From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 11 Aug 2012 07:46:44 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Clean up more. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1675 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/606bbabca1c24477559f5f705ace49dbd12e4379 Clean up more. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 0a8e0e8..5f7e4e4 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7667,17 +7667,6 @@ msgstr "" "kan fÃ¥." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a " -#| "bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " -#| "property. Indeed, the very idea of property in any idea or any " -#| "expression is very odd. I understand what I am taking when I take the " -#| "picnic table you put in your backyard. I am taking a thing, the picnic " -#| "table, and after I take it, you don't have it. But what am I taking when " -#| "I take the good idea you had to put a picnic table " -#| "in the backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, " -#| "and putting it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a property " "right is a bit misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of " @@ -7689,7 +7678,7 @@ msgid "" "backyard—by, for example, going to Sears, buying a table, and putting " "it in my backyard? What is the thing I am taking then?" msgstr "" -"Men i vanlig sprÃ¥k er det Ã¥ kalle opphavsrett for en \"eiendoms\"-rett litt " +"Men i vanlig sprÃ¥k er det Ã¥ kalle opphavsrett for en eiendoms-rett litt " "misvisende, for eindommen i opphavsretten er en merkelig type eiendom. " "Selve ideen om eienrettigheter til en ide eller et uttrykk er nemlig veldig " "merkelig. Jeg forstÃ¥r hva jeg tar nÃ¥r jeg tar en picnic-bord som du " @@ -7795,17 +7784,6 @@ msgid "Henry V" msgstr "Henry V" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in " -#| "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major " -#| "play that Shakespeare had written. He would continue to write plays " -#| "through 1613, and the plays that he wrote have continued to define Anglo-" -#| "American culture ever since. So deeply have the works of a sixteenth-" -#| "century writer seeped into our culture that we often don't even recognize " -#| "their source. I once overheard someone commenting on Kenneth Branagh's " -#| "adaptation of Henry V: \"I liked it, but Shakespeare is so full of " -#| "clichés.\"" msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. " "The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that " @@ -7822,21 +7800,11 @@ msgstr "" "og stykkene han skrevhar fortsatt Ã¥ definere angloamerikansk kultur siden. " "SÃ¥ dypt har verkene av en 1500-talls forfatter sunket inn i vÃ¥r kultur at vi " "ofte ikke engang kjenner kilden. Jeg overhørte en gang noen som kommentere " -"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: \"Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ " -"full av klisjeer.\"" +"Kenneth Branaghs utgave av Henry V: Jeg likte det, men Shakespeare er sÃ¥ " +"full av klisjeer." #. f1 #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " -#| "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " -#| "handsome \"definitive editions\" of classic works. In addition to " -#| "Romeo and Juliet, he published an astonishing " -#| "array of works that still remain at the heart of the English canon, " -#| "including collected works of Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, and " -#| "John Dryden. See Keith Walker, \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" " -#| "American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -7848,11 +7816,11 @@ msgid "" "American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424–31." msgstr "" "Jacob Tonson er vanligvis husket for sin omgang med 1700-tallets litterære " -"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekke\"ferdige versjoner\" av " +"storheter, spesielt John Dryden, og for hans kjekkeferdige versjoner av " "klassiske verk. I tillegg til Romeo og Julie, utga " "han en utrolig rekke liste av verk som ennÃ¥ er hjertet av den engelske " "kanon, inkludert de samlede verk av Shakespeare, Ben Jonson, John Milton, og " -"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: \"Jacob Tonson, Bookseller,\" " +"John Dryden. Se Keith Walker: Jacob Tonson, Bookseller, " "American Scholar 61:3 (1992): 424-­31." #. f2 @@ -7866,19 +7834,6 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet " -#| "was written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to " -#| "be the exclusive right of a single London publisher, Jacob Tonson." -#| " Tonson was the most prominent " -#| "of a small group of publishers called the Conger who controlled bookselling in England during the " -#| "eighteenth century. The Conger claimed a perpetual right to control the " -#| "\"copy\" of books that they had acquired from authors. That perpetual " -#| "right meant that no one else could publish copies of a book to which they " -#| "held the copyright. Prices of the classics were thus kept high; " -#| "competition to produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was " "written, the copy-right for the work was still thought by " @@ -7893,44 +7848,27 @@ msgid "" "produce better or cheaper editions was eliminated." msgstr "" "I 1774, nesten 180 Ã¥r etter at Romeo og Julie ble " -"skrevet, mente mange at \"opphavsretten\" kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i " +"skrevet, mente mange at opphavsretten kun tilhørte én eneste utgiver i " "London, John Tonson. Tonson var " -"den mest fremstÃ¥ende av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt \"the Conger" -"\", som kontrollerte boksalget i " +"den mest fremstÃ¥ende av en liten gruppe utgivere kalt the Conger" +", som kontrollerte boksalget i " "England gjennom hele 1700-tallet. The Conger hevdet at de hadde en " -"evigvarende rett over \"kopier\" av bøker de hadde fÃ¥tt av forfatterne. " +"evigvarende rett over kopier av bøker de hadde fÃ¥tt av forfatterne. " "Denne evigvarende retten innebar at ingen andre kunne publisere kopier av " "disse bøkene. Slik ble prisen pÃ¥ klassiske bøker holdt oppe; alle " "konkurrenter som lagde bedre eller billigere utgaver, ble fjernet." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " -#| "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and " -#| "Copywrongs, 40. " msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "copyright law. See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and " "Copywrongs, 40. " msgstr "" "Som Siva Vaidhyanathan sÃ¥ pent argumenterer, er det feilaktige Ã¥ kalle dette " -"en \"opphavsrettslov.\" Se Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and " +"en opphavsrettslov. Se Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and " "Copywrongs, 40. " #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " -#| "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " -#| "copyright is 1710, the year that the British Parliament adopted the first " -#| "\"copyright\" act. Known as the Statute of Anne, the act stated that all " -#| "published works would get a copyright term of fourteen years, renewable " -#| "once if the author was alive, and that all works already published by " -#| "1710 would get a single term of twenty-one additional years. Under this law, Romeo and Juliet should have been free in 1731. So why was there any issue " -#| "about it still being under Tonson's control in 1774?" msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -7946,7 +7884,7 @@ msgstr "" "Men altsÃ¥, det er noe spennende med Ã¥ret 1774 for alle som vet litt om " "opphavsretts-lovgivning. Det mest kjente Ã¥ret for opphavsrett er 1710, da " "det britiske parlamentet vedtok den første loven. Denne loven er kjent som " -"\"Statute of Anne\" og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i " +"Statute of Anne og sa at alle publiserte verk skulle være beskyttet i " "fjorten Ã¥r, en periode som kunne fornyes én gang dersom forfatteren ennÃ¥ " "levde, og at alle verk publisert i eller før 1710 skulle ha en ekstraperiode " "pÃ¥ 22 tillegsÃ¥r. PÃ¥ grunn av denne " @@ -7958,17 +7896,6 @@ msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " -#| "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute " -#| "of Anne, there was no other legislation governing copyrights. The last " -#| "law regulating publishers, the Licensing Act of 1662, had expired in " -#| "1695. That law gave publishers a monopoly over publishing, as a way to " -#| "make it easier for the Crown to control what was published. But after it " -#| "expired, there was no positive law that said that the publishers, or " -#| "\"Stationers,\" had an exclusive right to print books. " msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a copyright was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the " @@ -7982,7 +7909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Årsaken var ganske enkelt at engelskmennene ennÃ¥ ikke hadde bestemt hva " "opphavsrett innebar -- faktisk hadde ingen i verden det. PÃ¥ den tiden da " -"engelskmennene vedtok \"Statute of Anne\", var det ingen annen lovgivning om " +"engelskmennene vedtok Statute of Anne, var det ingen annen lovgivning om " "opphavsrett. Den siste loven som regulerte utgivere var lisensieringsloven " "av 1662, utløpt i 1695. At loven ga utgiverne monopol over publiseringen, " "noe som gjorde det enklere for kronen Ã¥ kontrollere hva ble publisert. Men " @@ -7991,18 +7918,6 @@ msgstr "" "\"0\"/>" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that " -#| "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the " -#| "words of legislatures and the words of judges to know the rules that are " -#| "to govern how people are to behave. We call the words from legislatures " -#| "\"positive law.\" We call the words from judges \"common law.\" The " -#| "common law sets the background against which legislatures legislate; the " -#| "legislature, ordinarily, can trump that background only if it passes a " -#| "law to displace it. And so the real question after the licensing statutes " -#| "had expired was whether the common law protected a copyright, independent " -#| "of any positive law." msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -8020,7 +7935,7 @@ msgstr "" "til lover skapt av politikere (det lovgivende statsorgen)og til lover " "(prejudikater) skapt av domstolene for Ã¥ bestemme hvordan folket skal leve. " "Vi kaller politikernes lover for positiv lov og vi kaller lovene fra " -"dommerne sedvanerett.\"Common law\" angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes " +"dommerne sedvanerett.Common law angir bakgrunnen for de lovgivendes " "lovgivning; retten til lovgiving, vanligvis kan trumfe at bakgrunnen bare " "hvis det gÃ¥r gjennom en lov til Ã¥ forskyve den. Og sÃ¥ var det virkelige " "spørsmÃ¥let etter lisensiering lover hadde utløpt om felles lov beskyttet " @@ -8028,15 +7943,6 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as " -#| "they were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " -#| "publishers. The Scottish, in particular, were increasingly publishing and " -#| "exporting books to England. That competition reduced the profits of the " -#| "Conger, which reacted by demanding that Parliament pass a law to again " -#| "give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately " -#| "resulted in the Statute of Anne." msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or booksellers, as they were called, because there was growing competition from " @@ -8046,23 +7952,15 @@ msgid "" "to again give them exclusive control over publishing. That demand ultimately " "resulted in the Statute of Anne." msgstr "" -"Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig for utgiverne eller \"bokselgere,\" som de ble " +"Dette spørsmÃ¥let var viktig for utgiverne eller bokselgere, som de ble " "kalt, fordi det var økende konkurranse fra utenlandske utgivere, Særlig fra " "Skottland hvor publiseringen og eksporten av bøker til England hadde økt " -"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til \"The Conger\", som " +"veldig. Denne konkurransen reduserte fortjenesten til The Conger, som " "derfor krevde at parlamentet igjen skulle vedta en lov for Ã¥ gi dem " -"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i \"Statute of " -"Anne\"." +"eksklusiv kontroll over publisering. Dette kravet resulterte i Statute of " +"Anne." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " -#| "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, " -#| "and to the horror of the booksellers, the law gave the bookseller that " -#| "right for a limited term. At the end of that term, the copyright " -#| "\"expired,\" and the work would then be free and could be published by " -#| "anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed." msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or proprietor of a " "book an exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, " @@ -8071,7 +7969,7 @@ msgid "" "expired, and the work would then be free and could be " "published by anyone. Or so the legislature is thought to have believed." msgstr "" -"\"Statute of Anne\" ga forfatteren eller \"eieren\" av en bok en eksklusiv " +"Statute of Anne ga forfatteren eller eieren av en bok en eksklusiv " "rett til Ã¥ publisere denne boken. Men det var, til bokhandernes forferdelse " "en viktig begrensning, nemlig hvor lenge denne retten skulle vare. Etter " "dette gikk trykkeretten bort og verket falt i det fri og kunne trykkes av " @@ -8089,17 +7987,6 @@ msgstr "" "men hvorfor ville de begrense retten i det hele tatt?" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " -#| "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: " -#| "That play was written by Shakespeare. It was his genius that brought it " -#| "into the world. He didn't take anybody's property when he created this " -#| "play (that's a controversial claim, but never mind), and by his creating " -#| "this play, he didn't make it any harder for others to craft a play. So " -#| "why is it that the law would ever allow someone else to come along and " -#| "take Shakespeare's play without his, or his estate's, permission? What " -#| "reason is there to allow someone else to \"steal\" Shakespeare's work?" msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: " @@ -8119,14 +8006,9 @@ msgstr "" "han verket, han gjorde det ikke noe vanskeligere for andre til Ã¥ lage " "skuespill. SÃ¥ hvorfor skulle loven tillate at noen annen kunne komme og ta " "Shakespeares verkuten hans, eller hans arvingers, tillatelse? Hvilke grunner " -"finnes for Ã¥ tillate at noen \"stjeler\" Shakespeares verk?" +"finnes for Ã¥ tillate at noen stjeler Shakespeares verk?" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special " -#| "about the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute " -#| "of Anne. Second, we have to see something important about \"booksellers.\"" msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of copyright that existed at the time of the " @@ -8134,24 +8016,11 @@ msgid "" "booksellers." msgstr "" "Svaret er todel. Først mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med oppfatningen av " -"opphavsrett som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet da \"Statute of Anne\" ble vedtatt. " +"opphavsrett som fantes pÃ¥ tidspunktet da Statute of Anne ble vedtatt. " "Deretter mÃ¥ vi se pÃ¥ noe spesielt med bokhandlerne." #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " -#| "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it " -#| "wasn't so much a concept as it was a very particular right. The copyright " -#| "was born as a very specific set of restrictions: It forbade others from " -#| "reprinting a book. In 1710, the \"copy-right\" was a right to use a " -#| "particular machine to replicate a particular work. It did not go beyond " -#| "that very narrow right. It did not control any more generally how a work " -#| "could be used. Today the right includes a large " -#| "collection of restrictions on the freedom of others: It grants the author " -#| "the exclusive right to copy, the exclusive right to distribute, the " -#| "exclusive right to perform, and so on." msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of copyright ever more broadly. But in " @@ -8166,10 +8035,10 @@ msgid "" "exclusive right to perform, and so on." msgstr "" "Først om opphavsretten. I de siste tre hundre Ã¥r har vi kommet til Ã¥ bruke " -"begrepet \"copyright\" i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke sÃ¥ " +"begrepet copyright i stadig videre forstand. Men i 1710 var det ikke sÃ¥ " "mye et konsept som det var en bestemt rett. Opphavsretten ble født som et " "svært spesifikt sett med begrensninger: den forbød andre Ã¥ reprodusere en " -"bok. I 1710 var \"kopi-rett\" en rett til Ã¥ bruke en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ " +"bok. I 1710 var kopi-rett en rett til Ã¥ bruke en bestemt maskin til Ã¥ " "replikere en bestemt arbeid. Den gikk ikke utover dette svært smale " "formÃ¥let. Den kontrollerte ikke mer generelt hvordan et verk kunne " "brukes. Idag inkluderer retten en stor samling av " @@ -8178,16 +8047,6 @@ msgstr "" "sÃ¥ videre." #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " -#| "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the " -#| "term was that no one could reprint Shakespeare's work without the " -#| "permission of the Shakespeare estate. It would not have controlled " -#| "anything, for example, about how the work could be performed, whether the " -#| "work could be translated, or whether Kenneth Branagh would be allowed to " -#| "make his films. The \"copy-right\" was only an exclusive right to " -#| "print—no less, of course, but also no more." msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -8203,7 +8062,7 @@ msgstr "" "trykke Shakespeares arbeid uten tillatelse fra Shakespeares arvinger. Den " "ville ikke ha kontrollert noe mer, for eksempel om hvordan verket kunne " "fremføres, om verket kunne oversettes eller om Kenneth Branagh ville hatt " -"lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. \"Kopi-retten\" var bare en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " +"lov til Ã¥ lage filmer. Kopi-retten var bare en eksklusiv rett til Ã¥ " "trykke--ikke noe mindre, selvfølgelig, men heller ikke mer." #. type: Content of: @@ -8211,18 +8070,6 @@ msgid "Henry VIII, King of England" msgstr "Henry VIII, Konge av England" #. type: Content of: -#, fuzzy -#| msgid "" -#| "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They " -#| "had had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " -#| "\"exclusive rights\" granted by the Crown. The English had fought a civil " -#| "war in part about the Crown's practice of handing out monopolies—" -#| "especially monopolies for works that already existed. King Henry VIII " -#| "granted a patent to print the Bible and a monopoly to Darcy to print " -#| "playing cards. The English Parliament began to fight back against this " -#| "power of the Crown. In 1656, it passed the Statute of Monopolies, " -#| "limiting monopolies to patents for new inventions. And by 1710, " -#| "Parliament was eager to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing." msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with exclusive rights, " @@ -8236,13 +8083,13 @@ msgid "" "to deal with the growing monopoly in publishing." msgstr "" "Selv dnne begrensede retten ble møtt med skepsis av britene. De hadde hatt " -"en lang og stygg erfaring med \"eksklusive rettigheter,\" spesielt \"enerett" -"\" gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot " +"en lang og stygg erfaring med eksklusive rettigheter, spesielt enerett" +" gitt av kronen. Engelskmennene hadde utkjempet en borgerkrig delvis mot " "kronens praksis med Ã¥ dele ut monopoler--spesielt monopoler for verk som " "allerede eksisterte. Kong Henrik VIII hadde gitt patent til Ã¥ trykke Bibelen " "og monopol til Darcy for Ã¥ lage spillkort. Det engelske parlamentet begynte " -"Ã¥ kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble \"Statute of " -"Monopolis\" vedtatt for Ã¥ begrense monopolene pÃ¥ patenter for nye " +"Ã¥ kjempe tilbake mot denne makten hos kronen. I 1656 ble Statute of " +"Monopolis vedtatt for Ã¥ begrense monopolene pÃ¥ patenter for nye " "oppfinnelser. Og i 1710 var parlamentet ivrig etter Ã¥ hÃ¥ndtere det voksende " "monopolet pÃ¥ publisering."