From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Thu, 30 Aug 2012 19:09:40 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1435 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/5f5b5ffbd2bfb4acfa09cf350da6f1cd559ff8eb?ds=sidebyside Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 505df86..98169f9 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 20:40+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 21:07+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -1681,8 +1681,8 @@ msgstr "Grunnloven i USA" msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "Første tillegg til" -#. type: Content of: -msgid "Copyright law" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "copyright law" msgstr "åndsverkslov" #. type: Content of: @@ -2227,10 +2227,6 @@ msgstr "" "aldri vært USAs teori for kreative eierrettigheter. It har aldri stått rot " "i vårt lovverk." -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "copyright law" -msgstr "Ã¥ndsverkslov" - #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" @@ -8061,7 +8057,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of: msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "Kongressen i USA" @@ -19405,23 +19401,27 @@ msgstr "" "(cinderella), noen ganger ikke (hunchback i notre dame, skatt planeten). " "disse er alle kommersielle publikasjoner av offentlige verker." -#. f1. +#. type: Content of: +msgid "pornography" +msgstr "pornografi" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" -"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " -"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " -"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " -"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " -"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " -"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " -"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " -"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " -"noncommercial speakers that the statute was found to exceed Congress's " -"power. The same point could have been made about noncommercial publishers " -"after the advent of the Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the " -"Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it at least as important to " -"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." +" There's a parallel here with " +"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " +"phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial " +"pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were not making " +"money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class didn't " +"exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of distributing " +"porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got special attention " +"in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the Communications Decency " +"Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on noncommercial speakers " +"that the statute was found to exceed Congress's power. The same point could " +"have been made about noncommercial publishers after the advent of the " +"Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the Internet were extremely " +"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of " +"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." msgstr "" "Det er en parallell her med pornografi som er litt vanskelig Ã¥ beskrive, men " "det er en sterk en. ett fenomen som Internett opprettet var en verden av " @@ -21227,6 +21227,15 @@ msgstr "" "hevdet mange tilfeller i domstol, og som hadde informert oss tidlig om en " "første endring strategi; og endelig, tidligere advokat general charles stekt." +#. type: Content of: +#, mtrans, fuzzy +msgid "constitutional powers of" +msgstr "konstitusjonelle formÃ¥let med" + +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Commerce Clause of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -21285,6 +21294,10 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "Gershwin, George" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Porgy and Bess" +msgstr "Porgy and Bess" + #. f14. #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index a32bb56..be6f499 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 20:40+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-30 21:07+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -476,12 +476,12 @@ msgid "power, concentration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:399 freeculture.xml:13326 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13322 +#: freeculture.xml:400 freeculture.xml:421 freeculture.xml:13327 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14315 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14320 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14316 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14316 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14321 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -650,12 +650,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9227 freeculture.xml:12690 freeculture.xml:13425 +#: freeculture.xml:515 freeculture.xml:528 freeculture.xml:561 freeculture.xml:581 freeculture.xml:1017 freeculture.xml:1035 freeculture.xml:1083 freeculture.xml:9227 freeculture.xml:12695 freeculture.xml:13430 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9228 freeculture.xml:12691 freeculture.xml:13426 +#: freeculture.xml:516 freeculture.xml:529 freeculture.xml:562 freeculture.xml:582 freeculture.xml:1018 freeculture.xml:1036 freeculture.xml:1084 freeculture.xml:9228 freeculture.xml:12696 freeculture.xml:13431 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1344,7 +1344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:968 freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:968 freeculture.xml:11016 freeculture.xml:11662 msgid "Constitution, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1353,9 +1353,9 @@ msgstr "" msgid "First Amendment to" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:969 freeculture.xml:1134 -msgid "Copyright law" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:969 freeculture.xml:1134 freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:1266 freeculture.xml:1610 freeculture.xml:1654 freeculture.xml:1768 freeculture.xml:3111 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:7271 freeculture.xml:7401 +msgid "copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14714 +#: freeculture.xml:971 freeculture.xml:981 freeculture.xml:14719 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1775,11 +1775,6 @@ msgid "" "property. It has never taken hold within our law." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:1266 freeculture.xml:1610 freeculture.xml:1654 freeculture.xml:1768 freeculture.xml:3111 freeculture.xml:4257 freeculture.xml:4258 freeculture.xml:7271 freeculture.xml:7401 -msgid "copyright law" -msgstr "" - #. type: Content of:
#: freeculture.xml:1241 freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "on republishing vs. transformation of original work" @@ -1930,7 +1925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1327 freeculture.xml:1544 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:1985 freeculture.xml:4501 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7197 freeculture.xml:10637 freeculture.xml:11018 +#: freeculture.xml:1327 freeculture.xml:1544 freeculture.xml:1598 freeculture.xml:1739 freeculture.xml:1985 freeculture.xml:4501 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:7197 freeculture.xml:10637 freeculture.xml:11019 msgid "Disney, Walt" msgstr "" @@ -2048,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:14780 +#: freeculture.xml:1396 freeculture.xml:1555 freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:7275 freeculture.xml:14785 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2178,17 +2173,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11016 freeculture.xml:11017 +#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11017 freeculture.xml:11018 msgid "copyright" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11017 +#: freeculture.xml:1490 freeculture.xml:11018 msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7755 freeculture.xml:12982 +#: freeculture.xml:1491 freeculture.xml:1492 freeculture.xml:7755 freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -3066,7 +3061,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14778 +#: freeculture.xml:2127 freeculture.xml:14783 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4233,12 +4228,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:5384 freeculture.xml:5433 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14679 freeculture.xml:14744 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:5384 freeculture.xml:5433 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14684 freeculture.xml:14749 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14679 freeculture.xml:14744 +#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:3318 freeculture.xml:4253 freeculture.xml:9842 freeculture.xml:9940 freeculture.xml:10109 freeculture.xml:14684 freeculture.xml:14749 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4665,7 +4660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:14375 +#: freeculture.xml:3248 freeculture.xml:14380 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4794,7 +4789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:9051 freeculture.xml:9510 freeculture.xml:12504 +#: freeculture.xml:3353 freeculture.xml:9051 freeculture.xml:9510 freeculture.xml:12509 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4867,7 +4862,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4277 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:14777 +#: freeculture.xml:3395 freeculture.xml:4277 freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:14782 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5111,12 +5106,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:3637 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:14779 +#: freeculture.xml:3557 freeculture.xml:3637 freeculture.xml:3687 freeculture.xml:14784 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:9511 freeculture.xml:10318 freeculture.xml:14170 freeculture.xml:14761 +#: freeculture.xml:3558 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:9511 freeculture.xml:10318 freeculture.xml:14175 freeculture.xml:14766 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5198,7 +5193,7 @@ msgid "agricultural patents" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3631 freeculture.xml:12788 freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13248 +#: freeculture.xml:3631 freeculture.xml:12793 freeculture.xml:13246 freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -5235,7 +5230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3926 freeculture.xml:14927 +#: freeculture.xml:3652 freeculture.xml:3926 freeculture.xml:14932 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5298,7 +5293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:14780 +#: freeculture.xml:3688 freeculture.xml:14785 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" @@ -5308,17 +5303,17 @@ msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:11592 freeculture.xml:13087 freeculture.xml:13685 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3720 freeculture.xml:11593 freeculture.xml:13092 freeculture.xml:13690 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3691 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:11594 freeculture.xml:13088 freeculture.xml:13686 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 freeculture.xml:3721 freeculture.xml:11595 freeculture.xml:13093 freeculture.xml:13691 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:3694 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:5375 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:13140 +#: freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:3694 freeculture.xml:3695 freeculture.xml:5375 freeculture.xml:7885 freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "Microsoft" msgstr "" @@ -5695,12 +5690,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:3952 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:14487 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:3952 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:14492 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:14487 freeculture.xml:14488 +#: freeculture.xml:3943 freeculture.xml:4309 freeculture.xml:8045 freeculture.xml:8074 freeculture.xml:9772 freeculture.xml:9773 freeculture.xml:14492 freeculture.xml:14493 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -5915,12 +5910,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7589 freeculture.xml:13873 freeculture.xml:14599 freeculture.xml:14600 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:4663 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6051 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:7270 freeculture.xml:7339 freeculture.xml:7373 freeculture.xml:7589 freeculture.xml:13878 freeculture.xml:14604 freeculture.xml:14605 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:14600 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 freeculture.xml:4115 freeculture.xml:6928 freeculture.xml:14605 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -5959,7 +5954,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:14599 +#: freeculture.xml:4137 freeculture.xml:5994 freeculture.xml:5999 freeculture.xml:6927 freeculture.xml:14604 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -5991,7 +5986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:4159 freeculture.xml:13878 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6112,8 +6107,8 @@ msgstr "" msgid "composers, copyright protections of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4256 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:4255 freeculture.xml:4256 freeculture.xml:11661 msgid "Congress, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -7113,7 +7108,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:15023 +#: freeculture.xml:4969 freeculture.xml:15028 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7708,7 +7703,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:5374 freeculture.xml:5434 freeculture.xml:5619 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:14390 +#: freeculture.xml:5374 freeculture.xml:5434 freeculture.xml:5619 freeculture.xml:10087 freeculture.xml:14395 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8191,7 +8186,7 @@ msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:5731 freeculture.xml:8885 freeculture.xml:11105 freeculture.xml:11350 +#: freeculture.xml:5731 freeculture.xml:8885 freeculture.xml:11106 freeculture.xml:11351 msgid "archives, digital" msgstr "" @@ -9424,12 +9419,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:14966 +#: freeculture.xml:6625 freeculture.xml:14971 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:13202 +#: freeculture.xml:6626 freeculture.xml:13207 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" @@ -10558,7 +10553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:7451 freeculture.xml:7511 freeculture.xml:13553 +#: freeculture.xml:7451 freeculture.xml:7511 freeculture.xml:13558 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -13586,7 +13581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:9748 freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:9748 freeculture.xml:11594 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" @@ -14048,7 +14043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:14760 +#: freeculture.xml:10086 freeculture.xml:14765 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -14776,23 +14771,28 @@ msgid "" "works." msgstr "" -#. f1. +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:10676 freeculture.xml:11693 +msgid "pornography" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:10676 msgid "" -"There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " -"it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " -"noncommercial pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were " -"not making money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a " -"class didn't exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of " -"distributing porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got " -"special attention in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the " -"Communications Decency Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on " -"noncommercial speakers that the statute was found to exceed Congress's " -"power. The same point could have been made about noncommercial publishers " -"after the advent of the Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the " -"Internet were extremely few. Yet one would think it at least as important to " -"protect the Eldreds of the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." +" There's a parallel here with " +"pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One " +"phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial " +"pornographers—people who were distributing porn but were not making " +"money directly or indirectly from that distribution. Such a class didn't " +"exist before the Internet came into being because the costs of distributing " +"porn were so high. Yet this new class of distributors got special attention " +"in the Supreme Court, when the Court struck down the Communications Decency " +"Act of 1996. It was partly because of the burden on noncommercial speakers " +"that the statute was found to exceed Congress's power. The same point could " +"have been made about noncommercial publishers after the advent of the " +"Internet. The Eric Eldreds of the world before the Internet were extremely " +"few. Yet one would think it at least as important to protect the Eldreds of " +"the world as to protect noncommercial pornographers." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -14811,7 +14811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10693 +#: freeculture.xml:10694 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the " @@ -14827,17 +14827,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10706 freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 freeculture.xml:10717 msgid "Bono, Mary" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10707 freeculture.xml:10717 +#: freeculture.xml:10708 freeculture.xml:10718 msgid "Bono, Sonny" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10716 +#: freeculture.xml:10717 msgid "" " The full text is: Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of " @@ -14850,7 +14850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10711 +#: freeculture.xml:10712 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -14859,7 +14859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10729 +#: freeculture.xml:10730 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -14870,7 +14870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10738 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -14880,7 +14880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:10749 +#: freeculture.xml:10750 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -14888,7 +14888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10755 +#: freeculture.xml:10756 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -14902,13 +14902,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10764 freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:10765 freeculture.xml:12255 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 223 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10766 +#: freeculture.xml:10767 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -14921,7 +14921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10777 +#: freeculture.xml:10778 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -14934,7 +14934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10788 +#: freeculture.xml:10789 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. Corruption not in the sense that representatives " @@ -14946,7 +14946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10797 +#: freeculture.xml:10798 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -14958,7 +14958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10807 +#: freeculture.xml:10808 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -14968,7 +14968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10814 +#: freeculture.xml:10815 msgid "" "Next year, the adviser announces, our copyrights in " "works A, B, and C will expire. That means that after next year, we will no " @@ -14977,7 +14977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10822 +#: freeculture.xml:10823 msgid "" "There's a proposal in Congress, however, she continues, " "that could change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to " @@ -14986,14 +14986,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10828 +#: freeculture.xml:10829 msgid "" "Hope? a fellow board member says. Can't we be doing " "something about it?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10833 msgid "" "Well, obviously, yes, the adviser responds. We could " "contribute to the campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure " @@ -15001,7 +15001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10837 +#: freeculture.xml:10838 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. How much would we get " @@ -15010,7 +15010,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10843 +#: freeculture.xml:10844 msgid "" "Well, the adviser says, if you're confident that you " "will continue to get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you " @@ -15019,14 +15019,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10849 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10853 +#: freeculture.xml:10854 msgid "" "So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than " "$1,000,000 in campaign contributions if we were confident those " @@ -15034,7 +15034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10859 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "Absolutely, the adviser responds. It is worth it to " "you to contribute up to the `present value' of the income you expect from " @@ -15043,7 +15043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10865 +#: freeculture.xml:10866 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -15055,7 +15055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10876 +#: freeculture.xml:10877 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -15064,7 +15064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10888 +#: freeculture.xml:10889 msgid "" "Associated Press, Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey " "Mouse Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years, " @@ -15073,7 +15073,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10895 +#: freeculture.xml:10896 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information " "Age, available at link " @@ -15082,7 +15082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10903 +#: freeculture.xml:10904 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars, " "Congressional Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, " @@ -15090,7 +15090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10881 +#: freeculture.xml:10882 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this theory about incentives was proved " @@ -15105,7 +15105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10910 +#: freeculture.xml:10911 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to " "the obvious. Or at least, it need not be. So when I was considering Eldred's " @@ -15120,7 +15120,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10922 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -15132,7 +15132,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10935 +#: freeculture.xml:10936 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -15142,7 +15142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10945 +#: freeculture.xml:10946 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -15152,12 +15152,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10951 freeculture.xml:11737 +#: freeculture.xml:10952 freeculture.xml:11742 msgid "Rehnquist, William H." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10953 +#: freeculture.xml:10954 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The " @@ -15173,7 +15173,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10968 +#: freeculture.xml:10969 msgid "" "United States v. Lopez, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -15181,14 +15181,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10975 +#: freeculture.xml:10976 msgid "" "United States v. Morrison, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10966 +#: freeculture.xml:10967 msgid "" "We pause to consider the implications of the government's " "arguments, the Chief Justice wrote. -#: freeculture.xml:10982 +#: freeculture.xml:10983 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -15216,7 +15216,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:10979 +#: freeculture.xml:10980 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause. -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11004 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in " "Lopez stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -15246,17 +15246,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:11016 msgid "copyright purpose established in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11016 +#: freeculture.xml:11017 msgid "constitutional purpose of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11020 +#: freeculture.xml:11021 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure " "we understand what the argument in Eldred was not " @@ -15276,13 +15276,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11037 +#: freeculture.xml:11038 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11046 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " @@ -15291,7 +15291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11039 +#: freeculture.xml:11040 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -15303,7 +15303,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11055 +#: freeculture.xml:11056 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -15315,7 +15315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11067 +#: freeculture.xml:11068 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are " "responsible for terms being extended. Mickey Mouse and Rhapsody in " @@ -15330,7 +15330,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11085 +#: freeculture.xml:11086 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -15340,7 +15340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11079 +#: freeculture.xml:11080 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -15352,7 +15352,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11094 +#: freeculture.xml:11095 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -15363,7 +15363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11107 +#: freeculture.xml:11108 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -15374,14 +15374,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -15389,7 +15389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11126 +#: freeculture.xml:11127 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -15399,7 +15399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11135 +#: freeculture.xml:11136 msgid "" "But there isn't a list of who owns property generally, the " "apologists for the system respond. Why should there be a list of " @@ -15407,7 +15407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11140 +#: freeculture.xml:11141 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -15419,7 +15419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11149 +#: freeculture.xml:11150 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -15433,7 +15433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11164 +#: freeculture.xml:11165 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -15447,7 +15447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11176 +#: freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -15455,28 +15455,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11181 +#: freeculture.xml:11182 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11182 freeculture.xml:11617 +#: freeculture.xml:11183 freeculture.xml:11618 msgid "Hal Roach Studios" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11183 +#: freeculture.xml:11184 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11184 +#: freeculture.xml:11185 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11197 +#: freeculture.xml:11198 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright " "Law, Los Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David " @@ -15486,7 +15486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11186 +#: freeculture.xml:11187 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -15501,7 +15501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11204 +#: freeculture.xml:11205 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -15511,7 +15511,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11210 +#: freeculture.xml:11211 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -15523,7 +15523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11228 +#: freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred " @@ -15535,7 +15535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11221 +#: freeculture.xml:11222 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -15546,7 +15546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11238 +#: freeculture.xml:11239 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -15556,7 +15556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11246 +#: freeculture.xml:11247 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -15567,7 +15567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11254 +#: freeculture.xml:11255 msgid "" "But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up? Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -15582,7 +15582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11265 +#: freeculture.xml:11266 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -15592,7 +15592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11276 +#: freeculture.xml:11277 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -15601,7 +15601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11284 +#: freeculture.xml:11285 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by " "humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has continuing commercial value. For that " @@ -15612,7 +15612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11292 +#: freeculture.xml:11293 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -15623,7 +15623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11302 +#: freeculture.xml:11303 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -15637,7 +15637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11315 +#: freeculture.xml:11316 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -15645,7 +15645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11322 +#: freeculture.xml:11323 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -15658,7 +15658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11333 +#: freeculture.xml:11334 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -15669,7 +15669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11342 +#: freeculture.xml:11343 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -15678,12 +15678,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11348 +#: freeculture.xml:11349 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11352 +#: freeculture.xml:11353 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -15698,7 +15698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11365 +#: freeculture.xml:11366 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -15711,7 +15711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11375 +#: freeculture.xml:11376 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -15725,7 +15725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11386 +#: freeculture.xml:11387 msgid "" "You may well ask, But if digital technologies lower the costs for " "Brewster Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So " @@ -15734,7 +15734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11392 +#: freeculture.xml:11393 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -15749,7 +15749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11416 +#: freeculture.xml:11417 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory, " "20 December 2002, available at -#: freeculture.xml:11404 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -15771,7 +15771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11423 +#: freeculture.xml:11424 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on " "Eric Eldred's behalf in federal district court in Washington, D.C., asking " @@ -15783,7 +15783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11432 +#: freeculture.xml:11433 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -15793,7 +15793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11439 +#: freeculture.xml:11440 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for limited Times only. His argument was as elegant as it " @@ -15807,7 +15807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11450 +#: freeculture.xml:11451 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -15816,13 +15816,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11455 +#: freeculture.xml:11456 msgid "Tatel, David" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11457 +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -15832,7 +15832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11466 +#: freeculture.xml:11467 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -15842,7 +15842,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:11474 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -15850,7 +15850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11479 +#: freeculture.xml:11480 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these " "words. It is still astonishingly hard. If you know anything at all about " @@ -15863,7 +15863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11490 +#: freeculture.xml:11491 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -15871,13 +15871,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11495 freeculture.xml:11509 +#: freeculture.xml:11496 freeculture.xml:11510 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11497 +#: freeculture.xml:11498 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it " "became obvious only at the very end. Our case had been supported from the " @@ -15889,17 +15889,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11507 freeculture.xml:11866 freeculture.xml:11882 freeculture.xml:11979 freeculture.xml:12199 freeculture.xml:12230 freeculture.xml:12328 +#: freeculture.xml:11508 freeculture.xml:11871 freeculture.xml:11887 freeculture.xml:11984 freeculture.xml:12204 freeculture.xml:12235 freeculture.xml:12333 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11508 +#: freeculture.xml:11509 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11511 +#: freeculture.xml:11512 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -15912,7 +15912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11521 +#: freeculture.xml:11522 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -15934,7 +15934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11542 +#: freeculture.xml:11543 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -15945,7 +15945,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11550 +#: freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -15964,17 +15964,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11568 freeculture.xml:11595 +#: freeculture.xml:11569 freeculture.xml:11596 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11570 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11571 +#: freeculture.xml:11572 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -15991,7 +15991,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11585 +#: freeculture.xml:11586 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -16002,7 +16002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11597 +#: freeculture.xml:11598 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -16015,17 +16015,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11609 +#: freeculture.xml:11610 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11610 +#: freeculture.xml:11611 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11612 +#: freeculture.xml:11613 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -16034,7 +16034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11619 +#: freeculture.xml:11620 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -16043,32 +16043,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11625 +#: freeculture.xml:11626 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11626 +#: freeculture.xml:11627 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11627 +#: freeculture.xml:11628 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11630 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11631 +#: freeculture.xml:11632 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -16082,28 +16082,28 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11641 freeculture.xml:11659 freeculture.xml:11868 freeculture.xml:12231 +#: freeculture.xml:11642 freeculture.xml:11660 freeculture.xml:11873 freeculture.xml:12236 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11642 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "Morrison, Alan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11643 +#: freeculture.xml:11644 msgid "Public Citizen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11644 freeculture.xml:11867 freeculture.xml:12987 +#: freeculture.xml:11645 freeculture.xml:11872 freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "Reagan, Ronald" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 240 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11646 +#: freeculture.xml:11647 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -16116,8 +16116,18 @@ msgid "" "Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:11661 +msgid "constitutional powers of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11662 +msgid "Commerce Clause of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11664 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -16131,7 +16141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11673 +#: freeculture.xml:11676 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these friends included " @@ -16141,7 +16151,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11680 +#: freeculture.xml:11683 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -16152,13 +16162,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11688 +#: freeculture.xml:11691 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:11692 +msgid "Porgy and Bess" +msgstr "" + #. f14. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11697 +#: freeculture.xml:11702 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred " "v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -16166,7 +16181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11705 +#: freeculture.xml:11710 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse " "Joins the Fray, New York Times, 28 March " @@ -16175,7 +16190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 241 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11690 +#: freeculture.xml:11695 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -16192,7 +16207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11714 +#: freeculture.xml:11719 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -16207,7 +16222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11726 +#: freeculture.xml:11731 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -16217,7 +16232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11733 +#: freeculture.xml:11738 msgid "" "Between February and October, there was " "little I did beyond preparing for this case. Early on, as I said, I set the " @@ -16225,12 +16240,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11738 freeculture.xml:11924 +#: freeculture.xml:11743 freeculture.xml:11929 msgid "O'Connor, Sandra Day" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11740 +#: freeculture.xml:11745 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "the Conservatives. The other we called the " @@ -16243,18 +16258,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11749 freeculture.xml:11774 freeculture.xml:12126 freeculture.xml:12138 +#: freeculture.xml:11754 freeculture.xml:11779 freeculture.xml:12131 freeculture.xml:12143 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11750 freeculture.xml:12090 +#: freeculture.xml:11755 freeculture.xml:12095 msgid "Ginsburg, Ruth Bader" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11752 +#: freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -16267,7 +16282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11764 +#: freeculture.xml:11769 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -16280,7 +16295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11776 +#: freeculture.xml:11781 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -16290,7 +16305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11785 +#: freeculture.xml:11790 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -16301,7 +16316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11793 +#: freeculture.xml:11798 msgid "" "This analysis of the Rest showed most clearly where our focus " "had to be: on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open " @@ -16314,7 +16329,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11803 +#: freeculture.xml:11808 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -16329,7 +16344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11817 +#: freeculture.xml:11822 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side " "came down to this: Congress has done it before. It should be allowed to do " @@ -16339,7 +16354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11825 +#: freeculture.xml:11830 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in 1831 and in 1909. And of " @@ -16348,7 +16363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11832 +#: freeculture.xml:11837 msgid "" "But this consistency should be kept in perspective. Congress " "extended existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It " @@ -16363,7 +16378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11847 +#: freeculture.xml:11852 msgid "" "Oral argument was scheduled for the first " "week in October. I arrived in D.C. two weeks before the argument. During " @@ -16373,7 +16388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11857 +#: freeculture.xml:11862 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -16384,7 +16399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11870 +#: freeculture.xml:11875 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -16393,7 +16408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11876 +#: freeculture.xml:11881 msgid "" "I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -16403,7 +16418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11884 +#: freeculture.xml:11889 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -16417,7 +16432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11894 +#: freeculture.xml:11899 msgid "" "The night before the argument, a line of " "people began to form in front of the Supreme Court. The case had become a " @@ -16427,7 +16442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11904 +#: freeculture.xml:11909 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -16443,7 +16458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11919 +#: freeculture.xml:11924 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -16452,14 +16467,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11926 +#: freeculture.xml:11931 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11931 +#: freeculture.xml:11936 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -16468,7 +16483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11938 +#: freeculture.xml:11943 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede that this flies directly in the face " "of what the framers had in mind. But my response again and again was " @@ -16477,7 +16492,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11944 +#: freeculture.xml:11949 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -16485,14 +16500,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11952 +#: freeculture.xml:11957 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11958 +#: freeculture.xml:11963 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -16502,14 +16517,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11966 +#: freeculture.xml:11971 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:11972 +#: freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -16519,7 +16534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11981 +#: freeculture.xml:11986 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -16529,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11988 +#: freeculture.xml:11993 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez " @@ -16538,21 +16553,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:11998 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12000 +#: freeculture.xml:12005 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12004 +#: freeculture.xml:12009 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -16561,12 +16576,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12012 +#: freeculture.xml:12017 msgid "Olson, Theodore B." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12014 +#: freeculture.xml:12019 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -16574,7 +16589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12020 +#: freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -16583,7 +16598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12028 +#: freeculture.xml:12033 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -16599,7 +16614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12041 +#: freeculture.xml:12046 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew " "there were a hundred points I wished I could remake. There were a hundred " @@ -16608,7 +16623,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12050 +#: freeculture.xml:12055 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -16625,7 +16640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12065 +#: freeculture.xml:12070 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was " "five minutes late to the office and missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the " @@ -16636,7 +16651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12073 +#: freeculture.xml:12078 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -16644,7 +16659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12078 +#: freeculture.xml:12083 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against reasoning. And here was the last " @@ -16652,7 +16667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -16663,7 +16678,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12094 +#: freeculture.xml:12099 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -16671,7 +16686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12099 +#: freeculture.xml:12104 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too " @@ -16680,7 +16695,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12105 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -16694,7 +16709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -16707,7 +16722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12128 +#: freeculture.xml:12133 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -16722,7 +16737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12141 +#: freeculture.xml:12146 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -16736,7 +16751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12152 +#: freeculture.xml:12157 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was " @@ -16747,7 +16762,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12159 +#: freeculture.xml:12164 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is " "a sign of health when depression gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, " @@ -16755,12 +16770,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12164 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "originalism" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12166 +#: freeculture.xml:12171 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five Conservatives. It would have " "been one thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -16778,7 +16793,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12179 +#: freeculture.xml:12184 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -16793,7 +16808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12199 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -16801,7 +16816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12201 +#: freeculture.xml:12206 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -16816,7 +16831,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12212 +#: freeculture.xml:12217 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -16835,7 +16850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12233 +#: freeculture.xml:12238 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -16843,7 +16858,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12238 +#: freeculture.xml:12243 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -16852,7 +16867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12244 +#: freeculture.xml:12249 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -16862,7 +16877,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12252 +#: freeculture.xml:12257 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -16872,7 +16887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12259 +#: freeculture.xml:12264 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -16885,7 +16900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12273 msgid "" "While the reaction to the Sonny Bono Act " "itself was almost unanimously negative, the reaction to the Court's decision " @@ -16899,7 +16914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12283 +#: freeculture.xml:12288 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -16910,12 +16925,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12302 +#: freeculture.xml:12302 freeculture.xml:12307 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:12292 +#: freeculture.xml:12297 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -16926,19 +16941,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:12300 +#: freeculture.xml:12305 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:12301 +#: freeculture.xml:12306 msgid "" "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " "type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12305 +#: freeculture.xml:12310 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That <quote>grand " @@ -16951,12 +16966,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12316 +#: freeculture.xml:12321 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12318 +#: freeculture.xml:12323 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>The day</emphasis> <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was " "decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The " @@ -16969,7 +16984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12330 +#: freeculture.xml:12335 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -16983,7 +16998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12340 +#: freeculture.xml:12345 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -16993,7 +17008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12348 +#: freeculture.xml:12353 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -17001,7 +17016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12353 +#: freeculture.xml:12358 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the <quote>Public Domain Enhancement Act</quote> or the <quote>Copyright " @@ -17013,12 +17028,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12361 freeculture.xml:12562 +#: freeculture.xml:12366 freeculture.xml:12567 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12363 +#: freeculture.xml:12368 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -17032,7 +17047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12375 +#: freeculture.xml:12380 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -17045,22 +17060,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12385 +#: freeculture.xml:12390 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12386 freeculture.xml:12427 +#: freeculture.xml:12391 freeculture.xml:12432 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12394 +#: freeculture.xml:12399 msgid "German copyright law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12394 +#: freeculture.xml:12399 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the " "Berne Convention, national copyright legislation sometimes made protection " @@ -17083,7 +17098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12389 +#: freeculture.xml:12394 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -17098,7 +17113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12421 +#: freeculture.xml:12426 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -17108,7 +17123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12429 +#: freeculture.xml:12434 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -17121,7 +17136,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12439 +#: freeculture.xml:12444 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -17132,7 +17147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12447 +#: freeculture.xml:12452 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -17143,7 +17158,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12455 +#: freeculture.xml:12460 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -17155,7 +17170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12467 +#: freeculture.xml:12472 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -17166,7 +17181,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12481 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -17184,7 +17199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12492 +#: freeculture.xml:12497 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -17199,7 +17214,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12507 +#: freeculture.xml:12512 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't " @@ -17212,7 +17227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12517 +#: freeculture.xml:12522 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -17224,7 +17239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 +#: freeculture.xml:12531 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -17234,7 +17249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12533 +#: freeculture.xml:12538 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -17244,7 +17259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12540 +#: freeculture.xml:12545 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -17253,7 +17268,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12546 +#: freeculture.xml:12551 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -17271,7 +17286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12564 +#: freeculture.xml:12569 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>When Steve Forbes</emphasis> endorsed the idea, some " "in Washington began to pay attention. Many people contacted me pointing to " @@ -17281,12 +17296,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12570 +#: freeculture.xml:12575 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12572 +#: freeculture.xml:12577 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -17297,7 +17312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12581 +#: freeculture.xml:12586 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -17309,7 +17324,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12589 +#: freeculture.xml:12594 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had <quote>firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill</quote>—that copyrights be renewed. That " @@ -17331,7 +17346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12610 +#: freeculture.xml:12615 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -17342,7 +17357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12618 +#: freeculture.xml:12623 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At the beginning</emphasis> of this book, I told two " "stories about the law reacting to changes in technology. In the one, common " @@ -17355,7 +17370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12628 +#: freeculture.xml:12633 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -17365,7 +17380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12637 +#: freeculture.xml:12642 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -17379,12 +17394,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12647 +#: freeculture.xml:12652 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12649 +#: freeculture.xml:12654 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -17397,12 +17412,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12659 +#: freeculture.xml:12664 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12662 +#: freeculture.xml:12667 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -17415,7 +17430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12673 +#: freeculture.xml:12678 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -17426,7 +17441,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12681 +#: freeculture.xml:12686 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -17437,7 +17452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12693 +#: freeculture.xml:12698 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -17447,7 +17462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12700 +#: freeculture.xml:12705 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "<quote>property</quote> in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, " @@ -17459,27 +17474,27 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12712 +#: freeculture.xml:12717 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12713 +#: freeculture.xml:12718 msgid "antiretroviral drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12714 +#: freeculture.xml:12719 msgid "HIV/AIDS therapies" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12715 +#: freeculture.xml:12720 msgid "Africa, medications for HIV patients in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12717 +#: freeculture.xml:12722 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are more</emphasis> than 35 million people " "with the AIDS virus worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in " @@ -17489,7 +17504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12724 +#: freeculture.xml:12729 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -17500,7 +17515,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12739 +#: freeculture.xml:12744 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, <quote>Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy</quote> (London, 2002), " @@ -17511,7 +17526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12732 +#: freeculture.xml:12737 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -17524,7 +17539,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12750 +#: freeculture.xml:12755 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -17535,7 +17550,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12758 +#: freeculture.xml:12763 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -17548,7 +17563,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12769 +#: freeculture.xml:12774 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -17558,12 +17573,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12787 freeculture.xml:13242 +#: freeculture.xml:12792 freeculture.xml:13247 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12785 +#: freeculture.xml:12790 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -17572,7 +17587,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12776 +#: freeculture.xml:12781 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -17585,7 +17600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12798 +#: freeculture.xml:12803 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17600,7 +17615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12825 +#: freeculture.xml:12830 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -17609,7 +17624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12792 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -17632,7 +17647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12831 +#: freeculture.xml:12836 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -17644,7 +17659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12841 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -17655,7 +17670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12849 +#: freeculture.xml:12854 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -17669,7 +17684,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12864 +#: freeculture.xml:12869 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, <quote>New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's " "Needs at Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,</quote> <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -17687,7 +17702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12858 +#: freeculture.xml:12863 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -17699,7 +17714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12885 +#: freeculture.xml:12890 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -17712,7 +17727,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12895 +#: freeculture.xml:12900 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -17723,7 +17738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12903 +#: freeculture.xml:12908 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -17735,7 +17750,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12911 +#: freeculture.xml:12916 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -17752,7 +17767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12926 +#: freeculture.xml:12931 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -17760,7 +17775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12932 +#: freeculture.xml:12937 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -17774,7 +17789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12944 +#: freeculture.xml:12949 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -17786,7 +17801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12955 +#: freeculture.xml:12960 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>A simple idea</emphasis> blinds us, and under the " "cover of darkness, much happens that most of us would reject if any of us " @@ -17801,7 +17816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12969 +#: freeculture.xml:12974 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -17818,38 +17833,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:12982 +#: freeculture.xml:12987 msgid "public projects in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12983 +#: freeculture.xml:12988 msgid "single nucleotied polymorphisms (SNPs)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12984 +#: freeculture.xml:12989 msgid "Wellcome Trust" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12985 +#: freeculture.xml:12990 msgid "World Wide Web" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12986 +#: freeculture.xml:12991 msgid "Global Positioning System" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12988 +#: freeculture.xml:12993 msgid "biomedical research" msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12993 +#: freeculture.xml:12998 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> " "<citetitle>Washington Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -17864,22 +17879,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13021 freeculture.xml:13712 +#: freeculture.xml:13026 freeculture.xml:13717 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13022 freeculture.xml:13089 freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13027 freeculture.xml:13094 freeculture.xml:13643 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13023 freeculture.xml:13775 +#: freeculture.xml:13028 freeculture.xml:13780 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12990 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>In August 2003</emphasis>, a fight broke out in the " "United States about a decision by the World Intellectual Property " @@ -17905,7 +17920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13027 +#: freeculture.xml:13032 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -17916,14 +17931,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13035 +#: freeculture.xml:13040 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13034 +#: freeculture.xml:13039 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -17935,7 +17950,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13045 +#: freeculture.xml:13050 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -17959,7 +17974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13069 +#: freeculture.xml:13074 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -17968,12 +17983,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13074 freeculture.xml:14758 +#: freeculture.xml:13079 freeculture.xml:14763 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13076 +#: freeculture.xml:13081 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is <quote>open source and free " @@ -17987,13 +18002,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13086 +#: freeculture.xml:13091 msgid "<quote>copyleft</quote> licenses" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13102 +#: freeculture.xml:13107 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with " @@ -18014,7 +18029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13091 +#: freeculture.xml:13096 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -18029,18 +18044,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13119 +#: freeculture.xml:13124 msgid "General Public License (GPL)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13125 msgid "GPL (General Public License)" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13127 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support <quote>open source and free " "software</quote> is not to oppose copyright. <quote>Open source and free " @@ -18058,25 +18073,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13139 +#: freeculture.xml:13144 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13140 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "WIPO meeting opposed by" msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13150 +#: freeculture.xml:13155 msgid "" "Krim, <quote>The Quiet War over Open-Source,</quote> available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:13147 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -18089,7 +18104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13161 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -18099,12 +18114,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13163 freeculture.xml:13216 +#: freeculture.xml:13168 freeculture.xml:13221 msgid "Boland, Lois" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13165 +#: freeculture.xml:13170 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -18116,12 +18131,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13175 +#: freeculture.xml:13180 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 +#: freeculture.xml:13184 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -18134,12 +18149,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13188 +#: freeculture.xml:13193 msgid "generic drugs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13190 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to " "<quote>promote</quote> intellectual property maximally? As I had been " @@ -18155,7 +18170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13204 +#: freeculture.xml:13209 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -18171,7 +18186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13218 +#: freeculture.xml:13223 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting " "<quote>which has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,</quote> " @@ -18185,7 +18200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13230 +#: freeculture.xml:13235 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called <quote>feudalism.</quote> Under " @@ -18199,14 +18214,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13247 +#: freeculture.xml:13252 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13244 +#: freeculture.xml:13249 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18217,7 +18232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:13261 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -18227,7 +18242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13263 +#: freeculture.xml:13268 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (<quote>the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should " @@ -18240,7 +18255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13275 +#: freeculture.xml:13280 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -18253,7 +18268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13286 +#: freeculture.xml:13291 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the " @@ -18265,7 +18280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13294 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -18273,7 +18288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13300 +#: freeculture.xml:13305 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to <quote>seek balance,</quote> then count me with the silly, for " @@ -18288,7 +18303,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13311 +#: freeculture.xml:13316 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -18298,17 +18313,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13319 +#: freeculture.xml:13324 msgid "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13323 +#: freeculture.xml:13328 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13325 +#: freeculture.xml:13330 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>There are moments</emphasis> of hope in this " "struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was considering relaxing " @@ -18322,7 +18337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13341 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -18332,7 +18347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13349 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -18342,7 +18357,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13351 +#: freeculture.xml:13356 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -18354,7 +18369,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13361 +#: freeculture.xml:13366 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -18364,7 +18379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13368 +#: freeculture.xml:13373 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -18375,20 +18390,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13376 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13379 +#: freeculture.xml:13384 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13385 +#: freeculture.xml:13390 msgid "" "John Borland, <quote>RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,</quote> CNET News.com, " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18407,7 +18422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13403 +#: freeculture.xml:13408 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, <quote>Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old " "Lady,</quote> mtv.com, 17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18417,7 +18432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13410 +#: freeculture.xml:13415 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, <quote>Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for " "Dylan Songs,</quote> Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18425,7 +18440,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13386 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>As I write</emphasis> these final words, the news is " "filled with stories about the RIAA lawsuits against almost three hundred " @@ -18445,38 +18460,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13427 +#: freeculture.xml:13432 msgid "BBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13428 +#: freeculture.xml:13433 msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13429 freeculture.xml:13791 +#: freeculture.xml:13434 freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13430 +#: freeculture.xml:13435 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13431 +#: freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "United Kingdom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13431 +#: freeculture.xml:13436 msgid "public creative archive in" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:13441 msgid "" "<quote>BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,</quote> BBC press " "release, 24 August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -18485,7 +18500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13445 +#: freeculture.xml:13450 msgid "" "<quote>Creative Commons and Brazil,</quote> Creative Commons Weblog, 6 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18494,7 +18509,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13433 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a <quote>Creative Archive,</quote> from which British citizens " @@ -18513,20 +18528,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13459 +#: freeculture.xml:13464 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13467 +#: freeculture.xml:13472 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>At least some</emphasis> who have read this far will " "agree with me that something must be done to change where we are " @@ -18534,7 +18549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13476 +#: freeculture.xml:13481 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -18543,7 +18558,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13482 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -18552,7 +18567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13489 +#: freeculture.xml:13494 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -18562,12 +18577,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13498 +#: freeculture.xml:13503 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13500 +#: freeculture.xml:13505 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>Common sense</emphasis> is with the copyright " "warriors because the debate so far has been framed at the extremes—as " @@ -18577,7 +18592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13507 +#: freeculture.xml:13512 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -18591,7 +18606,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13517 +#: freeculture.xml:13522 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18603,7 +18618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13529 +#: freeculture.xml:13534 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -18620,7 +18635,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13543 +#: freeculture.xml:13548 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -18631,12 +18646,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13552 +#: freeculture.xml:13557 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13555 +#: freeculture.xml:13560 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -18648,12 +18663,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13565 +#: freeculture.xml:13570 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13569 +#: freeculture.xml:13574 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -18671,17 +18686,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 +#: freeculture.xml:13589 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13585 +#: freeculture.xml:13590 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13587 +#: freeculture.xml:13592 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -18694,7 +18709,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -18707,7 +18722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13614 +#: freeculture.xml:13619 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -18722,7 +18737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13608 +#: freeculture.xml:13613 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -18736,7 +18751,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13632 +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -18748,12 +18763,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13640 +#: freeculture.xml:13645 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13647 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -18763,7 +18778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13650 +#: freeculture.xml:13655 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -18777,7 +18792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13662 +#: freeculture.xml:13667 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -18790,7 +18805,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13671 +#: freeculture.xml:13676 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -18800,12 +18815,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13679 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13681 +#: freeculture.xml:13686 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -18816,7 +18831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13689 +#: freeculture.xml:13694 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -18829,7 +18844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13700 +#: freeculture.xml:13705 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -18840,7 +18855,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13713 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -18849,7 +18864,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13714 +#: freeculture.xml:13719 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -18866,7 +18881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13730 +#: freeculture.xml:13735 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -18878,7 +18893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13744 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -18886,7 +18901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13744 +#: freeculture.xml:13749 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -18901,7 +18916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13761 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -18911,7 +18926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13764 +#: freeculture.xml:13769 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -18926,7 +18941,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:13783 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -18937,24 +18952,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13790 +#: freeculture.xml:13795 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13793 +#: freeculture.xml:13798 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13801 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13798 +#: freeculture.xml:13803 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -18968,7 +18983,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13814 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -18987,7 +19002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:13832 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19001,7 +19016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13838 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19014,13 +19029,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13848 +#: freeculture.xml:13853 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13855 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19034,7 +19049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13862 +#: freeculture.xml:13867 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19049,7 +19064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13880 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19059,7 +19074,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13882 +#: freeculture.xml:13887 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19073,7 +19088,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13899 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19081,18 +19096,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:13904 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13900 +#: freeculture.xml:13905 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13902 +#: freeculture.xml:13907 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19104,23 +19119,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#: freeculture.xml:13918 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13914 +#: freeculture.xml:13919 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13915 +#: freeculture.xml:13920 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13932 +#: freeculture.xml:13937 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19129,7 +19144,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13917 +#: freeculture.xml:13922 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19149,7 +19164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13941 +#: freeculture.xml:13946 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19164,7 +19179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13953 +#: freeculture.xml:13958 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19175,7 +19190,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13963 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19186,7 +19201,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19197,12 +19212,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13985 +#: freeculture.xml:13990 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13987 +#: freeculture.xml:13992 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19212,7 +19227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13994 +#: freeculture.xml:13999 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19221,12 +19236,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14001 +#: freeculture.xml:14006 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14008 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19236,14 +19251,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14010 +#: freeculture.xml:14015 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14015 +#: freeculture.xml:14020 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19252,12 +19267,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14021 +#: freeculture.xml:14026 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14024 +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19268,7 +19283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14033 +#: freeculture.xml:14038 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19283,7 +19298,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14047 +#: freeculture.xml:14052 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19291,7 +19306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14045 +#: freeculture.xml:14050 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19301,7 +19316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19312,12 +19327,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14067 +#: freeculture.xml:14072 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14069 +#: freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19332,7 +19347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14082 +#: freeculture.xml:14087 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19344,7 +19359,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19357,7 +19372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 +#: freeculture.xml:14106 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19371,12 +19386,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14116 +#: freeculture.xml:14121 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14118 +#: freeculture.xml:14123 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19388,7 +19403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14128 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19396,7 +19411,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14139 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19410,7 +19425,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14151 +#: freeculture.xml:14156 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19419,7 +19434,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14149 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19435,7 +19450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14164 +#: freeculture.xml:14169 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19445,12 +19460,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14170 +#: freeculture.xml:14175 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14177 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19464,7 +19479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14184 +#: freeculture.xml:14189 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19475,7 +19490,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14192 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19483,7 +19498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14197 +#: freeculture.xml:14202 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19494,12 +19509,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14209 +#: freeculture.xml:14214 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14211 +#: freeculture.xml:14216 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19508,7 +19523,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14224 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19516,7 +19531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:14221 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19529,7 +19544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:14236 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19538,7 +19553,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14239 +#: freeculture.xml:14244 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19551,7 +19566,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14253 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19565,13 +19580,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14260 +#: freeculture.xml:14265 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14271 +#: freeculture.xml:14276 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19579,7 +19594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14263 +#: freeculture.xml:14268 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -19594,7 +19609,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14282 +#: freeculture.xml:14287 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -19611,7 +19626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14298 +#: freeculture.xml:14303 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -19619,7 +19634,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14304 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -19629,12 +19644,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14314 +#: freeculture.xml:14319 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14318 +#: freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -19645,7 +19660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14326 +#: freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -19657,20 +19672,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14339 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14340 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:14341 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -19682,12 +19697,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14353 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14349 +#: freeculture.xml:14354 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -19696,7 +19711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14358 +#: freeculture.xml:14363 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -19706,7 +19721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14365 +#: freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -19718,7 +19733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:14383 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -19733,7 +19748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14397 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -19743,12 +19758,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14408 +#: freeculture.xml:14413 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14406 +#: freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -19756,7 +19771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14400 +#: freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -19766,7 +19781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14414 +#: freeculture.xml:14419 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -19777,7 +19792,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:14426 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -19787,12 +19802,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14431 +#: freeculture.xml:14436 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14433 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -19802,7 +19817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14440 +#: freeculture.xml:14445 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -19813,7 +19828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14449 +#: freeculture.xml:14454 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -19823,7 +19838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14456 +#: freeculture.xml:14461 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -19834,7 +19849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14465 +#: freeculture.xml:14470 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -19842,7 +19857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14470 +#: freeculture.xml:14475 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -19851,7 +19866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14476 +#: freeculture.xml:14481 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -19860,7 +19875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14482 +#: freeculture.xml:14487 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -19868,7 +19883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14490 +#: freeculture.xml:14495 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -19879,7 +19894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14498 +#: freeculture.xml:14503 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -19889,7 +19904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14506 +#: freeculture.xml:14511 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -19897,7 +19912,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:14516 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -19912,7 +19927,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -19928,13 +19943,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14537 +#: freeculture.xml:14542 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14557 +#: freeculture.xml:14562 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -19942,7 +19957,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14539 +#: freeculture.xml:14544 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -19964,7 +19979,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14564 +#: freeculture.xml:14569 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -19980,7 +19995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14580 +#: freeculture.xml:14585 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -19994,7 +20009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14591 +#: freeculture.xml:14596 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20006,7 +20021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14602 +#: freeculture.xml:14607 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20019,7 +20034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14612 +#: freeculture.xml:14617 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20032,7 +20047,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14623 +#: freeculture.xml:14628 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20044,7 +20059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14633 +#: freeculture.xml:14638 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20057,7 +20072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14643 +#: freeculture.xml:14648 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20068,14 +20083,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14651 +#: freeculture.xml:14656 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14655 +#: freeculture.xml:14660 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20089,7 +20104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14666 +#: freeculture.xml:14671 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20100,17 +20115,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14673 freeculture.xml:14715 +#: freeculture.xml:14678 freeculture.xml:14720 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14713 +#: freeculture.xml:14718 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14679 +#: freeculture.xml:14684 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20152,7 +20167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14675 +#: freeculture.xml:14680 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20167,7 +20182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14729 +#: freeculture.xml:14734 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20185,7 +20200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14746 +#: freeculture.xml:14751 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20198,17 +20213,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:14764 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14761 +#: freeculture.xml:14766 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14763 +#: freeculture.xml:14768 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20226,22 +20241,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14778 +#: freeculture.xml:14783 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14781 +#: freeculture.xml:14786 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14781 +#: freeculture.xml:14786 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14783 +#: freeculture.xml:14788 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20257,7 +20272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14795 +#: freeculture.xml:14800 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20268,13 +20283,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14804 +#: freeculture.xml:14809 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14809 +#: freeculture.xml:14814 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20283,19 +20298,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14816 +#: freeculture.xml:14821 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14822 +#: freeculture.xml:14827 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14826 +#: freeculture.xml:14831 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20303,14 +20318,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14832 +#: freeculture.xml:14837 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14837 +#: freeculture.xml:14842 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20319,7 +20334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14843 +#: freeculture.xml:14848 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20336,7 +20351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14857 +#: freeculture.xml:14862 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20346,12 +20361,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14868 +#: freeculture.xml:14873 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14870 +#: freeculture.xml:14875 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20360,7 +20375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14876 +#: freeculture.xml:14881 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20370,23 +20385,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14883 +#: freeculture.xml:14888 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14884 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14884 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14895 +#: freeculture.xml:14900 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20394,7 +20409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14886 +#: freeculture.xml:14891 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20407,7 +20422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14901 +#: freeculture.xml:14906 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20415,7 +20430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14911 +#: freeculture.xml:14916 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20435,7 +20450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14906 +#: freeculture.xml:14911 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20447,7 +20462,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14935 +#: freeculture.xml:14940 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20457,7 +20472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14943 +#: freeculture.xml:14948 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20470,7 +20485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14953 +#: freeculture.xml:14958 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20481,7 +20496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14961 +#: freeculture.xml:14966 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20489,7 +20504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14968 +#: freeculture.xml:14973 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20502,7 +20517,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14977 +#: freeculture.xml:14982 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20512,7 +20527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14986 +#: freeculture.xml:14991 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20520,12 +20535,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14995 +#: freeculture.xml:15000 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14997 +#: freeculture.xml:15002 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20539,12 +20554,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15016 +#: freeculture.xml:15021 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15018 +#: freeculture.xml:15023 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20553,7 +20568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15025 +#: freeculture.xml:15030 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20569,7 +20584,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15038 +#: freeculture.xml:15043 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20582,7 +20597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15049 +#: freeculture.xml:15054 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -20604,7 +20619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15069 +#: freeculture.xml:15074 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -20615,7 +20630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15078 +#: freeculture.xml:15083 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 34f3f06..e840792 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -10673,6 +10673,7 @@ social causes. But with the Internet, it includes a wide range of individuals and groups dedicated to spreading culture generally.<footnote><para> <!-- f1. --> +<indexterm><primary>pornography</primary></indexterm> There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of noncommercial pornographers—people who @@ -11657,6 +11658,8 @@ who had advised us early on about a First Amendment strategy; and finally, former solicitor general Charles Fried. </para> <indexterm><primary>Fried, Charles</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Congress, U.S.</primary><secondary>constitutional powers of</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Constitution, U.S.</primary><secondary>Commerce Clause of</secondary></indexterm> <para> Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give @@ -11686,6 +11689,8 @@ continue to have the right to control who did what with content they wanted to control. </para> <indexterm><primary>Gershwin, George</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>Porgy and Bess</primary></indexterm> +<indexterm><primary>pornography</primary></indexterm> <para> Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to