13296 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13296 +#: freeculture.xml:13297 msgid "developing countries, foreign patent costs in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13297 freeculture.xml:13811 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 freeculture.xml:13812 msgid "pharmaceutical" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13298 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13300 +#: freeculture.xml:13301 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -18459,7 +18461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13307 +#: freeculture.xml:13308 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -18470,7 +18472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13322 +#: freeculture.xml:13323 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -18481,7 +18483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13315 +#: freeculture.xml:13316 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -18493,18 +18495,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13331 freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:13332 freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "on pharmaceuticals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13332 +#: freeculture.xml:13333 msgid "pharmaceutical patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:13336 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -18515,7 +18517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13343 +#: freeculture.xml:13344 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -18528,7 +18530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13354 +#: freeculture.xml:13355 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -18538,27 +18540,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13360 +#: freeculture.xml:13361 msgid "international law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13361 +#: freeculture.xml:13362 msgid "parallel importation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13362 +#: freeculture.xml:13363 msgid "South Africa, Republic of, pharmaceutical imports by" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:13376 freeculture.xml:13870 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13373 +#: freeculture.xml:13374 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -18567,7 +18569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13364 +#: freeculture.xml:13365 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -18579,13 +18581,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13379 +#: freeculture.xml:13380 msgid "United States Trade Representative (USTR)" msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13387 +#: freeculture.xml:13388 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18600,7 +18602,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:13415 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -18609,7 +18611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13382 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -18632,7 +18634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13421 +#: freeculture.xml:13422 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -18644,7 +18646,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13431 +#: freeculture.xml:13432 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -18655,7 +18657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13439 +#: freeculture.xml:13440 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -18669,7 +18671,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13454 +#: freeculture.xml:13455 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -18687,7 +18689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13448 +#: freeculture.xml:13449 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -18699,7 +18701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13476 +#: freeculture.xml:13477 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -18712,12 +18714,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13485 +#: freeculture.xml:13486 msgid "in pharmaceutical industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13487 +#: freeculture.xml:13488 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -18728,7 +18730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13495 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -18739,13 +18741,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13502 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 msgid "of drug patents" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13504 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -18762,7 +18764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13526 +#: freeculture.xml:13527 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -18770,7 +18772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13532 +#: freeculture.xml:13533 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -18784,7 +18786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13547 +#: freeculture.xml:13548 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -18796,7 +18798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13556 +#: freeculture.xml:13557 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -18811,7 +18813,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13570 +#: freeculture.xml:13571 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -18828,68 +18830,68 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13583 freeculture.xml:14359 +#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13598 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13585 freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13586 freeculture.xml:13756 msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13587 freeculture.xml:13704 freeculture.xml:14278 +#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:13705 freeculture.xml:14279 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13588 freeculture.xml:14425 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13589 freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 freeculture.xml:14427 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13590 +#: freeculture.xml:13591 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13591 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13593 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13593 freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13594 freeculture.xml:13757 msgid "World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13594 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13595 +#: freeculture.xml:13596 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13602 +#: freeculture.xml:13603 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -18905,7 +18907,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13599 +#: freeculture.xml:13600 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -18930,7 +18932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13635 +#: freeculture.xml:13636 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -18940,20 +18942,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13641 +#: freeculture.xml:13642 msgid "in international debate on intellectual property" msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13644 +#: freeculture.xml:13645 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13643 +#: freeculture.xml:13644 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -18964,13 +18966,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13653 freeculture.xml:13810 +#: freeculture.xml:13654 freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "World Summit on the Information Society (WSIS)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13655 +#: freeculture.xml:13656 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -18994,7 +18996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13679 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -19003,17 +19005,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13688 freeculture.xml:15430 +#: freeculture.xml:13689 freeculture.xml:15431 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13689 +#: freeculture.xml:13690 msgid "on free software" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13691 +#: freeculture.xml:13692 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -19027,13 +19029,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13701 +#: freeculture.xml:13702 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13717 +#: freeculture.xml:13718 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -19054,7 +19056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13706 +#: freeculture.xml:13707 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -19069,18 +19071,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13735 +#: freeculture.xml:13736 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13736 +#: freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13738 +#: freeculture.xml:13739 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -19098,25 +19100,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13757 +#: freeculture.xml:13758 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13758 +#: freeculture.xml:13759 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13768 +#: freeculture.xml:13769 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13760 +#: freeculture.xml:13761 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -19129,7 +19131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13774 +#: freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -19139,17 +19141,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13782 freeculture.xml:13841 +#: freeculture.xml:13783 freeculture.xml:13842 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13783 +#: freeculture.xml:13784 msgid "Patent and Trademark Office, U.S." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13785 +#: freeculture.xml:13786 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -19161,12 +19163,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13797 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13801 +#: freeculture.xml:13802 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -19179,12 +19181,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13812 +#: freeculture.xml:13813 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13815 +#: freeculture.xml:13816 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -19200,7 +19202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13829 +#: freeculture.xml:13830 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -19216,7 +19218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13843 +#: freeculture.xml:13844 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -19230,17 +19232,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13854 +#: freeculture.xml:13855 msgid "feudal system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13856 msgid "feudal system of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13857 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -19254,14 +19256,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13874 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13871 +#: freeculture.xml:13872 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -19272,7 +19274,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13885 +#: freeculture.xml:13886 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -19282,7 +19284,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13895 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -19295,7 +19297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13906 +#: freeculture.xml:13907 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -19308,7 +19310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13917 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -19320,7 +19322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13925 +#: freeculture.xml:13926 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -19328,7 +19330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13931 +#: freeculture.xml:13932 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -19343,7 +19345,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13942 +#: freeculture.xml:13943 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -19353,17 +19355,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13951 +#: freeculture.xml:13952 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:13956 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13957 +#: freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -19377,7 +19379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13968 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -19387,7 +19389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13976 +#: freeculture.xml:13977 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -19397,7 +19399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13983 +#: freeculture.xml:13984 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -19409,7 +19411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13993 +#: freeculture.xml:13994 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -19419,7 +19421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14000 +#: freeculture.xml:14001 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -19430,20 +19432,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14008 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14011 +#: freeculture.xml:14012 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14017 +#: freeculture.xml:14018 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19462,7 +19464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:14036 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19472,7 +19474,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14042 +#: freeculture.xml:14043 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19480,7 +19482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:14014 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -19500,33 +19502,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14059 +#: freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14060 +#: freeculture.xml:14061 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14061 freeculture.xml:14456 +#: freeculture.xml:14062 freeculture.xml:14457 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14062 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14063 +#: freeculture.xml:14064 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14068 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -19535,7 +19537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14077 +#: freeculture.xml:14078 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -19544,7 +19546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14065 +#: freeculture.xml:14066 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -19563,25 +19565,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:14092 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14099 +#: freeculture.xml:14100 msgid "Afterword" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14100 freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14101 freeculture.xml:14135 msgid "voluntary reform efforts on" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14104 +#: freeculture.xml:14105 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -19589,7 +19591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:14110 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -19598,7 +19600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14115 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -19607,7 +19609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14124 +#: freeculture.xml:14125 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -19617,12 +19619,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14133 +#: freeculture.xml:14134 msgid "Us, now" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14136 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -19632,7 +19634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14143 +#: freeculture.xml:14144 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -19645,13 +19647,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14153 +#: freeculture.xml:14154 msgid "initial free character of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14155 +#: freeculture.xml:14156 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -19663,7 +19665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14167 +#: freeculture.xml:14168 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19680,7 +19682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14184 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19691,22 +19693,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14191 +#: freeculture.xml:14192 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:14193 msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14194 +#: freeculture.xml:14195 msgid "privacy rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14196 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19718,12 +19720,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14206 +#: freeculture.xml:14207 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14210 +#: freeculture.xml:14211 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19741,22 +19743,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14225 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14226 +#: freeculture.xml:14227 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14227 +#: freeculture.xml:14228 msgid "privacy protection on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14230 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19769,12 +19771,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14238 +#: freeculture.xml:14239 msgid "privacy rights in use of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19787,7 +19789,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14258 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19802,7 +19804,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14252 +#: freeculture.xml:14253 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19816,12 +19818,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14277 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "Data General" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14281 +#: freeculture.xml:14282 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -19832,12 +19834,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14288 +#: freeculture.xml:14289 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14290 +#: freeculture.xml:14291 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19847,7 +19849,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14298 +#: freeculture.xml:14299 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19861,12 +19863,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14309 +#: freeculture.xml:14310 msgid "proprietary code" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14311 +#: freeculture.xml:14312 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19879,7 +19881,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14320 +#: freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19889,12 +19891,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14329 +#: freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14331 +#: freeculture.xml:14332 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19905,7 +19907,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14339 +#: freeculture.xml:14340 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19918,7 +19920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14350 +#: freeculture.xml:14351 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19929,12 +19931,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14360 +#: freeculture.xml:14361 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14362 +#: freeculture.xml:14363 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19942,23 +19944,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14366 +#: freeculture.xml:14367 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14368 freeculture.xml:14404 +#: freeculture.xml:14369 freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14371 +#: freeculture.xml:14372 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19975,17 +19977,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14386 +#: freeculture.xml:14387 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14388 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14389 +#: freeculture.xml:14390 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19997,7 +19999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14400 +#: freeculture.xml:14401 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -20005,7 +20007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14406 +#: freeculture.xml:14407 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -20020,7 +20022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14418 +#: freeculture.xml:14419 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -20031,7 +20033,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14428 +#: freeculture.xml:14429 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -20045,7 +20047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14442 +#: freeculture.xml:14443 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -20056,24 +20058,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14455 +#: freeculture.xml:14456 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14458 +#: freeculture.xml:14459 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14461 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14463 +#: freeculture.xml:14464 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -20087,7 +20089,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14474 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -20106,7 +20108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14492 +#: freeculture.xml:14493 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -20120,7 +20122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14503 +#: freeculture.xml:14504 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -20133,13 +20135,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:14514 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14515 +#: freeculture.xml:14516 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -20153,7 +20155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14528 +#: freeculture.xml:14529 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -20168,7 +20170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14541 +#: freeculture.xml:14542 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -20178,7 +20180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:14549 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -20192,7 +20194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:14561 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -20200,18 +20202,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14565 +#: freeculture.xml:14566 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14566 +#: freeculture.xml:14567 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14568 +#: freeculture.xml:14569 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -20223,23 +20225,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14579 +#: freeculture.xml:14580 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14580 +#: freeculture.xml:14581 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14582 +#: freeculture.xml:14583 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14599 +#: freeculture.xml:14600 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -20248,7 +20250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14584 +#: freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -20268,7 +20270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14608 +#: freeculture.xml:14609 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -20283,7 +20285,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14620 +#: freeculture.xml:14621 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -20294,7 +20296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14630 +#: freeculture.xml:14631 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -20305,7 +20307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14638 +#: freeculture.xml:14639 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -20316,12 +20318,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14652 +#: freeculture.xml:14653 msgid "Them, soon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14654 +#: freeculture.xml:14655 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -20331,7 +20333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14661 +#: freeculture.xml:14662 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -20340,12 +20342,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14668 +#: freeculture.xml:14669 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14670 +#: freeculture.xml:14671 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -20355,14 +20357,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14678 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14682 +#: freeculture.xml:14683 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -20371,12 +20373,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14688 +#: freeculture.xml:14689 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14691 +#: freeculture.xml:14692 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -20387,7 +20389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14700 +#: freeculture.xml:14701 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -20402,7 +20404,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14714 +#: freeculture.xml:14715 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -20410,7 +20412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14712 +#: freeculture.xml:14713 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -20420,7 +20422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14722 +#: freeculture.xml:14723 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -20431,12 +20433,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14734 +#: freeculture.xml:14735 msgid "Registration and renewal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14736 +#: freeculture.xml:14737 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -20451,7 +20453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14749 +#: freeculture.xml:14750 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -20463,22 +20465,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14757 +#: freeculture.xml:14758 msgid "domain names" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:14759 msgid "domain name registration on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:14760 msgid "Web sites, domain name registration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14761 +#: freeculture.xml:14762 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -20491,7 +20493,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14771 +#: freeculture.xml:14772 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -20505,12 +20507,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14786 +#: freeculture.xml:14787 msgid "Marking" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14788 +#: freeculture.xml:14789 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -20522,7 +20524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14798 +#: freeculture.xml:14799 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -20530,7 +20532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14804 +#: freeculture.xml:14805 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -20544,7 +20546,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14821 +#: freeculture.xml:14822 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -20553,7 +20555,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14814 +#: freeculture.xml:14815 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -20569,7 +20571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14834 +#: freeculture.xml:14835 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -20579,12 +20581,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14840 +#: freeculture.xml:14841 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14842 +#: freeculture.xml:14843 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -20598,7 +20600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14854 +#: freeculture.xml:14855 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -20609,7 +20611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14862 +#: freeculture.xml:14863 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -20617,7 +20619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14867 +#: freeculture.xml:14868 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -20628,12 +20630,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14879 +#: freeculture.xml:14880 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14881 +#: freeculture.xml:14882 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -20642,7 +20644,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14894 +#: freeculture.xml:14895 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -20650,7 +20652,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:14887 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -20663,7 +20665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14901 +#: freeculture.xml:14902 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -20672,7 +20674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14909 +#: freeculture.xml:14910 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -20685,7 +20687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14918 +#: freeculture.xml:14919 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -20699,13 +20701,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14930 +#: freeculture.xml:14931 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14941 +#: freeculture.xml:14942 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -20713,7 +20715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14933 +#: freeculture.xml:14934 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20728,7 +20730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14952 +#: freeculture.xml:14953 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20745,7 +20747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14968 +#: freeculture.xml:14969 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20753,7 +20755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14974 +#: freeculture.xml:14975 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20763,12 +20765,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14984 +#: freeculture.xml:14985 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14988 +#: freeculture.xml:14989 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20779,7 +20781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14996 +#: freeculture.xml:14997 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20791,20 +20793,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15004 +#: freeculture.xml:15005 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15010 +#: freeculture.xml:15011 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15006 +#: freeculture.xml:15007 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20816,12 +20818,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15023 +#: freeculture.xml:15024 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15019 +#: freeculture.xml:15020 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20830,7 +20832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15028 +#: freeculture.xml:15029 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20840,7 +20842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15035 +#: freeculture.xml:15036 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20852,7 +20854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15048 +#: freeculture.xml:15049 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20867,7 +20869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15062 +#: freeculture.xml:15063 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20877,12 +20879,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15078 +#: freeculture.xml:15079 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15076 +#: freeculture.xml:15077 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20890,7 +20892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15070 +#: freeculture.xml:15071 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20900,7 +20902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15084 +#: freeculture.xml:15085 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20911,7 +20913,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15091 +#: freeculture.xml:15092 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20921,12 +20923,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15101 +#: freeculture.xml:15102 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15103 +#: freeculture.xml:15104 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20936,7 +20938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15110 +#: freeculture.xml:15111 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20947,7 +20949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15119 +#: freeculture.xml:15120 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20957,7 +20959,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15126 +#: freeculture.xml:15127 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20968,7 +20970,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15135 +#: freeculture.xml:15136 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20976,7 +20978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15140 +#: freeculture.xml:15141 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20985,7 +20987,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15146 +#: freeculture.xml:15147 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20994,7 +20996,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15152 +#: freeculture.xml:15153 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -21002,7 +21004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15160 +#: freeculture.xml:15161 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -21013,7 +21015,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15168 +#: freeculture.xml:15169 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -21023,7 +21025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15176 +#: freeculture.xml:15177 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -21031,7 +21033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15181 +#: freeculture.xml:15182 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -21046,7 +21048,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15193 +#: freeculture.xml:15194 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -21062,13 +21064,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15207 +#: freeculture.xml:15208 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15227 +#: freeculture.xml:15228 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -21076,7 +21078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15209 +#: freeculture.xml:15210 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -21098,7 +21100,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15234 +#: freeculture.xml:15235 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -21114,7 +21116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15250 +#: freeculture.xml:15251 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -21128,7 +21130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15261 +#: freeculture.xml:15262 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -21140,7 +21142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15272 +#: freeculture.xml:15273 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -21153,7 +21155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15282 +#: freeculture.xml:15283 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -21166,7 +21168,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15293 +#: freeculture.xml:15294 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -21178,7 +21180,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15303 +#: freeculture.xml:15304 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -21191,7 +21193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15313 +#: freeculture.xml:15314 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -21202,14 +21204,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15321 +#: freeculture.xml:15322 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15325 +#: freeculture.xml:15326 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -21223,7 +21225,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15336 +#: freeculture.xml:15337 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -21234,17 +21236,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15343 freeculture.xml:15385 +#: freeculture.xml:15344 freeculture.xml:15386 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15383 +#: freeculture.xml:15384 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15349 +#: freeculture.xml:15350 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -21286,7 +21288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15345 +#: freeculture.xml:15346 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -21301,7 +21303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15399 +#: freeculture.xml:15400 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -21318,18 +21320,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15415 +#: freeculture.xml:15416 msgid "semiotic democracy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15416 +#: freeculture.xml:15417 msgid "semiotic" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15418 +#: freeculture.xml:15419 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -21342,17 +21344,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15431 +#: freeculture.xml:15432 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15433 +#: freeculture.xml:15434 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15435 +#: freeculture.xml:15436 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -21370,17 +21372,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15450 +#: freeculture.xml:15451 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15453 +#: freeculture.xml:15454 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15455 +#: freeculture.xml:15456 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -21396,7 +21398,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15467 +#: freeculture.xml:15468 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -21407,13 +21409,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15476 +#: freeculture.xml:15477 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15481 +#: freeculture.xml:15482 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -21422,19 +21424,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15488 +#: freeculture.xml:15489 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15494 +#: freeculture.xml:15495 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15498 +#: freeculture.xml:15499 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -21442,14 +21444,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15504 +#: freeculture.xml:15505 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15509 +#: freeculture.xml:15510 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -21458,7 +21460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15515 +#: freeculture.xml:15516 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -21475,7 +21477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15529 +#: freeculture.xml:15530 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -21485,12 +21487,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15540 +#: freeculture.xml:15541 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15542 +#: freeculture.xml:15543 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -21499,7 +21501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15548 +#: freeculture.xml:15549 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -21509,18 +21511,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15555 +#: freeculture.xml:15556 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15556 +#: freeculture.xml:15557 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15567 +#: freeculture.xml:15568 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -21528,7 +21530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15558 +#: freeculture.xml:15559 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -21541,7 +21543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15573 +#: freeculture.xml:15574 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -21549,7 +21551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15583 +#: freeculture.xml:15584 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -21569,7 +21571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15578 +#: freeculture.xml:15579 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -21581,7 +21583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15607 +#: freeculture.xml:15608 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -21591,7 +21593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15615 +#: freeculture.xml:15616 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -21604,7 +21606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15625 +#: freeculture.xml:15626 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -21615,7 +21617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15633 +#: freeculture.xml:15634 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -21623,7 +21625,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15640 +#: freeculture.xml:15641 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -21636,7 +21638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15649 +#: freeculture.xml:15650 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -21646,7 +21648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15658 +#: freeculture.xml:15659 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -21654,12 +21656,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15667 +#: freeculture.xml:15668 msgid "Notes" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15669 +#: freeculture.xml:15670 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -21673,12 +21675,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15689 +#: freeculture.xml:15690 msgid "Acknowledgments" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15691 +#: freeculture.xml:15692 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -21687,7 +21689,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15698 +#: freeculture.xml:15699 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -21703,7 +21705,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15711 +#: freeculture.xml:15712 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -21716,7 +21718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15722 +#: freeculture.xml:15723 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21738,7 +21740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15742 +#: freeculture.xml:15743 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21749,7 +21751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15751 +#: freeculture.xml:15752 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " @@ -21758,12 +21760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15761 +#: freeculture.xml:15762 msgid "About this edition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15763 +#: freeculture.xml:15764 msgid "" "This edition of <citetitle>Free Culture</citetitle> is the result of three " "years of volunteer work. The idea came from a discussion I had around ten " @@ -21776,7 +21778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15775 +#: freeculture.xml:15776 msgid "" "Thanks to the Debian Edu / Skolelinux project, I already had experience " "translating Docbook documents, and it seemed like a good format for this " @@ -21790,7 +21792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15787 +#: freeculture.xml:15788 msgid "" "Several people joined, and Anders Hagen Jarmund, Kirill Miazine, Odd Kleiva, " "Kjetil Kilhavn og Kjetil T. Homme assisted with the initial translation. " @@ -21809,7 +21811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15806 +#: freeculture.xml:15807 msgid "" "At the end of the project, when the translation was done and it was time to " "publish, NUUG Foundation was asked and was willing to sponsor books to " @@ -21817,36 +21819,36 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15813 +#: freeculture.xml:15814 msgid "" "In addition to these great contributors, I am very grateful to Mari and my " "family for their patience with me in this project." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15818 +#: freeculture.xml:15819 msgid "— Petter Reinholdtsen, Oslo 2015-09-07" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15828 +#: freeculture.xml:15829 msgid "" "Free culture: How big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture " "and control creativity / Lawrence Lessig." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15832 +#: freeculture.xml:15833 msgid "Copyright © 2004 Lawrence Lessig. Some rights reserved." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15836 +#: freeculture.xml:15837 msgid "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15840 +#: freeculture.xml:15841 msgid "" "Published in English and Norwegian BokmÃ¥l 2015 by Petter Reinholdtsen with " "help from many volunteers. Typeset with dblatex using the font Crimson " @@ -21854,12 +21856,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15846 +#: freeculture.xml:15847 msgid "First published 2004 by The Penguin Press." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15850 +#: freeculture.xml:15851 msgid "" "Excerpt from an editorial titled <quote>The Coming of Copyright " "Perpetuity,</quote> <citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>, January 16, " @@ -21868,7 +21870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15856 +#: freeculture.xml:15857 msgid "" "Cartoon in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1711-vcr-handgun-cartoonfig\"/> by Paul Conrad, copyright " @@ -21877,7 +21879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15862 +#: freeculture.xml:15863 msgid "" "Diagram in figure <xref xrefstyle=\"template:%n\" " "linkend=\"fig-1761-pattern-modern-media-ownership\"/> courtesy of the office " @@ -21885,19 +21887,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15868 +#: freeculture.xml:15869 msgid "Cover created by Petter Reinholdtsen using inkscape." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15872 +#: freeculture.xml:15873 msgid "" "The quotes on the cover came from <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/jacket/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15877 +#: freeculture.xml:15878 msgid "" "Portrait on the cover was created 2013 by ActuaLitté and licensed under a " "Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 2.0 license. It was downloaded from " @@ -21906,49 +21908,49 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15884 +#: freeculture.xml:15885 msgid "Classifications:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15888 +#: freeculture.xml:15889 msgid "(Dewey) 306.4, 306.40973, 306.46, 341.7582, 343.7309/9" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15897 +#: freeculture.xml:15898 msgid "(UDK) 347.78" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15901 +#: freeculture.xml:15902 msgid "(US Library of Congress) KF2979.L47 2004" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15905 +#: freeculture.xml:15906 msgid "(ACM CRCS) K.4.1" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15909 +#: freeculture.xml:15910 msgid "Thomas Gramstad Forlag donated the ISBN numbers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15913 +#: freeculture.xml:15914 msgid "" "Printing was sponsed by NUUG Foundation, <ulink " "url=\"http://www.nuugfoundation.no/\"/>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15918 +#: freeculture.xml:15919 msgid "Includes index." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15925 +#: freeculture.xml:15926 msgid "" "The Docbook source is available from <ulink " "url=\"https://github.com/petterreinholdtsen/free-culture-lessig\"/>. Please " @@ -21956,64 +21958,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Attribute 'fileref' of: <book><colophon><para><informalfigure><graphic> -#: freeculture.xml:15932 +#: freeculture.xml:15933 msgid "images/cc.svg" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15944 +#: freeculture.xml:15945 msgid "" "This book is a proof reading draft. Please visit the github URL above to " "get the latest version." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15953 +#: freeculture.xml:15954 msgid "Format / MIME-type" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15954 +#: freeculture.xml:15955 msgid "ISBN" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15959 +#: freeculture.xml:15960 msgid "US Trade edition from lulu.com" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15960 +#: freeculture.xml:15961 msgid "978-82-8067-010-6" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15963 +#: freeculture.xml:15964 msgid "application/pdf" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15964 +#: freeculture.xml:15965 msgid "978-82-8067-011-3" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15967 +#: freeculture.xml:15968 msgid "application/epub+zip" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15968 +#: freeculture.xml:15969 msgid "978-82-8067-012-0" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15971 +#: freeculture.xml:15972 msgid "application/x-mobipocket-ebook" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><colophon><para><informaltable><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:15972 +#: freeculture.xml:15973 msgid "978-82-8067-013-7" msgstr ""