From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Tue, 4 Sep 2012 20:49:15 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio... X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1367 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/51d63fee8d77ed7615c482f284e0f3b4928fbcf1?ds=sidebyside Add several indexterm entries after comparing with the ones in http://www.jus.uio.no/sisu/src/free_culture.lawrence_lessig.sst. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 10622fc..6862ecf 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 14:48+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 22:46+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-08-29 11:14+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -1272,11 +1272,11 @@ msgstr "" "prosess. RCA hadde hva Causby-ene ikke hadde: Makten til å undertrykke " "effekten av en teknologisk endring." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "Internet" msgstr "internet" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "development of" msgstr "utviklingen av" @@ -1464,7 +1464,7 @@ msgstr "" "USA. Men det var på ingen måte dominerende i vår tradisjon. Det var i " "stedet bare en del, en kontrollert del, balansert mot det frie." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "free culture" msgstr "fri kultur" @@ -7081,7 +7081,7 @@ msgstr "" msgid "in Asia" msgstr "i Asia" -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "fri programvare/Ã¥pen kildekode-programvare (FS/OSS)" @@ -24012,7 +24012,7 @@ msgstr "biomedisinsk forskning" msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "internasjonal organisasjon om saker av" -#. type: Content of:
+#. type: Content of:
msgid "IBM" msgstr "IBM" @@ -25088,6 +25088,10 @@ msgstr "" "quote>-typen mener du bør kunne gjøre med innhold som du selv ønsker " "uavhengig av om du har tillatelse eller ikke." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "initial free character of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25155,6 +25159,14 @@ msgstr "" msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "Gjenoppbygging av friheter som tidligere var antatt: Eksempler" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "privacy rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " @@ -25216,6 +25228,10 @@ msgstr "Amazon" msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "informasjonskapsler, internett" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "privacy protection on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " @@ -25237,6 +25253,10 @@ msgstr "" "forsvinner ogsåå ethver personvern som var beskyttet av denne " "friksjonen." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "privacy rights in use of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " @@ -25249,11 +25269,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Amazon er naturligvis ikke problemet. Men vi kan begynne å bekymre oss for " "biblioteker. Hvis du er en av disse sprø venstrevridde som mener at folk " -"bør ha retten til å bla igjennom et bibliotek uten at myndighetene " -"får vite hvilke bøker du ser på (jeg er også en av disse venstrevridde), da " -"kan det hende denne endringen i teknologien for overvåkning angår deg. Hvis " -"det blir enkelt å samle inn og sortere hvem som gjør hva i det elektroniske " -"rom, så forsvinner det friksjons-induserte personvernet fra tidligere tider." +"bør ha retten til å bla igjennom et bibliotek uten at " +"myndighetene får vite hvilke bøker du ser på (jeg er også en av disse " +"venstrevridde), da kan det hende denne endringen i teknologien for " +"overvåkning angår deg. Hvis det blir enkelt å samle inn og sortere hvem som " +"gjør hva i det elektroniske rom, så forsvinner det friksjons-induserte " +"personvernet fra tidligere tider." #. f1. #. type: Content of:
@@ -25290,21 +25311,24 @@ msgstr "" "på personvern til å gjøre aktive handlinger der hvor personvern tidligere " "var gitt som utgangspunkt." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Data General" +msgstr "Data General" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. " "When computers with software were first made available commercially, the " "software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You " "couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, " -"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. " -"" +"so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software." msgstr "" "En lignende historie kan fortelles om stiftelsen av fri programvare-" "bevegelsen. Da datamaskiner med programvare først ble gjort kommersielt " "tilgjengelig var programvaren—bÃ¥de kildekoden og binærene—fritt " "tilgjengelig. Du kunne ikke kjøre et program skrevet for en Data General-" "maskin pÃ¥ en IBM-maskin, sÃ¥ Data General og IBM brydde seg ikke mye om Ã¥ " -"kontrollere programvaren sin. " +"kontrollere programvaren sin." #. type: Content of:
msgid "Stallman, Richard" @@ -25348,6 +25372,10 @@ msgstr "" "kunnskap. Hvorfor skulle det ikke være åpent for kritikk på samme måte som " "alt annet?" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "proprietary code" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " @@ -25759,16 +25787,16 @@ msgid "" "needed. Creative Commons gives people a way effectively to begin to build " "those rules." msgstr "" -"MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ sloss mot alle rettigheter " -"reservert-folkene. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ utfylle dem. Problemene som " -"loven skaper for oss som kultur er skapt av sinnsyke og utilsiktede " -"konsekvenser av lover skrevet for Ã¥rhundrer siden, anvendt pÃ¥ en " -"teknologi som kun Jefferson kunne ha forestilt seg. Reglene kan godt " -"Ã¥ gitt mening da bakgrunnen var teknologiene tilgjengelig for " -"hundrevis av Ã¥r siden, men de gir ikke mening nÃ¥r bakgrunnen er " -"digitale teknologier. Nye regler—med andre friheter, uttrykket " -"slik at hemmenser uten advokater kan bruke dem—trengs. Creative " -"Commons gir folk en effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ lage disse reglene." +"MÃ¥let er ikke Ã¥ sloss mot alle rettigheter reservert-" +"folkene. MÃ¥let er Ã¥ utfylle dem. Problemene som loven skaper for oss som " +"kultur er skapt av sinnsyke og utilsiktede konsekvenser av lover skrevet for " +"Ã¥rhundrer siden, anvendt pÃ¥ en teknologi som kun Jefferson kunne ha " +"forestilt seg. Reglene kan godt Ã¥ gitt mening da bakgrunnen var " +"teknologiene tilgjengelig for hundrevis av Ã¥r siden, men de gir ikke mening " +"nÃ¥r bakgrunnen er digitale teknologier. Nye regler—med andre " +"friheter, uttrykket slik at hemmenser uten advokater kan bruke dem—" +"trengs. Creative Commons gir folk en effektiv mÃ¥te Ã¥ begynne Ã¥ lage disse " +"reglene." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25796,17 +25824,16 @@ msgid "" "(1)s, the strategy of releasing Cory's book free on-line will probably " "increase sales of Cory's book." msgstr "" -"Hvorfor ville en utgiver noen sinne gå med på dette? Jeg mistenker " -"hans utgiver tenkte som dette: Det er to grupper av mennesker der ute: " -"(1) de osm vil kjøpe Corys bok uansett om den er på internettet eller " -"ikke og (2)de som kanskje aldri hører om Corys bok hvis den ikke blir " -"gjort tilgjengelig gratis på internettet. En del av (1) vil laste ned " -"Corys bok i stedet for å kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem slemme-(1). En " -"del av (2) vil laste ned Corys bok, like den, og deretter bestemme seg " -"for å kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem gode-(2). Hvis det er flere " -"gode-(2-) enn det er slemme-(1), så vil strategien med å gi ut Corys " -"bok gratis på nettet antagelig øke salget av " -"Corys bok." +"Hvorfor ville en utgiver noen sinne gå med på dette? Jeg mistenker hans " +"utgiver tenkte som dette: Det er to grupper av mennesker der ute: (1) de osm " +"vil kjøpe Corys bok uansett om den er på internettet eller ikke og (2)de som " +"kanskje aldri hører om Corys bok hvis den ikke blir gjort tilgjengelig " +"gratis på internettet. En del av (1) vil laste ned Corys bok i stedet for å " +"kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem slemme-(1). En del av (2) vil laste ned Corys " +"bok, like den, og deretter bestemme seg for å kjøpe den. Vi kan kalle dem " +"gode-(2). Hvis det er flere gode-(2-) enn det er slemme-(1), så vil " +"strategien med å gi ut Corys bok gratis på nettet antagelig øke salget av Corys bok." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25838,15 +25865,14 @@ msgid "" "used book store prices for the book. As predicted, as the number of " "downloads increased, the used book price for his book increased, as well." msgstr "" -"Idéen om at gratis innhold kan øke verdien for ikke-gratis innhold " -"var bekreftet av et eksperiment gjennomført av an anne forfatter. " -"Peter Wayner, som skrev en bok om fri programvarebevegeslen med " -"tittelen Free For All, gjorde en elektronisk " -"utgave av boken gratis til gjengelig på nettet med en Creative " -"Commons-lisens etter at boken var utsolgt fra forlaget. Han fulgte " -"deretter med på prisen for boken i bruktbokhandler. Som forutsett, " -"etter hvert som antall nedlastinger steg, steg også bruktprisen på " -"boken." +"Idéen om at gratis innhold kan øke verdien for ikke-gratis innhold var " +"bekreftet av et eksperiment gjennomført av an anne forfatter. Peter Wayner, " +"som skrev en bok om fri programvarebevegeslen med tittelen Free " +"For All, gjorde en elektronisk utgave av boken gratis til " +"gjengelig på nettet med en Creative Commons-lisens etter at boken var " +"utsolgt fra forlaget. Han fulgte deretter med på prisen for boken i " +"bruktbokhandler. Som forutsett, etter hvert som antall nedlastinger steg, " +"steg også bruktprisen på boken." #. type: Content of:
msgid "Public Enemy" @@ -25891,23 +25917,21 @@ msgid "" "the creative environment content that others can build upon, so that their " "form of creativity might grow." msgstr "" -"Dette er eksempler på bruk av Creative Commons for å bedre spre " -"proprietært innhold. Jeg mener at dette er en nydelig og vanlig bruk " -"av Creative Commons. Det er andre som bruker Creative " -"Commons-lisenser av andre grunner. Mange som bruker " -"sampling-lisensen gjør det på grunn av at det ville " -"være hyklerisk. Samling-lisensen sier at andre står fritt til, for " -"kommersielle eller ikke-kommersielle formål, å bruke biter av innhold " -"fra det lisensierte verket. De har bare ikke friheten til å gjøre " +"Dette er eksempler på bruk av Creative Commons for å bedre spre proprietært " +"innhold. Jeg mener at dette er en nydelig og vanlig bruk av Creative " +"Commons. Det er andre som bruker Creative Commons-lisenser av andre " +"grunner. Mange som bruker sampling-lisensen gjør det på " +"grunn av at det ville være hyklerisk. Samling-lisensen sier at andre står " +"fritt til, for kommersielle eller ikke-kommersielle formål, å bruke biter av " +"innhold fra det lisensierte verket. De har bare ikke friheten til å gjøre " "hele innholdet tilgjengelig for andre. På grunn av at den " "juridiske kostnaden med samling er så høy (Walter " -"Leaphart, manager for rap-gruppen Public Enemy, som ble skapt ved å " -"sample musikken til andre, har uttalt at han ikke " -"tillater Public Enemy å sample mer, på grunn av at den " -"juridiske kostnaden er så høy), slipper disse artistene innhold ut i det kreative miljøet " -"som andre kan bygge videre på, slik at deres form for kreativitet kan " -"vokse." +"Leaphart, manager for rap-gruppen Public Enemy, som ble skapt ved å sample " +"musikken til andre, har uttalt at han ikke tillater Public " +"Enemy å sample mer, på grunn av at den juridiske kostnaden er så " +"høy), slipper disse artistene " +"innhold ut i det kreative miljøet som andre kan bygge videre på, slik at " +"deres form for kreativitet kan vokse." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25921,16 +25945,16 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons license expresses this notion of Some Rights " "Reserved, and gives many the chance to say it to others." msgstr "" -"Til slutt er det mange som merker sitt innhold med en Creative " -"Commons-lisens kun fordi de ønsker å uttrykke til andre hvor viktig de " -"synes balanse er i denne debatten. Hvis du bare aksepterer systemet " -"slik det er, så sier du i effekt at du tror på alle rettigheter " -"reservert-modellen. Fint for deg, men mange gjør ikke det. " -"Mange tror at uanset hvor riktig den regelen er for Hollywood og " -"gærninger, så er den ikke en riktig beskrivelse av hvordan de fleste " -"skaperne ser på rettighetene knyttet til sitt innhold. Creative " -"Commons-lisesen uttrykker begrepet noen rettigheter " -"reservert, og gir mange muligheten til å si det til andre." +"Til slutt er det mange som merker sitt innhold med en Creative Commons-" +"lisens kun fordi de ønsker å uttrykke til andre hvor viktig de synes balanse " +"er i denne debatten. Hvis du bare aksepterer systemet slik det er, så sier " +"du i effekt at du tror på alle rettigheter reservert-" +"modellen. Fint for deg, men mange gjør ikke det. Mange tror at uanset hvor " +"riktig den regelen er for Hollywood og gærninger, så er den ikke en riktig " +"beskrivelse av hvordan de fleste skaperne ser på rettighetene knyttet til " +"sitt innhold. Creative Commons-lisesen uttrykker begrepet noen " +"rettigheter reservert, og gir mange muligheten til å si det til " +"andre." #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of:
@@ -25943,10 +25967,10 @@ msgid "" "build content based upon content set free." msgstr "" "I de første seks månede av Creative Commons-eksperimentet, ble over en " -"million objekter lisensiert med disse fri kultur-lisensene. Neste " -"steg er partnerskap med mellomvare-tilbyderne av innhold for å hjelpe " -"dem å bygge enkle måter for brukerne å merke innholdet med friheten " -"gitt med Creative Commons inn i teknologiene de lager." +"million objekter lisensiert med disse fri kultur-lisensene. Neste steg er " +"partnerskap med mellomvare-tilbyderne av innhold for å hjelpe dem å bygge " +"enkle måter for brukerne å merke innholdet med friheten gitt med Creative " +"Commons inn i teknologiene de lager." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25956,12 +25980,12 @@ msgid "" "Creative Commons relies upon voluntary steps to achieve this rebuilding. " "They will lead to a world in which more than voluntary steps are possible." msgstr "" -"Dette er de første stegene for å gjennoppbygge et allemannseie. De " -"er ikke kun argumentasjon, de er handlinger. A bygge allemannseiet er " -"første steg for å vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og " -"nyskapning. Creative Commons baserer seg på frivillige steg for å få " -"til denne gjenoppbyggingen. De vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn " -"frivillige steg er mulig." +"Dette er de første stegene for å gjennoppbygge et allemannseie. De er ikke " +"kun argumentasjon, de er handlinger. A bygge allemannseiet er første steg " +"for å vise folk hvor viktig dette er for kreativitet og nyskapning. " +"Creative Commons baserer seg på frivillige steg for å få til denne " +"gjenoppbyggingen. De vil føre til en verden hvor mer enn frivillige steg er " +"mulig." #. type: Content of:
msgid "" @@ -25975,11 +25999,10 @@ msgstr "" "Creative Commons er bare ett eksempel på frivillig innsats fra " "enkeltpersoner og skapere for å endre blandingen av rettigheter som nå " "styrer det kreative området. Prosjektet konkurrerer ikke med " -"opphavsretten. Den utfyller den. Dets mål er ikke å bekjempe " -"rettighetene til forfatterne, men a gjøre det enklere for forfattere " -"og skapere å utøve sine rettigheter mer fleksibelt og billigere. Den " -"forskjellen, tror vi, vil gjøre det mulig for kreativiteten a spre seg " -"lettere." +"opphavsretten. Den utfyller den. Dets mål er ikke å bekjempe rettighetene " +"til forfatterne, men a gjøre det enklere for forfattere og skapere å utøve " +"sine rettigheter mer fleksibelt og billigere. Den forskjellen, tror vi, vil " +"gjøre det mulig for kreativiteten a spre seg lettere." #. type: Content of:
msgid "THEM, SOON" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 3b59840..ccc4f7d 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 14:48+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-09-04 22:46+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME <EMAIL@ADDRESS>\n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE <LL@li.org>\n" @@ -603,17 +603,17 @@ msgid "air traffic, land ownership vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14510 +#: freeculture.xml:490 freeculture.xml:14529 msgid "land ownership, air traffic and" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:4681 freeculture.xml:13408 freeculture.xml:14530 msgid "property rights" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14511 +#: freeculture.xml:491 freeculture.xml:14530 msgid "air traffic vs." msgstr "" @@ -679,7 +679,7 @@ msgid "Douglas, William O." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13901 +#: freeculture.xml:531 freeculture.xml:4570 freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "Supreme Court, U.S." msgstr "" @@ -1044,13 +1044,13 @@ msgid "" "did not: the power to stifle the effect of technological change." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:7343 freeculture.xml:9903 freeculture.xml:13142 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:1160 freeculture.xml:2399 freeculture.xml:2411 freeculture.xml:2495 freeculture.xml:2529 freeculture.xml:2555 freeculture.xml:2805 freeculture.xml:7343 freeculture.xml:9903 freeculture.xml:13142 freeculture.xml:13700 freeculture.xml:13701 freeculture.xml:13775 msgid "Internet" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13142 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:787 freeculture.xml:13142 freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "development of" msgstr "" @@ -1190,8 +1190,8 @@ msgid "" "a controlled part, balanced with the free." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:873 freeculture.xml:1761 freeculture.xml:13740 msgid "free culture" msgstr "" @@ -1369,7 +1369,7 @@ msgid "First Amendment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14909 +#: freeculture.xml:975 freeculture.xml:985 freeculture.xml:14928 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -2043,7 +2043,7 @@ msgid "piracy vs." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:14975 +#: freeculture.xml:1400 freeculture.xml:1559 freeculture.xml:3058 freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:7346 freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "piracy" msgstr "" @@ -2183,7 +2183,7 @@ msgid "duration of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:13146 freeculture.xml:13918 freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:1495 freeculture.xml:1496 freeculture.xml:7826 freeculture.xml:13146 freeculture.xml:13934 freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "public domain" msgstr "" @@ -3061,7 +3061,7 @@ msgid "commercials" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:14973 +#: freeculture.xml:2131 freeculture.xml:14992 msgid "television" msgstr "" @@ -4358,12 +4358,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14874 freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:5451 freeculture.xml:5500 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14893 freeculture.xml:14958 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14874 freeculture.xml:14939 +#: freeculture.xml:3001 freeculture.xml:3370 freeculture.xml:4306 freeculture.xml:9949 freeculture.xml:10047 freeculture.xml:10208 freeculture.xml:10231 freeculture.xml:14893 freeculture.xml:14958 msgid "recording industry payments to" msgstr "" @@ -4805,7 +4805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14570 +#: freeculture.xml:3300 freeculture.xml:14589 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -5007,7 +5007,7 @@ msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:14972 +#: freeculture.xml:3447 freeculture.xml:4330 freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:14991 msgid "cable television" msgstr "" @@ -5251,12 +5251,12 @@ msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:14974 +#: freeculture.xml:3610 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:3740 freeculture.xml:14993 msgid "Asia, commercial piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9595 freeculture.xml:10449 freeculture.xml:14365 freeculture.xml:14956 +#: freeculture.xml:3611 freeculture.xml:4058 freeculture.xml:9595 freeculture.xml:10449 freeculture.xml:14384 freeculture.xml:14975 msgid "CDs" msgstr "" @@ -5375,7 +5375,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15122 +#: freeculture.xml:3705 freeculture.xml:3979 freeculture.xml:15141 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -5438,22 +5438,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:14975 +#: freeculture.xml:3741 freeculture.xml:14994 msgid "in Asia" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13241 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:3742 freeculture.xml:13241 freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "free software/open-source software (FS/OSS)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11724 freeculture.xml:13256 freeculture.xml:13869 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 freeculture.xml:3773 freeculture.xml:11724 freeculture.xml:13256 freeculture.xml:13883 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11726 freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13870 +#: freeculture.xml:3744 freeculture.xml:3774 freeculture.xml:11726 freeculture.xml:13257 freeculture.xml:13884 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -5494,12 +5494,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "law" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13899 +#: freeculture.xml:3762 freeculture.xml:13915 msgid "databases of case reports in" msgstr "" @@ -5830,12 +5830,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:14682 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4005 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:14701 msgid "cassette recording" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:14682 freeculture.xml:14683 +#: freeculture.xml:3996 freeculture.xml:4362 freeculture.xml:8116 freeculture.xml:8145 freeculture.xml:9874 freeculture.xml:9875 freeculture.xml:14701 freeculture.xml:14702 msgid "VCRs" msgstr "" @@ -6050,12 +6050,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7410 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7660 freeculture.xml:14068 freeculture.xml:14794 freeculture.xml:14795 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:4720 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6118 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:7341 freeculture.xml:7410 freeculture.xml:7444 freeculture.xml:7660 freeculture.xml:14087 freeculture.xml:14813 freeculture.xml:14814 msgid "books" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:14795 +#: freeculture.xml:4160 freeculture.xml:4168 freeculture.xml:6999 freeculture.xml:14814 msgid "resales of" msgstr "" @@ -6094,7 +6094,7 @@ msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:14794 +#: freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:6061 freeculture.xml:6066 freeculture.xml:6998 freeculture.xml:14813 msgid "out of print" msgstr "" @@ -6126,7 +6126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14068 +#: freeculture.xml:4212 freeculture.xml:14087 msgid "free on-line releases of" msgstr "" @@ -6744,7 +6744,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:4661 freeculture.xml:6352 freeculture.xml:14074 msgid "Jefferson, Thomas" msgstr "" @@ -7278,7 +7278,7 @@ msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15218 +#: freeculture.xml:5036 freeculture.xml:15237 msgid "Rose, Mark" msgstr "" @@ -7873,7 +7873,7 @@ msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:14585 +#: freeculture.xml:5441 freeculture.xml:5501 freeculture.xml:5686 freeculture.xml:10206 freeculture.xml:14604 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" @@ -8525,7 +8525,7 @@ msgid "Vanderbilt University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13900 +#: freeculture.xml:5905 freeculture.xml:13786 freeculture.xml:13916 freeculture.xml:13952 msgid "libraries" msgstr "" @@ -9589,7 +9589,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:15161 +#: freeculture.xml:6695 freeculture.xml:15180 msgid "Brezhnev, Leonid" msgstr "" @@ -10723,7 +10723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7522 freeculture.xml:7582 freeculture.xml:13737 +#: freeculture.xml:7522 freeculture.xml:7582 freeculture.xml:13741 msgid "browsing" msgstr "" @@ -14299,7 +14299,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10205 freeculture.xml:14955 +#: freeculture.xml:10205 freeculture.xml:14974 msgid "Real Networks" msgstr "" @@ -18159,7 +18159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13139 freeculture.xml:13891 +#: freeculture.xml:13139 freeculture.xml:13907 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" @@ -18173,18 +18173,18 @@ msgstr "" msgid "international organization on issues of" msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13143 freeculture.xml:13258 freeculture.xml:13822 +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13143 freeculture.xml:13258 freeculture.xml:13826 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13956 +#: freeculture.xml:13144 freeculture.xml:13973 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13957 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 freeculture.xml:13974 msgid "Public Library of Science (PLoS)" msgstr "" @@ -18333,7 +18333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13242 freeculture.xml:14953 +#: freeculture.xml:13242 freeculture.xml:14972 msgid "Apple Corporation" msgstr "" @@ -18835,7 +18835,7 @@ msgid "Brazil, free culture in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13613 freeculture.xml:13985 +#: freeculture.xml:13613 freeculture.xml:14004 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" @@ -18969,9 +18969,14 @@ msgid "" "with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13701 +msgid "initial free character of" +msgstr "" + #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13701 +#: freeculture.xml:13703 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be " @@ -18983,7 +18988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13713 +#: freeculture.xml:13715 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -19000,7 +19005,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13727 +#: freeculture.xml:13731 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither " "<quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but " @@ -19011,12 +19016,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13736 +#: freeculture.xml:13739 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13740 +msgid "restoration efforts on previous aspects of" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13742 +msgid "privacy rights" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13744 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -19028,12 +19043,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13749 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13753 +#: freeculture.xml:13758 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -19051,17 +19066,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13768 +#: freeculture.xml:13773 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13769 +#: freeculture.xml:13774 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13775 +msgid "privacy protection on" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13771 +#: freeculture.xml:13777 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -19073,8 +19093,13 @@ msgid "" "protected by the friction disappears, too." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> +#: freeculture.xml:13786 +msgid "privacy rights in use of" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13781 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -19087,7 +19112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13798 +#: freeculture.xml:13806 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, <quote>Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),</quote> " @@ -19102,7 +19127,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#: freeculture.xml:13800 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define " "<quote>privacy</quote> on the Internet. It is the recognition that " @@ -19115,25 +19140,29 @@ msgid "" "by default." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13825 +msgid "Data General" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13816 +#: freeculture.xml:13829 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " "commercially, the software—both the source code and the " "binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data " "General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much " -"about controlling their software. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " -"id=\"0\"/>" +"about controlling their software." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13824 +#: freeculture.xml:13836 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13826 +#: freeculture.xml:13838 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -19143,7 +19172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13834 +#: freeculture.xml:13846 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -19156,8 +19185,13 @@ msgid "" "else?" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:13857 +msgid "proprietary code" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13846 +#: freeculture.xml:13859 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -19170,7 +19204,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13868 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -19180,12 +19214,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13863 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "Torvalds, Linus" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13879 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -19196,7 +19230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:13887 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -19209,7 +19243,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13884 +#: freeculture.xml:13898 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -19220,12 +19254,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13892 +#: freeculture.xml:13908 msgid "scientific journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13910 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -19233,23 +19267,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13898 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "Lexis and Westlaw" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13900 +#: freeculture.xml:13916 freeculture.xml:13952 msgid "journals in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13901 +#: freeculture.xml:13917 msgid "access to opinions of" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13903 +#: freeculture.xml:13919 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -19266,17 +19300,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13918 +#: freeculture.xml:13934 msgid "access fees for material in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:13919 +#: freeculture.xml:13935 msgid "license system for rebuilding of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13921 +#: freeculture.xml:13937 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -19288,7 +19322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13932 +#: freeculture.xml:13948 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -19296,7 +19330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13954 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -19311,7 +19345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13949 +#: freeculture.xml:13966 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -19322,7 +19356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13959 +#: freeculture.xml:13976 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -19336,7 +19370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13972 +#: freeculture.xml:13990 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -19347,24 +19381,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13984 +#: freeculture.xml:14003 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13987 +#: freeculture.xml:14006 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:14009 msgid "Stanford University" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13992 +#: freeculture.xml:14011 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -19378,7 +19412,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14003 +#: freeculture.xml:14022 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -19397,7 +19431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14021 +#: freeculture.xml:14040 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -19411,7 +19445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14032 +#: freeculture.xml:14051 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -19424,13 +19458,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14042 +#: freeculture.xml:14061 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 289 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14044 +#: freeculture.xml:14063 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -19444,7 +19478,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14057 +#: freeculture.xml:14076 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the <quote>All Rights Reserved</quote> sorts. The " "aim is to complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a " @@ -19459,7 +19493,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14089 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -19469,7 +19503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14077 +#: freeculture.xml:14096 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -19483,7 +19517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14089 +#: freeculture.xml:14108 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -19491,18 +19525,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14094 +#: freeculture.xml:14113 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14095 +#: freeculture.xml:14114 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14097 +#: freeculture.xml:14116 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -19514,23 +19548,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14108 +#: freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "Public Enemy" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14109 +#: freeculture.xml:14128 msgid "rap music" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14110 +#: freeculture.xml:14129 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14127 +#: freeculture.xml:14146 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -19539,7 +19573,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14112 +#: freeculture.xml:14131 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -19559,7 +19593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14136 +#: freeculture.xml:14155 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -19574,7 +19608,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14148 +#: freeculture.xml:14167 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -19585,7 +19619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14158 +#: freeculture.xml:14177 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -19596,7 +19630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14166 +#: freeculture.xml:14185 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -19607,12 +19641,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14199 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14182 +#: freeculture.xml:14201 msgid "" "<emphasis role='strong'>We will</emphasis> not reclaim a free culture by " "individual action alone. It will also take important reforms of laws. We " @@ -19622,7 +19656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14189 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -19631,12 +19665,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14196 +#: freeculture.xml:14215 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14217 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -19646,14 +19680,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14205 +#: freeculture.xml:14224 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14210 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -19662,12 +19696,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14216 +#: freeculture.xml:14235 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14219 +#: freeculture.xml:14238 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -19678,7 +19712,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14228 +#: freeculture.xml:14247 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -19693,7 +19727,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14242 +#: freeculture.xml:14261 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -19701,7 +19735,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14240 +#: freeculture.xml:14259 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -19711,7 +19745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14250 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -19722,12 +19756,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:14281 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14264 +#: freeculture.xml:14283 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -19742,7 +19776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14277 +#: freeculture.xml:14296 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -19754,7 +19788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14286 +#: freeculture.xml:14305 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -19767,7 +19801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14296 +#: freeculture.xml:14315 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -19781,12 +19815,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14311 +#: freeculture.xml:14330 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14313 +#: freeculture.xml:14332 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -19798,7 +19832,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14323 +#: freeculture.xml:14342 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -19806,7 +19840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14329 +#: freeculture.xml:14348 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -19820,7 +19854,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -19829,7 +19863,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14339 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -19845,7 +19879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14359 +#: freeculture.xml:14378 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -19855,12 +19889,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14365 +#: freeculture.xml:14384 msgid "copyright marking of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14367 +#: freeculture.xml:14386 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -19874,7 +19908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14379 +#: freeculture.xml:14398 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -19885,7 +19919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14387 +#: freeculture.xml:14406 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -19893,7 +19927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14392 +#: freeculture.xml:14411 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -19904,12 +19938,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14404 +#: freeculture.xml:14423 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14406 +#: freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -19918,7 +19952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14419 +#: freeculture.xml:14438 msgid "" "<quote>A Radical Rethink,</quote> <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 " "(25 January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -19926,7 +19960,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14411 +#: freeculture.xml:14430 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -19939,7 +19973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14426 +#: freeculture.xml:14445 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -19948,7 +19982,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14434 +#: freeculture.xml:14453 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -19961,7 +19995,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14443 +#: freeculture.xml:14462 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of " @@ -19975,13 +20009,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14455 +#: freeculture.xml:14474 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14466 +#: freeculture.xml:14485 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -19989,7 +20023,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14458 +#: freeculture.xml:14477 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -20004,7 +20038,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14477 +#: freeculture.xml:14496 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -20021,7 +20055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14493 +#: freeculture.xml:14512 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -20029,7 +20063,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14499 +#: freeculture.xml:14518 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas <quote>radical.</quote> (After " "all, I call them <quote>extremists.</quote>) But again, the term I " @@ -20039,12 +20073,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14509 +#: freeculture.xml:14528 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14513 +#: freeculture.xml:14532 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -20055,7 +20089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14521 +#: freeculture.xml:14540 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors <quote>exclusive " "right</quote> to <quote>their writings.</quote> Congress has given authors " @@ -20067,20 +20101,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14529 +#: freeculture.xml:14548 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14535 +#: freeculture.xml:14554 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14531 +#: freeculture.xml:14550 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -20092,12 +20126,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14548 +#: freeculture.xml:14567 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14544 +#: freeculture.xml:14563 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -20106,7 +20140,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14553 +#: freeculture.xml:14572 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -20116,7 +20150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14560 +#: freeculture.xml:14579 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -20128,7 +20162,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14573 +#: freeculture.xml:14592 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -20143,7 +20177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14587 +#: freeculture.xml:14606 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -20153,12 +20187,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14603 +#: freeculture.xml:14622 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14601 +#: freeculture.xml:14620 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -20166,7 +20200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14595 +#: freeculture.xml:14614 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -20176,7 +20210,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14609 +#: freeculture.xml:14628 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -20187,7 +20221,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14616 +#: freeculture.xml:14635 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -20197,12 +20231,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14626 +#: freeculture.xml:14645 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14628 +#: freeculture.xml:14647 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -20212,7 +20246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14635 +#: freeculture.xml:14654 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -20223,7 +20257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14644 +#: freeculture.xml:14663 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -20233,7 +20267,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14651 +#: freeculture.xml:14670 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -20244,7 +20278,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14660 +#: freeculture.xml:14679 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -20252,7 +20286,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14665 +#: freeculture.xml:14684 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -20261,7 +20295,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14671 +#: freeculture.xml:14690 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -20270,7 +20304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14677 +#: freeculture.xml:14696 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -20278,7 +20312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14685 +#: freeculture.xml:14704 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -20289,7 +20323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14693 +#: freeculture.xml:14712 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -20299,7 +20333,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14701 +#: freeculture.xml:14720 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -20307,7 +20341,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14706 +#: freeculture.xml:14725 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -20322,7 +20356,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14718 +#: freeculture.xml:14737 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -20338,13 +20372,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14732 +#: freeculture.xml:14751 msgid "cell phones, music streamed over" msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14752 +#: freeculture.xml:14771 msgid "" "See, for example, <quote>Music Media Watch,</quote> The J@pan " "Inc. Newsletter, 3 April 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -20352,7 +20386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14734 +#: freeculture.xml:14753 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -20374,7 +20408,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14759 +#: freeculture.xml:14778 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The <quote>problem</quote> with file " @@ -20390,7 +20424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14775 +#: freeculture.xml:14794 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different " "<quote>problems</quote> here to solve. Let's start with type D " @@ -20404,7 +20438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14786 +#: freeculture.xml:14805 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different <quote>problem.</quote> This is content " "that was, at one time, published and is no longer available. It may be " @@ -20416,7 +20450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14797 +#: freeculture.xml:14816 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -20429,7 +20463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14807 +#: freeculture.xml:14826 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -20442,7 +20476,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14818 +#: freeculture.xml:14837 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -20454,7 +20488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14828 +#: freeculture.xml:14847 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -20467,7 +20501,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14838 +#: freeculture.xml:14857 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -20478,14 +20512,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14846 +#: freeculture.xml:14865 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14850 +#: freeculture.xml:14869 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -20499,7 +20533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14861 +#: freeculture.xml:14880 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -20510,17 +20544,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14868 freeculture.xml:14910 +#: freeculture.xml:14887 freeculture.xml:14929 msgid "Promises to Keep (Fisher)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14908 +#: freeculture.xml:14927 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14874 +#: freeculture.xml:14893 msgid "" "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> William Fisher, " "<citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities</citetitle> (last " @@ -20562,7 +20596,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14870 +#: freeculture.xml:14889 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -20577,7 +20611,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14924 +#: freeculture.xml:14943 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -20595,7 +20629,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14941 +#: freeculture.xml:14960 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -20608,17 +20642,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14954 +#: freeculture.xml:14973 msgid "MusicStore" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14956 +#: freeculture.xml:14975 msgid "prices of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14958 +#: freeculture.xml:14977 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of " "<quote>harm</quote> to an industry. But the difficulty of making that " @@ -20636,22 +20670,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14973 +#: freeculture.xml:14992 msgid "cable vs. broadcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14976 +#: freeculture.xml:14995 msgid "film industry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:14976 +#: freeculture.xml:14995 msgid "luxury theatres vs. video piracy in" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14978 +#: freeculture.xml:14997 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of " "<quote>free</quote> music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable " @@ -20667,7 +20701,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14990 +#: freeculture.xml:15009 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -20678,13 +20712,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14999 +#: freeculture.xml:15018 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15004 +#: freeculture.xml:15023 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -20693,19 +20727,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15011 +#: freeculture.xml:15030 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15017 +#: freeculture.xml:15036 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15021 +#: freeculture.xml:15040 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -20713,14 +20747,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15027 +#: freeculture.xml:15046 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15032 +#: freeculture.xml:15051 msgid "" "But what if <quote>piracy</quote> doesn't disappear? What if there is a " "competitive market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number " @@ -20729,7 +20763,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15038 +#: freeculture.xml:15057 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -20746,7 +20780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15052 +#: freeculture.xml:15071 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -20756,12 +20790,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15063 +#: freeculture.xml:15082 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15065 +#: freeculture.xml:15084 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -20770,7 +20804,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15071 +#: freeculture.xml:15090 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -20780,23 +20814,23 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15078 +#: freeculture.xml:15097 msgid "Nimmer, Melville" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15098 msgid "Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA) (1998)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:15079 +#: freeculture.xml:15098 msgid "Supreme Court challenge of" msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15090 +#: freeculture.xml:15109 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, <quote>Copyright's First Amendment</quote> (Melville " "B. Nimmer Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 " @@ -20804,7 +20838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15081 +#: freeculture.xml:15100 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a " "<quote>radical</quote> by many within the profession, yet the positions that " @@ -20817,7 +20851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15096 +#: freeculture.xml:15115 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -20825,7 +20859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15106 +#: freeculture.xml:15125 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -20845,7 +20879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15101 +#: freeculture.xml:15120 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -20857,7 +20891,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15130 +#: freeculture.xml:15149 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -20867,7 +20901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15138 +#: freeculture.xml:15157 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -20880,7 +20914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15148 +#: freeculture.xml:15167 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -20891,7 +20925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15156 +#: freeculture.xml:15175 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -20899,7 +20933,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15163 +#: freeculture.xml:15182 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -20912,7 +20946,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15172 +#: freeculture.xml:15191 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -20922,7 +20956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15181 +#: freeculture.xml:15200 msgid "" "We should ask, <quote>Why?</quote> Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -20930,12 +20964,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15190 +#: freeculture.xml:15209 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15192 +#: freeculture.xml:15211 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -20949,12 +20983,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:15211 +#: freeculture.xml:15230 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15213 +#: freeculture.xml:15232 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -20963,7 +20997,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15220 +#: freeculture.xml:15239 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -20979,7 +21013,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15233 +#: freeculture.xml:15252 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -20992,7 +21026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15244 +#: freeculture.xml:15263 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -21014,7 +21048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15264 +#: freeculture.xml:15283 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -21025,7 +21059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:15273 +#: freeculture.xml:15292 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has " diff --git a/freeculture.xml b/freeculture.xml index 88cacf6..a61bce2 100644 --- a/freeculture.xml +++ b/freeculture.xml @@ -13697,6 +13697,8 @@ permission before you <quote>use</quote> a copyrighted work in any way. The <quo Rights Reserved</quote> sorts believe you should be able to do with content as you wish, regardless of whether you have permission or not. </para> +<indexterm id='idxinternetdevelopmentof2' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>development of</secondary></indexterm> +<indexterm id='idxinternetinitialfreecharacterof' class='startofrange'><primary>Internet</primary><secondary>initial free character of</secondary></indexterm> <para> When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively tilted in the <quote>no rights reserved</quote> direction. Content could be copied @@ -13723,6 +13725,8 @@ content requires permission. The <quote>cut and paste</quote> world that define the Internet today will become a <quote>get permission to cut and paste</quote> world that is a creator's nightmare. </para> +<indexterm startref='idxinternetdevelopmentof2' class='endofrange'/> +<indexterm startref='idxinternetinitialfreecharacterof' class='endofrange'/> <para> What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither <quote>all rights reserved</quote> nor <quote>no rights reserved</quote> but <quote>some rights @@ -13731,10 +13735,11 @@ creators to free content as they see fit. In other words, we need a way to restore a set of freedoms that we could just take for granted before. </para> - <section id="examples"> <title>Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples -browsing +free culturerestoration efforts on previous aspects of +browsing +privacy rights If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about @@ -13765,8 +13770,9 @@ of privacy. That privacy is guaranteed to us by friction. Not by law places, not by norms (snooping and gossip are just fun), but instead, by the costs that friction imposes on anyone who would want to spy. -Amazon +Amazon cookies, Internet +Internetprivacy protection on Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you @@ -13777,6 +13783,7 @@ and the function of cookies on the Net, it is easier to collect the data than not. The friction has disappeared, and hence any privacy protected by the friction disappears, too. +librariesprivacy rights in use of Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that @@ -13787,7 +13794,8 @@ you. If it becomes simple to gather and sort who does what in electronic spaces, then the friction-induced privacy of yesterday disappears. - + + It is this reality that explains the push of many to define privacy on the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what @@ -13812,6 +13820,11 @@ kind of freedom that was passively provided before. A change in technology now forces those who believe in privacy to affirmatively act where, before, privacy was given by default. + + +Data General +IBM +free software/open-source software (FS/OSS) A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software movement. When computers with software were first made available @@ -13819,9 +13832,8 @@ commercially, the software—both the source code and the binaries— was free. You couldn't run a program written for a Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. -IBM -Stallman, Richard +Stallman, Richard That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when @@ -13842,6 +13854,7 @@ free to tinker with and improve the code that ran a machine. This, too, was knowledge. Why shouldn't it be open for criticism like anything else? +proprietary code No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from @@ -13860,6 +13873,7 @@ economics of computing. And as he believed, if he did nothing about it, then the freedom to change and share software would be fundamentally weakened. + Torvalds, Linus Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating @@ -13888,6 +13902,8 @@ that bind copyrighted code, Stallman was affirmatively reclaiming a space where free software would survive. He was actively protecting what before had been passively guaranteed. + + academic journals scientific journals @@ -13933,6 +13949,7 @@ But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this data except by paying for a subscription? +librariesjournals in As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper @@ -13968,6 +13985,7 @@ available for free. PLoS also sells a print version of its work, but the copyright for the print journal does not inhibit the right of anyone to redistribute the work for free. + This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. @@ -13977,6 +13995,7 @@ distribution of content. But competition in our tradition is presumptively a good—especially when it helps spread knowledge and science. +