From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sun, 22 Jul 2012 08:25:15 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add some indexes. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2225 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/5ee1c2d50b74353fd8cd0b20d5afb1ec14da438c Add some indexes. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 57d07f6..a96d211 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-21 22:20+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-22 10:23+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -289,6 +289,10 @@ msgstr "Figurliste" msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "Forord" +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Pogue, David" +msgstr "Pogue, David" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " @@ -17421,7 +17425,8 @@ msgid "" "available at link #49." msgstr "" "Se Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " -"tilgjengelig fra link #49." +"tilgjengelig fra link #49." #. f5. #. type: Content of: @@ -17431,8 +17436,8 @@ msgid "" "culture.cc/notes/\">link #50." msgstr "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " -"Quarterly This Week, 8. august 1990, tilgjengelig fra link #50." +"Quarterly This Week, 8. august 1990, tilgjengelig fra link #50." #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -21077,7 +21082,10 @@ msgstr "" "National Journal's Technology Daily, 19. august 2003, tilgjengelig fra " "link #61." -#. PAGE BREAK 270 +#. type: Content of: +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " @@ -21098,7 +21106,7 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\"" +"source and free software.\" " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -21260,18 +21268,17 @@ msgid "" "copyright law just as Microsoft does." msgstr "" "Mer viktig for våre formål, er at å støtte \"åpen kildekode og fri " -"programvare\" ikke er å motsette seg opphasvrett. \"Åpen kildekode og " -"fri programvare\" er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. " -"Istedet, på samme måte som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer " -"opphavsrettsinnehaverne av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkårene " -"i deres programvarelisens blir respektert av de som tar i bruk fri " -"programvare. Vilkårene i den lisensen er uten tvil forskjellig fra " -"vilkårene i en proprietær programvarelisens. For eksempel krever fri " -"programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige lisensen (GPL), at " -"kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle som endrer og " -"redistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun effektivt hvis " -"opphavsrett råder over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke råder " -"over programvare, så kunne ikke fri programvare pålegge slike krav på " +"programvare\" ikke er å motsette seg opphasvrett. \"Åpen kildekode og fri " +"programvare\" er ikke programvare uten opphavsrettslig vern. Istedet, på " +"samme måte som programvare fra Microsoft, insisterer opphavsrettsinnehaverne " +"av fri programvare ganske sterkt at vilkårene i deres programvarelisens blir " +"respektert av de som tar i bruk fri programvare. Vilkårene i den lisensen " +"er uten tvil forskjellig fra vilkårene i en proprietær programvarelisens. " +"For eksempel krever fri programvare lisensiert med den generelle offentlige " +"lisensen (GPL), at kildekoden for programvare gjøres tilgjengelig for alle " +"som endrer og redistribuerer programvaren. Men dette kravet er kun " +"effektivt hvis opphavsrett råder over programvare. Hvis opphavsretten ikke " +"råder over programvare, så kunne ikke fri programvare pålegge slike krav på " "de som tar i bruk programvaren. Den er dermed like avhengig av " "opphavsrettsloven som Microsoft." @@ -22352,7 +22359,6 @@ msgstr "" "Således, som med personvern og med programvare, en skiftende teknologi og " "markedet forminske en frihet tatt for gitt før." -#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -22364,7 +22370,8 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. " msgstr "" "Denne krympende friheten har ført mange å ta bekreftende trinnene for å " "gjenopprette frihet som har gått tapt. public library of science (plos), for " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 867978f..a0a8102 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-21 22:20+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-22 10:23+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -313,8 +313,13 @@ msgstr "" msgid "PREFACE" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:288 +msgid "Pogue, David" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:291 msgid "" "At the end of his review of my first book, Code: And Other Laws of " "Cyberspace, David Pogue, a brilliant writer and author of countless " @@ -322,14 +327,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:298 +#: freeculture.xml:301 msgid "" "David Pogue, \"Don't Just Chat, Do Something,\" New York Times, 30 January " "2000." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:294 +#: freeculture.xml:297 msgid "" "Unlike actual law, Internet software has no capacity to punish. It doesn't " "affect people who aren't online (and only a tiny minority of the world " @@ -338,7 +343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:303 +#: freeculture.xml:306 msgid "" "Pogue was skeptical of the core argument of the book—that software, or " "\"code,\" functioned as a kind of law—and his review suggested the " @@ -350,7 +355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 12 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:311 +#: freeculture.xml:314 msgid "" "Pogue might have been right in 1999—I'm skeptical, but maybe. But " "even if he was right then, the point is not right now: Free Culture is about " @@ -361,7 +366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:320 +#: freeculture.xml:324 msgid "" "But unlike Code, the argument here is not much about the Internet itself. It " "is instead about the consequence of the Internet to a part of our tradition " @@ -370,14 +375,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:331 +#: freeculture.xml:335 msgid "" "Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 (Joshua Gay, " "ed. 2002)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:326 +#: freeculture.xml:330 msgid "" "That tradition is the way our culture gets made. As I explain in the pages " "that follow, we come from a tradition of \"free culture\"—not \"free\" " @@ -396,7 +401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:345 +#: freeculture.xml:349 msgid "" "If we understood this change, I believe we would resist it. Not \"we\" on " "the Left or \"you\" on the Right, but we who have no stake in the particular " @@ -407,12 +412,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:353 freeculture.xml:12749 +#: freeculture.xml:357 freeculture.xml:12754 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:355 +#: freeculture.xml:359 msgid "" "We saw a glimpse of this bipartisan outrage in the early summer of 2003. As " "the FCC considered changes in media ownership rules that would relax limits " @@ -425,12 +430,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:371 +#: freeculture.xml:375 msgid "William Safire, \"The Great Media Gulp,\" New York Times, 22 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:367 +#: freeculture.xml:371 msgid "" "Does that sound unconservative? Not to me. The concentration of " "power—political, corporate, media, cultural—should be anathema " @@ -440,7 +445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:377 +#: freeculture.xml:381 msgid "" "This idea is an element of the argument of Free Culture, though my focus is " "not just on the concentration of power produced by concentrations in " @@ -459,7 +464,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 14 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:393 +#: freeculture.xml:397 msgid "" "I accept that criticism, if indeed it is a criticism. The work of a lawyer " "is always derivative, and I mean to do nothing more in this book than to " @@ -477,7 +482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:411 +#: freeculture.xml:415 msgid "" "Instead, the free culture that I defend in this book is a balance between " "anarchy and control. A free culture, like a free market, is filled with " @@ -489,12 +494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:426 +#: freeculture.xml:430 msgid "INTRODUCTION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:428 +#: freeculture.xml:432 msgid "" "On December 17, 1903, on a windy North Carolina beach for just shy of one " "hundred seconds, the Wright brothers demonstrated that a heavier-than-air, " @@ -505,14 +510,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:440 +#: freeculture.xml:444 msgid "" "St. George Tucker, Blackstone's Commentaries 3 (South Hackensack, N.J.: " "Rothman Reprints, 1969), 18." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:436 +#: freeculture.xml:440 msgid "" "At the time the Wright brothers invented the airplane, American law held " "that a property owner presumptively owned not just the surface of his land, " @@ -525,7 +530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:449 +#: freeculture.xml:453 msgid "" "Then came airplanes, and for the first time, this principle of American " "law—deep within the foundations of our tradition, and acknowledged by " @@ -537,17 +542,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:457 freeculture.xml:470 freeculture.xml:501 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:916 freeculture.xml:933 freeculture.xml:983 freeculture.xml:8767 freeculture.xml:12146 freeculture.xml:12851 +#: freeculture.xml:461 freeculture.xml:474 freeculture.xml:505 freeculture.xml:524 freeculture.xml:920 freeculture.xml:937 freeculture.xml:987 freeculture.xml:8771 freeculture.xml:12150 freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:458 freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:917 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:984 freeculture.xml:8768 freeculture.xml:12147 freeculture.xml:12852 +#: freeculture.xml:462 freeculture.xml:475 freeculture.xml:506 freeculture.xml:525 freeculture.xml:921 freeculture.xml:938 freeculture.xml:988 freeculture.xml:8772 freeculture.xml:12151 freeculture.xml:12857 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:460 +#: freeculture.xml:464 msgid "" "In 1945, these questions became a federal case. When North Carolina farmers " "Thomas Lee and Tinie Causby started losing chickens because of low-flying " @@ -561,7 +566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:473 +#: freeculture.xml:477 msgid "" "The Supreme Court agreed to hear the Causbys' case. Congress had declared " "the airways public, but if one's property really extended to the heavens, " @@ -574,7 +579,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:493 +#: freeculture.xml:497 msgid "" "United States v. Causby, U.S. 328 (1946): 256, 261. The Court did find that " "there could be a \"taking\" if the government's use of its land effectively " @@ -587,7 +592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:484 +#: freeculture.xml:488 msgid "" "[The] doctrine has no place in the modern world. The air is a public " "highway, as Congress has declared. Were that not true, every " @@ -600,13 +605,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:507 +#: freeculture.xml:511 msgid "\"Common sense revolts at the idea.\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:510 +#: freeculture.xml:514 msgid "" "This is how the law usually works. Not often this abruptly or impatiently, " "but eventually, this is how it works. It was Douglas's style not to " @@ -619,7 +624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:523 +#: freeculture.xml:527 msgid "" "Or at least, this is how things happen when there's no one powerful on the " "other side of the change. The Causbys were just farmers. And though there " @@ -639,12 +644,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:552 +#: freeculture.xml:556 msgid "Faraday, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:541 +#: freeculture.xml:545 msgid "" "Edwin Howard Armstrong is one of America's forgotten inventor geniuses. He " "came to the great American inventor scene just after the titans Thomas " @@ -659,7 +664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:555 +#: freeculture.xml:559 msgid "" "On the day after Christmas, 1933, four patents were issued to Armstrong for " "his most significant invention—FM radio. Until then, consumer radio " @@ -671,7 +676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:565 +#: freeculture.xml:569 msgid "" "On November 5, 1935, he demonstrated the technology at a meeting of the " "Institute of Radio Engineers at the Empire State Building in New York " @@ -684,19 +689,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:576 +#: freeculture.xml:580 msgid "The audience was hearing something no one had thought possible:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:587 +#: freeculture.xml:591 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessing, Man of High Fidelity: Edwin Howard Armstrong " "(Philadelphia: J. B. Lipincott Company, 1956), 209." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:580 +#: freeculture.xml:584 msgid "" "A glass of water was poured before the microphone in Yonkers; it sounded " "like a glass of water being poured. . . . A paper was crumpled and torn; it " @@ -709,7 +714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:593 +#: freeculture.xml:597 msgid "" "As our own common sense tells us, Armstrong had discovered a vastly superior " "radio technology. But at the time of his invention, Armstrong was working " @@ -720,7 +725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:602 +#: freeculture.xml:606 msgid "" "RCA's president, David Sarnoff, a friend of Armstrong's, was eager that " "Armstrong discover a way to remove static from AM radio. So Sarnoff was " @@ -730,7 +735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:613 +#: freeculture.xml:617 msgid "" "See \"Saints: The Heroes and Geniuses of the Electronic Era,\" First " "Electronic Church of America, at www.webstationone.com/fecha, available at " @@ -738,7 +743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:610 +#: freeculture.xml:614 msgid "" "I thought Armstrong would invent some kind of a filter to remove static from " "our AM radio. I didn't think he'd start a revolution— start up a whole " @@ -747,7 +752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:622 +#: freeculture.xml:626 msgid "" "Armstrong's invention threatened RCA's AM empire, so the company launched a " "campaign to smother FM radio. While FM may have been a superior technology, " @@ -755,12 +760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:634 +#: freeculture.xml:638 msgid "Lessing, 226." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:629 +#: freeculture.xml:633 msgid "" "The forces for FM, largely engineering, could not overcome the weight of " "strategy devised by the sales, patent, and legal offices to subdue this " @@ -771,7 +776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:639 +#: freeculture.xml:643 msgid "" "RCA at first kept the technology in house, insisting that further tests were " "needed. When, after two years of testing, Armstrong grew impatient, RCA " @@ -787,12 +792,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:658 +#: freeculture.xml:662 msgid "Lessing, 256." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:654 +#: freeculture.xml:658 msgid "" "The series of body blows that FM radio received right after the war, in a " "series of rulings manipulated through the FCC by the big radio interests, " @@ -801,12 +806,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:662 +#: freeculture.xml:666 msgid "AT&T" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:664 +#: freeculture.xml:668 msgid "" "To make room in the spectrum for RCA's latest gamble, television, FM radio " "users were to be moved to a totally new spectrum band. The power of FM radio " @@ -818,7 +823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:674 +#: freeculture.xml:678 msgid "" "Armstrong resisted RCA's efforts. In response, RCA resisted Armstrong's " "patents. After incorporating FM technology into the emerging standard for " @@ -833,7 +838,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:686 +#: freeculture.xml:690 msgid "" "This is how the law sometimes works. Not often this tragically, and rarely " "with heroic drama, but sometimes, this is how it works. From the beginning, " @@ -849,7 +854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:708 +#: freeculture.xml:712 msgid "" "Amanda Lenhart, \"The Ever-Shifting Internet Population: A New Look at " "Internet Access and the Digital Divide,\" Pew Internet and American Life " @@ -858,7 +863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:702 +#: freeculture.xml:706 msgid "" "There's no single inventor of the Internet. Nor is there any good date upon " "which to mark its birth. Yet in a very short time, the Internet has become " @@ -869,7 +874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:717 +#: freeculture.xml:721 msgid "" "As the Internet has been integrated into ordinary life, it has changed " "things. Some of these changes are technical—the Internet has made " @@ -883,7 +888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:728 +#: freeculture.xml:732 msgid "" "Instead, this book is about an effect of the Internet beyond the Internet " "itself: an effect upon how culture is made. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -895,7 +900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:737 +#: freeculture.xml:741 msgid "" "We can glimpse a sense of this change by distinguishing between commercial " "and noncommercial culture, and by mapping the law's regulation of each. By " @@ -908,7 +913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:749 +#: freeculture.xml:753 msgid "" "At the beginning of our history, and for just about the whole of our " "tradition, noncommercial culture was essentially unregulated. Of course, if " @@ -922,12 +927,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:774 freeculture.xml:1782 freeculture.xml:1793 +#: freeculture.xml:778 freeculture.xml:1786 freeculture.xml:1797 msgid "Brandeis, Louis D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:766 +#: freeculture.xml:770 msgid "" "This is not the only purpose of copyright, though it is the overwhelmingly " "primary purpose of the copyright established in the federal constitution. " @@ -940,7 +945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:760 +#: freeculture.xml:764 msgid "" "The focus of the law was on commercial creativity. At first slightly, then " "quite extensively, the law protected the incentives of creators by granting " @@ -953,14 +958,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:784 +#: freeculture.xml:788 msgid "" "See Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (New York: Prometheus Books, 2001), " "ch. 13." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:782 +#: freeculture.xml:786 msgid "" "This rough divide between the free and the controlled has now been " "erased.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The Internet has set the " @@ -976,7 +981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:800 +#: freeculture.xml:804 msgid "" "This change gets justified as necessary to protect commercial creativity. " "And indeed, protectionism is precisely its motivation. But the protectionism " @@ -990,7 +995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:813 +#: freeculture.xml:817 msgid "" "For the Internet has unleashed an extraordinary possibility for many to " "participate in the process of building and cultivating a culture that " @@ -1011,7 +1016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:832 +#: freeculture.xml:836 msgid "" "Yet, as I argue in the pages that follow, that is precisely what is " "happening in our culture today. These modern-day equivalents of the early " @@ -1022,7 +1027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:849 +#: freeculture.xml:853 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Black Hawk Download: Moving Beyond Music, Pirates Use New " "Tools to Turn the Net into an Illicit Video Club,\" New York Times, 17 " @@ -1030,7 +1035,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:841 +#: freeculture.xml:845 msgid "" "It doesn't seem this way to many. The battles over copyright and the " "Internet seem remote to most. To the few who follow them, they seem mainly " @@ -1045,7 +1050,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:858 +#: freeculture.xml:862 msgid "" "If those really were the choices, then I would be with Jack Valenti and the " "content industry. I, too, am a believer in property, and especially in the " @@ -1055,7 +1060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:866 +#: freeculture.xml:870 msgid "" "But those simple beliefs mask a much more fundamental question and a much " "more dramatic change. My fear is that unless we come to see this change, the " @@ -1064,19 +1069,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:14089 +#: freeculture.xml:884 freeculture.xml:14095 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:878 +#: freeculture.xml:882 msgid "" "Neil W. Netanel, \"Copyright and a Democratic Civil Society,\" Yale Law " "Journal 106 (1996): 283. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:872 +#: freeculture.xml:876 msgid "" "These values built a tradition that, for at least the first 180 years of our " "Republic, guaranteed creators the right to build freely upon their past, and " @@ -1090,7 +1095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:888 +#: freeculture.xml:892 msgid "" "Yet the law's response to the Internet, when tied to changes in the " "technology of the Internet itself, has massively increased the effective " @@ -1103,7 +1108,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:900 +#: freeculture.xml:904 msgid "" "The story that follows is about this war. Is it not about the \"centrality " "of technology\" to ordinary life. I don't believe in gods, digital or " @@ -1113,7 +1118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:908 +#: freeculture.xml:912 msgid "" "It is instead an effort to understand a hopelessly destructive war inspired " "by the technologies of the Internet but reaching far beyond its code. And by " @@ -1125,7 +1130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:919 +#: freeculture.xml:923 msgid "" "Like the Causbys' battle, this war is, in part, about \"property.\" The " "property of this war is not as tangible as the Causbys', and no innocent " @@ -1143,7 +1148,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:936 +#: freeculture.xml:940 msgid "" "And thus, when geeks and technologists defend their Armstrong or Wright " "brothers technology, most of us are simply unsympathetic. Common sense does " @@ -1153,7 +1158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:946 +#: freeculture.xml:950 msgid "" "My hope is to push this common sense along. I have become increasingly " "amazed by the power of this idea of intellectual property and, more " @@ -1165,7 +1170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:956 +#: freeculture.xml:960 msgid "" "The puzzle is, Why? Is it because we have come to understand a truth about " "the value and importance of absolute property over ideas and culture? Is it " @@ -1174,14 +1179,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:965 +#: freeculture.xml:969 msgid "" "Or is it because the idea of absolute property over ideas and culture " "benefits the RCAs of our time and fits our own unreflective intuitions?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:969 +#: freeculture.xml:973 msgid "" "Is the radical shift away from our tradition of free culture an instance of " "America correcting a mistake from its past, as we did after a bloody war " @@ -1191,7 +1196,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:976 +#: freeculture.xml:980 msgid "" "Does common sense lead to the extremes on this question because common sense " "actually believes in these extremes? Or does common sense stand silent in " @@ -1201,7 +1206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 28 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:986 +#: freeculture.xml:990 msgid "" "I don't mean to be mysterious. My own views are resolved. I believe it was " "right for common sense to revolt against the extremism of the Causbys. I " @@ -1213,7 +1218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:996 +#: freeculture.xml:1000 msgid "" "The struggle that rages just now centers on two ideas: \"piracy\" and " "\"property.\" My aim in this book's next two parts is to explore these two " @@ -1221,7 +1226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1001 +#: freeculture.xml:1005 msgid "" "My method is not the usual method of an academic. I don't want to plunge you " "into a complex argument, buttressed with references to obscure French " @@ -1232,7 +1237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1010 +#: freeculture.xml:1014 msgid "" "The two sections set up the core claim of this book: that while the Internet " "has indeed produced something fantastic and new, our government, pushed by " @@ -1245,7 +1250,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1023 +#: freeculture.xml:1027 msgid "" "We allow this, I believe, not because it is right, and not because most of " "us really believe in these changes. We allow it because the interests most " @@ -1256,12 +1261,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1033 +#: freeculture.xml:1037 msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1037 +#: freeculture.xml:1041 msgid "" "Since the inception of the law regulating creative property, there has been " "a war against \"piracy.\" The precise contours of this concept, \"piracy,\" " @@ -1272,12 +1277,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1050 +#: freeculture.xml:1054 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777) (Mansfield)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1046 +#: freeculture.xml:1050 msgid "" "A person may use the copy by playing it, but he has no right to rob the " "author of the profit, by multiplying copies and disposing of them for his " @@ -1286,7 +1291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1055 +#: freeculture.xml:1059 msgid "" "Today we are in the middle of another \"war\" against \"piracy.\" The " "Internet has provoked this war. The Internet makes possible the efficient " @@ -1297,7 +1302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1066 +#: freeculture.xml:1070 msgid "" "This efficiency does not respect the traditional lines of copyright. The " "network doesn't discriminate between the sharing of copyrighted and " @@ -1307,7 +1312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1074 +#: freeculture.xml:1078 msgid "" "The warriors have turned to the courts, to the legislatures, and " "increasingly to technology to defend their \"property\" against this " @@ -1317,7 +1322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1083 +#: freeculture.xml:1087 msgid "" "There's no doubt that \"piracy\" is wrong, and that pirates should be " "punished. But before we summon the executioners, we should put this notion " @@ -1326,12 +1331,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1089 +#: freeculture.xml:1093 msgid "The idea goes something like this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1093 +#: freeculture.xml:1097 msgid "" "Creative work has value; whenever I use, or take, or build upon the creative " "work of others, I am taking from them something of value. Whenever I take " @@ -1341,13 +1346,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1101 +#: freeculture.xml:1105 msgid "Dreyfuss, Rochelle" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1107 +#: freeculture.xml:1111 msgid "" "See Rochelle Dreyfuss, \"Expressive Genericity: Trademarks as Language in " "the Pepsi Generation,\" Notre Dame Law Review 65 (1990): 397." @@ -1355,7 +1360,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1115 +#: freeculture.xml:1119 msgid "" "Lisa Bannon, \"The Birds May Sing, but Campers Can't Unless They Pay Up,\" " "Wall Street Journal, 21 August 1996, available at <ulink " @@ -1365,7 +1370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1103 +#: freeculture.xml:1107 msgid "" "This view runs deep within the current debates. It is what NYU law professor " "Rochelle Dreyfuss criticizes as the \"if value, then right\" theory of " @@ -1379,13 +1384,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1124 +#: freeculture.xml:1128 msgid "ASCAP" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1126 +#: freeculture.xml:1130 msgid "" "This idea is certainly a possible understanding of how creative property " "should work. It might well be a possible design for a system of law " @@ -1395,7 +1400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1135 +#: freeculture.xml:1139 msgid "" "Instead, in our tradition, intellectual property is an instrument. It sets " "the groundwork for a richly creative society but remains subservient to the " @@ -1405,7 +1410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1142 +#: freeculture.xml:1146 msgid "" "The source of this confusion is a distinction that the law no longer takes " "care to draw—the distinction between republishing someone's work on " @@ -1415,7 +1420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1149 +#: freeculture.xml:1153 msgid "" "Before the technologies of the Internet, this conflation didn't matter all " "that much. The technologies of publishing were expensive; that meant the " @@ -1425,12 +1430,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1156 freeculture.xml:1184 +#: freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:1188 msgid "Florida, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1177 +#: freeculture.xml:1181 msgid "" "In The Rise of the Creative Class (New York: Basic Books, 2002), Richard " "Florida documents a shift in the nature of labor toward a labor of " @@ -1442,7 +1447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1158 +#: freeculture.xml:1162 msgid "" "But with the birth of the Internet, this natural limit to the reach of the " "law has disappeared. The law controls not just the creativity of commercial " @@ -1464,7 +1469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1190 +#: freeculture.xml:1194 msgid "" "These burdens make no sense in our tradition. We should begin by " "understanding that tradition a bit more and by placing in their proper " @@ -1472,12 +1477,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1197 +#: freeculture.xml:1201 msgid "CHAPTER ONE: Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1199 +#: freeculture.xml:1203 msgid "" "In 1928, a cartoon character was born. An early Mickey Mouse made his debut " "in May of that year, in a silent flop called Plane Crazy. In November, in " @@ -1487,7 +1492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1206 +#: freeculture.xml:1210 msgid "" "Synchronized sound had been introduced to film a year earlier in the movie " "The Jazz Singer. That success led Walt Disney to copy the technique and mix " @@ -1499,7 +1504,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1215 +#: freeculture.xml:1219 msgid "" "A couple of my boys could read music, and one of them could play a mouth " "organ. We put them in a room where they could not see the screen and " @@ -1508,7 +1513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1222 +#: freeculture.xml:1226 msgid "" "The boys worked from a music and sound-effects score. After several false " "starts, sound and action got off with the gun. The mouth organist played the " @@ -1518,14 +1523,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1236 +#: freeculture.xml:1240 msgid "" "Leonard Maltin, Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons " "(New York: Penguin Books, 1987), 34–35." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1229 +#: freeculture.xml:1233 msgid "" "The effect on our little audience was nothing less than electric. They " "responded almost instinctively to this union of sound and motion. I thought " @@ -1535,12 +1540,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1246 +#: freeculture.xml:1250 msgid "Iwerks, Ub" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1243 +#: freeculture.xml:1247 msgid "" "Disney's then partner, and one of animation's most extraordinary talents, Ub " "Iwerks, put it more strongly: \"I have never been so thrilled in my " @@ -1549,7 +1554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1249 +#: freeculture.xml:1253 msgid "" "Disney had created something very new, based upon something relatively " "new. Synchronized sound brought life to a form of creativity that had " @@ -1561,7 +1566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1258 +#: freeculture.xml:1262 msgid "" "This much is familiar. What you might not know is that 1928 also marks " "another important transition. In that year, a comic (as opposed to cartoon) " @@ -1570,7 +1575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1264 +#: freeculture.xml:1268 msgid "" "Keaton was born into a vaudeville family in 1895. In the era of silent film, " "he had mastered using broad physical comedy as a way to spark uncontrollable " @@ -1581,7 +1586,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1277 +#: freeculture.xml:1281 msgid "" "I am grateful to David Gerstein and his careful history, described at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #4</ulink>. According to Dave " @@ -1594,7 +1599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1272 +#: freeculture.xml:1276 msgid "" "Steamboat Bill, Jr. appeared before Disney's cartoon Steamboat Willie. The " "coincidence of titles is not coincidental. Steamboat Willie is a direct " @@ -1608,7 +1613,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1298 +#: freeculture.xml:1302 msgid "" "He was also a fan of the public domain. See Chris Sprigman, \"The Mouse that " "Ate the Public Domain,\" Findlaw, 5 March 2002, at <ulink " @@ -1616,7 +1621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1294 +#: freeculture.xml:1298 msgid "" "This \"borrowing\" was nothing unique, either for Disney or for the " "industry. Disney was always parroting the feature-length mainstream films of " @@ -1631,7 +1636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1313 +#: freeculture.xml:1317 msgid "" "Sometimes this borrowing was slight. Sometimes it was significant. Think " "about the fairy tales of the Brothers Grimm. If you're as oblivious as I " @@ -1644,7 +1649,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 37 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1322 +#: freeculture.xml:1326 msgid "" "Disney took these stories and retold them in a way that carried them into a " "new age. He animated the stories, with both characters and light. Without " @@ -1665,7 +1670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1342 +#: freeculture.xml:1346 msgid "" "This is a kind of creativity. It is a creativity that we should remember and " "celebrate. There are some who would say that there is no creativity except " @@ -1678,7 +1683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1356 +#: freeculture.xml:1360 msgid "" "Until 1976, copyright law granted an author the possibility of two terms: an " "initial term and a renewal term. I have calculated the \"average\" term by " @@ -1691,7 +1696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1350 +#: freeculture.xml:1354 msgid "" "In 1928, the culture that Disney was free to draw upon was relatively " "fresh. The public domain in 1928 was not very old and was therefore quite " @@ -1705,7 +1710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1373 +#: freeculture.xml:1377 msgid "" "At the end of a copyright term, a work passes into the public domain. No " "permission is then needed to draw upon or use that work. No permission and, " @@ -1717,7 +1722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 38 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1382 +#: freeculture.xml:1386 msgid "" "This is the ways things always were—until quite recently. For most of " "our history, the public domain was just over the horizon. From until 1978, " @@ -1730,7 +1735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1395 +#: freeculture.xml:1399 msgid "" "Of course, Walt Disney had no monopoly on \"Walt Disney creativity.\" Nor " "does America. The norm of free culture has, until recently, and except " @@ -1738,7 +1743,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1401 +#: freeculture.xml:1405 msgid "" "Consider, for example, a form of creativity that seems strange to many " "Americans but that is inescapable within Japanese culture: manga, or " @@ -1750,7 +1755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1410 +#: freeculture.xml:1414 msgid "" "Americans tend to look down upon this form of culture. That's an " "unattractive characteristic of ours. We're likely to misunderstand much " @@ -1763,7 +1768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1421 +#: freeculture.xml:1425 msgid "" "But my purpose here is not to understand manga. It is to describe a variant " "on manga that from a lawyer's perspective is quite odd, but from a Disney " @@ -1772,7 +1777,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 39 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1426 +#: freeculture.xml:1430 msgid "" "This is the phenomenon of doujinshi. Doujinshi are also comics, but they are " "a kind of copycat comic. A rich ethic governs the creation of doujinshi. It " @@ -1788,7 +1793,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1440 +#: freeculture.xml:1444 msgid "" "These copycat comics are not a tiny part of the manga market. They are " "huge. More than 33,000 \"circles\" of creators from across Japan produce " @@ -1802,7 +1807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1451 +#: freeculture.xml:1455 msgid "" "The most puzzling feature of the doujinshi market, for those trained in the " "law, at least, is that it is allowed to exist at all. Under Japanese " @@ -1819,14 +1824,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1476 +#: freeculture.xml:1480 msgid "" "For an excellent history, see Scott McCloud, Reinventing Comics (New York: " "Perennial, 2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1465 +#: freeculture.xml:1469 msgid "" "Yet this illegal market exists and indeed flourishes in Japan, and in the " "view of many, it is precisely because it exists that Japanese manga " @@ -1839,7 +1844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1481 +#: freeculture.xml:1485 msgid "" "American comics now are quite different, Winick explains, in part because of " "the legal difficulty of adapting comics the way doujinshi are " @@ -1851,7 +1856,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1497 +#: freeculture.xml:1501 msgid "" "See Salil K. Mehra, \"Copyright and Comics in Japan: Does Law Explain Why " "All the Comics My Kid Watches Are Japanese Imports?\" Rutgers Law Review 55 " @@ -1864,7 +1869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1489 +#: freeculture.xml:1493 msgid "" "The norm in Japan mitigates this legal difficulty. Some say it is precisely " "the benefit accruing to the Japanese manga market that explains the " @@ -1876,7 +1881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1508 +#: freeculture.xml:1512 msgid "" "The problem with this story, however, as Mehra plainly acknowledges, is that " "the mechanism producing this laissez faire response is not clear. It may " @@ -1889,7 +1894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1519 +#: freeculture.xml:1523 msgid "" "I spent four wonderful months in Japan, and I asked this question as often " "as I could. Perhaps the best account in the end was offered by a friend from " @@ -1900,7 +1905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 41 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1526 +#: freeculture.xml:1530 msgid "" "This is a theme to which we will return: that regulation by law is a " "function of both the words on the books and the costs of making those words " @@ -1914,7 +1919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1539 +#: freeculture.xml:1543 msgid "" "If you're like I was a decade ago, or like most people are when they first " "start thinking about these issues, then just about now you should be puzzled " @@ -1923,7 +1928,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1549 +#: freeculture.xml:1553 msgid "" "The term intellectual property is of relatively recent origin. See Siva " "Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 11 (New York: New York University " @@ -1934,7 +1939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1544 +#: freeculture.xml:1548 msgid "" "We live in a world that celebrates \"property.\" I am one of those " "celebrants. I believe in the value of property in general, and I also " @@ -1945,7 +1950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1564 +#: freeculture.xml:1568 msgid "" "But it takes just a second's reflection to realize that there is plenty of " "value out there that \"property\" doesn't capture. I don't mean \"money " @@ -1962,7 +1967,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 42 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1579 +#: freeculture.xml:1583 msgid "" "Thus, even though the things that Disney took—or more generally, the " "things taken by anyone exercising Walt Disney creativity—are valuable, " @@ -1971,7 +1976,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1588 +#: freeculture.xml:1592 msgid "" "The same with the doujinshi culture. If a doujinshi artist broke into a " "publisher's office and ran off with a thousand copies of his latest " @@ -1982,7 +1987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1596 +#: freeculture.xml:1600 msgid "" "Yet there is an obvious reluctance, even among Japanese lawyers, to say that " "the copycat comic artists are \"stealing.\" This form of Walt Disney " @@ -1991,7 +1996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1602 +#: freeculture.xml:1606 msgid "" "It's the same with a thousand examples that appear everywhere once you begin " "to look. Scientists build upon the work of other scientists without asking " @@ -2008,7 +2013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 43 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1616 +#: freeculture.xml:1620 msgid "" "Creators here and everywhere are always and at all times building upon the " "creativity that went before and that surrounds them now. That building is " @@ -2021,7 +2026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1627 +#: freeculture.xml:1631 msgid "" "The hard question is therefore not whether a culture is free. All cultures " "are free to some degree. The hard question instead is \"How free is this " @@ -2034,7 +2039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1638 +#: freeculture.xml:1642 msgid "" "Free cultures are cultures that leave a great deal open for others to build " "upon; unfree, or permission, cultures leave much less. Ours was a free " @@ -2042,17 +2047,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:1646 +#: freeculture.xml:1650 msgid "CHAPTER TWO: \"Mere Copyists\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1647 +#: freeculture.xml:1651 msgid "Daguerre, Louis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1649 +#: freeculture.xml:1653 msgid "" "In 1839, Louis Daguerre invented the first practical technology for " "producing what we would call \"photographs.\" Appropriately enough, they " @@ -2064,7 +2069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1658 +#: freeculture.xml:1662 msgid "" "Yet despite high prices, the demand for daguerreotypes was strong. This " "pushed inventors to find simpler and cheaper ways to make \"automatic " @@ -2078,7 +2083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 45 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1669 +#: freeculture.xml:1673 msgid "" "The technological change that made mass photography possible didn't happen " "until 1888, and was the creation of a single man. George Eastman, himself an " @@ -2092,14 +2097,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1686 +#: freeculture.xml:1690 msgid "" "Reese V. Jenkins, Images and Enterprise (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University " "Press, 1975), 112." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1681 +#: freeculture.xml:1685 msgid "" "Eastman developed flexible, emulsion-coated paper film and placed rolls of " "it in small, simple cameras: the Kodak. The device was marketed on the basis " @@ -2108,19 +2113,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1704 freeculture.xml:1727 +#: freeculture.xml:1708 freeculture.xml:1731 msgid "Coe, Brian" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1702 +#: freeculture.xml:1706 msgid "" "Brian Coe, The Birth of Photography (New York: Taplinger Publishing, 1977), " "53. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1691 +#: freeculture.xml:1695 msgid "" "The principle of the Kodak system is the separation of the work that any " "person whomsoever can do in making a photograph, from the work that only an " @@ -2134,18 +2139,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1720 +#: freeculture.xml:1724 msgid "Jenkins, 177." msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1724 +#: freeculture.xml:1728 msgid "Based on a chart in Jenkins, p. 178." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1709 +#: freeculture.xml:1713 msgid "" "For $25, anyone could make pictures. The camera came preloaded with film, " "and when it had been used, the camera was returned to an Eastman factory, " @@ -2162,12 +2167,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1742 +#: freeculture.xml:1746 msgid "Coe, 58." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1731 +#: freeculture.xml:1735 msgid "" "The real significance of Eastman's invention, however, was not economic. It " "was social. Professional photography gave individuals a glimpse of places " @@ -2182,7 +2187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1746 +#: freeculture.xml:1750 msgid "" "In this way, the Kodak camera and film were technologies of expression. The " "pencil or paintbrush was also a technology of expression, of course. But it " @@ -2198,14 +2203,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1768 +#: freeculture.xml:1772 msgid "" "For illustrative cases, see, for example, Pavesich v. N.E. Life Ins. Co., 50 " "S.E." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1759 +#: freeculture.xml:1763 msgid "" "What was required for this technology to flourish? Obviously, Eastman's " "genius was an important part. But also important was the legal environment " @@ -2219,7 +2224,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 47 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1772 +#: freeculture.xml:1776 msgid "" "The arguments in favor of requiring permission will sound surprisingly " "familiar. The photographer was \"taking\" something from the person or " @@ -2230,12 +2235,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1794 +#: freeculture.xml:1798 msgid "Warren, Samuel D." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1791 +#: freeculture.xml:1795 msgid "" "Samuel D. Warren and Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard " "Law Review 4 (1890): 193. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -2243,7 +2248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1784 +#: freeculture.xml:1788 msgid "" "On the other side was an argument that should be familiar, as well. Sure, " "there may be something of value being used. But citizens should have the " @@ -2258,7 +2263,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1811 +#: freeculture.xml:1815 msgid "" "See Melville B. Nimmer, \"The Right of Publicity,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 19 (1954): 203; William L. Prosser, \"Privacy,\" California Law " @@ -2267,7 +2272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1801 +#: freeculture.xml:1805 msgid "" "Fortunately for Mr. Eastman, and for photography in general, these early " "decisions went in favor of the pirates. In general, no permission would be " @@ -2281,7 +2286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1819 +#: freeculture.xml:1823 msgid "" "We can only speculate about how photography would have developed had the law " "gone the other way. If the presumption had been against the photographer, " @@ -2299,7 +2304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 48 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1836 +#: freeculture.xml:1840 msgid "" "But though we could imagine this system of permission, it would be very hard " "to see how photography could have flourished as it did if the requirement " @@ -2326,7 +2331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1867 +#: freeculture.xml:1871 msgid "" "H. Edward Goldberg, \"Essential Presentation Tools: Hardware and Software " "You Need to Create Digital Multimedia Presentations,\" cadalyst, February " @@ -2335,7 +2340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1861 +#: freeculture.xml:1865 msgid "" "These buses are not cheap, but the technology they carry is increasingly " "so. The cost of a high-quality digital video system has fallen " @@ -2350,7 +2355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 49 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1881 +#: freeculture.xml:1885 msgid "" "\"Media literacy,\" as Dave Yanofsky, the executive director of Just Think!, " "puts it, \"is the ability . . . to understand, analyze, and deconstruct " @@ -2360,7 +2365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1888 +#: freeculture.xml:1892 msgid "" "This may seem like an odd way to think about \"literacy.\" For most people, " "literacy is about reading and writing. Faulkner and Hemingway and noticing " @@ -2369,7 +2374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1898 +#: freeculture.xml:1902 msgid "" "Judith Van Evra, Television and Child Development (Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence " "Erlbaum Associates, 1990); \"Findings on Family and TV Study,\" Denver Post, " @@ -2377,7 +2382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1894 +#: freeculture.xml:1898 msgid "" "Maybe. But in a world where children see on average 390 hours of television " "commercials per year, or between 20,000 and 45,000 commercials " @@ -2389,7 +2394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1910 +#: freeculture.xml:1914 msgid "" "A growing field of academics and activists sees this form of literacy as " "crucial to the next generation of culture. For though anyone who has written " @@ -2402,7 +2407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1921 +#: freeculture.xml:1925 msgid "" "It took filmmaking a generation before it could do these things well. But " "even then, the knowledge was in the filming, not in writing about the " @@ -2413,22 +2418,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1928 +#: freeculture.xml:1932 msgid "Crichton, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1942 freeculture.xml:2002 freeculture.xml:2009 freeculture.xml:2455 +#: freeculture.xml:1946 freeculture.xml:2006 freeculture.xml:2013 freeculture.xml:2459 msgid "Barish, Stephanie" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1943 +#: freeculture.xml:1947 msgid "Daley, Elizabeth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1940 +#: freeculture.xml:1944 msgid "" "Interview with Elizabeth Daley and Stephanie Barish, 13 December 2002. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -2437,7 +2442,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1954 +#: freeculture.xml:1958 msgid "" "See Scott Steinberg, \"Crichton Gets Medieval on PCs,\" E!online, 4 November " "2000, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -2446,7 +2451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1930 +#: freeculture.xml:1934 msgid "" "This grammar has changed as media has changed. When it was just film, as " "Elizabeth Daley, executive director of the University of Southern " @@ -2464,12 +2469,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1961 +#: freeculture.xml:1965 msgid "computer games" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1963 +#: freeculture.xml:1967 msgid "" "This skill is precisely the craft a filmmaker learns. As Daley describes, " "\"people are very surprised about how they are led through a film. [I]t is " @@ -2479,7 +2484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1970 +#: freeculture.xml:1974 msgid "" "Yet the push for an expanded literacy—one that goes beyond text to " "include audio and visual elements—is not about making better film " @@ -2488,7 +2493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1977 +#: freeculture.xml:1981 msgid "" "From my perspective, probably the most important digital divide is not " "access to a box. It's the ability to be empowered with the language that " @@ -2497,25 +2502,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1985 +#: freeculture.xml:1989 msgid "" "\"Read-only.\" Passive recipients of culture produced elsewhere. Couch " "potatoes. Consumers. This is the world of media from the twentieth century." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2001 +#: freeculture.xml:2005 msgid "Interview with Daley and Barish. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2006 freeculture.xml:3750 freeculture.xml:4825 freeculture.xml:7961 +#: freeculture.xml:2010 freeculture.xml:3754 freeculture.xml:4829 freeculture.xml:7965 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:1990 +#: freeculture.xml:1994 msgid "" "The twenty-first century could be different. This is the crucial point: It " "could be both read and write. Or at least reading and better understanding " @@ -2529,7 +2534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2011 +#: freeculture.xml:2015 msgid "" "As with any language, this language comes more easily to some than to " "others. It doesn't necessarily come more easily to those who excel in " @@ -2543,7 +2548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2023 +#: freeculture.xml:2027 msgid "" "The class was held on Friday afternoons, and it created a relatively new " "problem for the school. While the challenge in most classes was getting the " @@ -2554,7 +2559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2031 +#: freeculture.xml:2035 msgid "" "Using whatever \"free web stuff they could find,\" and relatively simple " "tools to enable the kids to mix \"image, sound, and text,\" Barish said this " @@ -2574,7 +2579,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 52 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2050 +#: freeculture.xml:2054 msgid "" "\"But isn't education about teaching kids to write?\" I asked. In part, of " "course, it is. But why are we teaching kids to write? Education, Daley " @@ -2586,7 +2591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2063 +#: freeculture.xml:2067 msgid "" "What you want is to give these students ways of constructing meaning. If all " "you give them is text, they're not going to do it. Because they can't. You " @@ -2607,7 +2612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2082 +#: freeculture.xml:2086 msgid "" "That empowers enormously. And then what happens, of course, is eventually, " "as it has happened in all these classes, they bump up against the fact, \"I " @@ -2618,7 +2623,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 53 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2089 +#: freeculture.xml:2093 msgid "" "Because they needed to. There was a reason for doing it. They needed to say " "something, as opposed to just jumping through your hoops. They actually " @@ -2627,7 +2632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2098 +#: freeculture.xml:2102 msgid "" "When two planes crashed into the World Trade Center, another into the " "Pentagon, and a fourth into a Pennsylvania field, all media around the world " @@ -2640,7 +2645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2109 +#: freeculture.xml:2113 msgid "" "These retellings had an increasingly familiar feel. There was music scored " "for the intermissions, and fancy graphics that flashed across the " @@ -2651,17 +2656,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2116 freeculture.xml:7899 +#: freeculture.xml:2120 freeculture.xml:7903 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2117 +#: freeculture.xml:2121 msgid "CBS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2119 +#: freeculture.xml:2123 msgid "" "But in addition to this produced news about the \"tragedy of September 11,\" " "those of us tied to the Internet came to see a very different production as " @@ -2678,7 +2683,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 54 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2133 +#: freeculture.xml:2137 msgid "" "I don't mean simply to praise the Internet—though I do think the " "people who supported this form of speech should be praised. I mean instead " @@ -2689,7 +2694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2143 +#: freeculture.xml:2147 msgid "" "But unlike any technology for simply capturing images, the Internet allows " "these creations to be shared with an extraordinary number of people, " @@ -2701,7 +2706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2152 +#: freeculture.xml:2156 msgid "" "September 11 was not an aberration. It was a beginning. Around the same " "time, a form of communication that has grown dramatically was just beginning " @@ -2713,7 +2718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2161 +#: freeculture.xml:2165 msgid "" "But in the United States, blogs have taken on a very different character. " "There are some who use the space simply to talk about their private " @@ -2730,7 +2735,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 55 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2175 +#: freeculture.xml:2179 msgid "" "That's a strong statement. Yet it says as much about our democracy as it " "does about blogs. This is the part of America that is most difficult for " @@ -2743,14 +2748,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2201 +#: freeculture.xml:2205 msgid "" "See, for example, Alexis de Tocqueville, Democracy in America, bk. 1, " "trans. Henry Reeve (New York: Bantam Books, 2000), ch. 16." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2186 +#: freeculture.xml:2190 msgid "" "But democracy has never just been about elections. Democracy means rule by " "the people, but rule means something more than mere elections. In our " @@ -2769,14 +2774,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2210 +#: freeculture.xml:2214 msgid "" "Bruce Ackerman and James Fishkin, \"Deliberation Day,\" Journal of Political " "Philosophy 10 (2) (2002): 129." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2206 +#: freeculture.xml:2210 msgid "" "Yet even this institution flags in American life today. And in its place, " "there is no systematic effort to enable citizen deliberation. Some are " @@ -2788,14 +2793,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2230 +#: freeculture.xml:2234 msgid "" "Cass Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001), " "65–80, 175, 182, 183, 192." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2221 +#: freeculture.xml:2225 msgid "" "More bizarrely, there is generally not even permission for it to occur. We, " "the most powerful democracy in the world, have developed a strong norm " @@ -2808,7 +2813,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 56 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2236 +#: freeculture.xml:2240 msgid "" "Enter the blog. The blog's very architecture solves one part of this " "problem. People post when they want to post, and people read when they want " @@ -2819,7 +2824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2248 +#: freeculture.xml:2252 msgid "" "But beyond architecture, blogs also have solved the problem of " "norms. There's no norm (yet) in blog space not to talk about politics. " @@ -2830,7 +2835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2256 +#: freeculture.xml:2260 msgid "" "The significance of these blogs is tiny now, though not so tiny. The name " "Howard Dean may well have faded from the 2004 presidential race but for " @@ -2840,14 +2845,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2276 +#: freeculture.xml:2280 msgid "" "Noah Shachtman, \"With Incessant Postings, a Pundit Stirs the Pot,\" New " "York Times, 16 January 2003, G5." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2263 +#: freeculture.xml:2267 msgid "" "One direct effect is on stories that had a different life cycle in the " "mainstream media. The Trent Lott affair is an example. When Lott " @@ -2862,7 +2867,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2281 +#: freeculture.xml:2285 msgid "" "This different cycle is possible because the same commercial pressures don't " "exist with blogs as with other ventures. Television and newspapers are " @@ -2871,7 +2876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2288 +#: freeculture.xml:2292 msgid "" "But bloggers don't have a similar constraint. They can obsess, they can " "focus, they can get serious. If a particular blogger writes a particularly " @@ -2883,7 +2888,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 57 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2297 +#: freeculture.xml:2301 msgid "" "There's a second way, as well, in which blogs have a different cycle from " "the mainstream press. As Dave Winer, one of the fathers of this movement and " @@ -2896,18 +2901,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2307 freeculture.xml:2360 +#: freeculture.xml:2311 freeculture.xml:2364 msgid "CNN" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2315 +#: freeculture.xml:2319 msgid "Telephone interview with David Winer, 16 April 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2309 +#: freeculture.xml:2313 msgid "" "These conflicts become more important as media becomes more concentrated " "(more on this below). A concentrated media can hide more from the public " @@ -2924,7 +2929,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2333 +#: freeculture.xml:2337 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"Loss of the Shuttle: The Internet; A Wealth of Information " "Online,\" New York Times, 2 February 2003, A28; Staci D. Kramer, \"Shuttle " @@ -2934,7 +2939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2325 +#: freeculture.xml:2329 msgid "" "Blog space gives amateurs a way to enter the debate—\"amateur\" not in " "the sense of inexperienced, but in the sense of an Olympic athlete, meaning " @@ -2949,7 +2954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2352 +#: freeculture.xml:2356 msgid "" "See Michael Falcone, \"Does an Editor's Pencil Ruin a Web Log?\" New York " "Times, 29 September 2003, C4. (\"Not all news organizations have been as " @@ -2963,7 +2968,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 58 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2345 +#: freeculture.xml:2349 msgid "" "Winer is optimistic about the future of journalism infected with " "blogs. \"It's going to become an essential skill,\" Winer predicts, for " @@ -2979,7 +2984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2372 +#: freeculture.xml:2376 msgid "" "This speech affects democracy. Winer thinks that happens because \"you don't " "have to work for somebody who controls, [for] a gatekeeper.\" That is " @@ -2996,7 +3001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2389 +#: freeculture.xml:2393 msgid "" "John Seely Brown is the chief scientist of the Xerox Corporation. His work, " "as his Web site describes it, is \"human learning and . . . the creation of " @@ -3004,7 +3009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2394 +#: freeculture.xml:2398 msgid "" "Brown thus looks at these technologies of digital creativity a bit " "differently from the perspectives I've sketched so far. I'm sure he would be " @@ -3014,7 +3019,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 59 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2401 +#: freeculture.xml:2405 msgid "" "As Brown believes, we learn by tinkering. When \"a lot of us grew up,\" he " "explains, that tinkering was done \"on motorcycle engines, lawnmower " @@ -3028,7 +3033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2416 +#: freeculture.xml:2420 msgid "" "The best large-scale example of this kind of tinkering so far is free " "software or open-source software (FS/OSS). FS/OSS is software whose source " @@ -3038,7 +3043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2423 +#: freeculture.xml:2427 msgid "" "This opportunity creates a \"completely new kind of learning platform,\" as " "Brown describes. \"As soon as you start doing that, you . . . unleash a " @@ -3049,7 +3054,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2433 +#: freeculture.xml:2437 msgid "" "In this process, \"the concrete things you tinker with are abstract. They " "are code.\" Kids are \"shifting to the ability to tinker in the abstract, " @@ -3060,7 +3065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2443 +#: freeculture.xml:2447 msgid "" "This same thing happens with content, too. And it happens in the same " "collaborative way when that content is part of the Web. As Brown puts it, " @@ -3075,7 +3080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 60 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2457 +#: freeculture.xml:2461 msgid "" "Brown is talking about what Elizabeth Daley, Stephanie Barish, and Just " "Think! teach: that this tinkering with culture teaches as well as " @@ -3084,7 +3089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2465 +#: freeculture.xml:2469 msgid "" "Yet the freedom to tinker with these objects is not guaranteed. Indeed, as " "we'll see through the course of this book, that freedom is increasingly " @@ -3097,7 +3102,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2480 +#: freeculture.xml:2484 msgid "" "See, for example, Edward Felten and Andrew Appel, \"Technological Access " "Control Interferes with Noninfringing Scholarship,\" Communications of the " @@ -3105,7 +3110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2474 +#: freeculture.xml:2478 msgid "" "These restrictions have become the focus of researchers and scholars. " "Professor Ed Felten of Princeton (whom we'll see more of in chapter 10) has " @@ -3117,7 +3122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2488 +#: freeculture.xml:2492 msgid "" "\"This is where education in the twenty-first century is going,\" Brown " "explains. We need to \"understand how kids who grow up digital think and " @@ -3125,7 +3130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2493 +#: freeculture.xml:2497 msgid "" "\"Yet,\" as Brown continued, and as the balance of this book will evince, " "\"we are building a legal system that completely suppresses the natural " @@ -3135,7 +3140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2500 +#: freeculture.xml:2504 msgid "" "We're building a technology that takes the magic of Kodak, mixes moving " "images and sound, and adds a space for commentary and an opportunity to " @@ -3144,19 +3149,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2506 +#: freeculture.xml:2510 msgid "" "\"No way to run a culture,\" as Brewster Kahle, whom we'll meet in chapter " "9, quipped to me in a rare moment of despondence." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2512 +#: freeculture.xml:2516 msgid "CHAPTER THREE: Catalogs" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2514 +#: freeculture.xml:2518 msgid "" "In the fall of 2002, Jesse Jordan of Oceanside, New York, enrolled as a " "freshman at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, in Troy, New York. His major " @@ -3166,7 +3171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2521 +#: freeculture.xml:2525 msgid "" "RPI is one of America's foremost technological research institutions. It " "offers degrees in fields ranging from architecture and engineering to " @@ -3177,7 +3182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2529 +#: freeculture.xml:2533 msgid "" "RPI's computer network links students, faculty, and administration to one " "another. It also links RPI to the Internet. Not everything available on the " @@ -3188,7 +3193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 62 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2536 +#: freeculture.xml:2540 msgid "" "Search engines are a measure of a network's intimacy. Google brought the " "Internet much closer to all of us by fantastically improving the quality of " @@ -3201,7 +3206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2548 +#: freeculture.xml:2552 msgid "" "These engines are enabled by the network technology itself. Microsoft, for " "example, has a network file system that makes it very easy for search " @@ -3212,7 +3217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2557 +#: freeculture.xml:2561 msgid "" "Jesse's wasn't the first search engine built for the RPI network. Indeed, " "his engine was a simple modification of engines that others had built. His " @@ -3226,7 +3231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2569 +#: freeculture.xml:2573 msgid "" "Jesse's engine went on-line in late October. Over the following six months, " "he continued to tweak it to improve its functionality. By March, the system " @@ -3237,7 +3242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 63 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2576 +#: freeculture.xml:2580 msgid "" "Thus the index his search engine produced included pictures, which students " "could use to put on their own Web sites; copies of notes or research; copies " @@ -3247,7 +3252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2586 +#: freeculture.xml:2590 msgid "" "But the index also included music files. In fact, one quarter of the files " "that Jesse's search engine listed were music files. But that means, of " @@ -3264,7 +3269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2601 +#: freeculture.xml:2605 msgid "" "On April 3, 2003, Jesse was contacted by the dean of students at RPI. The " "dean informed Jesse that the Recording Industry Association of America, the " @@ -3275,7 +3280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2610 +#: freeculture.xml:2614 msgid "" "\"It was absurd,\" he told me. \"I don't think I did anything wrong. . . . " "I don't think there's anything wrong with the search engine that I ran or " @@ -3290,7 +3295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 64 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2622 +#: freeculture.xml:2626 msgid "" "But the RIAA branded Jesse a pirate. They claimed he operated a network and " "had therefore \"willfully\" violated copyright laws. They demanded that he " @@ -3304,7 +3309,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2643 +#: freeculture.xml:2647 msgid "" "Tim Goral, \"Recording Industry Goes After Campus P-2-P Networks: Suit " "Alleges $97.8 Billion in Damages,\" Professional Media Group LCC 6 (2003): " @@ -3312,7 +3317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2634 +#: freeculture.xml:2638 msgid "" "Similar lawsuits were brought against three other students: one other " "student at RPI, one at Michigan Technical University, and one at " @@ -3326,7 +3331,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2649 +#: freeculture.xml:2653 msgid "" "Jesse called his parents. They were supportive but a bit frightened. An " "uncle was a lawyer. He began negotiations with the RIAA. They demanded to " @@ -3335,7 +3340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2656 +#: freeculture.xml:2660 msgid "" "The RIAA wanted Jesse to admit to doing something wrong. He refused. They " "wanted him to agree to an injunction that would essentially make it " @@ -3349,7 +3354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 65 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2667 +#: freeculture.xml:2671 msgid "" "Jesse's family was outraged at these claims. They wanted to fight. But " "Jesse's uncle worked to educate the family about the nature of the American " @@ -3361,7 +3366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2677 +#: freeculture.xml:2681 msgid "" "So Jesse faced a mafia-like choice: $250,000 and a chance at winning, or " "$12,000 and a settlement." @@ -3369,7 +3374,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2689 +#: freeculture.xml:2693 msgid "" "Occupational Employment Survey, U.S. Dept. of Labor (2001) " "(27–2042—Musicians and Singers). See also National Endowment for " @@ -3378,14 +3383,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2697 +#: freeculture.xml:2701 msgid "" "Douglas Lichtman makes a related point in \"KaZaA and Punishment,\" Wall " "Street Journal, 10 September 2003, A24." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2681 +#: freeculture.xml:2685 msgid "" "The recording industry insists this is a matter of law and morality. Let's " "put the law aside for a moment and think about the morality. Where is the " @@ -3399,7 +3404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2702 +#: freeculture.xml:2706 msgid "" "On June 23, Jesse wired his savings to the lawyer working for the RIAA. The " "case against him was then dismissed. And with this, this kid who had " @@ -3407,7 +3412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2709 +#: freeculture.xml:2713 msgid "" "I was definitely not an activist [before]. I never really meant to be an " "activist. . . . [But] I've been pushed into this. In no way did I ever " @@ -3416,7 +3421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2716 +#: freeculture.xml:2720 msgid "" "Jesse's parents betray a certain pride in their reluctant activist. As his " "father told me, Jesse \"considers himself very conservative, and so do " @@ -3426,12 +3431,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2725 +#: freeculture.xml:2729 msgid "CHAPTER FOUR: \"Pirates\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2727 +#: freeculture.xml:2731 msgid "" "If \"piracy\" means using the creative property of others without their " "permission—if \"if value, then right\" is true—then the history " @@ -3442,13 +3447,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2735 +#: freeculture.xml:2739 msgid "Film" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2739 +#: freeculture.xml:2743 msgid "" "I am grateful to Peter DiMauro for pointing me to this extraordinary " "history. See also Siva Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, " @@ -3458,7 +3463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 67 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2737 +#: freeculture.xml:2741 msgid "" "The film industry of Hollywood was built by fleeing pirates.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Creators and directors migrated from the East " @@ -3472,12 +3477,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2754 +#: freeculture.xml:2758 msgid "As one commentator tells one part of the story," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2758 +#: freeculture.xml:2762 msgid "" "A January 1909 deadline was set for all companies to comply with the " "license. By February, unlicensed outlaws, who referred to themselves as " @@ -3489,7 +3494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2778 +#: freeculture.xml:2782 msgid "" "J. A. Aberdeen, Hollywood Renegades: The Society of Independent Motion " "Picture Producers (Cobblestone Entertainment, 2000) and expanded texts " @@ -3504,17 +3509,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2789 +#: freeculture.xml:2793 msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2790 freeculture.xml:3042 freeculture.xml:4170 freeculture.xml:9510 +#: freeculture.xml:2794 freeculture.xml:3046 freeculture.xml:4174 freeculture.xml:9514 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2767 +#: freeculture.xml:2771 msgid "" "With the country experiencing a tremendous expansion in the number of " "nickelodeons, the Patents Company reacted to the independent movement by " @@ -3531,14 +3536,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2800 +#: freeculture.xml:2804 msgid "" "Marc Wanamaker, \"The First Studios,\" The Silents Majority, archived at " "<ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #12</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2794 +#: freeculture.xml:2798 msgid "" "The Napsters of those days, the \"independents,\" were companies like " "Fox. And no less than today, these independents were vigorously resisted. " @@ -3553,7 +3558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 68 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2810 +#: freeculture.xml:2814 msgid "" "Of course, California grew quickly, and the effective enforcement of federal " "law eventually spread west. But because patents grant the patent holder a " @@ -3563,19 +3568,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:2821 +#: freeculture.xml:2825 msgid "Recorded Music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2823 +#: freeculture.xml:2827 msgid "" "The record industry was born of another kind of piracy, though to see how " "requires a bit of detail about the way the law regulates music." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2827 +#: freeculture.xml:2831 msgid "" "At the time that Edison and Henri Fourneaux invented machines for " "reproducing music (Edison the phonograph, Fourneaux the player piano), the " @@ -3587,12 +3592,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2836 freeculture.xml:2982 +#: freeculture.xml:2840 freeculture.xml:2986 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2838 +#: freeculture.xml:2842 msgid "" "But what if I wanted to record \"Happy Mose,\" using Edison's phonograph or " "Fourneaux's player piano? Here the law stumbled. It was clear enough that I " @@ -3612,7 +3617,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 69 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2856 +#: freeculture.xml:2860 msgid "" "The composers (and publishers) were none too happy about this capacity to " "pirate. As South Dakota senator Alfred Kittredge put it," @@ -3620,7 +3625,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2870 +#: freeculture.xml:2874 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright: Hearings on S. 6330 " "and H.R. 19853 Before the ( Joint) Committees on Patents, 59th Cong. 59, 1st " @@ -3631,7 +3636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2863 +#: freeculture.xml:2867 msgid "" "Imagine the injustice of the thing. A composer writes a song or an opera. A " "publisher buys at great expense the rights to the same and copyrights " @@ -3643,7 +3648,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2884 +#: freeculture.xml:2888 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 223 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3651,7 +3656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2890 +#: freeculture.xml:2894 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 226 (statement of " "Nathan Burkan, attorney for the Music Publishers Association)." @@ -3659,14 +3664,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2897 +#: freeculture.xml:2901 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 23 (statement of " "John Philip Sousa, composer)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2880 +#: freeculture.xml:2884 msgid "" "The innovators who developed the technology to record other people's works " "were \"sponging upon the toil, the work, the talent, and genius of American " @@ -3679,7 +3684,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2909 +#: freeculture.xml:2913 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 283–84 " "(statement of Albert Walker, representative of the Auto-Music Perforating " @@ -3688,7 +3693,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2920 +#: freeculture.xml:2924 msgid "" "To Amend and Consolidate the Acts Respecting Copyright, 376 (prepared " "memorandum of Philip Mauro, general patent counsel of the American " @@ -3696,7 +3701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2902 +#: freeculture.xml:2906 msgid "" "These arguments have familiar echoes in the wars of our day. So, too, do the " "arguments on the other side. The innovators who developed the player piano " @@ -3714,7 +3719,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 70 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2928 +#: freeculture.xml:2932 msgid "" "The law soon resolved this battle in favor of the composer and the recording " "artist. Congress amended the law to make sure that composers would be paid " @@ -3729,7 +3734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2944 +#: freeculture.xml:2948 msgid "" "American law ordinarily calls this a \"compulsory license,\" but I will " "refer to it as a \"statutory license.\" A statutory license is a license " @@ -3740,12 +3745,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2960 freeculture.xml:13765 +#: freeculture.xml:2964 freeculture.xml:13771 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2953 +#: freeculture.xml:2957 msgid "" "This is an exception within the law of copyright. When John Grisham writes a " "novel, a publisher is free to publish that novel only if Grisham gives the " @@ -3758,7 +3763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2976 +#: freeculture.xml:2980 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Hearings on S. 2499, S. 2900, H.R. 243, and " "H.R. 11794 Before the ( Joint) Committee on Patents, 60th Cong., 1st sess., " @@ -3768,7 +3773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2963 +#: freeculture.xml:2967 msgid "" "But the law governing recordings gives recording artists less. And thus, in " "effect, the law subsidizes the recording industry through a kind of " @@ -3785,7 +3790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2985 +#: freeculture.xml:2989 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3794,7 +3799,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3011 +#: freeculture.xml:3015 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -3802,7 +3807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:2992 +#: freeculture.xml:2996 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3819,29 +3824,29 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3018 +#: freeculture.xml:3022 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3024 freeculture.xml:4135 +#: freeculture.xml:3028 freeculture.xml:4139 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3026 +#: freeculture.xml:3030 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3041 +#: freeculture.xml:3045 msgid "Hand, Learned" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3032 +#: freeculture.xml:3036 msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " @@ -3856,7 +3861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3029 +#: freeculture.xml:3033 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -3867,7 +3872,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 72 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3049 +#: freeculture.xml:3053 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " @@ -3880,7 +3885,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3062 +#: freeculture.xml:3066 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -3890,7 +3895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3072 +#: freeculture.xml:3076 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -3899,7 +3904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3079 +#: freeculture.xml:3083 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -3911,7 +3916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3088 +#: freeculture.xml:3092 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -3922,18 +3927,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:3098 freeculture.xml:4141 +#: freeculture.xml:3102 freeculture.xml:4145 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3101 +#: freeculture.xml:3105 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3104 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -3945,18 +3950,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3114 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3115 +#: freeculture.xml:3119 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3121 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -3966,14 +3971,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3132 +#: freeculture.xml:3136 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3117 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -3988,14 +3993,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3143 +#: freeculture.xml:3147 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3139 +#: freeculture.xml:3143 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -4003,13 +4008,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3149 +#: freeculture.xml:3153 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3158 +#: freeculture.xml:3162 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -4017,7 +4022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3153 +#: freeculture.xml:3157 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4027,14 +4032,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3169 +#: freeculture.xml:3173 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3165 +#: freeculture.xml:3169 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\"<placeholder " @@ -4042,7 +4047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3174 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," @@ -4050,14 +4055,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3188 +#: freeculture.xml:3192 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3179 +#: freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4068,14 +4073,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3194 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3198 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4090,7 +4095,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3215 +#: freeculture.xml:3219 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " "Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " @@ -4100,7 +4105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3210 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " @@ -4113,12 +4118,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3232 +#: freeculture.xml:3236 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3234 +#: freeculture.xml:3238 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4129,7 +4134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3242 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4141,13 +4146,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3252 +#: freeculture.xml:3256 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3260 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " "Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at " @@ -4157,7 +4162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3254 +#: freeculture.xml:3258 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4169,7 +4174,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3271 +#: freeculture.xml:3275 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4177,7 +4182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3277 +#: freeculture.xml:3281 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4189,7 +4194,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3288 +#: freeculture.xml:3292 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4204,7 +4209,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3300 +#: freeculture.xml:3304 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4213,12 +4218,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3328 freeculture.xml:12241 freeculture.xml:12674 freeculture.xml:12681 +#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:12245 freeculture.xml:12679 freeculture.xml:12686 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3314 +#: freeculture.xml:3318 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " @@ -4237,7 +4242,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3309 +#: freeculture.xml:3313 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4250,7 +4255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3341 +#: freeculture.xml:3345 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " @@ -4262,7 +4267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3335 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4272,7 +4277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3351 +#: freeculture.xml:3355 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4288,7 +4293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3364 +#: freeculture.xml:3368 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " @@ -4306,7 +4311,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3385 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4321,7 +4326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3401 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4332,7 +4337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3410 +#: freeculture.xml:3414 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4348,7 +4353,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3428 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4360,7 +4365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3438 +#: freeculture.xml:3442 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4372,7 +4377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3447 +#: freeculture.xml:3451 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4381,7 +4386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3453 +#: freeculture.xml:3457 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4390,26 +4395,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3459 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3466 +#: freeculture.xml:3470 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3471 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3468 +#: freeculture.xml:3472 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4419,12 +4424,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3493 freeculture.xml:8028 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 freeculture.xml:8032 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3485 +#: freeculture.xml:3489 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " "National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " @@ -4438,12 +4443,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3496 +#: freeculture.xml:3500 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3480 +#: freeculture.xml:3484 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4455,7 +4460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3504 +#: freeculture.xml:3508 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " @@ -4466,7 +4471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3499 +#: freeculture.xml:3503 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4482,7 +4487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3526 +#: freeculture.xml:3530 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " "(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " @@ -4492,14 +4497,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3535 +#: freeculture.xml:3539 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " "Times, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3520 +#: freeculture.xml:3524 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4515,7 +4520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3546 +#: freeculture.xml:3550 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4527,7 +4532,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3556 +#: freeculture.xml:3560 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -4535,7 +4540,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3562 +#: freeculture.xml:3566 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4548,7 +4553,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3579 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4561,7 +4566,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3588 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4580,25 +4585,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3609 +#: freeculture.xml:3613 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3615 +#: freeculture.xml:3619 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3623 +#: freeculture.xml:3627 msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3618 +#: freeculture.xml:3622 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4612,7 +4617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3635 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4623,7 +4628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3653 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " "Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " @@ -4639,7 +4644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3644 +#: freeculture.xml:3648 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4654,12 +4659,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3682 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3674 +#: freeculture.xml:3678 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " @@ -4670,7 +4675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3686 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4682,7 +4687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3696 +#: freeculture.xml:3700 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4694,7 +4699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3705 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4703,7 +4708,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3715 +#: freeculture.xml:3719 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4720,12 +4725,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3742 +#: freeculture.xml:3746 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3739 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4733,7 +4738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3711 +#: freeculture.xml:3715 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4753,7 +4758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3756 +#: freeculture.xml:3760 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4764,7 +4769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3765 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4782,7 +4787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3783 +#: freeculture.xml:3787 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4791,7 +4796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3796 +#: freeculture.xml:3800 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4802,7 +4807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3790 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -4817,7 +4822,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3821 +#: freeculture.xml:3825 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -4830,7 +4835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3815 +#: freeculture.xml:3819 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -4845,12 +4850,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3842 +#: freeculture.xml:3846 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3844 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -4865,7 +4870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3857 +#: freeculture.xml:3861 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -4877,7 +4882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3865 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -4894,7 +4899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3882 +#: freeculture.xml:3886 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -4903,7 +4908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3888 +#: freeculture.xml:3892 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -4912,7 +4917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3895 +#: freeculture.xml:3899 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -4927,7 +4932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3908 +#: freeculture.xml:3912 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -4935,7 +4940,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3925 +#: freeculture.xml:3929 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -4946,7 +4951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3912 +#: freeculture.xml:3916 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -4959,7 +4964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3935 +#: freeculture.xml:3939 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -4973,7 +4978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3946 +#: freeculture.xml:3950 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -4985,7 +4990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3957 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -4999,7 +5004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3970 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5010,7 +5015,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3980 +#: freeculture.xml:3984 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5027,12 +5032,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3998 +#: freeculture.xml:4002 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4000 +#: freeculture.xml:4004 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5048,7 +5053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4013 +#: freeculture.xml:4017 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5065,7 +5070,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4035 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5075,13 +5080,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4047 +#: freeculture.xml:4051 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4052 +#: freeculture.xml:4056 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, " "(C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5089,14 +5094,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4063 +#: freeculture.xml:4067 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4028 +#: freeculture.xml:4032 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5122,14 +5127,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4079 +#: freeculture.xml:4083 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " "Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4068 +#: freeculture.xml:4072 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5145,7 +5150,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4084 +#: freeculture.xml:4088 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5154,14 +5159,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4103 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 msgid "" "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " "(1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4093 +#: freeculture.xml:4097 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5172,7 +5177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4108 +#: freeculture.xml:4112 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5182,82 +5187,82 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4117 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "Table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4121 +#: freeculture.xml:4125 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4122 +#: freeculture.xml:4126 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4123 +#: freeculture.xml:4127 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4124 +#: freeculture.xml:4128 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 +#: freeculture.xml:4133 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4130 +#: freeculture.xml:4134 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4131 freeculture.xml:4143 freeculture.xml:4149 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:4147 freeculture.xml:4153 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4132 freeculture.xml:4144 +#: freeculture.xml:4136 freeculture.xml:4148 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4136 +#: freeculture.xml:4140 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4137 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4138 freeculture.xml:4150 +#: freeculture.xml:4142 freeculture.xml:4154 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4142 +#: freeculture.xml:4146 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4147 +#: freeculture.xml:4151 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4148 +#: freeculture.xml:4152 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 +#: freeculture.xml:4164 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5273,7 +5278,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4157 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5283,7 +5288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4177 +#: freeculture.xml:4181 msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " "riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " @@ -5296,7 +5301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4189 +#: freeculture.xml:4193 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5310,12 +5315,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4206 +#: freeculture.xml:4210 msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4201 +#: freeculture.xml:4205 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5329,7 +5334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4218 +#: freeculture.xml:4222 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5346,14 +5351,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4245 +#: freeculture.xml:4249 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4235 +#: freeculture.xml:4239 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5372,20 +5377,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4259 +#: freeculture.xml:4263 msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " "just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4267 +#: freeculture.xml:4271 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4271 +#: freeculture.xml:4275 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5394,7 +5399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4278 +#: freeculture.xml:4282 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5409,7 +5414,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4303 +#: freeculture.xml:4307 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " @@ -5417,7 +5422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4290 +#: freeculture.xml:4294 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5433,7 +5438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4309 +#: freeculture.xml:4313 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5443,7 +5448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4324 +#: freeculture.xml:4328 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5455,7 +5460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4317 +#: freeculture.xml:4321 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5464,7 +5469,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4337 +#: freeculture.xml:4341 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5476,12 +5481,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4351 +#: freeculture.xml:4355 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4353 +#: freeculture.xml:4357 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " @@ -5495,7 +5500,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4369 +#: freeculture.xml:4373 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5508,7 +5513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4380 +#: freeculture.xml:4384 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." @@ -5516,7 +5521,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4365 +#: freeculture.xml:4369 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the " "\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive " @@ -5533,14 +5538,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4406 +#: freeculture.xml:4410 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4396 +#: freeculture.xml:4400 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5555,7 +5560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4414 +#: freeculture.xml:4418 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5568,7 +5573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4427 +#: freeculture.xml:4431 msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " "Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " @@ -5583,7 +5588,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4444 +#: freeculture.xml:4448 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5595,7 +5600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4456 +#: freeculture.xml:4460 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5606,7 +5611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4466 +#: freeculture.xml:4470 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5614,7 +5619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4471 +#: freeculture.xml:4475 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " @@ -5628,7 +5633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4483 +#: freeculture.xml:4487 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5637,7 +5642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4490 +#: freeculture.xml:4494 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5652,7 +5657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4507 +#: freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5665,7 +5670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4519 +#: freeculture.xml:4523 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5680,7 +5685,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4535 +#: freeculture.xml:4539 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5693,14 +5698,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4559 +#: freeculture.xml:4563 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4546 +#: freeculture.xml:4550 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5716,7 +5721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4564 +#: freeculture.xml:4568 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5726,7 +5731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4573 +#: freeculture.xml:4577 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5740,7 +5745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4585 +#: freeculture.xml:4589 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5752,7 +5757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4594 +#: freeculture.xml:4598 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -5760,7 +5765,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4609 +#: freeculture.xml:4613 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5772,7 +5777,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4599 +#: freeculture.xml:4603 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5784,7 +5789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4620 +#: freeculture.xml:4624 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -5802,7 +5807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4641 +#: freeculture.xml:4645 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " @@ -5810,7 +5815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4635 +#: freeculture.xml:4639 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -5823,14 +5828,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4653 +#: freeculture.xml:4657 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4649 +#: freeculture.xml:4653 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -5839,7 +5844,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4663 +#: freeculture.xml:4667 msgid "" "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " "92." @@ -5847,17 +5852,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4673 +#: freeculture.xml:4677 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4675 +#: freeculture.xml:4679 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4658 +#: freeculture.xml:4662 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -5872,14 +5877,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4684 +#: freeculture.xml:4688 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " "Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4678 +#: freeculture.xml:4682 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -5891,7 +5896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4692 +#: freeculture.xml:4696 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -5900,7 +5905,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4704 +#: freeculture.xml:4708 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " @@ -5908,7 +5913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4697 +#: freeculture.xml:4701 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -5919,7 +5924,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4710 +#: freeculture.xml:4714 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -5933,7 +5938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4721 +#: freeculture.xml:4725 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -5948,25 +5953,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:4739 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4738 +#: freeculture.xml:4742 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4744 +#: freeculture.xml:4748 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4740 +#: freeculture.xml:4744 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -5979,7 +5984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4754 +#: freeculture.xml:4758 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " "attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " @@ -5992,7 +5997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4764 +#: freeculture.xml:4768 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6002,7 +6007,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4771 +#: freeculture.xml:4775 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6014,32 +6019,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4789 +#: freeculture.xml:4793 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4790 +#: freeculture.xml:4794 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4791 +#: freeculture.xml:4795 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4792 +#: freeculture.xml:4796 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4793 +#: freeculture.xml:4797 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4781 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " "clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " @@ -6055,12 +6060,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4806 +#: freeculture.xml:4810 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4796 +#: freeculture.xml:4800 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6074,14 +6079,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4810 +#: freeculture.xml:4814 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4816 +#: freeculture.xml:4820 msgid "" "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " @@ -6094,7 +6099,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4831 +#: freeculture.xml:4835 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6116,7 +6121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4851 +#: freeculture.xml:4855 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6124,12 +6129,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4859 +#: freeculture.xml:4863 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4861 +#: freeculture.xml:4865 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6138,14 +6143,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4868 +#: freeculture.xml:4872 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4873 +#: freeculture.xml:4877 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6156,7 +6161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4881 +#: freeculture.xml:4885 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6166,7 +6171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4890 +#: freeculture.xml:4894 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " @@ -6176,12 +6181,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4902 freeculture.xml:4910 +#: freeculture.xml:4906 freeculture.xml:4914 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4897 +#: freeculture.xml:4901 msgid "" "Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " @@ -6192,7 +6197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4905 +#: freeculture.xml:4909 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6203,7 +6208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4913 +#: freeculture.xml:4917 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " @@ -6214,7 +6219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4921 +#: freeculture.xml:4925 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6225,7 +6230,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4929 +#: freeculture.xml:4933 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6236,7 +6241,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4941 +#: freeculture.xml:4945 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6247,7 +6252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4949 +#: freeculture.xml:4953 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " @@ -6260,7 +6265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4960 +#: freeculture.xml:4964 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " "copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " @@ -6272,7 +6277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4976 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6282,7 +6287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4969 +#: freeculture.xml:4973 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6293,12 +6298,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4984 +#: freeculture.xml:4988 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4988 +#: freeculture.xml:4992 msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " "lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " @@ -6310,7 +6315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4998 +#: freeculture.xml:5002 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6321,7 +6326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5006 +#: freeculture.xml:5010 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6336,7 +6341,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 +#: freeculture.xml:5022 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " @@ -6347,14 +6352,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5028 +#: freeculture.xml:5032 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5035 +#: freeculture.xml:5039 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6365,7 +6370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5043 +#: freeculture.xml:5047 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6374,22 +6379,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5052 +#: freeculture.xml:5056 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5053 +#: freeculture.xml:5057 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:5062 freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5088 freeculture.xml:5097 freeculture.xml:5102 freeculture.xml:5154 freeculture.xml:5170 freeculture.xml:5193 freeculture.xml:5255 freeculture.xml:9612 +#: freeculture.xml:5058 freeculture.xml:5066 freeculture.xml:5077 freeculture.xml:5092 freeculture.xml:5101 freeculture.xml:5106 freeculture.xml:5158 freeculture.xml:5174 freeculture.xml:5197 freeculture.xml:5259 freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5056 +#: freeculture.xml:5060 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6399,7 +6404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5064 +#: freeculture.xml:5068 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6411,7 +6416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5075 +#: freeculture.xml:5079 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6421,7 +6426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5086 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6431,7 +6436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 +#: freeculture.xml:5094 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6441,24 +6446,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5099 +#: freeculture.xml:5103 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5115 +#: freeculture.xml:5119 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5116 +#: freeculture.xml:5120 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5114 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6467,7 +6472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5104 +#: freeculture.xml:5108 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6476,7 +6481,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5121 +#: freeculture.xml:5125 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6486,7 +6491,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5128 +#: freeculture.xml:5132 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6494,7 +6499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5134 +#: freeculture.xml:5138 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6505,7 +6510,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5143 +#: freeculture.xml:5147 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6518,7 +6523,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5156 +#: freeculture.xml:5160 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6531,14 +6536,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5167 +#: freeculture.xml:5171 msgid "" "It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5172 +#: freeculture.xml:5176 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6546,7 +6551,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:5182 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -6559,20 +6564,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5190 +#: freeculture.xml:5194 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5194 +#: freeculture.xml:5198 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5202 +#: freeculture.xml:5206 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " "Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink " @@ -6580,7 +6585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5196 +#: freeculture.xml:5200 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6591,7 +6596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5210 +#: freeculture.xml:5214 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " @@ -6601,7 +6606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5218 +#: freeculture.xml:5222 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " @@ -6610,7 +6615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5226 +#: freeculture.xml:5230 msgid "" "Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " "sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " @@ -6623,7 +6628,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5240 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6643,7 +6648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5257 +#: freeculture.xml:5261 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6663,7 +6668,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5274 +#: freeculture.xml:5278 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6674,7 +6679,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5284 +#: freeculture.xml:5288 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " @@ -6683,12 +6688,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5289 +#: freeculture.xml:5293 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5291 +#: freeculture.xml:5295 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6699,12 +6704,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 +#: freeculture.xml:5302 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5304 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6721,7 +6726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5319 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6731,12 +6736,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5331 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5322 +#: freeculture.xml:5326 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6749,7 +6754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5338 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6759,7 +6764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5341 +#: freeculture.xml:5345 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -6776,7 +6781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5356 +#: freeculture.xml:5360 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -6786,7 +6791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5362 +#: freeculture.xml:5366 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " @@ -6799,7 +6804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5374 +#: freeculture.xml:5378 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -6810,7 +6815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5383 +#: freeculture.xml:5387 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -6823,7 +6828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5393 +#: freeculture.xml:5397 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -6839,12 +6844,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5412 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5410 +#: freeculture.xml:5414 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -6856,7 +6861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5423 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -6867,7 +6872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5427 +#: freeculture.xml:5431 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " @@ -6877,7 +6882,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5435 +#: freeculture.xml:5439 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -6885,7 +6890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5440 +#: freeculture.xml:5444 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -6896,7 +6901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5453 +#: freeculture.xml:5457 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -6906,7 +6911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5447 +#: freeculture.xml:5451 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -6916,7 +6921,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5465 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -6929,7 +6934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5472 +#: freeculture.xml:5476 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we " @@ -6941,7 +6946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5481 +#: freeculture.xml:5485 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -6953,7 +6958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#: freeculture.xml:5496 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -6966,7 +6971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5502 +#: freeculture.xml:5506 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -6986,7 +6991,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5520 +#: freeculture.xml:5524 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -6998,7 +7003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 +#: freeculture.xml:5536 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7009,7 +7014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 +#: freeculture.xml:5544 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7020,7 +7025,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5557 +#: freeculture.xml:5561 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " @@ -7029,7 +7034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5548 +#: freeculture.xml:5552 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7042,7 +7047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5565 +#: freeculture.xml:5569 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7056,7 +7061,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5576 +#: freeculture.xml:5580 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7068,7 +7073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5587 +#: freeculture.xml:5591 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7088,7 +7093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5605 +#: freeculture.xml:5609 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7098,7 +7103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5613 +#: freeculture.xml:5617 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7109,7 +7114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5621 +#: freeculture.xml:5625 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7121,7 +7126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5633 +#: freeculture.xml:5637 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7133,7 +7138,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5645 +#: freeculture.xml:5649 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " @@ -7144,7 +7149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5646 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7156,7 +7161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5659 +#: freeculture.xml:5663 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7170,7 +7175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5670 +#: freeculture.xml:5674 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7182,7 +7187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5686 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7193,7 +7198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5690 +#: freeculture.xml:5694 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7202,7 +7207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5697 +#: freeculture.xml:5701 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7219,7 +7224,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5711 +#: freeculture.xml:5715 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7235,7 +7240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5726 +#: freeculture.xml:5730 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7246,17 +7251,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5736 +#: freeculture.xml:5740 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5745 +#: freeculture.xml:5749 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5738 +#: freeculture.xml:5742 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7268,7 +7273,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5748 +#: freeculture.xml:5752 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7283,7 +7288,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5761 +#: freeculture.xml:5765 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7297,7 +7302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5773 +#: freeculture.xml:5777 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7309,13 +7314,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 +#: freeculture.xml:5786 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5796 +#: freeculture.xml:5800 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7325,7 +7330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5787 +#: freeculture.xml:5791 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7339,7 +7344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5806 +#: freeculture.xml:5810 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7351,7 +7356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5817 +#: freeculture.xml:5821 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7366,7 +7371,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5832 +#: freeculture.xml:5836 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7378,7 +7383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5829 +#: freeculture.xml:5833 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7390,7 +7395,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5847 +#: freeculture.xml:5851 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7401,7 +7406,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5855 +#: freeculture.xml:5859 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7415,7 +7420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5870 +#: freeculture.xml:5874 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7429,7 +7434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5882 +#: freeculture.xml:5886 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7443,7 +7448,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:5897 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7458,7 +7463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5908 +#: freeculture.xml:5912 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7469,7 +7474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5917 +#: freeculture.xml:5921 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7483,7 +7488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5933 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " @@ -7493,7 +7498,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5936 +#: freeculture.xml:5940 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7508,7 +7513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5950 +#: freeculture.xml:5954 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7520,20 +7525,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5959 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5960 freeculture.xml:6134 freeculture.xml:6430 +#: freeculture.xml:5964 freeculture.xml:6138 freeculture.xml:6434 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 133 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5963 +#: freeculture.xml:5967 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7550,7 +7555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:5983 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7563,7 +7568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:5994 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7575,7 +7580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6000 +#: freeculture.xml:6004 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7593,7 +7598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6017 +#: freeculture.xml:6021 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -7601,7 +7606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6023 +#: freeculture.xml:6027 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7613,12 +7618,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6036 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:6039 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7635,7 +7640,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6053 +#: freeculture.xml:6057 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7648,7 +7653,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6049 +#: freeculture.xml:6053 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7665,22 +7670,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6077 +#: freeculture.xml:6081 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6078 +#: freeculture.xml:6082 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6117 +#: freeculture.xml:6121 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6089 +#: freeculture.xml:6093 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7711,7 +7716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6081 +#: freeculture.xml:6085 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -7722,12 +7727,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6121 +#: freeculture.xml:6125 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6123 +#: freeculture.xml:6127 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -7736,18 +7741,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6129 +#: freeculture.xml:6133 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:6429 +#: freeculture.xml:6137 freeculture.xml:6433 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6138 +#: freeculture.xml:6142 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -7761,7 +7766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6150 +#: freeculture.xml:6154 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -7773,7 +7778,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6158 +#: freeculture.xml:6162 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -7784,17 +7789,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6168 +#: freeculture.xml:6172 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6169 +#: freeculture.xml:6173 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6172 +#: freeculture.xml:6176 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -7809,7 +7814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6184 +#: freeculture.xml:6188 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -7826,7 +7831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6201 +#: freeculture.xml:6205 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -7838,7 +7843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6217 +#: freeculture.xml:6221 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -7849,7 +7854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6209 +#: freeculture.xml:6213 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -7872,17 +7877,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6249 +#: freeculture.xml:6253 msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6258 freeculture.xml:12648 +#: freeculture.xml:6262 freeculture.xml:12653 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6239 +#: freeculture.xml:6243 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -7901,7 +7906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6261 +#: freeculture.xml:6265 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -7913,7 +7918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6275 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -7930,7 +7935,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6285 +#: freeculture.xml:6289 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -7941,12 +7946,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6294 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6297 +#: freeculture.xml:6301 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -7956,7 +7961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6304 +#: freeculture.xml:6308 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -7964,17 +7969,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6308 freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6312 freeculture.xml:6318 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 +#: freeculture.xml:6319 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6310 +#: freeculture.xml:6314 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " "whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " @@ -7984,7 +7989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 +#: freeculture.xml:6322 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -7997,7 +8002,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6331 +#: freeculture.xml:6335 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." @@ -8005,7 +8010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6327 +#: freeculture.xml:6331 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8023,7 +8028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6348 +#: freeculture.xml:6352 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8037,19 +8042,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6363 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6365 +#: freeculture.xml:6369 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6367 +#: freeculture.xml:6371 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8058,7 +8063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6373 +#: freeculture.xml:6377 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8067,7 +8072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6378 +#: freeculture.xml:6382 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8080,7 +8085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6391 +#: freeculture.xml:6395 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " @@ -8092,7 +8097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6400 +#: freeculture.xml:6404 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8109,7 +8114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6415 +#: freeculture.xml:6419 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8120,7 +8125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6422 +#: freeculture.xml:6426 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8128,38 +8133,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6433 +#: freeculture.xml:6437 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6436 +#: freeculture.xml:6440 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6437 +#: freeculture.xml:6441 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6440 +#: freeculture.xml:6444 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6445 +#: freeculture.xml:6449 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6460 +#: freeculture.xml:6464 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 +#: freeculture.xml:6459 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " "United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " @@ -8170,7 +8175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 +#: freeculture.xml:6451 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8186,7 +8191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6470 +#: freeculture.xml:6474 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8197,7 +8202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6478 +#: freeculture.xml:6482 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8208,7 +8213,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6493 +#: freeculture.xml:6497 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " @@ -8226,7 +8231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6485 +#: freeculture.xml:6489 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8239,7 +8244,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6509 +#: freeculture.xml:6513 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8250,7 +8255,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6524 +#: freeculture.xml:6528 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8263,7 +8268,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6518 +#: freeculture.xml:6522 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8274,12 +8279,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6539 +#: freeculture.xml:6543 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6535 +#: freeculture.xml:6539 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8292,7 +8297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6547 +#: freeculture.xml:6551 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8303,7 +8308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6555 +#: freeculture.xml:6559 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8317,7 +8322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6565 +#: freeculture.xml:6569 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8329,7 +8334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6576 +#: freeculture.xml:6580 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8341,7 +8346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6586 +#: freeculture.xml:6590 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8353,7 +8358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6596 +#: freeculture.xml:6600 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8365,7 +8370,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6613 +#: freeculture.xml:6617 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8374,7 +8379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6605 +#: freeculture.xml:6609 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8386,12 +8391,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6622 +#: freeculture.xml:6626 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6624 +#: freeculture.xml:6628 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8400,7 +8405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6630 +#: freeculture.xml:6634 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8416,7 +8421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:6647 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8434,7 +8439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6658 +#: freeculture.xml:6662 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8449,7 +8454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6671 +#: freeculture.xml:6675 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8465,7 +8470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6685 +#: freeculture.xml:6689 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8476,13 +8481,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6693 +#: freeculture.xml:6697 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6704 +#: freeculture.xml:6708 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " @@ -8491,7 +8496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6697 +#: freeculture.xml:6701 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8505,7 +8510,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6721 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8516,7 +8521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6727 +#: freeculture.xml:6731 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8527,7 +8532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:6740 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8535,7 +8540,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6741 +#: freeculture.xml:6745 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8550,7 +8555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6755 +#: freeculture.xml:6759 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8563,14 +8568,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6778 +#: freeculture.xml:6782 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6768 +#: freeculture.xml:6772 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8586,7 +8591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6797 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -8596,7 +8601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#: freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8606,7 +8611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 +#: freeculture.xml:6808 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8616,7 +8621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6813 +#: freeculture.xml:6817 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8625,13 +8630,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6821 +#: freeculture.xml:6825 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 +#: freeculture.xml:6832 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8643,7 +8648,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6823 +#: freeculture.xml:6827 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8654,7 +8659,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6840 +#: freeculture.xml:6844 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " "to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " @@ -8669,7 +8674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6856 +#: freeculture.xml:6860 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8678,7 +8683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6851 +#: freeculture.xml:6855 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8690,25 +8695,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6867 +#: freeculture.xml:6871 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6872 +#: freeculture.xml:6876 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6876 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " @@ -8723,17 +8728,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6889 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6890 +#: freeculture.xml:6894 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6893 +#: freeculture.xml:6897 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -8744,26 +8749,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6901 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6906 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6907 +#: freeculture.xml:6911 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6910 +#: freeculture.xml:6914 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -8776,30 +8781,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6921 +#: freeculture.xml:6925 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6922 +#: freeculture.xml:6926 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6926 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6927 +#: freeculture.xml:6931 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6931 +#: freeculture.xml:6935 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -8808,7 +8813,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6939 +#: freeculture.xml:6943 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -8818,7 +8823,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6936 +#: freeculture.xml:6940 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -8835,7 +8840,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#: freeculture.xml:6964 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -8847,7 +8852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6973 +#: freeculture.xml:6977 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -8861,7 +8866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6987 +#: freeculture.xml:6991 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -8870,7 +8875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6993 +#: freeculture.xml:6997 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -8881,7 +8886,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7003 +#: freeculture.xml:7007 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -8896,7 +8901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7019 +#: freeculture.xml:7023 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -8910,7 +8915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7034 +#: freeculture.xml:7038 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -8921,7 +8926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#: freeculture.xml:7049 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -8931,7 +8936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7052 +#: freeculture.xml:7056 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -8943,7 +8948,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7064 +#: freeculture.xml:7068 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -8959,7 +8964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7085 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -8972,7 +8977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#: freeculture.xml:7097 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -8984,7 +8989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7102 +#: freeculture.xml:7106 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9001,7 +9006,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7117 +#: freeculture.xml:7121 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9018,7 +9023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7139 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9029,12 +9034,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7145 +#: freeculture.xml:7149 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7147 +#: freeculture.xml:7151 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9043,7 +9048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7153 +#: freeculture.xml:7157 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9053,20 +9058,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7160 +#: freeculture.xml:7164 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7169 +#: freeculture.xml:7173 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7162 +#: freeculture.xml:7166 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " @@ -9077,12 +9082,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7179 +#: freeculture.xml:7183 msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7175 +#: freeculture.xml:7179 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9092,7 +9097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7190 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9101,7 +9106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7192 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9113,12 +9118,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 +#: freeculture.xml:7207 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7206 +#: freeculture.xml:7210 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9127,13 +9132,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7213 +#: freeculture.xml:7217 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7221 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9145,35 +9150,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7228 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7229 +#: freeculture.xml:7233 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7232 +#: freeculture.xml:7236 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7236 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7237 +#: freeculture.xml:7241 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9183,64 +9188,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 +#: freeculture.xml:7261 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's Politics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7261 +#: freeculture.xml:7265 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7262 +#: freeculture.xml:7266 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7265 +#: freeculture.xml:7269 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7274 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7271 +#: freeculture.xml:7275 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7274 +#: freeculture.xml:7278 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7279 +#: freeculture.xml:7283 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7280 +#: freeculture.xml:7284 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7283 +#: freeculture.xml:7287 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7297 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9251,7 +9256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7286 +#: freeculture.xml:7290 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9266,7 +9271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7308 +#: freeculture.xml:7312 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9286,7 +9291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7330 msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " "sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner " @@ -9294,7 +9299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7331 +#: freeculture.xml:7335 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " "code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " @@ -9305,7 +9310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7339 +#: freeculture.xml:7343 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9315,14 +9320,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7347 +#: freeculture.xml:7351 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7351 +#: freeculture.xml:7355 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9332,18 +9337,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7359 +#: freeculture.xml:7363 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7361 +#: freeculture.xml:7365 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7365 +#: freeculture.xml:7369 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9351,7 +9356,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7376 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9362,7 +9367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7384 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9377,7 +9382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7393 +#: freeculture.xml:7397 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9387,19 +9392,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7401 +#: freeculture.xml:7405 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7404 freeculture.xml:7446 +#: freeculture.xml:7408 freeculture.xml:7450 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7406 +#: freeculture.xml:7410 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9408,7 +9413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7411 +#: freeculture.xml:7415 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9419,7 +9424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7420 +#: freeculture.xml:7424 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9430,7 +9435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7428 +#: freeculture.xml:7432 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " "a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or " @@ -9445,7 +9450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7440 +#: freeculture.xml:7444 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9455,7 +9460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:7452 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9466,7 +9471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7455 +#: freeculture.xml:7459 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9481,7 +9486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7471 +#: freeculture.xml:7475 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9495,12 +9500,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7494 freeculture.xml:9924 +#: freeculture.xml:7498 freeculture.xml:9928 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7484 +#: freeculture.xml:7488 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the " @@ -9515,7 +9520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7482 +#: freeculture.xml:7486 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9525,7 +9530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7502 +#: freeculture.xml:7506 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9537,7 +9542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7512 +#: freeculture.xml:7516 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9547,7 +9552,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7519 +#: freeculture.xml:7523 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9556,7 +9561,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7525 +#: freeculture.xml:7529 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9567,7 +9572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7533 +#: freeculture.xml:7537 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9577,7 +9582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7541 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9585,7 +9590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7548 +#: freeculture.xml:7552 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9593,7 +9598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7554 +#: freeculture.xml:7558 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9602,7 +9607,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7564 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9611,7 +9616,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:7572 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9619,7 +9624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7573 +#: freeculture.xml:7577 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9631,7 +9636,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7582 +#: freeculture.xml:7586 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " @@ -9640,7 +9645,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7588 +#: freeculture.xml:7592 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9652,7 +9657,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7597 +#: freeculture.xml:7601 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9666,7 +9671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7609 +#: freeculture.xml:7613 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9677,7 +9682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7617 +#: freeculture.xml:7621 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -9690,7 +9695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:7647 msgid "" "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " @@ -9699,7 +9704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7632 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -9718,7 +9723,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7652 +#: freeculture.xml:7656 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -9726,17 +9731,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7657 +#: freeculture.xml:7661 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7665 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7664 +#: freeculture.xml:7668 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -9748,7 +9753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7676 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -9757,17 +9762,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7680 +#: freeculture.xml:7684 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7685 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7684 +#: freeculture.xml:7688 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -9778,7 +9783,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7692 +#: freeculture.xml:7696 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -9789,7 +9794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7700 +#: freeculture.xml:7704 msgid "" "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " @@ -9803,7 +9808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 +#: freeculture.xml:7714 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -9818,7 +9823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7729 +#: freeculture.xml:7733 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " @@ -9826,7 +9831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7723 +#: freeculture.xml:7727 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " @@ -9836,7 +9841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7735 +#: freeculture.xml:7739 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -9846,7 +9851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7742 +#: freeculture.xml:7746 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -9859,7 +9864,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7752 +#: freeculture.xml:7756 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -9870,13 +9875,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7761 +#: freeculture.xml:7765 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7763 +#: freeculture.xml:7767 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -9894,7 +9899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7785 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -9904,7 +9909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7788 +#: freeculture.xml:7792 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -9917,18 +9922,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:7803 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7802 +#: freeculture.xml:7806 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7808 +#: freeculture.xml:7812 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -9937,7 +9942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7815 +#: freeculture.xml:7819 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "New York Times, 23 December 2002." @@ -9945,14 +9950,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7825 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " "May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7804 +#: freeculture.xml:7808 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -9967,7 +9972,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7826 +#: freeculture.xml:7830 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -9979,7 +9984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7841 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -9993,12 +9998,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:7868 +#: freeculture.xml:7855 freeculture.xml:7872 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:7852 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10006,14 +10011,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7866 +#: freeculture.xml:7870 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7855 +#: freeculture.xml:7859 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10028,7 +10033,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7877 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10037,18 +10042,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7883 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7880 +#: freeculture.xml:7884 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7884 +#: freeculture.xml:7888 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10056,7 +10061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7889 +#: freeculture.xml:7893 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10065,24 +10070,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:7899 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7902 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7900 freeculture.xml:7964 +#: freeculture.xml:7904 freeculture.xml:7968 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7902 +#: freeculture.xml:7906 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " "pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told " @@ -10093,7 +10098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7914 +#: freeculture.xml:7918 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10104,7 +10109,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7909 +#: freeculture.xml:7913 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10114,7 +10119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7926 +#: freeculture.xml:7930 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10126,7 +10131,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7945 +#: freeculture.xml:7949 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10138,7 +10143,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7935 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10157,7 +10162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7966 +#: freeculture.xml:7970 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " "had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " @@ -10165,7 +10170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7972 +#: freeculture.xml:7976 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10174,7 +10179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7987 +#: freeculture.xml:7991 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " "Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink " @@ -10182,7 +10187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7978 +#: freeculture.xml:7982 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10193,7 +10198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:7998 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10207,13 +10212,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8009 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8014 +#: freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " "Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business " @@ -10227,7 +10232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 +#: freeculture.xml:8011 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10241,7 +10246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8031 +#: freeculture.xml:8035 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10249,14 +10254,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8037 +#: freeculture.xml:8041 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8041 +#: freeculture.xml:8045 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10265,7 +10270,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8046 +#: freeculture.xml:8050 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10283,7 +10288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8065 +#: freeculture.xml:8069 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10291,7 +10296,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8071 +#: freeculture.xml:8075 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10306,14 +10311,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8083 +#: freeculture.xml:8087 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8087 +#: freeculture.xml:8091 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10323,7 +10328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8093 +#: freeculture.xml:8097 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10333,7 +10338,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f34 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8110 +#: freeculture.xml:8114 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10361,7 +10366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8100 +#: freeculture.xml:8104 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10375,7 +10380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8137 +#: freeculture.xml:8141 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10388,12 +10393,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 +#: freeculture.xml:8153 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 +#: freeculture.xml:8155 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10403,7 +10408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8157 +#: freeculture.xml:8161 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10418,7 +10423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8173 +#: freeculture.xml:8177 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10427,7 +10432,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8179 +#: freeculture.xml:8183 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10441,7 +10446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8191 +#: freeculture.xml:8195 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10456,7 +10461,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8203 +#: freeculture.xml:8207 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10468,14 +10473,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8229 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8211 +#: freeculture.xml:8215 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10493,12 +10498,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8230 +#: freeculture.xml:8234 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 +#: freeculture.xml:8237 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10508,38 +10513,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8250 freeculture.xml:8288 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8247 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8324 freeculture.xml:8357 +#: freeculture.xml:8251 freeculture.xml:8289 freeculture.xml:8328 freeculture.xml:8361 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8329 freeculture.xml:8362 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 freeculture.xml:8294 freeculture.xml:8333 freeculture.xml:8366 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8330 freeculture.xml:8331 freeculture.xml:8363 freeculture.xml:8364 freeculture.xml:8368 freeculture.xml:8369 +#: freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8296 freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8335 freeculture.xml:8367 freeculture.xml:8368 freeculture.xml:8372 freeculture.xml:8373 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8259 freeculture.xml:8296 freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8336 +#: freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8262 freeculture.xml:8263 freeculture.xml:8300 freeculture.xml:8301 freeculture.xml:8340 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8367 +#: freeculture.xml:8261 freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:8338 freeculture.xml:8371 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8266 +#: freeculture.xml:8270 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10549,12 +10554,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8275 +#: freeculture.xml:8279 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8304 +#: freeculture.xml:8308 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10563,7 +10568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8310 +#: freeculture.xml:8314 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10573,17 +10578,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 freeculture.xml:8356 +#: freeculture.xml:8327 freeculture.xml:8360 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8335 +#: freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8343 +#: freeculture.xml:8347 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10594,7 +10599,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8376 +#: freeculture.xml:8380 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10603,7 +10608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8384 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10612,7 +10617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8390 +#: freeculture.xml:8394 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -10625,7 +10630,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8406 +#: freeculture.xml:8410 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -10635,7 +10640,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8400 +#: freeculture.xml:8404 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -10653,7 +10658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8423 +#: freeculture.xml:8427 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -10672,7 +10677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8442 +#: freeculture.xml:8446 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -10687,33 +10692,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8459 +#: freeculture.xml:8463 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8463 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8469 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:8472 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8475 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8479 +#: freeculture.xml:8483 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " "Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " @@ -10721,7 +10726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8475 +#: freeculture.xml:8479 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -10735,7 +10740,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8491 +#: freeculture.xml:8495 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -10749,7 +10754,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8503 +#: freeculture.xml:8507 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -10763,7 +10768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8514 +#: freeculture.xml:8518 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -10772,21 +10777,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8520 +#: freeculture.xml:8524 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8524 +#: freeculture.xml:8528 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8529 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -10796,7 +10801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8535 +#: freeculture.xml:8539 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -10811,7 +10816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8552 +#: freeculture.xml:8556 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -10822,7 +10827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8560 +#: freeculture.xml:8564 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -10839,7 +10844,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8574 +#: freeculture.xml:8578 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -10851,7 +10856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8583 +#: freeculture.xml:8587 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -10862,7 +10867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8593 +#: freeculture.xml:8597 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -10874,7 +10879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8603 +#: freeculture.xml:8607 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -10885,7 +10890,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8618 +#: freeculture.xml:8622 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -10917,7 +10922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8610 +#: freeculture.xml:8614 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -10930,7 +10935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8655 +#: freeculture.xml:8659 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -10940,7 +10945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8662 +#: freeculture.xml:8666 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -10953,7 +10958,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8674 +#: freeculture.xml:8678 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -10964,7 +10969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8682 +#: freeculture.xml:8686 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -10978,14 +10983,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8695 +#: freeculture.xml:8699 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8699 +#: freeculture.xml:8703 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -10996,7 +11001,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 +#: freeculture.xml:8720 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11007,7 +11012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8707 +#: freeculture.xml:8711 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11020,14 +11025,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8731 +#: freeculture.xml:8735 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8736 +#: freeculture.xml:8740 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11035,12 +11040,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8744 +#: freeculture.xml:8748 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8747 +#: freeculture.xml:8751 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11050,7 +11055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8755 +#: freeculture.xml:8759 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11059,7 +11064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8762 +#: freeculture.xml:8766 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11068,7 +11073,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8770 +#: freeculture.xml:8774 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11078,7 +11083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8777 +#: freeculture.xml:8781 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11088,12 +11093,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8784 +#: freeculture.xml:8788 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8786 +#: freeculture.xml:8790 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11110,7 +11115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8801 +#: freeculture.xml:8805 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11125,7 +11130,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8812 +#: freeculture.xml:8816 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11135,7 +11140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8822 +#: freeculture.xml:8826 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11150,7 +11155,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8849 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " "N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " @@ -11160,12 +11165,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8865 +#: freeculture.xml:8869 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:8860 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11179,7 +11184,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8833 +#: freeculture.xml:8837 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11201,7 +11206,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8892 +#: freeculture.xml:8896 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11210,7 +11215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8872 +#: freeculture.xml:8876 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11230,7 +11235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8903 +#: freeculture.xml:8907 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -11243,7 +11248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8914 +#: freeculture.xml:8918 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11257,7 +11262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8925 +#: freeculture.xml:8929 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -11267,7 +11272,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8934 +#: freeculture.xml:8938 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11280,7 +11285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8944 +#: freeculture.xml:8948 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11293,7 +11298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8955 +#: freeculture.xml:8959 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11306,13 +11311,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8966 +#: freeculture.xml:8970 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8970 +#: freeculture.xml:8974 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11325,12 +11330,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8983 +#: freeculture.xml:8987 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8985 +#: freeculture.xml:8989 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11341,7 +11346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8993 +#: freeculture.xml:8997 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11353,7 +11358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9002 +#: freeculture.xml:9006 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11368,13 +11373,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9014 freeculture.xml:9115 +#: freeculture.xml:9018 freeculture.xml:9119 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9016 +#: freeculture.xml:9020 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -11388,7 +11393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9032 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " @@ -11396,7 +11401,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9033 +#: freeculture.xml:9037 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11407,7 +11412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9041 +#: freeculture.xml:9045 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11417,7 +11422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9048 +#: freeculture.xml:9052 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11432,7 +11437,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9060 +#: freeculture.xml:9064 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11442,7 +11447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9069 +#: freeculture.xml:9073 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11456,7 +11461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9081 +#: freeculture.xml:9085 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11468,12 +11473,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9091 +#: freeculture.xml:9095 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9094 +#: freeculture.xml:9098 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11486,7 +11491,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9104 +#: freeculture.xml:9108 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11498,13 +11503,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9114 +#: freeculture.xml:9118 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9122 +#: freeculture.xml:9126 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " @@ -11515,7 +11520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9117 +#: freeculture.xml:9121 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11535,17 +11540,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9146 +#: freeculture.xml:9150 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9161 +#: freeculture.xml:9165 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9157 +#: freeculture.xml:9161 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11554,7 +11559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9148 +#: freeculture.xml:9152 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11566,7 +11571,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9166 +#: freeculture.xml:9170 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11578,7 +11583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9176 +#: freeculture.xml:9180 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11594,7 +11599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9191 +#: freeculture.xml:9195 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11609,7 +11614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9208 +#: freeculture.xml:9212 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -11632,7 +11637,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9237 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -11646,7 +11651,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9249 +#: freeculture.xml:9253 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -11656,12 +11661,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9265 +#: freeculture.xml:9269 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9245 +#: freeculture.xml:9249 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -11679,7 +11684,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9270 +#: freeculture.xml:9274 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -11690,14 +11695,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9288 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9281 +#: freeculture.xml:9285 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -11707,7 +11712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9292 +#: freeculture.xml:9296 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -11715,7 +11720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9298 +#: freeculture.xml:9302 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -11725,12 +11730,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9307 +#: freeculture.xml:9311 msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9304 +#: freeculture.xml:9308 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " @@ -11743,7 +11748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9317 +#: freeculture.xml:9321 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -11754,7 +11759,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9325 +#: freeculture.xml:9329 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " "of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " @@ -11772,7 +11777,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9344 +#: freeculture.xml:9348 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -11790,7 +11795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9324 +#: freeculture.xml:9328 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -11802,7 +11807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9367 +#: freeculture.xml:9371 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -11814,7 +11819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9382 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -11827,7 +11832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9390 +#: freeculture.xml:9394 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -11838,7 +11843,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9400 +#: freeculture.xml:9404 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -11854,7 +11859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9416 +#: freeculture.xml:9420 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -11866,12 +11871,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9445 +#: freeculture.xml:9449 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9428 +#: freeculture.xml:9432 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -11889,12 +11894,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9454 +#: freeculture.xml:9458 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9450 +#: freeculture.xml:9454 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -11904,7 +11909,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9461 +#: freeculture.xml:9465 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -11915,7 +11920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9469 +#: freeculture.xml:9473 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -11930,12 +11935,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9509 +#: freeculture.xml:9513 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9492 +#: freeculture.xml:9496 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -11956,7 +11961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9485 +#: freeculture.xml:9489 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -11967,7 +11972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#: freeculture.xml:9520 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -11975,57 +11980,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9523 +#: freeculture.xml:9527 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9526 +#: freeculture.xml:9530 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9529 +#: freeculture.xml:9533 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9532 +#: freeculture.xml:9536 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9535 +#: freeculture.xml:9539 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9538 +#: freeculture.xml:9542 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9541 +#: freeculture.xml:9545 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9544 +#: freeculture.xml:9548 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9547 +#: freeculture.xml:9551 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9550 +#: freeculture.xml:9554 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9553 +#: freeculture.xml:9557 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12033,77 +12038,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9556 +#: freeculture.xml:9560 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9559 +#: freeculture.xml:9563 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9566 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9565 +#: freeculture.xml:9569 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9568 +#: freeculture.xml:9572 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9571 +#: freeculture.xml:9575 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9574 +#: freeculture.xml:9578 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9577 +#: freeculture.xml:9581 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9580 +#: freeculture.xml:9584 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9583 +#: freeculture.xml:9587 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9586 +#: freeculture.xml:9590 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9589 +#: freeculture.xml:9593 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9592 +#: freeculture.xml:9596 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9595 +#: freeculture.xml:9599 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9600 +#: freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12113,7 +12118,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9608 +#: freeculture.xml:9612 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12121,7 +12126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9614 +#: freeculture.xml:9618 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12130,7 +12135,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9620 +#: freeculture.xml:9624 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12144,7 +12149,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9636 +#: freeculture.xml:9640 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " @@ -12153,7 +12158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9643 +#: freeculture.xml:9647 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12164,12 +12169,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9653 +#: freeculture.xml:9657 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9655 +#: freeculture.xml:9659 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12177,7 +12182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9661 +#: freeculture.xml:9665 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12186,7 +12191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9670 +#: freeculture.xml:9674 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12197,7 +12202,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9666 +#: freeculture.xml:9670 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12215,14 +12220,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9704 +#: freeculture.xml:9708 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9691 +#: freeculture.xml:9695 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12245,7 +12250,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9726 +#: freeculture.xml:9730 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -12253,7 +12258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9734 +#: freeculture.xml:9738 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12262,7 +12267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9744 +#: freeculture.xml:9748 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " @@ -12270,7 +12275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9716 +#: freeculture.xml:9720 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12293,7 +12298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9753 +#: freeculture.xml:9757 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12312,7 +12317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9770 +#: freeculture.xml:9774 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12326,7 +12331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9783 +#: freeculture.xml:9787 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12336,7 +12341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9790 +#: freeculture.xml:9794 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12353,7 +12358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9804 +#: freeculture.xml:9808 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12367,13 +12372,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9816 +#: freeculture.xml:9820 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9819 +#: freeculture.xml:9823 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12384,7 +12389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9830 +#: freeculture.xml:9834 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12395,12 +12400,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9838 +#: freeculture.xml:9842 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9840 +#: freeculture.xml:9844 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12414,7 +12419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9851 +#: freeculture.xml:9855 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12427,7 +12432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9861 +#: freeculture.xml:9865 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12441,7 +12446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9875 +#: freeculture.xml:9879 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12453,7 +12458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9884 +#: freeculture.xml:9888 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12466,7 +12471,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9895 +#: freeculture.xml:9899 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12478,7 +12483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9904 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12487,7 +12492,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9910 +#: freeculture.xml:9914 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12502,12 +12507,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9927 +#: freeculture.xml:9931 msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9932 +#: freeculture.xml:9936 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12520,7 +12525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9944 +#: freeculture.xml:9948 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12528,7 +12533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9949 +#: freeculture.xml:9953 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12540,7 +12545,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9967 +#: freeculture.xml:9971 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -12555,7 +12560,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9958 +#: freeculture.xml:9962 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12569,7 +12574,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9985 +#: freeculture.xml:9989 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12577,7 +12582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9981 +#: freeculture.xml:9985 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12589,7 +12594,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10006 +#: freeculture.xml:10010 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " @@ -12608,7 +12613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9994 +#: freeculture.xml:9998 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12626,7 +12631,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10025 +#: freeculture.xml:10029 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12639,7 +12644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10040 +#: freeculture.xml:10044 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -12660,7 +12665,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10060 +#: freeculture.xml:10064 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -12671,12 +12676,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10073 +#: freeculture.xml:10077 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10077 +#: freeculture.xml:10081 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -12685,7 +12690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10083 +#: freeculture.xml:10087 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -12695,7 +12700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10091 +#: freeculture.xml:10095 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -12707,7 +12712,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10100 +#: freeculture.xml:10104 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -12717,7 +12722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10108 +#: freeculture.xml:10112 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -12725,7 +12730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10113 +#: freeculture.xml:10117 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -12734,7 +12739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10119 +#: freeculture.xml:10123 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -12743,12 +12748,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10128 +#: freeculture.xml:10132 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10130 +#: freeculture.xml:10134 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -12759,7 +12764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10139 +#: freeculture.xml:10143 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -12769,7 +12774,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10146 +#: freeculture.xml:10150 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -12781,7 +12786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10157 +#: freeculture.xml:10161 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -12796,7 +12801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10180 +#: freeculture.xml:10184 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -12814,7 +12819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10169 +#: freeculture.xml:10173 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -12828,7 +12833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10197 +#: freeculture.xml:10201 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " @@ -12844,7 +12849,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10217 +#: freeculture.xml:10221 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -12856,7 +12861,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10212 +#: freeculture.xml:10216 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -12865,7 +12870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10228 +#: freeculture.xml:10232 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -12876,7 +12881,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10237 +#: freeculture.xml:10241 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -12886,7 +12891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10248 +#: freeculture.xml:10252 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -12894,7 +12899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10254 +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -12907,12 +12912,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10273 freeculture.xml:11731 +#: freeculture.xml:10277 freeculture.xml:11735 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10264 +#: freeculture.xml:10268 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -12925,7 +12930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10276 +#: freeculture.xml:10280 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -12938,7 +12943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10287 +#: freeculture.xml:10291 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -12950,7 +12955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10296 +#: freeculture.xml:10300 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -12962,7 +12967,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10306 +#: freeculture.xml:10310 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -12972,7 +12977,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10313 +#: freeculture.xml:10317 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -12980,7 +12985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10321 +#: freeculture.xml:10325 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -12989,14 +12994,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10327 +#: freeculture.xml:10331 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10335 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13004,7 +13009,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10336 +#: freeculture.xml:10340 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13012,7 +13017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10342 +#: freeculture.xml:10346 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13021,14 +13026,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10348 +#: freeculture.xml:10352 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10352 +#: freeculture.xml:10356 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13036,7 +13041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10358 +#: freeculture.xml:10362 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13045,7 +13050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10364 +#: freeculture.xml:10368 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13057,7 +13062,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10375 +#: freeculture.xml:10379 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13066,7 +13071,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10388 +#: freeculture.xml:10392 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -13075,7 +13080,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10395 +#: freeculture.xml:10399 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13083,7 +13088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10402 +#: freeculture.xml:10406 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " @@ -13091,7 +13096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10381 +#: freeculture.xml:10385 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13106,7 +13111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10410 +#: freeculture.xml:10414 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13120,7 +13125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10423 +#: freeculture.xml:10427 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -13132,7 +13137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10436 +#: freeculture.xml:10440 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13142,7 +13147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10446 +#: freeculture.xml:10450 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13152,7 +13157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10455 +#: freeculture.xml:10459 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -13168,18 +13173,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10471 +#: freeculture.xml:10475 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10477 +#: freeculture.xml:10481 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10468 +#: freeculture.xml:10472 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13191,7 +13196,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10484 +#: freeculture.xml:10488 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13205,7 +13210,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10482 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13219,7 +13224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10508 +#: freeculture.xml:10512 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " @@ -13234,7 +13239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10522 +#: freeculture.xml:10526 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " @@ -13254,7 +13259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10545 +#: freeculture.xml:10549 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " "U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " @@ -13262,7 +13267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10540 +#: freeculture.xml:10544 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13274,7 +13279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10555 +#: freeculture.xml:10559 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13286,7 +13291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10567 +#: freeculture.xml:10571 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13300,7 +13305,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10588 +#: freeculture.xml:10592 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13309,7 +13314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10582 +#: freeculture.xml:10586 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13321,7 +13326,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10597 +#: freeculture.xml:10601 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13332,7 +13337,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10609 +#: freeculture.xml:10613 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13343,14 +13348,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10617 +#: freeculture.xml:10621 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10621 +#: freeculture.xml:10625 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13358,7 +13363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10628 +#: freeculture.xml:10632 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13368,14 +13373,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10637 +#: freeculture.xml:10641 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10643 +#: freeculture.xml:10647 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -13387,7 +13392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10652 +#: freeculture.xml:10656 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13401,7 +13406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10667 +#: freeculture.xml:10671 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13415,7 +13420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10679 +#: freeculture.xml:10683 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13423,13 +13428,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10684 +#: freeculture.xml:10688 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10697 +#: freeculture.xml:10701 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -13438,7 +13443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10686 +#: freeculture.xml:10690 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13452,7 +13457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10705 +#: freeculture.xml:10709 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13462,7 +13467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10711 +#: freeculture.xml:10715 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13474,7 +13479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10728 +#: freeculture.xml:10732 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " @@ -13484,7 +13489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10722 +#: freeculture.xml:10726 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13495,7 +13500,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10738 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13505,7 +13510,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10746 +#: freeculture.xml:10750 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -13515,7 +13520,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10755 +#: freeculture.xml:10759 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13530,7 +13535,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10766 +#: freeculture.xml:10770 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13540,7 +13545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10776 +#: freeculture.xml:10780 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13549,7 +13554,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10784 +#: freeculture.xml:10788 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13559,7 +13564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10793 +#: freeculture.xml:10797 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13570,7 +13575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10803 +#: freeculture.xml:10807 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13584,7 +13589,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10816 +#: freeculture.xml:10820 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13592,7 +13597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10823 +#: freeculture.xml:10827 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13605,7 +13610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10833 +#: freeculture.xml:10837 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13616,7 +13621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10842 +#: freeculture.xml:10846 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -13625,12 +13630,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10848 +#: freeculture.xml:10852 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10851 +#: freeculture.xml:10855 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -13645,7 +13650,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10864 +#: freeculture.xml:10868 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -13658,7 +13663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10874 +#: freeculture.xml:10878 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -13671,7 +13676,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10885 +#: freeculture.xml:10889 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -13679,7 +13684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10891 +#: freeculture.xml:10895 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -13693,7 +13698,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10914 +#: freeculture.xml:10918 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -13701,7 +13706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10902 +#: freeculture.xml:10906 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -13715,7 +13720,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10921 +#: freeculture.xml:10925 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -13726,7 +13731,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10929 +#: freeculture.xml:10933 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -13736,7 +13741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10936 +#: freeculture.xml:10940 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -13749,7 +13754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10947 +#: freeculture.xml:10951 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -13759,7 +13764,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10953 +#: freeculture.xml:10957 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -13769,7 +13774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10962 +#: freeculture.xml:10966 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -13779,7 +13784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10969 +#: freeculture.xml:10973 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -13787,7 +13792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10975 +#: freeculture.xml:10979 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -13800,7 +13805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10985 +#: freeculture.xml:10989 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -13808,13 +13813,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10990 freeculture.xml:11004 +#: freeculture.xml:10994 freeculture.xml:11008 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10992 +#: freeculture.xml:10996 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -13826,17 +13831,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 freeculture.xml:11343 freeculture.xml:11358 freeculture.xml:11452 freeculture.xml:11674 freeculture.xml:11705 freeculture.xml:11792 +#: freeculture.xml:11006 freeculture.xml:11347 freeculture.xml:11362 freeculture.xml:11456 freeculture.xml:11678 freeculture.xml:11709 freeculture.xml:11796 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:11007 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11006 +#: freeculture.xml:11010 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -13849,7 +13854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11016 +#: freeculture.xml:11020 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -13870,7 +13875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11037 +#: freeculture.xml:11041 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -13881,7 +13886,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11045 +#: freeculture.xml:11049 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -13900,7 +13905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11064 +#: freeculture.xml:11068 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -13917,7 +13922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11080 +#: freeculture.xml:11084 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -13928,7 +13933,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11089 +#: freeculture.xml:11093 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -13941,7 +13946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11102 +#: freeculture.xml:11106 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -13950,7 +13955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11108 +#: freeculture.xml:11112 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -13959,32 +13964,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11114 +#: freeculture.xml:11118 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11119 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11117 +#: freeculture.xml:11121 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11118 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11120 +#: freeculture.xml:11124 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -13998,12 +14003,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11143 freeculture.xml:11156 freeculture.xml:11349 freeculture.xml:11710 +#: freeculture.xml:11147 freeculture.xml:11160 freeculture.xml:11353 freeculture.xml:11714 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11131 +#: freeculture.xml:11135 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14018,7 +14023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11146 +#: freeculture.xml:11150 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14033,7 +14038,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11159 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14042,7 +14047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11166 +#: freeculture.xml:11170 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14054,7 +14059,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11182 +#: freeculture.xml:11186 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14062,19 +14067,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11190 +#: freeculture.xml:11194 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11197 +#: freeculture.xml:11201 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11175 +#: freeculture.xml:11179 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14090,7 +14095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11200 +#: freeculture.xml:11204 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14105,7 +14110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11212 +#: freeculture.xml:11216 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14117,7 +14122,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11221 +#: freeculture.xml:11225 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14129,13 +14134,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11230 freeculture.xml:11254 freeculture.xml:11603 freeculture.xml:11615 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 freeculture.xml:11258 freeculture.xml:11607 freeculture.xml:11619 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11232 +#: freeculture.xml:11236 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14148,7 +14153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11244 +#: freeculture.xml:11248 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14161,7 +14166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11256 +#: freeculture.xml:11260 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14171,7 +14176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11264 +#: freeculture.xml:11268 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14182,7 +14187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11272 +#: freeculture.xml:11276 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14195,7 +14200,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11282 +#: freeculture.xml:11286 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -14208,7 +14213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11295 +#: freeculture.xml:11299 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14218,7 +14223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11304 +#: freeculture.xml:11308 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14228,7 +14233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11311 +#: freeculture.xml:11315 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14246,7 +14251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11334 +#: freeculture.xml:11338 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14257,7 +14262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11345 +#: freeculture.xml:11349 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14267,7 +14272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11352 +#: freeculture.xml:11356 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14278,7 +14283,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11360 +#: freeculture.xml:11364 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14296,7 +14301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11377 +#: freeculture.xml:11381 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14312,7 +14317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11392 +#: freeculture.xml:11396 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14321,14 +14326,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11398 +#: freeculture.xml:11402 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11403 +#: freeculture.xml:11407 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14337,7 +14342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11410 +#: freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14346,7 +14351,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11416 +#: freeculture.xml:11420 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14354,14 +14359,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11424 +#: freeculture.xml:11428 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11430 +#: freeculture.xml:11434 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14371,14 +14376,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11438 +#: freeculture.xml:11442 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11444 +#: freeculture.xml:11448 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14388,7 +14393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11454 +#: freeculture.xml:11458 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14398,7 +14403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11461 +#: freeculture.xml:11465 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " @@ -14407,21 +14412,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11466 +#: freeculture.xml:11470 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11474 +#: freeculture.xml:11478 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11478 +#: freeculture.xml:11482 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14430,7 +14435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11487 +#: freeculture.xml:11491 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14438,7 +14443,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11493 +#: freeculture.xml:11497 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14447,7 +14452,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11502 +#: freeculture.xml:11506 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14463,7 +14468,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11515 +#: freeculture.xml:11519 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14471,7 +14476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11523 +#: freeculture.xml:11527 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14488,7 +14493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11542 +#: freeculture.xml:11546 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14498,7 +14503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11549 +#: freeculture.xml:11553 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14506,7 +14511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11554 +#: freeculture.xml:11558 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -14514,7 +14519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11559 +#: freeculture.xml:11563 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -14524,7 +14529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11570 +#: freeculture.xml:11574 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14532,7 +14537,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11576 +#: freeculture.xml:11580 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " @@ -14541,7 +14546,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11582 +#: freeculture.xml:11586 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14554,7 +14559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11593 +#: freeculture.xml:11597 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14567,7 +14572,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11605 +#: freeculture.xml:11609 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14582,7 +14587,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11618 +#: freeculture.xml:11622 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14595,7 +14600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11629 +#: freeculture.xml:11633 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -14605,7 +14610,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11636 +#: freeculture.xml:11640 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -14613,7 +14618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11641 +#: freeculture.xml:11645 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " @@ -14629,7 +14634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11654 +#: freeculture.xml:11658 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -14644,7 +14649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11669 +#: freeculture.xml:11673 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -14652,7 +14657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11676 +#: freeculture.xml:11680 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -14667,7 +14672,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11691 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -14686,7 +14691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11707 +#: freeculture.xml:11711 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -14694,7 +14699,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11713 +#: freeculture.xml:11717 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -14703,7 +14708,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11719 +#: freeculture.xml:11723 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -14713,7 +14718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11726 +#: freeculture.xml:11730 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -14725,7 +14730,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11734 +#: freeculture.xml:11738 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -14745,7 +14750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11755 +#: freeculture.xml:11759 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -14756,7 +14761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11764 +#: freeculture.xml:11768 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -14766,7 +14771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11771 +#: freeculture.xml:11775 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -14778,12 +14783,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11782 +#: freeculture.xml:11786 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11784 +#: freeculture.xml:11788 msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " @@ -14795,7 +14800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11794 +#: freeculture.xml:11798 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -14809,7 +14814,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11804 +#: freeculture.xml:11808 msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -14819,7 +14824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11812 +#: freeculture.xml:11816 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -14827,7 +14832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11817 +#: freeculture.xml:11821 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -14838,12 +14843,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11825 freeculture.xml:12023 +#: freeculture.xml:11829 freeculture.xml:12027 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11827 +#: freeculture.xml:11831 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -14857,7 +14862,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11839 +#: freeculture.xml:11843 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -14870,18 +14875,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11849 +#: freeculture.xml:11853 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11850 freeculture.xml:11889 +#: freeculture.xml:11854 freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11857 +#: freeculture.xml:11861 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -14903,7 +14908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11853 +#: freeculture.xml:11857 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -14917,7 +14922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11883 +#: freeculture.xml:11887 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -14927,7 +14932,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11891 +#: freeculture.xml:11895 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -14939,7 +14944,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 +#: freeculture.xml:11905 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -14950,7 +14955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11913 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -14961,7 +14966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11917 +#: freeculture.xml:11921 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -14973,7 +14978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11929 +#: freeculture.xml:11933 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -14984,7 +14989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11938 +#: freeculture.xml:11942 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15003,7 +15008,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11954 +#: freeculture.xml:11958 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15017,7 +15022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11968 +#: freeculture.xml:11972 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15029,7 +15034,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11978 +#: freeculture.xml:11982 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15040,7 +15045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11987 +#: freeculture.xml:11991 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15050,7 +15055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11994 +#: freeculture.xml:11998 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15060,7 +15065,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12001 +#: freeculture.xml:12005 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15069,7 +15074,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12007 +#: freeculture.xml:12011 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15087,7 +15092,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12025 +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15096,7 +15101,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12031 +#: freeculture.xml:12035 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15107,7 +15112,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12040 +#: freeculture.xml:12044 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15119,7 +15124,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12048 +#: freeculture.xml:12052 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15141,7 +15146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12069 +#: freeculture.xml:12073 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15152,7 +15157,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12077 +#: freeculture.xml:12081 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15164,7 +15169,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12087 +#: freeculture.xml:12091 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15174,7 +15179,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12096 +#: freeculture.xml:12100 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15188,7 +15193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12107 +#: freeculture.xml:12111 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15201,12 +15206,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12117 +#: freeculture.xml:12121 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12120 +#: freeculture.xml:12124 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15218,7 +15223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12130 +#: freeculture.xml:12134 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15229,7 +15234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12137 +#: freeculture.xml:12141 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15240,7 +15245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12149 +#: freeculture.xml:12153 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15250,7 +15255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12156 +#: freeculture.xml:12160 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15262,12 +15267,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12168 +#: freeculture.xml:12172 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12170 +#: freeculture.xml:12174 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15277,7 +15282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12177 +#: freeculture.xml:12181 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15288,7 +15293,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12192 +#: freeculture.xml:12196 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15299,7 +15304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12185 +#: freeculture.xml:12189 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15312,7 +15317,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12203 +#: freeculture.xml:12207 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15323,7 +15328,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12211 +#: freeculture.xml:12215 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15336,7 +15341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12222 +#: freeculture.xml:12226 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15346,12 +15351,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12240 freeculture.xml:12675 +#: freeculture.xml:12244 freeculture.xml:12680 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12238 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " @@ -15359,7 +15364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12229 +#: freeculture.xml:12233 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15372,7 +15377,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12250 +#: freeculture.xml:12254 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15386,7 +15391,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12282 +#: freeculture.xml:12286 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15395,7 +15400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12245 +#: freeculture.xml:12249 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15418,7 +15423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12288 +#: freeculture.xml:12292 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15430,7 +15435,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12298 +#: freeculture.xml:12302 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15441,7 +15446,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12306 +#: freeculture.xml:12310 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15455,7 +15460,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12321 +#: freeculture.xml:12325 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " @@ -15472,7 +15477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12315 +#: freeculture.xml:12319 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15484,7 +15489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12342 +#: freeculture.xml:12346 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15497,7 +15502,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12352 +#: freeculture.xml:12356 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15508,7 +15513,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12360 +#: freeculture.xml:12364 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15520,7 +15525,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12368 +#: freeculture.xml:12372 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15536,7 +15541,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12383 +#: freeculture.xml:12387 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15544,7 +15549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12389 +#: freeculture.xml:12393 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15559,7 +15564,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12401 +#: freeculture.xml:12405 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15579,7 +15584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12421 +#: freeculture.xml:12425 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -15597,7 +15602,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12438 +#: freeculture.xml:12442 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15609,9 +15614,13 @@ msgid "" "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #61</ulink>." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 270 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:12470 freeculture.xml:13193 +msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12435 +#: freeculture.xml:12439 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -15631,11 +15640,11 @@ msgid "" "Bristol-Myers Squibb, Hoffmann-La Roche, Glaxo-SmithKline, IBM, Motorola, " "Novartis, Pfizer, and Searle.) It included the Global Positioning System, " "which Ronald Reagan set free in the early 1980s. And it included \"open " -"source and free software.\"" +"source and free software.\" <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12468 +#: freeculture.xml:12473 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -15646,14 +15655,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12476 +#: freeculture.xml:12481 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12475 +#: freeculture.xml:12480 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -15665,7 +15674,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12486 +#: freeculture.xml:12491 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -15689,7 +15698,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12510 +#: freeculture.xml:12515 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -15698,7 +15707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12516 +#: freeculture.xml:12521 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -15713,7 +15722,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12539 +#: freeculture.xml:12544 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -15732,7 +15741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12527 +#: freeculture.xml:12532 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -15748,7 +15757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12561 +#: freeculture.xml:12566 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -15767,14 +15776,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12587 +#: freeculture.xml:12592 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12579 +#: freeculture.xml:12584 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -15787,7 +15796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12593 +#: freeculture.xml:12598 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -15797,7 +15806,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12601 +#: freeculture.xml:12606 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -15809,12 +15818,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12611 +#: freeculture.xml:12616 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12615 +#: freeculture.xml:12620 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -15827,7 +15836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12625 +#: freeculture.xml:12630 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -15842,7 +15851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12638 +#: freeculture.xml:12643 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -15858,7 +15867,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12651 +#: freeculture.xml:12656 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -15871,7 +15880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12663 +#: freeculture.xml:12668 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -15885,14 +15894,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12680 +#: freeculture.xml:12685 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12677 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15902,7 +15911,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12688 +#: freeculture.xml:12693 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -15912,7 +15921,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12695 +#: freeculture.xml:12700 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -15925,7 +15934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12707 +#: freeculture.xml:12712 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -15938,7 +15947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12717 +#: freeculture.xml:12722 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -15949,7 +15958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12725 +#: freeculture.xml:12730 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -15957,7 +15966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12731 +#: freeculture.xml:12736 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -15971,7 +15980,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12742 +#: freeculture.xml:12747 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -15981,7 +15990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12751 +#: freeculture.xml:12756 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -15995,7 +16004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12763 +#: freeculture.xml:12768 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16005,7 +16014,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12771 +#: freeculture.xml:12776 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16015,7 +16024,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12778 +#: freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16027,7 +16036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12788 +#: freeculture.xml:12793 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16037,7 +16046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12795 +#: freeculture.xml:12800 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16048,20 +16057,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12803 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12806 +#: freeculture.xml:12811 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12811 +#: freeculture.xml:12816 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16079,7 +16088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12829 +#: freeculture.xml:12834 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16089,7 +16098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12836 +#: freeculture.xml:12841 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16097,7 +16106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12808 +#: freeculture.xml:12813 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16116,18 +16125,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12853 freeculture.xml:13203 +#: freeculture.xml:12858 freeculture.xml:13209 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12854 +#: freeculture.xml:12859 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12859 +#: freeculture.xml:12864 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16136,7 +16145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12873 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16144,7 +16153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12856 +#: freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16163,20 +16172,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12882 +#: freeculture.xml:12887 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12890 +#: freeculture.xml:12895 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12894 +#: freeculture.xml:12899 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16184,7 +16193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12899 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16193,7 +16202,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12905 +#: freeculture.xml:12910 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16202,7 +16211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12912 +#: freeculture.xml:12917 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16212,12 +16221,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12921 +#: freeculture.xml:12926 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12923 +#: freeculture.xml:12928 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16226,7 +16235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12929 +#: freeculture.xml:12934 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16240,7 +16249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12939 +#: freeculture.xml:12944 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16251,7 +16260,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12951 +#: freeculture.xml:12956 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16267,7 +16276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12965 +#: freeculture.xml:12970 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16277,12 +16286,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12974 +#: freeculture.xml:12979 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12976 +#: freeculture.xml:12981 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16294,12 +16303,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12986 +#: freeculture.xml:12991 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12990 +#: freeculture.xml:12995 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16316,12 +16325,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13004 +#: freeculture.xml:13009 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13006 +#: freeculture.xml:13011 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16334,7 +16343,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13016 +#: freeculture.xml:13021 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16347,7 +16356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13032 +#: freeculture.xml:13037 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " @@ -16360,7 +16369,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13026 +#: freeculture.xml:13031 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16373,7 +16382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13050 +#: freeculture.xml:13055 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16384,12 +16393,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13057 +#: freeculture.xml:13062 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13059 +#: freeculture.xml:13064 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16399,7 +16408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13067 +#: freeculture.xml:13072 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16413,7 +16422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13079 +#: freeculture.xml:13084 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16426,7 +16435,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13088 +#: freeculture.xml:13093 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16436,7 +16445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13097 +#: freeculture.xml:13102 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16445,7 +16454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13103 +#: freeculture.xml:13108 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16458,7 +16467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13114 +#: freeculture.xml:13119 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16469,7 +16478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13127 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16478,7 +16487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13127 +#: freeculture.xml:13132 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16495,7 +16504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 +#: freeculture.xml:13148 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16507,7 +16516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13152 +#: freeculture.xml:13157 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16515,7 +16524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13157 +#: freeculture.xml:13162 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16530,7 +16539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13169 +#: freeculture.xml:13174 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16539,9 +16548,8 @@ msgid "" "and market shrink a freedom taken for granted before." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13177 +#: freeculture.xml:13182 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16551,11 +16559,12 @@ msgid "" "peer review. If accepted, the work is then deposited in a public, electronic " "archive and made permanently available for free. PLoS also sells a print " "version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not " -"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free." +"inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13190 +#: freeculture.xml:13196 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16566,19 +16575,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13201 +#: freeculture.xml:13207 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13206 +#: freeculture.xml:13212 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13210 +#: freeculture.xml:13216 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -16592,7 +16601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13220 +#: freeculture.xml:13226 msgid "" "Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " @@ -16610,7 +16619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13238 +#: freeculture.xml:13244 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -16623,7 +16632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13249 +#: freeculture.xml:13255 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -16636,12 +16645,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13270 +#: freeculture.xml:13276 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13260 +#: freeculture.xml:13266 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -16655,7 +16664,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:13279 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -16669,7 +16678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13285 +#: freeculture.xml:13291 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -16679,7 +16688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13292 +#: freeculture.xml:13298 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -16693,7 +16702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13304 +#: freeculture.xml:13310 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -16702,7 +16711,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13310 +#: freeculture.xml:13316 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -16715,7 +16724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13336 +#: freeculture.xml:13342 msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " @@ -16724,7 +16733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13321 +#: freeculture.xml:13327 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -16743,7 +16752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13345 +#: freeculture.xml:13351 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -16758,7 +16767,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13357 +#: freeculture.xml:13363 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -16769,7 +16778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13367 +#: freeculture.xml:13373 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -16780,7 +16789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13381 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -16791,12 +16800,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13389 +#: freeculture.xml:13395 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13391 +#: freeculture.xml:13397 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -16806,7 +16815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13398 +#: freeculture.xml:13404 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -16815,12 +16824,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13405 +#: freeculture.xml:13411 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13407 +#: freeculture.xml:13413 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -16830,14 +16839,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13414 +#: freeculture.xml:13420 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13419 +#: freeculture.xml:13425 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -16846,12 +16855,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13425 +#: freeculture.xml:13431 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13428 +#: freeculture.xml:13434 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -16861,7 +16870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13436 +#: freeculture.xml:13442 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -16876,7 +16885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13450 +#: freeculture.xml:13456 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -16884,7 +16893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13448 +#: freeculture.xml:13454 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -16894,7 +16903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13458 +#: freeculture.xml:13464 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -16905,12 +16914,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13470 +#: freeculture.xml:13476 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13478 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -16925,7 +16934,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13485 +#: freeculture.xml:13491 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -16937,7 +16946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13494 +#: freeculture.xml:13500 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -16950,7 +16959,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13504 +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -16964,12 +16973,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13519 +#: freeculture.xml:13525 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13521 +#: freeculture.xml:13527 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -16981,7 +16990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13531 +#: freeculture.xml:13537 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -16989,7 +16998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13537 +#: freeculture.xml:13543 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17003,7 +17012,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13554 +#: freeculture.xml:13560 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17012,7 +17021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13547 +#: freeculture.xml:13553 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17028,7 +17037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13567 +#: freeculture.xml:13573 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17038,7 +17047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13574 +#: freeculture.xml:13580 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17052,7 +17061,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13585 +#: freeculture.xml:13591 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17063,7 +17072,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13593 +#: freeculture.xml:13599 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17071,7 +17080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13598 +#: freeculture.xml:13604 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17082,12 +17091,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13610 +#: freeculture.xml:13616 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13612 +#: freeculture.xml:13618 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17096,14 +17105,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13624 +#: freeculture.xml:13630 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13617 +#: freeculture.xml:13623 msgid "" "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " @@ -17114,7 +17123,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13631 +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17123,7 +17132,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13639 +#: freeculture.xml:13645 msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -17136,7 +17145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13647 +#: freeculture.xml:13653 msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " @@ -17150,7 +17159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13667 +#: freeculture.xml:13673 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17158,7 +17167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13660 +#: freeculture.xml:13666 msgid "" "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " @@ -17172,7 +17181,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13678 +#: freeculture.xml:13684 msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -17189,7 +17198,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13699 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -17197,7 +17206,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13698 +#: freeculture.xml:13704 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17206,12 +17215,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13714 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13710 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17222,7 +17231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13718 +#: freeculture.xml:13724 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17234,14 +17243,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13731 +#: freeculture.xml:13737 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17253,12 +17262,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13744 +#: freeculture.xml:13750 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13740 +#: freeculture.xml:13746 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17267,7 +17276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:13755 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17277,7 +17286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13756 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -17289,7 +17298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13768 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -17304,7 +17313,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13786 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17314,12 +17323,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13796 +#: freeculture.xml:13802 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13794 +#: freeculture.xml:13800 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " @@ -17327,7 +17336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13788 +#: freeculture.xml:13794 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17337,7 +17346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13802 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17348,7 +17357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13815 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17358,12 +17367,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:13825 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13821 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17373,7 +17382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13828 +#: freeculture.xml:13834 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17384,7 +17393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13837 +#: freeculture.xml:13843 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17394,7 +17403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13844 +#: freeculture.xml:13850 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17404,7 +17413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13852 +#: freeculture.xml:13858 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17412,7 +17421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13857 +#: freeculture.xml:13863 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17421,7 +17430,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13863 +#: freeculture.xml:13869 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17430,7 +17439,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:13875 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17438,7 +17447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13875 +#: freeculture.xml:13881 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17449,7 +17458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13883 +#: freeculture.xml:13889 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17458,7 +17467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13890 +#: freeculture.xml:13896 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17466,7 +17475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13895 +#: freeculture.xml:13901 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17481,7 +17490,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13907 +#: freeculture.xml:13913 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17498,7 +17507,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13939 +#: freeculture.xml:13945 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17506,7 +17515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13922 +#: freeculture.xml:13928 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17527,7 +17536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13946 +#: freeculture.xml:13952 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17543,7 +17552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13962 +#: freeculture.xml:13968 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17556,7 +17565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13973 +#: freeculture.xml:13979 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -17567,7 +17576,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13982 +#: freeculture.xml:13988 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -17579,7 +17588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13992 +#: freeculture.xml:13998 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -17592,7 +17601,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -17604,7 +17613,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14013 +#: freeculture.xml:14019 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -17617,7 +17626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14023 +#: freeculture.xml:14029 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -17628,14 +17637,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14031 +#: freeculture.xml:14037 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14035 +#: freeculture.xml:14041 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -17649,7 +17658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14046 +#: freeculture.xml:14052 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -17660,12 +17669,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14090 +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " "October 2000), available at <ulink " @@ -17702,7 +17711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14054 +#: freeculture.xml:14060 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17717,7 +17726,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14103 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -17735,7 +17744,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14118 +#: freeculture.xml:14124 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -17748,7 +17757,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14131 +#: freeculture.xml:14137 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -17765,7 +17774,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14146 +#: freeculture.xml:14152 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -17780,7 +17789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14158 +#: freeculture.xml:14164 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -17791,13 +17800,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14167 +#: freeculture.xml:14173 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14172 +#: freeculture.xml:14178 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -17806,19 +17815,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14179 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14185 +#: freeculture.xml:14191 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14189 +#: freeculture.xml:14195 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -17826,14 +17835,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14195 +#: freeculture.xml:14201 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14200 +#: freeculture.xml:14206 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -17842,7 +17851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14206 +#: freeculture.xml:14212 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -17859,7 +17868,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14220 +#: freeculture.xml:14226 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -17869,12 +17878,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:14237 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14233 +#: freeculture.xml:14239 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -17883,7 +17892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14239 +#: freeculture.xml:14245 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -17894,14 +17903,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14256 +#: freeculture.xml:14262 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14247 +#: freeculture.xml:14253 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -17914,7 +17923,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:14268 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -17923,7 +17932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14272 +#: freeculture.xml:14278 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -17942,7 +17951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14267 +#: freeculture.xml:14273 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -17954,7 +17963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14295 +#: freeculture.xml:14301 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -17964,7 +17973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14303 +#: freeculture.xml:14309 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -17977,7 +17986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14313 +#: freeculture.xml:14319 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -17988,7 +17997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14327 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -17996,7 +18005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14327 +#: freeculture.xml:14333 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18009,7 +18018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14336 +#: freeculture.xml:14342 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18019,7 +18028,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14345 +#: freeculture.xml:14351 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18027,12 +18036,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14356 +#: freeculture.xml:14362 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18046,12 +18055,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14371 +#: freeculture.xml:14377 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14373 +#: freeculture.xml:14379 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18060,7 +18069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14379 +#: freeculture.xml:14385 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18076,7 +18085,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18089,7 +18098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14403 +#: freeculture.xml:14409 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18110,7 +18119,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14423 +#: freeculture.xml:14429 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18121,7 +18130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14432 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "