From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 4 Aug 2012 19:03:21 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update with new indexes and wrap lines. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~1875 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/3daf9b7d1aa79050a09110033044816e25639498 Update with new indexes and wrap lines. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 8f9cce0..41791a8 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-04 15:51+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-04 20:55+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian Bokmål \n" @@ -6083,6 +6083,14 @@ msgstr "" "tjeneste som de vil bruke det, og ikke den andre når de blir jurister (og må " "betale høy abonnementsavgift)." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Internet Explorer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Netscape" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " @@ -6095,7 +6103,8 @@ msgid "" "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " "access, then violating the law is still wrong. " +"\" id=\"0\"/> " msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 @@ -13860,10 +13869,6 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Det er her to sorter endringer: omfanget av konsentrasjon, og dens natur." -#. type: Content of:
-msgid "BMG" -msgstr "BMG" - #. f25 #. type: Content of:
#, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -13895,10 +13900,26 @@ msgstr "" "Molly ivins, \"media konsolidering må stoppes,\" charleston gazette, 31 kan " "2003." +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "BMG" +msgstr "BMG" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "McCain, John" +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " @@ -13909,7 +13930,9 @@ msgid "" "percent of the U.S. music market. " "The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent of the " "cable subscribers nationwide.\" " -"" +" " msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 @@ -16038,7 +16061,8 @@ msgid "" "not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in Business 2.0, " -"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: " msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
@@ -20555,7 +20579,7 @@ msgstr "" "menneskeheten er en av grunnene til at vi lever i en tid med slike fruktbart " "kreative gjære." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of:
msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "Bolling, Ruben" @@ -20579,8 +20603,11 @@ msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-msgid "" -msgstr "" +msgid "" +" " +msgstr " " #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy @@ -24865,40 +24892,38 @@ msgid "" "\"0\"/> " msgstr "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra link #77; William Fisher, " +"citetitle> (sist revidert: 10. oktober 2000), tilgjengelig fra link #77; William Fisher, " "Promises to Keep: Technology, Law, and the Future of " -"Entertainment (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University " -"Press, 2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra (kommer) (Stanford: Stanford University Press, " +"2004), kap. 6, tilgjengelig fra link #78. Professor Netanel har foreslått en relatert ide som " "ville gjøre at opphavsretten ikke gjelder ikke-kommersiell deling fra og " -"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for å balansere eventuelle tap. " -"Se Neil Weinstock " -"Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P File Sharing,\" " -"tilgjengelig fra link #79. " -"For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding Back Broadband?\" " -"Washington Post, 8. january 2002, A17; Philip S. " -"Corwin på vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator Joseph R. Biden, " -"Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. februar. 2002, " -"tilgjengelig fra link #80; Serguei Osokine, A Quick Case for Intellectual Property " -"Use Fee (IPUF), 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #81; Jefferson Graham, \"Kazaa, " -"Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA Today, " -"13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #82; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright Right,\" " -"IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #83; Declan McCullagh, \"Verizon's " -"Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, tilgjengelig fra " -"link #84. Forslaget " -"fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard " -"Stallman når det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, " -"ville Stallmanns forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om " -"mer populære artister ville få mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik " -"det er typisk med Stallman, la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti år før " -"dagens debatt. Se link #85. " +"ville etablere kompenasjon til kunstnere for å balansere eventuelle tap. Se " +"Neil Weinstock Netanel, \"Impose a Noncommercial Use Levy to Allow Free P2P " +"File Sharing,\" tilgjengelig fra link #79. For andre forslag, se Lawrence Lessig, \"Who's Holding " +"Back Broadband?\" Washington Post, 8. january 2002, " +"A17; Philip S. Corwin på vegne av Sharman Networks, Et brev til Senator " +"Joseph R. Biden, Jr., leder i the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, 26. " +"februar. 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #80; Serguei Osokine, A Quick Case for " +"Intellectual Property Use Fee (IPUF), 3. mars 2002, tilgjengelig " +"fra link #81; Jefferson " +"Graham, \"Kazaa, Verizon Propose to Pay Artists Directly,\" USA " +"Today, 13. mai 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #82; Steven M. Cherry, \"Getting Copyright " +"Right,\" IEEE Spectrum Online, 1. juli 2002, tilgjengelig fra link #83; Declan McCullagh, " +"\"Verizon's Copyright Campaign,\" CNET News.com, 27. august 2002, " +"tilgjengelig fra link #84. Forslaget fra Fisher er ganske likt forslaget til Richard Stallman " +"når det gjelder DAT. I motsetning til Fishers forslag, ville Stallmanns " +"forslag ikke betale kunstnere proposjonalt, selv om mer populære artister " +"ville få mer betalt enn mindre populære. Slik det er typisk med Stallman, " +"la han fram sitt forslag omtrent ti år før dagens debatt. Se link #85. " #. type: Content of:
msgid "" diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index eb73ca8..0724c4c 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-04 15:51+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-08-04 20:55+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -473,12 +473,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:415 freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:415 freeculture.xml:12815 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:436 freeculture.xml:12820 +#: freeculture.xml:426 freeculture.xml:436 freeculture.xml:12828 msgid "Safire, William" msgstr "" @@ -612,12 +612,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:565 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:987 freeculture.xml:1004 freeculture.xml:1050 freeculture.xml:8826 freeculture.xml:12203 freeculture.xml:12911 +#: freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:534 freeculture.xml:565 freeculture.xml:584 freeculture.xml:987 freeculture.xml:1004 freeculture.xml:1050 freeculture.xml:8831 freeculture.xml:12211 freeculture.xml:12919 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:566 freeculture.xml:585 freeculture.xml:988 freeculture.xml:1005 freeculture.xml:1051 freeculture.xml:8827 freeculture.xml:12204 freeculture.xml:12912 +#: freeculture.xml:522 freeculture.xml:535 freeculture.xml:566 freeculture.xml:585 freeculture.xml:988 freeculture.xml:1005 freeculture.xml:1051 freeculture.xml:8832 freeculture.xml:12212 freeculture.xml:12920 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1056,7 +1056,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:856 freeculture.xml:9364 +#: freeculture.xml:856 freeculture.xml:9371 msgid "Litman, Jessica" msgstr "" @@ -1172,7 +1172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:951 freeculture.xml:14179 +#: freeculture.xml:951 freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -1371,7 +1371,7 @@ msgid "\"PIRACY\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:1101 freeculture.xml:4735 +#: freeculture.xml:1101 freeculture.xml:4737 msgid "Mansfield, William Murray, Lord" msgstr "" @@ -1472,7 +1472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:6833 +#: freeculture.xml:1184 freeculture.xml:6835 msgid "Zittrain, Jonathan" msgstr "" @@ -2060,7 +2060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:1626 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:4441 freeculture.xml:4668 freeculture.xml:7213 freeculture.xml:8286 +#: freeculture.xml:1626 freeculture.xml:2817 freeculture.xml:4443 freeculture.xml:4670 freeculture.xml:7215 freeculture.xml:8291 msgid "Vaidhyanathan, Siva" msgstr "" @@ -2687,7 +2687,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2087 freeculture.xml:3811 freeculture.xml:4854 freeculture.xml:8010 +#: freeculture.xml:2087 freeculture.xml:3813 freeculture.xml:4856 freeculture.xml:8015 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -2828,7 +2828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2195 freeculture.xml:7949 freeculture.xml:8185 +#: freeculture.xml:2195 freeculture.xml:7954 freeculture.xml:8190 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3719,7 +3719,7 @@ msgid "General Film Company" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2867 freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:4217 freeculture.xml:9556 +#: freeculture.xml:2867 freeculture.xml:3119 freeculture.xml:4219 freeculture.xml:9563 msgid "Picker, Randal C." msgstr "" @@ -3968,7 +3968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3041 freeculture.xml:13849 +#: freeculture.xml:3041 freeculture.xml:13857 msgid "Grisham, John" msgstr "" @@ -4055,7 +4055,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3101 freeculture.xml:4182 +#: freeculture.xml:3101 freeculture.xml:4184 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" @@ -4097,7 +4097,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3136 freeculture.xml:8652 freeculture.xml:9109 freeculture.xml:12018 +#: freeculture.xml:3136 freeculture.xml:8657 freeculture.xml:9114 freeculture.xml:12026 msgid "Lovett, Lyle" msgstr "" @@ -4128,7 +4128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3149 freeculture.xml:3643 freeculture.xml:6023 +#: freeculture.xml:3149 freeculture.xml:3645 freeculture.xml:6025 msgid "Madonna" msgstr "" @@ -4165,7 +4165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:4188 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 freeculture.xml:4190 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" @@ -4463,7 +4463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:12298 freeculture.xml:12731 freeculture.xml:12738 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 freeculture.xml:12306 freeculture.xml:12739 freeculture.xml:12746 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" @@ -4499,7 +4499,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3425 freeculture.xml:3690 freeculture.xml:14378 +#: freeculture.xml:3425 freeculture.xml:3692 freeculture.xml:14386 msgid "Liebowitz, Stan" msgstr "" @@ -4561,12 +4561,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3471 freeculture.xml:3499 freeculture.xml:11150 freeculture.xml:12612 freeculture.xml:13164 +#: freeculture.xml:3471 freeculture.xml:3499 freeculture.xml:11157 freeculture.xml:12620 freeculture.xml:13172 msgid "GNU/Linux operating system" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3472 freeculture.xml:3500 freeculture.xml:11152 freeculture.xml:12613 freeculture.xml:13165 +#: freeculture.xml:3472 freeculture.xml:3502 freeculture.xml:11159 freeculture.xml:12621 freeculture.xml:13173 msgid "Linux operating system" msgstr "" @@ -4614,6 +4614,16 @@ msgid "" "lawyers (and must pay high subscription fees)." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3500 +msgid "Internet Explorer" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of:
+#: freeculture.xml:3501 +msgid "Netscape" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of:
#: freeculture.xml:3488 msgid "" @@ -4627,12 +4637,14 @@ msgid "" "to say who gets access to what—at least ordinarily. And if the law " "properly balances the rights of the copyright owner with the rights of " "access, then violating the law is still wrong. " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/> " +" " msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3504 +#: freeculture.xml:3506 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4644,7 +4656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3514 +#: freeculture.xml:3516 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4656,7 +4668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3523 +#: freeculture.xml:3525 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4665,7 +4677,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3529 +#: freeculture.xml:3531 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4674,20 +4686,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3535 +#: freeculture.xml:3537 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3541 +#: freeculture.xml:3543 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3546 +#: freeculture.xml:3548 msgid "" "<citetitle>Bach</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Longman</citetitle>, 98 " "Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." @@ -4695,7 +4707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3543 +#: freeculture.xml:3545 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4705,12 +4717,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3569 freeculture.xml:8079 +#: freeculture.xml:3571 freeculture.xml:8084 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3560 +#: freeculture.xml:3562 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do " @@ -4724,12 +4736,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3572 +#: freeculture.xml:3574 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3555 +#: freeculture.xml:3557 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4741,7 +4753,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3580 +#: freeculture.xml:3582 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" " "<citetitle>San Francisco Chronicle</citetitle>, 24 September 2002, A1; " @@ -4754,7 +4766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3575 +#: freeculture.xml:3577 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4770,7 +4782,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3602 +#: freeculture.xml:3604 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, <citetitle>TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music " "Distribution</citetitle> (September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of " @@ -4781,14 +4793,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3611 +#: freeculture.xml:3613 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3596 +#: freeculture.xml:3598 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4804,7 +4816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3620 +#: freeculture.xml:3622 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4816,14 +4828,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3630 +#: freeculture.xml:3632 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3636 +#: freeculture.xml:3638 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4836,7 +4848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3647 +#: freeculture.xml:3649 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4849,7 +4861,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3658 +#: freeculture.xml:3660 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4868,26 +4880,26 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3675 +#: freeculture.xml:3677 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3681 +#: freeculture.xml:3683 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3691 msgid "" "See Liebowitz, <citetitle>Rethinking the Network Economy</citetitle>, " "148–49. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3684 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4901,7 +4913,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3700 +#: freeculture.xml:3702 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4912,7 +4924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3715 +#: freeculture.xml:3717 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, <citetitle>Technology Evolution and the " "Music Industry's Business Model Crisis</citetitle> (2003), 3. This report " @@ -4928,7 +4940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3708 +#: freeculture.xml:3710 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4943,12 +4955,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3741 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 msgid "U.S. Congress, <citetitle>Copyright and Home Copying</citetitle>, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3733 +#: freeculture.xml:3735 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " @@ -4959,7 +4971,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3745 +#: freeculture.xml:3747 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4972,7 +4984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3755 +#: freeculture.xml:3757 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4984,7 +4996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3766 +#: freeculture.xml:3768 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4993,7 +5005,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3775 +#: freeculture.xml:3777 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, <citetitle>2002 Yearend " "Statistics</citetitle>, available at <ulink " @@ -5011,12 +5023,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3802 +#: freeculture.xml:3804 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3799 +#: freeculture.xml:3801 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -5024,7 +5036,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3771 +#: freeculture.xml:3773 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -5045,7 +5057,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3817 +#: freeculture.xml:3819 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -5056,7 +5068,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3825 +#: freeculture.xml:3827 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -5074,7 +5086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3840 +#: freeculture.xml:3842 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -5083,7 +5095,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3852 +#: freeculture.xml:3854 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -5094,7 +5106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3846 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -5109,7 +5121,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3872 +#: freeculture.xml:3874 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -5123,7 +5135,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3866 +#: freeculture.xml:3868 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -5138,12 +5150,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3892 +#: freeculture.xml:3894 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3894 +#: freeculture.xml:3896 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -5158,7 +5170,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3907 +#: freeculture.xml:3909 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -5170,7 +5182,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3915 +#: freeculture.xml:3917 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -5187,7 +5199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3932 +#: freeculture.xml:3934 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -5196,7 +5208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3938 +#: freeculture.xml:3940 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -5205,7 +5217,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3945 +#: freeculture.xml:3947 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -5221,7 +5233,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3959 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -5229,7 +5241,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3976 +#: freeculture.xml:3978 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -5240,7 +5252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3963 +#: freeculture.xml:3965 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -5253,7 +5265,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3987 +#: freeculture.xml:3989 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -5267,7 +5279,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3998 +#: freeculture.xml:4000 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -5279,7 +5291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4007 +#: freeculture.xml:4009 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -5293,7 +5305,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4019 +#: freeculture.xml:4021 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -5304,7 +5316,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4029 +#: freeculture.xml:4031 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5322,12 +5334,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4044 +#: freeculture.xml:4046 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4046 +#: freeculture.xml:4048 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5343,7 +5355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4059 +#: freeculture.xml:4061 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5360,7 +5372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4081 +#: freeculture.xml:4083 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5370,13 +5382,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4093 +#: freeculture.xml:4095 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4098 +#: freeculture.xml:4100 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 480 F. Supp. 429, (C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5384,14 +5396,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4109 +#: freeculture.xml:4111 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4074 +#: freeculture.xml:4076 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5417,19 +5429,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4126 +#: freeculture.xml:4128 msgid "" "<citetitle>Universal City Studios, Inc</citetitle>. v. <citetitle>Sony " "Corp. of America</citetitle>, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4129 +#: freeculture.xml:4131 msgid "Kozinski, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4114 +#: freeculture.xml:4116 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5445,7 +5457,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4132 +#: freeculture.xml:4134 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5454,14 +5466,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4151 +#: freeculture.xml:4153 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 431 (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4141 +#: freeculture.xml:4143 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5472,7 +5484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4156 +#: freeculture.xml:4158 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5482,82 +5494,82 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4164 +#: freeculture.xml:4166 msgid "Pattern of Court and Congress response" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4168 +#: freeculture.xml:4170 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4169 +#: freeculture.xml:4171 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4170 +#: freeculture.xml:4172 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4171 +#: freeculture.xml:4173 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4176 +#: freeculture.xml:4178 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4177 +#: freeculture.xml:4179 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4178 freeculture.xml:4190 freeculture.xml:4196 +#: freeculture.xml:4180 freeculture.xml:4192 freeculture.xml:4198 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4179 freeculture.xml:4191 +#: freeculture.xml:4181 freeculture.xml:4193 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4183 +#: freeculture.xml:4185 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4184 +#: freeculture.xml:4186 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4185 freeculture.xml:4197 +#: freeculture.xml:4187 freeculture.xml:4199 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4189 +#: freeculture.xml:4191 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4194 +#: freeculture.xml:4196 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4195 +#: freeculture.xml:4197 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4207 +#: freeculture.xml:4209 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5574,7 +5586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4204 +#: freeculture.xml:4206 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5584,7 +5596,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4224 +#: freeculture.xml:4226 msgid "" "In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these cases did either the courts or " "Congress eliminate all free riding. In <emphasis>none</emphasis> of these " @@ -5597,7 +5609,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4236 +#: freeculture.xml:4238 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5611,14 +5623,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4253 +#: freeculture.xml:4255 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corp. of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal City " "Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4248 +#: freeculture.xml:4250 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5632,7 +5644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4264 +#: freeculture.xml:4266 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5649,7 +5661,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4288 +#: freeculture.xml:4290 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 22 September 2003, " @@ -5657,7 +5669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4280 +#: freeculture.xml:4282 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5677,20 +5689,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4302 +#: freeculture.xml:4304 msgid "" "\"It is <emphasis>our property</emphasis>,\" the warriors insist. \"And it " "should be protected just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4310 +#: freeculture.xml:4312 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4315 +#: freeculture.xml:4317 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5699,7 +5711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4322 +#: freeculture.xml:4324 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5714,7 +5726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4347 +#: freeculture.xml:4349 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in " "<citetitle>The Writings of Thomas Jefferson</citetitle>, vol. 6 (Andrew " @@ -5722,7 +5734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4334 +#: freeculture.xml:4336 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5738,7 +5750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4353 +#: freeculture.xml:4355 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5748,7 +5760,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4366 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5760,7 +5772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4361 +#: freeculture.xml:4363 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5769,7 +5781,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4376 +#: freeculture.xml:4378 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5781,12 +5793,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4389 +#: freeculture.xml:4391 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4391 +#: freeculture.xml:4393 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> in " "1595. The play was first published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play " @@ -5800,7 +5812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4406 +#: freeculture.xml:4408 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5814,7 +5826,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4417 +#: freeculture.xml:4419 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle> (Nashville: Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), " @@ -5823,7 +5835,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4402 +#: freeculture.xml:4404 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> was " "written, the \"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the " @@ -5839,7 +5851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4439 +#: freeculture.xml:4441 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " @@ -5847,7 +5859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4430 +#: freeculture.xml:4432 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5862,12 +5874,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4456 +#: freeculture.xml:4458 msgid "Licensing Act (1662)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4447 +#: freeculture.xml:4449 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5880,7 +5892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4459 +#: freeculture.xml:4461 msgid "" "There was no <emphasis>positive</emphasis> law, but that didn't mean that " "there was no law. The Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words " @@ -5896,7 +5908,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4471 +#: freeculture.xml:4473 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5908,7 +5920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4483 +#: freeculture.xml:4485 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5919,7 +5931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4492 +#: freeculture.xml:4494 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5928,7 +5940,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4498 +#: freeculture.xml:4500 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take <citetitle>Romeo and Juliet</citetitle> as an example: " @@ -5942,7 +5954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4509 +#: freeculture.xml:4511 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5951,7 +5963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4515 +#: freeculture.xml:4517 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5967,7 +5979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4530 +#: freeculture.xml:4532 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5980,7 +5992,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4542 +#: freeculture.xml:4544 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5995,7 +6007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4558 +#: freeculture.xml:4560 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -6008,14 +6020,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4584 +#: freeculture.xml:4586 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, <citetitle>The Protection and Marketing of Literary " "Property</citetitle> (New York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4569 +#: freeculture.xml:4571 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -6031,7 +6043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4589 +#: freeculture.xml:4591 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -6041,7 +6053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4597 +#: freeculture.xml:4599 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -6055,7 +6067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4609 +#: freeculture.xml:4611 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -6067,7 +6079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4618 +#: freeculture.xml:4620 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -6075,7 +6087,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4633 +#: freeculture.xml:4635 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -6087,7 +6099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4623 +#: freeculture.xml:4625 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -6099,7 +6111,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4644 +#: freeculture.xml:4646 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -6116,7 +6128,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4665 +#: freeculture.xml:4667 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" " "<citetitle>Vanderbilt Law Review</citetitle> 40 (1987): 28. For a " @@ -6125,7 +6137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4659 +#: freeculture.xml:4661 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -6138,14 +6150,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4678 +#: freeculture.xml:4680 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, <citetitle>Authorship and " "Copyright</citetitle> (London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4674 +#: freeculture.xml:4676 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -6154,7 +6166,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4688 +#: freeculture.xml:4690 msgid "" "Mark Rose, <citetitle>Authors and Owners</citetitle> (Cambridge: Harvard " "University Press, 1993), 92." @@ -6162,17 +6174,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4698 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4700 +#: freeculture.xml:4702 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4683 +#: freeculture.xml:4685 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -6187,14 +6199,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4709 +#: freeculture.xml:4711 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, <citetitle>Copyright in Historical " "Perspective</citetitle>, 167 (quoting Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4703 +#: freeculture.xml:4705 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -6206,7 +6218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4717 +#: freeculture.xml:4719 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -6216,7 +6228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4729 +#: freeculture.xml:4731 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" <citetitle>Wayne Law " @@ -6224,7 +6236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4722 +#: freeculture.xml:4724 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -6235,7 +6247,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4738 +#: freeculture.xml:4740 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -6249,7 +6261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4749 +#: freeculture.xml:4751 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -6264,25 +6276,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4764 +#: freeculture.xml:4766 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4767 +#: freeculture.xml:4769 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4773 +#: freeculture.xml:4775 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4769 +#: freeculture.xml:4771 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -6296,7 +6308,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4783 +#: freeculture.xml:4785 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle> drew an enormous amount of attention " @@ -6309,7 +6321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4793 +#: freeculture.xml:4795 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -6319,7 +6331,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4800 +#: freeculture.xml:4802 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -6331,32 +6343,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 +#: freeculture.xml:4820 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4819 +#: freeculture.xml:4821 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4820 +#: freeculture.xml:4822 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4821 +#: freeculture.xml:4823 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4822 +#: freeculture.xml:4824 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4810 +#: freeculture.xml:4812 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of <citetitle>Donaldson</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Beckett</citetitle>, there was no clear idea of a public " @@ -6373,12 +6385,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4835 +#: freeculture.xml:4837 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4825 +#: freeculture.xml:4827 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6392,7 +6404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4839 +#: freeculture.xml:4841 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The <citetitle>Morning " @@ -6400,7 +6412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4845 +#: freeculture.xml:4847 msgid "" "By the above decision … near 200,000 pounds worth of what was " "honestly purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property " @@ -6414,7 +6426,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4860 +#: freeculture.xml:4862 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6436,7 +6448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4881 +#: freeculture.xml:4883 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6444,12 +6456,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4889 +#: freeculture.xml:4891 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4891 +#: freeculture.xml:4893 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6458,19 +6470,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4898 +#: freeculture.xml:4900 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4909 freeculture.xml:4978 +#: freeculture.xml:4911 freeculture.xml:4980 msgid "San Francisco Opera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4903 +#: freeculture.xml:4905 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6482,7 +6494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4912 +#: freeculture.xml:4914 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6493,7 +6505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4921 +#: freeculture.xml:4923 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of <citetitle>The " @@ -6503,12 +6515,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4933 freeculture.xml:4941 +#: freeculture.xml:4935 freeculture.xml:4943 msgid "Gracie Films" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4928 +#: freeculture.xml:4930 msgid "" "Else called <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> creator Matt Groening's office " "to get permission. Groening approved the shot. The shot was a " @@ -6519,7 +6531,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4936 +#: freeculture.xml:4938 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " @@ -6530,7 +6542,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4944 +#: freeculture.xml:4946 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered … " "that Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that " @@ -6541,7 +6553,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4952 +#: freeculture.xml:4954 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6552,7 +6564,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4960 +#: freeculture.xml:4962 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6564,12 +6576,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4979 +#: freeculture.xml:4981 msgid "Day After Trinity, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4974 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6581,7 +6593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4982 +#: freeculture.xml:4984 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to <citetitle>The Simpsons</citetitle>. That copyright is their " @@ -6595,7 +6607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4993 +#: freeculture.xml:4995 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of <citetitle>The " "Simpsons</citetitle> that the copyright owner gets to control. If you take a " @@ -6608,7 +6620,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5005 +#: freeculture.xml:5007 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6618,7 +6630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5002 +#: freeculture.xml:5004 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6629,12 +6641,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5017 +#: freeculture.xml:5019 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5021 +#: freeculture.xml:5023 msgid "" "The <citetitle>Simpsons</citetitle> fiasco was for me a great lesson in the " "gulf between what lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what " @@ -6646,7 +6658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5031 +#: freeculture.xml:5033 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6656,12 +6668,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5048 +#: freeculture.xml:5050 msgid "Lucas, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5039 +#: freeculture.xml:5041 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6677,7 +6689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5052 +#: freeculture.xml:5054 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " "… who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox " @@ -6688,14 +6700,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5062 +#: freeculture.xml:5064 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5069 +#: freeculture.xml:5071 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6706,7 +6718,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5077 +#: freeculture.xml:5079 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6715,22 +6727,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5086 +#: freeculture.xml:5088 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5087 +#: freeculture.xml:5089 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5088 freeculture.xml:5096 freeculture.xml:5107 freeculture.xml:5122 freeculture.xml:5131 freeculture.xml:5136 freeculture.xml:5188 freeculture.xml:5204 freeculture.xml:5227 freeculture.xml:5290 freeculture.xml:9659 +#: freeculture.xml:5090 freeculture.xml:5098 freeculture.xml:5109 freeculture.xml:5124 freeculture.xml:5133 freeculture.xml:5138 freeculture.xml:5190 freeculture.xml:5206 freeculture.xml:5229 freeculture.xml:5292 freeculture.xml:9666 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 +#: freeculture.xml:5092 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6740,7 +6752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5098 +#: freeculture.xml:5100 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6752,7 +6764,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5109 +#: freeculture.xml:5111 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6762,7 +6774,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5116 +#: freeculture.xml:5118 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6772,7 +6784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5124 +#: freeculture.xml:5126 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6782,24 +6794,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5133 +#: freeculture.xml:5135 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5149 +#: freeculture.xml:5151 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5150 +#: freeculture.xml:5152 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5144 +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6808,7 +6820,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5138 +#: freeculture.xml:5140 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6817,7 +6829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5155 +#: freeculture.xml:5157 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6827,7 +6839,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5162 +#: freeculture.xml:5164 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6835,7 +6847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5168 +#: freeculture.xml:5170 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6847,7 +6859,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5177 +#: freeculture.xml:5179 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6860,7 +6872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5190 +#: freeculture.xml:5192 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6873,14 +6885,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5201 +#: freeculture.xml:5203 msgid "" "It was one <emphasis>year</emphasis> later—\"and even then we weren't " "sure whether we were totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5206 +#: freeculture.xml:5208 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6888,7 +6900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5212 +#: freeculture.xml:5214 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -6901,20 +6913,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5224 +#: freeculture.xml:5226 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5228 +#: freeculture.xml:5230 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5238 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, " "<citetitle>Seven Steps to Performance-Based Services " @@ -6923,7 +6935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5230 +#: freeculture.xml:5232 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6934,7 +6946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5244 +#: freeculture.xml:5246 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few … have the time and resources, " "and the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " @@ -6944,7 +6956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5252 +#: freeculture.xml:5254 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. … And then when 30 seconds of that performance " @@ -6953,7 +6965,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5260 +#: freeculture.xml:5262 msgid "" "Or at least, is this <emphasis>how</emphasis> the artist should be " "compensated? Would it make sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of " @@ -6966,7 +6978,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5271 +#: freeculture.xml:5273 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6986,7 +6998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5292 +#: freeculture.xml:5294 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -7006,7 +7018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5309 +#: freeculture.xml:5311 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -7017,7 +7029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5319 +#: freeculture.xml:5321 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a <citetitle>60 Minutes</citetitle> " @@ -7026,12 +7038,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5324 +#: freeculture.xml:5326 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5326 +#: freeculture.xml:5328 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -7042,12 +7054,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5333 +#: freeculture.xml:5335 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5335 +#: freeculture.xml:5337 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -7064,7 +7076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5350 +#: freeculture.xml:5352 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -7074,12 +7086,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5366 +#: freeculture.xml:5368 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5357 +#: freeculture.xml:5359 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -7092,7 +7104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5369 +#: freeculture.xml:5371 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -7102,7 +7114,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5376 +#: freeculture.xml:5378 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -7119,7 +7131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5391 +#: freeculture.xml:5393 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -7129,7 +7141,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5397 +#: freeculture.xml:5399 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of <citetitle>Saturday Night Live</citetitle> and Austin " @@ -7142,7 +7154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5409 +#: freeculture.xml:5411 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -7153,7 +7165,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5418 +#: freeculture.xml:5420 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -7166,7 +7178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5428 +#: freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -7182,12 +7194,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5443 +#: freeculture.xml:5445 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5445 +#: freeculture.xml:5447 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -7199,7 +7211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5454 +#: freeculture.xml:5456 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -7210,7 +7222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5462 +#: freeculture.xml:5464 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in <citetitle>1984</citetitle>, old newspapers were " @@ -7220,7 +7232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5470 +#: freeculture.xml:5472 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -7228,7 +7240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5475 +#: freeculture.xml:5477 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -7239,7 +7251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5488 +#: freeculture.xml:5490 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -7249,7 +7261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5482 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -7259,7 +7271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5496 +#: freeculture.xml:5498 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -7272,7 +7284,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5507 +#: freeculture.xml:5509 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We <emphasis>all</emphasis> forget " @@ -7285,7 +7297,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5516 +#: freeculture.xml:5518 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -7297,7 +7309,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5527 +#: freeculture.xml:5529 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -7310,7 +7322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5537 +#: freeculture.xml:5539 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -7330,7 +7342,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5555 +#: freeculture.xml:5557 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -7342,7 +7354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5567 +#: freeculture.xml:5569 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -7353,7 +7365,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5575 +#: freeculture.xml:5577 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -7364,7 +7376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5592 +#: freeculture.xml:5594 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" <citetitle>Film Library Quarterly</citetitle> 13 " @@ -7374,7 +7386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5583 +#: freeculture.xml:5585 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7387,7 +7399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5600 +#: freeculture.xml:5602 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7401,7 +7413,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5611 +#: freeculture.xml:5613 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7413,12 +7425,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5638 +#: freeculture.xml:5640 msgid "Movie Archive" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5622 +#: freeculture.xml:5624 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7439,7 +7451,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5641 +#: freeculture.xml:5643 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7449,7 +7461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5649 +#: freeculture.xml:5651 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7460,7 +7472,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5657 +#: freeculture.xml:5659 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7472,7 +7484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5669 +#: freeculture.xml:5671 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7484,7 +7496,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5681 +#: freeculture.xml:5683 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" <citetitle>Chicago " @@ -7495,7 +7507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5678 +#: freeculture.xml:5680 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7507,7 +7519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5695 +#: freeculture.xml:5697 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7521,7 +7533,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5706 +#: freeculture.xml:5708 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7533,7 +7545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5718 +#: freeculture.xml:5720 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7544,7 +7556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5726 +#: freeculture.xml:5728 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7553,7 +7565,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5733 +#: freeculture.xml:5735 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7570,7 +7582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5747 +#: freeculture.xml:5749 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7586,7 +7598,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5762 +#: freeculture.xml:5764 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7597,22 +7609,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5772 +#: freeculture.xml:5774 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5781 +#: freeculture.xml:5783 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 freeculture.xml:9431 +#: freeculture.xml:5784 freeculture.xml:9438 msgid "Kennedy, John F." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5774 +#: freeculture.xml:5776 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7625,42 +7637,42 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5795 +#: freeculture.xml:5797 msgid "Disney, Inc." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5796 +#: freeculture.xml:5798 msgid "Sony Pictures Entertainment" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5797 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "MGM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5798 +#: freeculture.xml:5800 msgid "Paramount Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5799 +#: freeculture.xml:5801 msgid "Twentieth Century Fox" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5800 +#: freeculture.xml:5802 msgid "Universal Pictures" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5801 freeculture.xml:7191 +#: freeculture.xml:5803 freeculture.xml:7193 msgid "Warner Brothers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5785 +#: freeculture.xml:5787 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7679,7 +7691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5805 +#: freeculture.xml:5807 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7693,7 +7705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5817 +#: freeculture.xml:5819 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7705,13 +7717,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5826 +#: freeculture.xml:5828 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5840 +#: freeculture.xml:5842 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7721,7 +7733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5831 +#: freeculture.xml:5833 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7735,7 +7747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5850 +#: freeculture.xml:5852 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7747,7 +7759,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5861 +#: freeculture.xml:5863 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7763,7 +7775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5876 +#: freeculture.xml:5878 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7775,7 +7787,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5873 +#: freeculture.xml:5875 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7787,7 +7799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5891 +#: freeculture.xml:5893 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7798,7 +7810,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5899 +#: freeculture.xml:5901 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7812,7 +7824,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5914 +#: freeculture.xml:5916 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7826,7 +7838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5926 +#: freeculture.xml:5928 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7841,7 +7853,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5937 +#: freeculture.xml:5939 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7857,7 +7869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5952 +#: freeculture.xml:5954 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7868,7 +7880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5961 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7882,7 +7894,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5973 +#: freeculture.xml:5975 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand <emphasis>why</emphasis>. Why did the framers, fanatical " @@ -7892,7 +7904,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5981 +#: freeculture.xml:5983 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7908,7 +7920,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5996 +#: freeculture.xml:5998 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7920,19 +7932,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6005 +#: freeculture.xml:6007 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6006 freeculture.xml:6181 freeculture.xml:6483 +#: freeculture.xml:6008 freeculture.xml:6183 freeculture.xml:6485 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6009 +#: freeculture.xml:6011 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7949,7 +7961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6026 +#: freeculture.xml:6028 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7962,7 +7974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6037 +#: freeculture.xml:6039 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7974,7 +7986,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6047 +#: freeculture.xml:6049 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7992,7 +8004,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6064 +#: freeculture.xml:6066 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -8000,7 +8012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6070 +#: freeculture.xml:6072 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -8012,12 +8024,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6079 +#: freeculture.xml:6081 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6082 +#: freeculture.xml:6084 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -8034,7 +8046,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6100 +#: freeculture.xml:6102 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -8048,7 +8060,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6096 +#: freeculture.xml:6098 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -8065,22 +8077,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6124 +#: freeculture.xml:6126 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6125 +#: freeculture.xml:6127 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6164 +#: freeculture.xml:6166 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6136 +#: freeculture.xml:6138 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -8113,7 +8125,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6128 +#: freeculture.xml:6130 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -8124,12 +8136,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6168 +#: freeculture.xml:6170 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6170 +#: freeculture.xml:6172 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -8138,18 +8150,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6176 +#: freeculture.xml:6178 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6180 freeculture.xml:6482 +#: freeculture.xml:6182 freeculture.xml:6484 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6185 +#: freeculture.xml:6187 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -8163,7 +8175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6197 +#: freeculture.xml:6199 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -8175,7 +8187,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6205 +#: freeculture.xml:6207 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -8186,17 +8198,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6215 +#: freeculture.xml:6217 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6216 +#: freeculture.xml:6218 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6219 +#: freeculture.xml:6221 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -8211,7 +8223,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6231 +#: freeculture.xml:6233 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -8228,7 +8240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6248 +#: freeculture.xml:6250 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -8240,7 +8252,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6264 +#: freeculture.xml:6266 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -8251,7 +8263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6256 +#: freeculture.xml:6258 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -8274,19 +8286,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6296 +#: freeculture.xml:6298 msgid "" "Fred Warshofsky, <citetitle>The Patent Wars</citetitle> (New York: Wiley, " "1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6305 freeculture.xml:12705 +#: freeculture.xml:6307 freeculture.xml:12713 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6286 +#: freeculture.xml:6288 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -8305,7 +8317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6308 +#: freeculture.xml:6310 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -8317,7 +8329,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 +#: freeculture.xml:6320 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -8334,7 +8346,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6332 +#: freeculture.xml:6334 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -8345,22 +8357,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6341 +#: freeculture.xml:6343 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6344 +#: freeculture.xml:6346 msgid "DDT" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6352 +#: freeculture.xml:6354 msgid "Müller, Paul Hermann" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6347 +#: freeculture.xml:6349 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -8370,7 +8382,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6355 +#: freeculture.xml:6357 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -8378,17 +8390,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 freeculture.xml:6365 +#: freeculture.xml:6361 freeculture.xml:6367 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6366 +#: freeculture.xml:6368 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6361 +#: freeculture.xml:6363 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published <citetitle>Silent Spring</citetitle>, " "which argued that DDT, whatever its primary benefits, was also having " @@ -8398,7 +8410,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6369 +#: freeculture.xml:6371 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -8411,7 +8423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6382 +#: freeculture.xml:6384 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" <citetitle>Duke Law Journal</citetitle> 47 " @@ -8420,7 +8432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6378 +#: freeculture.xml:6380 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -8438,7 +8450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6399 +#: freeculture.xml:6401 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8452,19 +8464,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6410 +#: freeculture.xml:6412 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6417 +#: freeculture.xml:6419 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6419 +#: freeculture.xml:6421 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8473,7 +8485,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6425 +#: freeculture.xml:6427 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8482,7 +8494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6430 +#: freeculture.xml:6432 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8496,7 +8508,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6443 +#: freeculture.xml:6445 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"founders\"/>, the " @@ -8509,7 +8521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6453 +#: freeculture.xml:6455 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8526,7 +8538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6468 +#: freeculture.xml:6470 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8537,7 +8549,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6475 +#: freeculture.xml:6477 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8545,38 +8557,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6486 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6489 +#: freeculture.xml:6491 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6490 +#: freeculture.xml:6492 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6493 +#: freeculture.xml:6495 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6498 +#: freeculture.xml:6500 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6514 +#: freeculture.xml:6516 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6508 +#: freeculture.xml:6510 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, <citetitle>Politics and the Constitution in the History " "of the United States</citetitle> (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), " @@ -8587,7 +8599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6500 +#: freeculture.xml:6502 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8603,7 +8615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6524 +#: freeculture.xml:6526 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8614,7 +8626,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6532 +#: freeculture.xml:6534 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8625,7 +8637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6547 +#: freeculture.xml:6549 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, <citetitle>A " @@ -8644,7 +8656,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6539 +#: freeculture.xml:6541 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8657,7 +8669,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6563 +#: freeculture.xml:6565 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8668,7 +8680,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6578 +#: freeculture.xml:6580 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8682,7 +8694,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6572 +#: freeculture.xml:6574 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8693,12 +8705,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6593 +#: freeculture.xml:6595 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6589 +#: freeculture.xml:6591 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8711,7 +8723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6601 +#: freeculture.xml:6603 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8722,7 +8734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6609 +#: freeculture.xml:6611 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8736,7 +8748,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6619 +#: freeculture.xml:6621 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8748,7 +8760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6630 +#: freeculture.xml:6632 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8760,7 +8772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6640 +#: freeculture.xml:6642 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8772,7 +8784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6650 +#: freeculture.xml:6652 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8784,7 +8796,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6667 +#: freeculture.xml:6669 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8793,7 +8805,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6659 +#: freeculture.xml:6661 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8805,12 +8817,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6676 +#: freeculture.xml:6678 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6678 +#: freeculture.xml:6680 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8819,7 +8831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6684 +#: freeculture.xml:6686 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8835,7 +8847,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6697 +#: freeculture.xml:6699 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8853,7 +8865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6712 +#: freeculture.xml:6714 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8868,7 +8880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6726 +#: freeculture.xml:6728 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8884,7 +8896,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6740 +#: freeculture.xml:6742 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8895,13 +8907,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6748 +#: freeculture.xml:6750 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6759 +#: freeculture.xml:6761 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 <citetitle>New York University Journal of " @@ -8910,7 +8922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6752 +#: freeculture.xml:6754 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8924,7 +8936,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6771 +#: freeculture.xml:6773 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8935,7 +8947,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6780 +#: freeculture.xml:6782 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8946,7 +8958,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6789 +#: freeculture.xml:6791 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8954,7 +8966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6794 +#: freeculture.xml:6796 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8969,7 +8981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6808 +#: freeculture.xml:6810 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8981,7 +8993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6830 +#: freeculture.xml:6832 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" <citetitle>Legal " "Affairs</citetitle>, July/August 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -8990,7 +9002,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6820 +#: freeculture.xml:6822 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -9006,7 +9018,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6845 +#: freeculture.xml:6847 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -9017,7 +9029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6840 +#: freeculture.xml:6842 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -9027,7 +9039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6856 +#: freeculture.xml:6858 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -9037,7 +9049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6864 +#: freeculture.xml:6866 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -9046,13 +9058,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#: freeculture.xml:6873 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6878 +#: freeculture.xml:6880 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -9065,7 +9077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6873 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -9076,7 +9088,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6890 +#: freeculture.xml:6892 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for " "<emphasis>copy</emphasis>right law to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's " @@ -9092,7 +9104,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6908 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -9101,7 +9113,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6903 +#: freeculture.xml:6905 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -9113,25 +9125,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6919 +#: freeculture.xml:6921 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6923 +#: freeculture.xml:6925 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6924 +#: freeculture.xml:6926 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6928 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential <emphasis>uses</emphasis>. Most of these uses are unregulated " @@ -9146,17 +9158,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6941 +#: freeculture.xml:6943 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6942 +#: freeculture.xml:6944 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6945 +#: freeculture.xml:6947 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -9167,26 +9179,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6953 +#: freeculture.xml:6955 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6958 +#: freeculture.xml:6960 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6959 +#: freeculture.xml:6961 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6962 +#: freeculture.xml:6964 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -9199,30 +9211,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6972 +#: freeculture.xml:6974 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6973 +#: freeculture.xml:6975 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6977 +#: freeculture.xml:6979 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6978 +#: freeculture.xml:6980 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6982 +#: freeculture.xml:6984 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -9231,7 +9243,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6990 +#: freeculture.xml:6992 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -9241,7 +9253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6987 +#: freeculture.xml:6989 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -9258,7 +9270,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7008 +#: freeculture.xml:7010 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -9271,7 +9283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7020 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -9285,7 +9297,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7032 +#: freeculture.xml:7034 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -9294,7 +9306,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7038 +#: freeculture.xml:7040 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -9305,7 +9317,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7046 +#: freeculture.xml:7048 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -9320,7 +9332,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7058 +#: freeculture.xml:7060 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -9334,7 +9346,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7072 +#: freeculture.xml:7074 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -9346,7 +9358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7082 +#: freeculture.xml:7084 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -9356,7 +9368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7089 +#: freeculture.xml:7091 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -9368,7 +9380,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7098 +#: freeculture.xml:7100 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -9384,7 +9396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7113 +#: freeculture.xml:7115 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -9397,7 +9409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7123 +#: freeculture.xml:7125 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -9409,7 +9421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7132 +#: freeculture.xml:7134 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -9426,7 +9438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7147 +#: freeculture.xml:7149 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -9443,7 +9455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7162 +#: freeculture.xml:7164 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9454,12 +9466,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7171 +#: freeculture.xml:7173 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7173 +#: freeculture.xml:7175 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9468,7 +9480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7179 +#: freeculture.xml:7181 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9478,25 +9490,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7188 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7188 freeculture.xml:7367 +#: freeculture.xml:7190 freeculture.xml:7369 msgid "Marx Brothers" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7202 +#: freeculture.xml:7204 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" <citetitle>Law and " "Contemporary Problems</citetitle> 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7194 +#: freeculture.xml:7196 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of " @@ -9507,7 +9519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7211 +#: freeculture.xml:7213 msgid "" "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, <citetitle>Copyrights and " "Copywrongs</citetitle>, 1–3. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -9515,7 +9527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7207 +#: freeculture.xml:7209 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9526,7 +9538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7221 +#: freeculture.xml:7223 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9535,7 +9547,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7227 +#: freeculture.xml:7229 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9547,17 +9559,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7240 +#: freeculture.xml:7242 msgid "Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7243 +#: freeculture.xml:7245 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7246 +#: freeculture.xml:7248 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9566,13 +9578,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7253 +#: freeculture.xml:7255 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 +#: freeculture.xml:7259 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9585,35 +9597,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7272 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7271 +#: freeculture.xml:7273 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7274 +#: freeculture.xml:7276 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7278 +#: freeculture.xml:7280 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7279 +#: freeculture.xml:7281 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7283 +#: freeculture.xml:7285 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9624,17 +9636,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7295 msgid "Aristotle" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7294 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "<citetitle>Politics</citetitle>, (Aristotle)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7291 +#: freeculture.xml:7293 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's <citetitle>Politics</citetitle>. <placeholder " @@ -9642,57 +9654,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7297 +#: freeculture.xml:7299 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7298 +#: freeculture.xml:7300 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7301 +#: freeculture.xml:7303 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7306 +#: freeculture.xml:7308 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7307 +#: freeculture.xml:7309 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7310 +#: freeculture.xml:7312 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7316 +#: freeculture.xml:7318 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7317 +#: freeculture.xml:7319 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7320 +#: freeculture.xml:7322 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7330 +#: freeculture.xml:7332 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9703,7 +9715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7323 +#: freeculture.xml:7325 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9718,7 +9730,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7345 +#: freeculture.xml:7347 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9737,7 +9749,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7363 +#: freeculture.xml:7365 msgid "" "These are <emphasis>controls</emphasis>, not permissions. Imagine a world " "where the Marx Brothers sold word processing software that, when you tried " @@ -9746,7 +9758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7370 +#: freeculture.xml:7372 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright " "<emphasis>law</emphasis> as copyright <emphasis>code</emphasis>. The " @@ -9758,7 +9770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7379 +#: freeculture.xml:7381 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9768,19 +9780,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7386 +#: freeculture.xml:7388 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7396 +#: freeculture.xml:7398 msgid "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7390 +#: freeculture.xml:7392 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9791,18 +9803,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7399 +#: freeculture.xml:7401 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7401 +#: freeculture.xml:7403 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7405 +#: freeculture.xml:7407 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9810,7 +9822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7410 +#: freeculture.xml:7412 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9821,7 +9833,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7418 +#: freeculture.xml:7420 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9836,7 +9848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7431 +#: freeculture.xml:7433 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9846,19 +9858,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7440 +#: freeculture.xml:7442 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7444 +#: freeculture.xml:7446 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7447 +#: freeculture.xml:7449 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9867,7 +9879,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7452 +#: freeculture.xml:7454 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9878,7 +9890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7461 +#: freeculture.xml:7463 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9889,7 +9901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7469 +#: freeculture.xml:7471 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word " "<citetitle>hack</citetitle> has a particularly unfriendly " @@ -9905,7 +9917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7481 +#: freeculture.xml:7483 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9915,7 +9927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7488 +#: freeculture.xml:7490 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9926,7 +9938,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7496 +#: freeculture.xml:7498 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9941,7 +9953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7512 +#: freeculture.xml:7514 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9955,12 +9967,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7535 freeculture.xml:9974 +#: freeculture.xml:7537 freeculture.xml:9981 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7525 +#: freeculture.xml:7527 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "<citetitle>Science</citetitle> 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play " @@ -9977,7 +9989,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7523 +#: freeculture.xml:7525 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9987,7 +9999,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7543 +#: freeculture.xml:7545 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9999,7 +10011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7553 +#: freeculture.xml:7555 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -10009,7 +10021,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7562 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -10018,7 +10030,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7566 +#: freeculture.xml:7568 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -10029,7 +10041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7574 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -10039,7 +10051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7582 +#: freeculture.xml:7584 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -10047,7 +10059,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7589 +#: freeculture.xml:7591 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -10055,7 +10067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7595 +#: freeculture.xml:7597 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -10064,7 +10076,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7601 +#: freeculture.xml:7603 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -10073,7 +10085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7609 +#: freeculture.xml:7611 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -10081,7 +10093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7614 +#: freeculture.xml:7616 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -10094,7 +10106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7625 +#: freeculture.xml:7627 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, " @@ -10104,7 +10116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7632 +#: freeculture.xml:7634 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -10116,7 +10128,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7641 +#: freeculture.xml:7643 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -10130,7 +10142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7653 +#: freeculture.xml:7655 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -10141,12 +10153,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7669 freeculture.xml:7704 freeculture.xml:7736 +#: freeculture.xml:7671 freeculture.xml:7706 freeculture.xml:7738 msgid "Conrad, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7663 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -10160,7 +10172,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7688 +#: freeculture.xml:7690 msgid "" "<citetitle>Sony Corporation of America</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Universal " "City Studios, Inc</citetitle>., 464 U.S. 417, 455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers " @@ -10170,7 +10182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7673 +#: freeculture.xml:7675 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -10189,7 +10201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7697 +#: freeculture.xml:7699 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -10197,19 +10209,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7702 +#: freeculture.xml:7704 msgid "" "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7707 +#: freeculture.xml:7709 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 +#: freeculture.xml:7712 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -10221,7 +10233,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7718 +#: freeculture.xml:7720 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -10230,17 +10242,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7726 +#: freeculture.xml:7728 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7727 +#: freeculture.xml:7729 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7730 +#: freeculture.xml:7732 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -10252,7 +10264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7739 +#: freeculture.xml:7741 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -10263,7 +10275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7747 +#: freeculture.xml:7749 msgid "" "This is how <emphasis>code</emphasis> becomes <emphasis>law</emphasis>. The " "controls built into the technology of copy and access protection become " @@ -10277,7 +10289,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7759 +#: freeculture.xml:7761 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -10292,7 +10304,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7778 +#: freeculture.xml:7780 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" <citetitle>Loyola of Los " @@ -10300,7 +10312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7772 +#: freeculture.xml:7774 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a <citetitle>Star Trek</citetitle> fan " "club. You gathered every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of " @@ -10310,7 +10322,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7784 +#: freeculture.xml:7786 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -10320,7 +10332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7791 +#: freeculture.xml:7793 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -10333,7 +10345,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7801 +#: freeculture.xml:7803 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -10344,13 +10356,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7810 +#: freeculture.xml:7812 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7812 +#: freeculture.xml:7814 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -10368,7 +10380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7830 +#: freeculture.xml:7832 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -10378,7 +10390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7839 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -10391,18 +10403,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:7850 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 -msgid "BMG" -msgstr "" - #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7857 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -10411,7 +10418,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7864 +#: freeculture.xml:7865 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "<citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 23 December 2002." @@ -10419,19 +10426,39 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7870 +#: freeculture.xml:7871 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" <citetitle>Charleston " "Gazette</citetitle>, 31 May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7874 +msgid "BMG" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7875 freeculture.xml:9216 +msgid "EMI" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "McCain, John" msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7877 freeculture.xml:9217 +msgid "Universal Music Group" +msgstr "" + +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:7878 +msgid "Warner Music Group" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7853 +#: freeculture.xml:7854 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -10441,12 +10468,15 @@ msgid "" "84.8 percent of the U.S. music market.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " "id=\"1\"/> The \"five largest cable companies pipe programming to 74 percent " "of the cable subscribers nationwide.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " -"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/>" +"id=\"2\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"3\"/> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"4\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"5\"/> " +"<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"6\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"7\"/>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7876 +#: freeculture.xml:7881 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -10459,7 +10489,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7887 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -10473,12 +10503,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7901 freeculture.xml:7918 +#: freeculture.xml:7906 freeculture.xml:7923 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7903 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -10486,7 +10516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7916 +#: freeculture.xml:7921 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" <citetitle>Atlantic " "Monthly</citetitle> (September 2003): 89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " @@ -10494,7 +10524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7905 +#: freeculture.xml:7910 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies … Fox TV shows " @@ -10509,7 +10539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7923 +#: freeculture.xml:7928 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10518,18 +10548,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7929 +#: freeculture.xml:7934 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7930 +#: freeculture.xml:7935 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7934 +#: freeculture.xml:7939 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10537,7 +10567,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7939 +#: freeculture.xml:7944 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10546,24 +10576,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7945 +#: freeculture.xml:7950 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7948 +#: freeculture.xml:7953 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7950 freeculture.xml:8013 +#: freeculture.xml:7955 freeculture.xml:8018 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7952 +#: freeculture.xml:7957 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle>. He took the pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It " @@ -10574,7 +10604,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7964 +#: freeculture.xml:7969 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10585,7 +10615,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7959 +#: freeculture.xml:7964 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10595,7 +10625,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7975 +#: freeculture.xml:7980 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10607,7 +10637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:7999 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10619,7 +10649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7984 +#: freeculture.xml:7989 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10638,7 +10668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8015 +#: freeculture.xml:8020 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another <citetitle>All in the " "Family</citetitle> would find that he had the choice either to make the show " @@ -10647,17 +10677,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8024 +#: freeculture.xml:8029 msgid "Diller, Barry" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8025 +#: freeculture.xml:8030 msgid "Moyers, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8021 +#: freeculture.xml:8026 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10667,7 +10697,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8038 +#: freeculture.xml:8043 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" <citetitle>Now with Bill " "Moyers</citetitle>, Bill Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available " @@ -10675,7 +10705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8029 +#: freeculture.xml:8034 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10686,7 +10716,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8045 +#: freeculture.xml:8050 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10700,13 +10730,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8056 +#: freeculture.xml:8061 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8065 +#: freeculture.xml:8070 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, <citetitle>The Innovator's Dilemma: The " "Revolutionary National Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do " @@ -10722,7 +10752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8058 +#: freeculture.xml:8063 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10736,7 +10766,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8082 +#: freeculture.xml:8087 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10744,14 +10774,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8088 +#: freeculture.xml:8093 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8092 +#: freeculture.xml:8097 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10760,7 +10790,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8097 +#: freeculture.xml:8102 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10778,7 +10808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8116 +#: freeculture.xml:8121 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10786,7 +10816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8122 +#: freeculture.xml:8127 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10801,14 +10831,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8134 +#: freeculture.xml:8139 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8138 +#: freeculture.xml:8143 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10818,7 +10848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8144 +#: freeculture.xml:8149 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10827,32 +10857,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8186 +#: freeculture.xml:8191 msgid "Comcast" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8187 +#: freeculture.xml:8192 msgid "Marijuana Policy Project" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8188 +#: freeculture.xml:8193 msgid "NBC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8189 +#: freeculture.xml:8194 msgid "WJOA" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8190 +#: freeculture.xml:8195 msgid "WRC" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8161 +#: freeculture.xml:8166 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10885,7 +10915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 +#: freeculture.xml:8156 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10899,7 +10929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8194 +#: freeculture.xml:8199 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10912,12 +10942,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8206 +#: freeculture.xml:8211 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8208 +#: freeculture.xml:8213 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10927,7 +10957,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8214 +#: freeculture.xml:8219 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10942,7 +10972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8230 +#: freeculture.xml:8235 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10951,7 +10981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8236 +#: freeculture.xml:8241 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10965,7 +10995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8248 +#: freeculture.xml:8253 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10980,7 +11010,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8260 +#: freeculture.xml:8265 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10991,7 +11021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8289 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60. " @@ -10999,7 +11029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8269 +#: freeculture.xml:8274 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -11017,12 +11047,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8290 +#: freeculture.xml:8295 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8293 +#: freeculture.xml:8298 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -11032,43 +11062,43 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8301 +#: freeculture.xml:8306 msgid "Law status in 1790" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8306 freeculture.xml:8344 +#: freeculture.xml:8311 freeculture.xml:8349 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8307 freeculture.xml:8345 freeculture.xml:8384 freeculture.xml:8417 +#: freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8350 freeculture.xml:8389 freeculture.xml:8422 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8312 freeculture.xml:8350 freeculture.xml:8389 freeculture.xml:8422 +#: freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8394 freeculture.xml:8427 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8313 freeculture.xml:8351 freeculture.xml:8352 freeculture.xml:8390 freeculture.xml:8391 freeculture.xml:8423 freeculture.xml:8424 freeculture.xml:8428 freeculture.xml:8429 +#: freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8395 freeculture.xml:8396 freeculture.xml:8428 freeculture.xml:8429 freeculture.xml:8433 freeculture.xml:8434 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8314 freeculture.xml:8318 freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8356 freeculture.xml:8357 freeculture.xml:8396 +#: freeculture.xml:8319 freeculture.xml:8323 freeculture.xml:8324 freeculture.xml:8361 freeculture.xml:8362 freeculture.xml:8401 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8317 freeculture.xml:8355 freeculture.xml:8394 freeculture.xml:8427 +#: freeculture.xml:8322 freeculture.xml:8360 freeculture.xml:8399 freeculture.xml:8432 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8326 +#: freeculture.xml:8331 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -11078,17 +11108,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8335 +#: freeculture.xml:8340 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8339 +#: freeculture.xml:8344 msgid "Law status at the end of ninetheenth centory" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8364 +#: freeculture.xml:8369 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -11097,7 +11127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8370 +#: freeculture.xml:8375 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -11107,22 +11137,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8378 +#: freeculture.xml:8383 msgid "Law status in 1975" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8383 freeculture.xml:8416 +#: freeculture.xml:8388 freeculture.xml:8421 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8395 +#: freeculture.xml:8400 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8403 +#: freeculture.xml:8408 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -11132,13 +11162,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8411 +#: freeculture.xml:8416 msgid "Law status now" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8436 +#: freeculture.xml:8441 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -11147,7 +11177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8444 +#: freeculture.xml:8449 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -11156,7 +11186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8450 +#: freeculture.xml:8455 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -11170,12 +11200,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8474 +#: freeculture.xml:8479 msgid "legal realist movement" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:8473 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -11186,7 +11216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8462 +#: freeculture.xml:8467 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -11204,7 +11234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8486 +#: freeculture.xml:8491 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -11223,7 +11253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8505 +#: freeculture.xml:8510 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -11238,33 +11268,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8522 +#: freeculture.xml:8527 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8526 +#: freeculture.xml:8531 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8528 +#: freeculture.xml:8533 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8531 +#: freeculture.xml:8536 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8534 +#: freeculture.xml:8539 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8542 +#: freeculture.xml:8547 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, " "<citetitle>The Country of the Blind and Other Stories</citetitle>, Michael " @@ -11272,7 +11302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8538 +#: freeculture.xml:8543 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -11286,7 +11316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8554 +#: freeculture.xml:8559 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -11300,7 +11330,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8566 +#: freeculture.xml:8571 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -11314,7 +11344,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8577 +#: freeculture.xml:8582 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -11323,14 +11353,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8583 +#: freeculture.xml:8588 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8587 +#: freeculture.xml:8592 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes … are diseased … in such a way as to affect his " @@ -11338,7 +11368,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8592 +#: freeculture.xml:8597 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -11348,7 +11378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8598 +#: freeculture.xml:8603 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -11363,7 +11393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8615 +#: freeculture.xml:8620 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -11374,7 +11404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8623 +#: freeculture.xml:8628 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -11391,7 +11421,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8637 +#: freeculture.xml:8642 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -11403,7 +11433,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8646 +#: freeculture.xml:8651 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -11415,7 +11445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8657 +#: freeculture.xml:8662 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -11427,7 +11457,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8667 +#: freeculture.xml:8672 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -11437,17 +11467,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8713 +#: freeculture.xml:8718 msgid "Conyers, John, Jr." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8714 freeculture.xml:9414 +#: freeculture.xml:8719 freeculture.xml:9421 msgid "Berman, Howard L." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8683 +#: freeculture.xml:8688 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -11481,7 +11511,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8674 +#: freeculture.xml:8679 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -11494,7 +11524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8720 +#: freeculture.xml:8725 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -11504,7 +11534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8727 +#: freeculture.xml:8732 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -11518,7 +11548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8739 +#: freeculture.xml:8744 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -11529,7 +11559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8747 +#: freeculture.xml:8752 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -11543,14 +11573,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8760 +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8764 +#: freeculture.xml:8769 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -11561,7 +11591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8781 +#: freeculture.xml:8786 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -11572,7 +11602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8771 +#: freeculture.xml:8776 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -11585,12 +11615,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8795 freeculture.xml:9145 +#: freeculture.xml:8800 freeculture.xml:9150 msgid "Vivendi Universal" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8792 +#: freeculture.xml:8797 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed. <placeholder " @@ -11598,7 +11628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8798 +#: freeculture.xml:8803 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11606,12 +11636,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8806 +#: freeculture.xml:8811 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8808 +#: freeculture.xml:8813 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11621,7 +11651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8815 +#: freeculture.xml:8820 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11630,7 +11660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8821 +#: freeculture.xml:8826 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11639,7 +11669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8829 +#: freeculture.xml:8834 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11649,7 +11679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8836 +#: freeculture.xml:8841 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11659,12 +11689,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8843 +#: freeculture.xml:8848 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8850 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11681,7 +11711,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8860 +#: freeculture.xml:8865 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11696,7 +11726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8871 +#: freeculture.xml:8876 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11706,7 +11736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8881 +#: freeculture.xml:8886 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11720,12 +11750,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8909 freeculture.xml:8930 +#: freeculture.xml:8914 freeculture.xml:8935 msgid "Worldcom" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8904 +#: freeculture.xml:8909 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, <citetitle>Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at " "WorldCom</citetitle> (Hoboken, N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; " @@ -11736,12 +11766,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8925 +#: freeculture.xml:8930 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8916 +#: freeculture.xml:8921 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11755,7 +11785,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8892 +#: freeculture.xml:8897 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11777,7 +11807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8952 +#: freeculture.xml:8957 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" " "<citetitle>Wired</citetitle>, 7 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -11787,7 +11817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8933 +#: freeculture.xml:8938 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11807,7 +11837,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8962 +#: freeculture.xml:8967 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: " @@ -11821,7 +11851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8974 +#: freeculture.xml:8979 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11835,7 +11865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8985 +#: freeculture.xml:8990 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"recorders\"/>, " @@ -11846,7 +11876,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8996 +#: freeculture.xml:9001 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11859,7 +11889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9006 +#: freeculture.xml:9011 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11872,7 +11902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9017 +#: freeculture.xml:9022 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11885,13 +11915,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9033 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9032 +#: freeculture.xml:9037 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11904,12 +11934,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9045 +#: freeculture.xml:9050 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9047 +#: freeculture.xml:9052 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11920,7 +11950,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9055 +#: freeculture.xml:9060 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11932,7 +11962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9064 +#: freeculture.xml:9069 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11947,13 +11977,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9076 freeculture.xml:9183 +#: freeculture.xml:9081 freeculture.xml:9188 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9078 +#: freeculture.xml:9083 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " @@ -11968,7 +11998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9091 +#: freeculture.xml:9096 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "<citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle> and which has progressed in a way " @@ -11976,7 +12006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9096 +#: freeculture.xml:9101 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11987,7 +12017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9104 +#: freeculture.xml:9109 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11997,7 +12027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9112 +#: freeculture.xml:9117 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -12012,7 +12042,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9124 +#: freeculture.xml:9129 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -12022,7 +12052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9133 +#: freeculture.xml:9138 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -12036,7 +12066,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9148 +#: freeculture.xml:9153 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -12048,12 +12078,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9158 +#: freeculture.xml:9163 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9161 +#: freeculture.xml:9166 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -12066,7 +12096,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9171 +#: freeculture.xml:9176 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -12078,13 +12108,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9182 +#: freeculture.xml:9187 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9191 +#: freeculture.xml:9196 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" <citetitle>Los " "Angeles Times</citetitle>, 23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the " @@ -12096,7 +12126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9185 +#: freeculture.xml:9190 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -12112,21 +12142,22 @@ msgid "" "buys you not only a company, it also buys you a lawsuit. So extreme has the " "environment become that even car manufacturers are afraid of technologies " "that touch content. In an article in <citetitle>Business 2.0</citetitle>, " -"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW:" +"Rafe Needleman describes a discussion with BMW: <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"1\"/> <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"2\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9213 +#: freeculture.xml:9220 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9228 +#: freeculture.xml:9235 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9224 +#: freeculture.xml:9231 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" <citetitle>Business " "2.0</citetitle>, 16 June 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -12136,7 +12167,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9215 +#: freeculture.xml:9222 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -12148,7 +12179,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9240 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -12160,7 +12191,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9243 +#: freeculture.xml:9250 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -12176,7 +12207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9257 +#: freeculture.xml:9264 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -12191,7 +12222,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9269 +#: freeculture.xml:9276 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -12214,7 +12245,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9291 +#: freeculture.xml:9298 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -12228,7 +12259,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9305 +#: freeculture.xml:9312 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -12238,12 +12269,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9318 +#: freeculture.xml:9325 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9301 +#: freeculture.xml:9308 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -12261,7 +12292,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9322 +#: freeculture.xml:9329 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -12272,19 +12303,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9336 +#: freeculture.xml:9343 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9342 freeculture.xml:11151 +#: freeculture.xml:9349 freeculture.xml:11158 msgid "Intel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9332 +#: freeculture.xml:9339 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -12295,7 +12326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9345 +#: freeculture.xml:9352 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -12303,7 +12334,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9350 +#: freeculture.xml:9357 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -12312,14 +12343,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9362 +#: freeculture.xml:9369 msgid "" "Jessica Litman, <citetitle>Digital Copyright</citetitle> (Amherst, N.Y.: " "Prometheus Books, 2001). <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9356 +#: freeculture.xml:9363 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, despite this feature of copyright as regulation, " @@ -12333,7 +12364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9373 +#: freeculture.xml:9380 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -12344,7 +12375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9382 +#: freeculture.xml:9389 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in <citetitle>Recording Industry " "Association of America (RIAA)</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Diamond Multimedia " @@ -12362,7 +12393,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9400 +#: freeculture.xml:9407 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -12381,7 +12412,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9380 +#: freeculture.xml:9387 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -12392,7 +12423,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9422 +#: freeculture.xml:9429 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"pirates\"/>, when a radio station plays a song, the recording " @@ -12406,7 +12437,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9434 +#: freeculture.xml:9441 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -12419,7 +12450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9445 +#: freeculture.xml:9452 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -12430,7 +12461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9454 +#: freeculture.xml:9461 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -12446,7 +12477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9469 +#: freeculture.xml:9476 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -12458,12 +12489,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9493 +#: freeculture.xml:9500 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9479 +#: freeculture.xml:9486 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -12481,12 +12512,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9503 +#: freeculture.xml:9510 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9498 +#: freeculture.xml:9505 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -12496,7 +12527,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9508 +#: freeculture.xml:9515 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -12507,7 +12538,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9516 +#: freeculture.xml:9523 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -12522,12 +12553,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9555 +#: freeculture.xml:9562 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9538 +#: freeculture.xml:9545 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -12549,7 +12580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9531 +#: freeculture.xml:9538 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -12560,7 +12591,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9562 +#: freeculture.xml:9569 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -12569,57 +12600,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9577 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9573 +#: freeculture.xml:9580 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9583 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9579 +#: freeculture.xml:9586 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9589 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9585 +#: freeculture.xml:9592 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9588 +#: freeculture.xml:9595 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9591 +#: freeculture.xml:9598 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9594 +#: freeculture.xml:9601 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9597 +#: freeculture.xml:9604 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9600 +#: freeculture.xml:9607 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12627,77 +12658,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9603 +#: freeculture.xml:9610 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9606 +#: freeculture.xml:9613 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9609 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9612 +#: freeculture.xml:9619 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9615 +#: freeculture.xml:9622 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9618 +#: freeculture.xml:9625 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9621 +#: freeculture.xml:9628 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9624 +#: freeculture.xml:9631 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9627 +#: freeculture.xml:9634 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9630 +#: freeculture.xml:9637 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9633 +#: freeculture.xml:9640 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9636 +#: freeculture.xml:9643 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9639 +#: freeculture.xml:9646 msgid "unique user identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9642 +#: freeculture.xml:9649 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9647 +#: freeculture.xml:9654 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12708,7 +12739,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9655 +#: freeculture.xml:9662 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12716,7 +12747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9661 +#: freeculture.xml:9668 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12725,7 +12756,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9667 +#: freeculture.xml:9674 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12739,7 +12770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9683 +#: freeculture.xml:9690 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, <emphasis>we think it should be an industry " @@ -12748,7 +12779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9691 +#: freeculture.xml:9698 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12759,12 +12790,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9701 +#: freeculture.xml:9708 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9703 +#: freeculture.xml:9710 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12772,7 +12803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9709 +#: freeculture.xml:9716 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12781,7 +12812,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9718 +#: freeculture.xml:9725 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12792,7 +12823,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9714 +#: freeculture.xml:9721 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12810,14 +12841,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9752 +#: freeculture.xml:9759 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9739 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12840,7 +12871,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9774 +#: freeculture.xml:9781 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" <citetitle>American Economic Review</citetitle> 81, no. 2 " @@ -12849,7 +12880,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9789 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12858,7 +12889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9792 +#: freeculture.xml:9799 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "<citetitle>Journal of Economic Literature</citetitle> 36 (1998): 818 (survey " @@ -12866,12 +12897,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9799 +#: freeculture.xml:9806 msgid "alcohol prohibition" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9764 +#: freeculture.xml:9771 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12894,12 +12925,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9817 +#: freeculture.xml:9824 msgid "law schools" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9802 +#: freeculture.xml:9809 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12918,7 +12949,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9820 +#: freeculture.xml:9827 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12932,7 +12963,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9833 +#: freeculture.xml:9840 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12942,7 +12973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9840 +#: freeculture.xml:9847 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12959,7 +12990,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9854 +#: freeculture.xml:9861 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12973,13 +13004,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9866 +#: freeculture.xml:9873 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9869 +#: freeculture.xml:9876 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12990,7 +13021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9880 +#: freeculture.xml:9887 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -13001,12 +13032,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9888 +#: freeculture.xml:9895 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9890 +#: freeculture.xml:9897 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -13020,7 +13051,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9901 +#: freeculture.xml:9908 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -13033,7 +13064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9911 +#: freeculture.xml:9918 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -13047,7 +13078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9925 +#: freeculture.xml:9932 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -13059,7 +13090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9934 +#: freeculture.xml:9941 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -13072,7 +13103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9945 +#: freeculture.xml:9952 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -13084,7 +13115,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9954 +#: freeculture.xml:9961 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -13093,7 +13124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9960 +#: freeculture.xml:9967 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -13108,19 +13139,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9979 freeculture.xml:10088 +#: freeculture.xml:9986 freeculture.xml:10095 msgid "von Lohmann, Fred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9977 +#: freeculture.xml:9984 msgid "" "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains, " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9983 +#: freeculture.xml:9990 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. … If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -13133,7 +13164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9995 +#: freeculture.xml:10002 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -13141,7 +13172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10000 +#: freeculture.xml:10007 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -13153,7 +13184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10018 +#: freeculture.xml:10025 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" <citetitle>Washington " @@ -13169,7 +13200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10009 +#: freeculture.xml:10016 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -13183,7 +13214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10036 +#: freeculture.xml:10043 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -13191,7 +13222,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10032 +#: freeculture.xml:10039 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -13203,7 +13234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10057 +#: freeculture.xml:10064 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" " "<citetitle>Boston Globe</citetitle>, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank " @@ -13224,7 +13255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10045 +#: freeculture.xml:10052 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -13241,7 +13272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10076 +#: freeculture.xml:10083 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -13255,7 +13286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10092 +#: freeculture.xml:10099 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -13276,7 +13307,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10112 +#: freeculture.xml:10119 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -13287,12 +13318,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10125 +#: freeculture.xml:10132 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10130 +#: freeculture.xml:10137 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -13301,7 +13332,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10136 +#: freeculture.xml:10143 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -13311,7 +13342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10144 +#: freeculture.xml:10151 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -13323,7 +13354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10153 +#: freeculture.xml:10160 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -13333,7 +13364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10161 +#: freeculture.xml:10168 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -13341,7 +13372,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10166 +#: freeculture.xml:10173 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -13350,7 +13381,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><partintro><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10172 +#: freeculture.xml:10179 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -13359,12 +13390,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10182 +#: freeculture.xml:10189 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10184 +#: freeculture.xml:10191 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -13375,7 +13406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10193 +#: freeculture.xml:10200 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -13385,7 +13416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10200 +#: freeculture.xml:10207 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -13397,7 +13428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10211 +#: freeculture.xml:10218 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's <citetitle>Scarlet Letter</citetitle> had passed " @@ -13414,7 +13445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10234 +#: freeculture.xml:10241 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -13432,7 +13463,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10223 +#: freeculture.xml:10230 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -13446,7 +13477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10251 +#: freeculture.xml:10258 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems <citetitle>New Hampshire</citetitle> was slated to pass into the " @@ -13463,7 +13494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10272 +#: freeculture.xml:10279 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -13475,7 +13506,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10267 +#: freeculture.xml:10274 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -13484,7 +13515,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10283 +#: freeculture.xml:10290 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -13495,7 +13526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10292 +#: freeculture.xml:10299 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -13505,7 +13536,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10303 +#: freeculture.xml:10310 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science … by " "securing for limited Times to Authors … exclusive Right to their " @@ -13513,7 +13544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10309 +#: freeculture.xml:10316 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -13526,12 +13557,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10328 freeculture.xml:11777 +#: freeculture.xml:10335 freeculture.xml:11784 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10319 +#: freeculture.xml:10326 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -13544,7 +13575,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10331 +#: freeculture.xml:10338 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -13557,7 +13588,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10342 +#: freeculture.xml:10349 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -13569,7 +13600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10351 +#: freeculture.xml:10358 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -13581,7 +13612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10361 +#: freeculture.xml:10368 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -13591,7 +13622,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10368 +#: freeculture.xml:10375 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -13599,7 +13630,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10376 +#: freeculture.xml:10383 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -13608,14 +13639,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10382 +#: freeculture.xml:10389 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10386 +#: freeculture.xml:10393 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -13623,7 +13654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10391 +#: freeculture.xml:10398 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -13631,7 +13662,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10397 +#: freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -13640,14 +13671,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10403 +#: freeculture.xml:10410 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10407 +#: freeculture.xml:10414 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13655,7 +13686,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10413 +#: freeculture.xml:10420 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13664,7 +13695,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10419 +#: freeculture.xml:10426 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13676,7 +13707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10430 +#: freeculture.xml:10437 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13685,7 +13716,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10442 +#: freeculture.xml:10449 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" " @@ -13694,7 +13725,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10449 +#: freeculture.xml:10456 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13702,7 +13733,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10457 +#: freeculture.xml:10464 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" " "<citetitle>Congressional Quarterly This Week</citetitle>, 8 August 1990, " @@ -13710,7 +13741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10435 +#: freeculture.xml:10442 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13725,7 +13756,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10464 +#: freeculture.xml:10471 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13739,7 +13770,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10477 +#: freeculture.xml:10484 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that <emphasis>this</emphasis> Supreme Court would " "not allow Congress to extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme " @@ -13751,7 +13782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10490 +#: freeculture.xml:10497 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13761,7 +13792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10500 +#: freeculture.xml:10507 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13771,7 +13802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10507 +#: freeculture.xml:10514 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. The " @@ -13787,7 +13818,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10522 +#: freeculture.xml:10529 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>, 514 " "U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." @@ -13795,14 +13826,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10529 +#: freeculture.xml:10536 msgid "" "<citetitle>United States</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Morrison</citetitle>, 529 " "U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10520 +#: freeculture.xml:10527 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13815,7 +13846,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10536 +#: freeculture.xml:10543 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13829,7 +13860,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10533 +#: freeculture.xml:10540 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13843,7 +13874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10557 +#: freeculture.xml:10564 msgid "" "<emphasis>If</emphasis>, that is, the principle announced in " "<citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> stood for a principle. Many believed the " @@ -13859,7 +13890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10570 +#: freeculture.xml:10577 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was not about. By insisting on the " @@ -13879,7 +13910,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10593 +#: freeculture.xml:10600 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, " "<citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. " @@ -13888,12 +13919,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10601 +#: freeculture.xml:10608 msgid "Nashville Songwriters Association" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10587 +#: freeculture.xml:10594 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13905,7 +13936,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10604 +#: freeculture.xml:10611 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13917,7 +13948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10616 +#: freeculture.xml:10623 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13931,7 +13962,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10637 +#: freeculture.xml:10644 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13941,7 +13972,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10631 +#: freeculture.xml:10638 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13953,7 +13984,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10646 +#: freeculture.xml:10653 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13964,7 +13995,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10658 +#: freeculture.xml:10665 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13975,14 +14006,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10666 +#: freeculture.xml:10673 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10670 +#: freeculture.xml:10677 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13990,7 +14021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10677 +#: freeculture.xml:10684 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -14000,14 +14031,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10686 +#: freeculture.xml:10693 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10691 +#: freeculture.xml:10698 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there <emphasis>are</emphasis> plenty " "of lists of who owns what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles " @@ -14019,7 +14050,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10700 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -14033,7 +14064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10715 +#: freeculture.xml:10722 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -14047,7 +14078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10727 +#: freeculture.xml:10734 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -14055,18 +14086,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10732 +#: freeculture.xml:10739 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10733 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "Laurel and Hardy Films" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10746 +#: freeculture.xml:10753 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" " "<citetitle>Los Angeles Times</citetitle>, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, " @@ -14076,12 +14107,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10752 +#: freeculture.xml:10759 msgid "Lucky Dog, The" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10735 +#: freeculture.xml:10742 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -14096,7 +14127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10755 +#: freeculture.xml:10762 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -14106,7 +14137,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10761 +#: freeculture.xml:10768 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -14118,7 +14149,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10779 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " @@ -14130,7 +14161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10772 +#: freeculture.xml:10779 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -14141,7 +14172,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10789 +#: freeculture.xml:10796 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -14151,7 +14182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10797 +#: freeculture.xml:10804 msgid "" "Or more accurately, <emphasis>owners</emphasis>. As we've seen, there isn't " "only a single copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't " @@ -14162,7 +14193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10805 +#: freeculture.xml:10812 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -14177,7 +14208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10816 +#: freeculture.xml:10823 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -14187,7 +14218,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10826 +#: freeculture.xml:10833 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -14196,7 +14227,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10834 +#: freeculture.xml:10841 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -14206,7 +14237,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10843 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -14217,7 +14248,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10853 +#: freeculture.xml:10860 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -14231,7 +14262,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10866 +#: freeculture.xml:10873 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -14239,7 +14270,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10873 +#: freeculture.xml:10880 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -14252,7 +14283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:10891 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -14263,7 +14294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10893 +#: freeculture.xml:10900 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -14272,12 +14303,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10899 +#: freeculture.xml:10906 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10902 +#: freeculture.xml:10909 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -14292,7 +14323,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10915 +#: freeculture.xml:10922 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -14305,7 +14336,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10925 +#: freeculture.xml:10932 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -14319,7 +14350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10936 +#: freeculture.xml:10943 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -14327,7 +14358,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10942 +#: freeculture.xml:10949 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -14341,7 +14372,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10965 +#: freeculture.xml:10972 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -14349,7 +14380,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10953 +#: freeculture.xml:10960 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -14363,7 +14394,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10972 +#: freeculture.xml:10979 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -14374,7 +14405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10980 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -14384,7 +14415,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10987 +#: freeculture.xml:10994 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -14397,7 +14428,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10998 +#: freeculture.xml:11005 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -14407,7 +14438,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11004 +#: freeculture.xml:11011 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -14417,7 +14448,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11013 +#: freeculture.xml:11020 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -14427,7 +14458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11020 +#: freeculture.xml:11027 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -14435,7 +14466,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11026 +#: freeculture.xml:11033 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -14448,7 +14479,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11036 +#: freeculture.xml:11043 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -14456,13 +14487,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11041 freeculture.xml:11055 +#: freeculture.xml:11048 freeculture.xml:11062 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11043 +#: freeculture.xml:11050 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -14474,17 +14505,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11053 freeculture.xml:11398 freeculture.xml:11413 freeculture.xml:11506 freeculture.xml:11720 freeculture.xml:11751 freeculture.xml:11843 +#: freeculture.xml:11060 freeculture.xml:11405 freeculture.xml:11420 freeculture.xml:11513 freeculture.xml:11727 freeculture.xml:11758 freeculture.xml:11851 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11054 +#: freeculture.xml:11061 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11057 +#: freeculture.xml:11064 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -14497,7 +14528,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11067 +#: freeculture.xml:11074 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -14518,7 +14549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11088 +#: freeculture.xml:11095 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -14529,7 +14560,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11096 +#: freeculture.xml:11103 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -14548,17 +14579,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11127 freeculture.xml:11153 +#: freeculture.xml:11134 freeculture.xml:11160 msgid "Eagle Forum" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11128 +#: freeculture.xml:11135 msgid "Schlafly, Phyllis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -14576,7 +14607,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11131 +#: freeculture.xml:11138 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -14586,7 +14617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11139 +#: freeculture.xml:11146 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -14602,17 +14633,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11160 +#: freeculture.xml:11167 msgid "American Association of Law Libraries" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11161 +#: freeculture.xml:11168 msgid "National Writers Union" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11156 +#: freeculture.xml:11163 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -14622,7 +14653,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11164 +#: freeculture.xml:11171 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -14631,32 +14662,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11170 +#: freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11171 +#: freeculture.xml:11178 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11172 +#: freeculture.xml:11179 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11173 +#: freeculture.xml:11180 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:11181 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11176 +#: freeculture.xml:11183 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -14670,12 +14701,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11199 freeculture.xml:11212 freeculture.xml:11404 freeculture.xml:11756 +#: freeculture.xml:11206 freeculture.xml:11219 freeculture.xml:11411 freeculture.xml:11763 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11187 +#: freeculture.xml:11194 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -14690,7 +14721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11202 +#: freeculture.xml:11209 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14705,7 +14736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11215 +#: freeculture.xml:11222 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14714,7 +14745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11222 +#: freeculture.xml:11229 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14726,7 +14757,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11238 +#: freeculture.xml:11245 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> " "v. <citetitle>Ashcroft</citetitle>, 537 U.S. (2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14734,19 +14765,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11246 +#: freeculture.xml:11253 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" <citetitle>New York Times</citetitle>, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11253 +#: freeculture.xml:11260 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11238 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14763,7 +14794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11256 +#: freeculture.xml:11263 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14778,7 +14809,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11268 +#: freeculture.xml:11275 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14790,7 +14821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11277 +#: freeculture.xml:11284 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14803,13 +14834,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11286 freeculture.xml:11310 freeculture.xml:11649 freeculture.xml:11661 +#: freeculture.xml:11293 freeculture.xml:11317 freeculture.xml:11656 freeculture.xml:11668 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11288 +#: freeculture.xml:11295 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14822,7 +14853,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11300 +#: freeculture.xml:11307 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14835,7 +14866,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11312 +#: freeculture.xml:11319 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14845,7 +14876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11320 +#: freeculture.xml:11327 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14856,7 +14887,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11328 +#: freeculture.xml:11335 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14869,7 +14900,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11338 +#: freeculture.xml:11345 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the " @@ -14884,7 +14915,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11352 +#: freeculture.xml:11359 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14894,7 +14925,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11359 +#: freeculture.xml:11366 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14904,7 +14935,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11366 +#: freeculture.xml:11373 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14922,7 +14953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11389 +#: freeculture.xml:11396 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14933,7 +14964,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11400 +#: freeculture.xml:11407 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14943,7 +14974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11407 +#: freeculture.xml:11414 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14954,7 +14985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11415 +#: freeculture.xml:11422 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14972,7 +15003,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11432 +#: freeculture.xml:11439 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14988,7 +15019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11447 +#: freeculture.xml:11454 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14997,14 +15028,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11453 +#: freeculture.xml:11460 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11458 +#: freeculture.xml:11465 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -15013,7 +15044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11465 +#: freeculture.xml:11472 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -15022,7 +15053,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11471 +#: freeculture.xml:11478 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -15030,14 +15061,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11479 +#: freeculture.xml:11486 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11485 +#: freeculture.xml:11492 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -15047,14 +15078,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11493 +#: freeculture.xml:11500 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11499 +#: freeculture.xml:11506 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -15064,7 +15095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11508 +#: freeculture.xml:11515 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -15074,7 +15105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11515 +#: freeculture.xml:11522 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> " @@ -15083,21 +15114,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11520 +#: freeculture.xml:11527 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11527 +#: freeculture.xml:11534 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11531 +#: freeculture.xml:11538 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -15106,7 +15137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11540 +#: freeculture.xml:11547 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -15114,7 +15145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11546 +#: freeculture.xml:11553 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -15123,7 +15154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11554 +#: freeculture.xml:11561 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -15139,7 +15170,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11567 +#: freeculture.xml:11574 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -15147,7 +15178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11575 +#: freeculture.xml:11582 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -15164,7 +15195,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11590 +#: freeculture.xml:11597 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -15174,7 +15205,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11597 +#: freeculture.xml:11604 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -15182,7 +15213,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11602 +#: freeculture.xml:11609 msgid "" "My <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. Here was a case that pitted all the money " "in the world against <emphasis>reasoning</emphasis>. And here was the last " @@ -15190,7 +15221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11608 +#: freeculture.xml:11615 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in " @@ -15201,7 +15232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11617 +#: freeculture.xml:11624 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -15209,7 +15240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11622 +#: freeculture.xml:11629 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle>. It would be too " @@ -15218,7 +15249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11635 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -15232,7 +15263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11639 +#: freeculture.xml:11646 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -15245,7 +15276,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11651 +#: freeculture.xml:11658 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -15260,7 +15291,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11664 +#: freeculture.xml:11671 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -15273,7 +15304,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11675 +#: freeculture.xml:11682 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the <citetitle>Lopez</citetitle> case, neither was " @@ -15284,7 +15315,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11682 +#: freeculture.xml:11689 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -15292,7 +15323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11687 +#: freeculture.xml:11694 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of " @@ -15309,7 +15340,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11700 +#: freeculture.xml:11707 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -15324,7 +15355,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11715 +#: freeculture.xml:11722 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -15332,7 +15363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11722 +#: freeculture.xml:11729 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -15347,7 +15378,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11733 +#: freeculture.xml:11740 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -15366,7 +15397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11753 +#: freeculture.xml:11760 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -15374,7 +15405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11759 +#: freeculture.xml:11766 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -15383,7 +15414,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11765 +#: freeculture.xml:11772 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -15393,7 +15424,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11772 +#: freeculture.xml:11779 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -15405,7 +15436,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11780 +#: freeculture.xml:11787 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -15425,7 +15456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11801 +#: freeculture.xml:11808 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -15435,13 +15466,13 @@ msgid "" "creative ferment." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11815 +#. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:11822 freeculture.xml:11827 msgid "Bolling, Ruben" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11810 +#: freeculture.xml:11817 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -15452,17 +15483,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11818 +#: freeculture.xml:11825 msgid "Tom the Dancing Bug cartoon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:11819 -msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic>" +#: freeculture.xml:11826 +msgid "" +"<graphic fileref=\"images/18.png\"></graphic> <placeholder " +"type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11822 +#: freeculture.xml:11830 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle>. That \"grand experiment\" we call " @@ -15474,12 +15507,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11833 +#: freeculture.xml:11841 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11835 +#: freeculture.xml:11843 msgid "" "The day <citetitle>Eldred</citetitle> was decided, fate would have it that I " "was to travel to Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in " @@ -15491,7 +15524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11845 +#: freeculture.xml:11853 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -15505,7 +15538,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11855 +#: freeculture.xml:11863 msgid "" "<citetitle>The New York Times</citetitle> published the piece. In it, I " "proposed a simple fix: Fifty years after a work has been published, the " @@ -15515,7 +15548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11863 +#: freeculture.xml:11871 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -15523,7 +15556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11868 +#: freeculture.xml:11876 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -15534,12 +15567,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11876 freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:11884 freeculture.xml:12084 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11878 +#: freeculture.xml:11886 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -15553,7 +15586,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11890 +#: freeculture.xml:11898 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -15566,18 +15599,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11900 +#: freeculture.xml:11908 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11901 freeculture.xml:11941 +#: freeculture.xml:11909 freeculture.xml:11949 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11909 +#: freeculture.xml:11917 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -15599,7 +15632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11904 +#: freeculture.xml:11912 msgid "" "As I described in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, formalities in copyright law were removed in 1976, " @@ -15614,7 +15647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11935 +#: freeculture.xml:11943 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -15624,7 +15657,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11943 +#: freeculture.xml:11951 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -15637,7 +15670,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11953 +#: freeculture.xml:11961 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -15648,7 +15681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11961 +#: freeculture.xml:11969 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -15659,7 +15692,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11969 +#: freeculture.xml:11977 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -15671,7 +15704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11981 +#: freeculture.xml:11989 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -15682,7 +15715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11990 +#: freeculture.xml:11998 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -15700,7 +15733,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#: freeculture.xml:12014 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -15715,7 +15748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12021 +#: freeculture.xml:12029 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15727,7 +15760,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12031 +#: freeculture.xml:12039 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15739,7 +15772,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12040 +#: freeculture.xml:12048 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15749,7 +15782,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12047 +#: freeculture.xml:12055 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15759,7 +15792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12054 +#: freeculture.xml:12062 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15768,7 +15801,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12060 +#: freeculture.xml:12068 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15786,7 +15819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12078 +#: freeculture.xml:12086 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15795,12 +15828,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12091 +#: freeculture.xml:12099 msgid "Lofgren, Zoe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12084 +#: freeculture.xml:12092 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15812,7 +15845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12094 +#: freeculture.xml:12102 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15824,7 +15857,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12102 +#: freeculture.xml:12110 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15846,7 +15879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12123 +#: freeculture.xml:12131 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15857,7 +15890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12131 +#: freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15869,7 +15902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12141 +#: freeculture.xml:12149 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15879,7 +15912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12150 +#: freeculture.xml:12158 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15893,12 +15926,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12177 msgid "Kelly, Kevin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12161 +#: freeculture.xml:12169 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15911,12 +15944,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12172 +#: freeculture.xml:12180 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12175 +#: freeculture.xml:12183 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15929,7 +15962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12186 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15940,7 +15973,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12194 +#: freeculture.xml:12202 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15951,7 +15984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12206 +#: freeculture.xml:12214 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15961,7 +15994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><part><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12213 +#: freeculture.xml:12221 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15973,12 +16006,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12225 +#: freeculture.xml:12233 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12227 +#: freeculture.xml:12235 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15988,7 +16021,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12234 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15999,7 +16032,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12249 +#: freeculture.xml:12257 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -16010,7 +16043,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12242 +#: freeculture.xml:12250 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -16023,7 +16056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12260 +#: freeculture.xml:12268 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -16034,7 +16067,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12268 +#: freeculture.xml:12276 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -16047,7 +16080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12279 +#: freeculture.xml:12287 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -16057,12 +16090,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12297 freeculture.xml:12732 +#: freeculture.xml:12305 freeculture.xml:12740 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12295 +#: freeculture.xml:12303 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism: " "Who Owns the Knowledge Economy?</citetitle> (New York: The New Press, 2003), " @@ -16071,7 +16104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12286 +#: freeculture.xml:12294 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -16084,7 +16117,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12308 +#: freeculture.xml:12316 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16099,7 +16132,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12335 +#: freeculture.xml:12343 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), <citetitle>Patent " "Protection and Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a " @@ -16108,7 +16141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12302 +#: freeculture.xml:12310 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -16131,7 +16164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12341 +#: freeculture.xml:12349 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -16143,7 +16176,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12351 +#: freeculture.xml:12359 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -16154,7 +16187,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12359 +#: freeculture.xml:12367 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -16168,7 +16201,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12374 +#: freeculture.xml:12382 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" <citetitle>San Francisco " @@ -16186,7 +16219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12368 +#: freeculture.xml:12376 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -16198,7 +16231,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12395 +#: freeculture.xml:12403 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -16211,7 +16244,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12405 +#: freeculture.xml:12413 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -16222,7 +16255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12413 +#: freeculture.xml:12421 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -16234,7 +16267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12421 +#: freeculture.xml:12429 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -16250,7 +16283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12436 +#: freeculture.xml:12444 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -16258,7 +16291,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12442 +#: freeculture.xml:12450 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -16273,7 +16306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12454 +#: freeculture.xml:12462 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -16293,7 +16326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12482 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -16311,7 +16344,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12491 +#: freeculture.xml:12499 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" <citetitle>Washington " "Post</citetitle>, August 2003, E1, available at <ulink " @@ -16325,22 +16358,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12519 freeculture.xml:13192 +#: freeculture.xml:12527 freeculture.xml:13200 msgid "academic journals" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12520 freeculture.xml:12610 freeculture.xml:13118 +#: freeculture.xml:12528 freeculture.xml:12618 freeculture.xml:13126 msgid "IBM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12521 freeculture.xml:13256 +#: freeculture.xml:12529 freeculture.xml:13264 msgid "PLoS (Public Library of Science)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12488 +#: freeculture.xml:12496 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -16366,7 +16399,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12524 +#: freeculture.xml:12532 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -16377,14 +16410,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12532 +#: freeculture.xml:12540 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12531 +#: freeculture.xml:12539 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -16396,7 +16429,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12542 +#: freeculture.xml:12550 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -16420,7 +16453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12566 +#: freeculture.xml:12574 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -16429,7 +16462,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12572 +#: freeculture.xml:12580 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -16444,7 +16477,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12594 +#: freeculture.xml:12602 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -16464,12 +16497,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12611 +#: freeculture.xml:12619 msgid "\"copyleft\" licenses" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12583 +#: freeculture.xml:12591 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -16487,7 +16520,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12616 +#: freeculture.xml:12624 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -16506,19 +16539,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12642 +#: freeculture.xml:12650 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12646 +#: freeculture.xml:12654 msgid "Krim, Jonathan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12634 +#: freeculture.xml:12642 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -16531,7 +16564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12649 +#: freeculture.xml:12657 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -16541,7 +16574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12657 +#: freeculture.xml:12665 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -16553,12 +16586,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12667 +#: freeculture.xml:12675 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12671 +#: freeculture.xml:12679 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -16571,7 +16604,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12681 +#: freeculture.xml:12689 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -16586,7 +16619,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12694 +#: freeculture.xml:12702 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -16603,7 +16636,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12708 +#: freeculture.xml:12716 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -16616,7 +16649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12720 +#: freeculture.xml:12728 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -16630,14 +16663,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12737 +#: freeculture.xml:12745 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, <citetitle>Information Feudalism</citetitle>, " "210–20. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12734 +#: freeculture.xml:12742 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -16648,7 +16681,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12746 +#: freeculture.xml:12754 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -16658,7 +16691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12753 +#: freeculture.xml:12761 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -16671,7 +16704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12765 +#: freeculture.xml:12773 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -16684,7 +16717,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12775 +#: freeculture.xml:12783 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -16695,7 +16728,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12783 +#: freeculture.xml:12791 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -16703,7 +16736,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12789 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -16717,7 +16750,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12800 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -16727,12 +16760,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12819 +#: freeculture.xml:12827 msgid "Turner, Ted" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12809 +#: freeculture.xml:12817 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -16747,7 +16780,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12823 +#: freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -16757,7 +16790,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12831 +#: freeculture.xml:12839 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -16767,7 +16800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12838 +#: freeculture.xml:12846 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16779,7 +16812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12848 +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16789,7 +16822,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12855 +#: freeculture.xml:12863 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16800,20 +16833,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12863 +#: freeculture.xml:12871 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12866 +#: freeculture.xml:12874 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12871 +#: freeculture.xml:12879 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16832,7 +16865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12889 +#: freeculture.xml:12897 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued … by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, " "17 September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16842,7 +16875,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12896 +#: freeculture.xml:12904 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16850,7 +16883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12868 +#: freeculture.xml:12876 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16869,18 +16902,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12913 freeculture.xml:13273 +#: freeculture.xml:12921 freeculture.xml:13281 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12914 +#: freeculture.xml:12922 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12919 +#: freeculture.xml:12927 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16889,7 +16922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12928 +#: freeculture.xml:12936 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16897,7 +16930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12916 +#: freeculture.xml:12924 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16916,20 +16949,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12942 +#: freeculture.xml:12950 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12950 +#: freeculture.xml:12958 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12954 +#: freeculture.xml:12962 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16937,7 +16970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12959 +#: freeculture.xml:12967 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16946,7 +16979,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12965 +#: freeculture.xml:12973 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16955,7 +16988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12972 +#: freeculture.xml:12980 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16965,12 +16998,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12981 +#: freeculture.xml:12989 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12983 +#: freeculture.xml:12991 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16979,7 +17012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12989 +#: freeculture.xml:12997 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16993,7 +17026,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12999 +#: freeculture.xml:13007 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -17004,7 +17037,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13011 +#: freeculture.xml:13019 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -17020,7 +17053,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#: freeculture.xml:13033 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -17030,12 +17063,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13034 +#: freeculture.xml:13042 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13036 +#: freeculture.xml:13044 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -17047,12 +17080,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13046 +#: freeculture.xml:13054 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13050 +#: freeculture.xml:13058 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter <xref " "xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" linkend=\"property-i\"/>, your privacy was " @@ -17070,17 +17103,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13065 +#: freeculture.xml:13073 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13075 +#: freeculture.xml:13083 msgid "cookies, Internet" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13067 +#: freeculture.xml:13075 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -17093,7 +17126,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13078 +#: freeculture.xml:13086 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -17106,7 +17139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13094 +#: freeculture.xml:13102 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" <citetitle>Stanford " @@ -17120,7 +17153,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13088 +#: freeculture.xml:13096 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -17133,7 +17166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13112 +#: freeculture.xml:13120 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -17145,12 +17178,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13120 +#: freeculture.xml:13128 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13122 +#: freeculture.xml:13130 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -17160,7 +17193,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13130 +#: freeculture.xml:13138 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -17174,7 +17207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:13150 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -17187,7 +17220,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13151 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -17197,7 +17230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13160 +#: freeculture.xml:13168 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -17207,7 +17240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13168 +#: freeculture.xml:13176 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -17220,7 +17253,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13179 +#: freeculture.xml:13187 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -17231,7 +17264,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13187 +#: freeculture.xml:13195 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -17240,7 +17273,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13195 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -17257,7 +17290,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13211 +#: freeculture.xml:13219 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -17269,7 +17302,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13220 +#: freeculture.xml:13228 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -17277,7 +17310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13225 +#: freeculture.xml:13233 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -17292,7 +17325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13245 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -17302,7 +17335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13245 +#: freeculture.xml:13253 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -17317,7 +17350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13259 +#: freeculture.xml:13267 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -17328,19 +17361,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13271 +#: freeculture.xml:13279 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13276 +#: freeculture.xml:13284 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13280 +#: freeculture.xml:13288 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -17354,7 +17387,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13291 +#: freeculture.xml:13299 msgid "" "<emphasis>Simple</emphasis>—which means without a middleman, or " "without a lawyer. By developing a free set of licenses that people can " @@ -17372,7 +17405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13309 +#: freeculture.xml:13317 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -17385,7 +17418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13320 +#: freeculture.xml:13328 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -17398,12 +17431,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13341 +#: freeculture.xml:13349 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13331 +#: freeculture.xml:13339 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -17417,7 +17450,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13352 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -17431,7 +17464,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13356 +#: freeculture.xml:13364 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -17441,7 +17474,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13363 +#: freeculture.xml:13371 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -17455,7 +17488,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13375 +#: freeculture.xml:13383 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -17463,17 +17496,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#: freeculture.xml:13398 msgid "Free for All (Wayner)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13391 +#: freeculture.xml:13399 msgid "Wayner, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13381 +#: freeculture.xml:13389 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -17488,7 +17521,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13409 +#: freeculture.xml:13417 msgid "" "<citetitle>Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real " "Culture Wars</citetitle> (2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg " @@ -17497,12 +17530,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13416 +#: freeculture.xml:13424 msgid "Leaphart, Walter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13394 +#: freeculture.xml:13402 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -17522,7 +17555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13419 +#: freeculture.xml:13427 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -17537,7 +17570,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13431 +#: freeculture.xml:13439 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -17548,7 +17581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13441 +#: freeculture.xml:13449 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -17559,7 +17592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13457 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -17570,12 +17603,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13463 +#: freeculture.xml:13471 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13465 +#: freeculture.xml:13473 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -17585,7 +17618,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13472 +#: freeculture.xml:13480 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -17594,12 +17627,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13479 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13481 +#: freeculture.xml:13489 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -17609,14 +17642,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13488 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13493 +#: freeculture.xml:13501 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -17625,12 +17658,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13499 +#: freeculture.xml:13507 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13502 +#: freeculture.xml:13510 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"property-i\"/>, the motivation to abolish formalities was a good " @@ -17641,7 +17674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13511 +#: freeculture.xml:13519 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -17656,7 +17689,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13525 +#: freeculture.xml:13533 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -17664,7 +17697,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13523 +#: freeculture.xml:13531 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -17674,7 +17707,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13533 +#: freeculture.xml:13541 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -17685,12 +17718,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13545 +#: freeculture.xml:13553 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13547 +#: freeculture.xml:13555 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -17705,7 +17738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13560 +#: freeculture.xml:13568 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -17717,7 +17750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13569 +#: freeculture.xml:13577 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -17730,7 +17763,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13579 +#: freeculture.xml:13587 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -17744,12 +17777,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13594 +#: freeculture.xml:13602 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13596 +#: freeculture.xml:13604 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -17761,7 +17794,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13606 +#: freeculture.xml:13614 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -17769,7 +17802,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13612 +#: freeculture.xml:13620 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -17783,7 +17816,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13629 +#: freeculture.xml:13637 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -17792,7 +17825,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13622 +#: freeculture.xml:13630 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17808,7 +17841,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13642 +#: freeculture.xml:13650 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17818,7 +17851,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13649 +#: freeculture.xml:13657 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17832,7 +17865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13661 +#: freeculture.xml:13669 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17843,7 +17876,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13669 +#: freeculture.xml:13677 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17851,7 +17884,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13674 +#: freeculture.xml:13682 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17862,12 +17895,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13686 +#: freeculture.xml:13694 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13688 +#: freeculture.xml:13696 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17876,7 +17909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13701 +#: freeculture.xml:13709 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" <citetitle>Economist</citetitle>, 366:8308 (25 " "January 2003): 15, available at <ulink " @@ -17884,7 +17917,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13693 +#: freeculture.xml:13701 msgid "" "In <citetitle>The Future of Ideas</citetitle>, I proposed a " "seventy-five-year term, granted in five-year increments with a requirement " @@ -17897,7 +17930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13708 +#: freeculture.xml:13716 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17906,7 +17939,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13716 +#: freeculture.xml:13724 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it short:</emphasis> The term should be as long as necessary " "to give incentives to create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong " @@ -17919,7 +17952,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13725 +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it simple:</emphasis> The line between the public domain and " "protected content must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair " @@ -17933,7 +17966,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13746 +#: freeculture.xml:13754 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17941,12 +17974,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13754 +#: freeculture.xml:13762 msgid "veterans' pensions" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13738 +#: freeculture.xml:13746 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it alive:</emphasis> Copyright should have to be renewed. " "Especially if the maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be " @@ -17961,7 +17994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13758 +#: freeculture.xml:13766 msgid "" "<emphasis>Keep it prospective:</emphasis> Whatever the term of copyright " "should be, the clearest lesson that economists teach is that a term once " @@ -17978,7 +18011,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13774 +#: freeculture.xml:13782 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an <emphasis>average</emphasis> " "copyright term that is much shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the " @@ -17986,7 +18019,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13780 +#: freeculture.xml:13788 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17995,12 +18028,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13790 +#: freeculture.xml:13798 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#: freeculture.xml:13800 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -18011,7 +18044,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13800 +#: freeculture.xml:13808 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -18023,19 +18056,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13813 +#: freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, <citetitle>An Unhurried View of Copyright</citetitle> (New " "York: Columbia University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:13827 msgid "Kaplan, Benjamin" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13809 +#: freeculture.xml:13817 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -18047,12 +18080,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13827 +#: freeculture.xml:13835 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13823 +#: freeculture.xml:13831 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -18061,7 +18094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13832 +#: freeculture.xml:13840 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -18071,7 +18104,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13839 +#: freeculture.xml:13847 msgid "" "<emphasis>Term:</emphasis> If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, " "then that right should be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect " @@ -18083,7 +18116,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13852 +#: freeculture.xml:13860 msgid "" "<emphasis>Scope:</emphasis> Likewise should the scope of derivative rights " "be narrowed. Again, there are some cases in which derivative rights are " @@ -18098,7 +18131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13865 +#: freeculture.xml:13873 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -18108,12 +18141,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13881 +#: freeculture.xml:13889 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13879 +#: freeculture.xml:13887 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, <citetitle>Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the " "Celestial Jukebox</citetitle> (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), " @@ -18121,7 +18154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:13881 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -18131,7 +18164,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13887 +#: freeculture.xml:13895 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -18142,7 +18175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13894 +#: freeculture.xml:13902 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -18152,12 +18185,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13904 +#: freeculture.xml:13912 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13906 +#: freeculture.xml:13914 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -18167,7 +18200,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13913 +#: freeculture.xml:13921 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -18178,7 +18211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13922 +#: freeculture.xml:13930 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -18188,7 +18221,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13929 +#: freeculture.xml:13937 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -18199,7 +18232,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13938 +#: freeculture.xml:13946 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -18207,7 +18240,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13943 +#: freeculture.xml:13951 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -18216,7 +18249,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13949 +#: freeculture.xml:13957 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -18225,7 +18258,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13955 +#: freeculture.xml:13963 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -18233,7 +18266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13961 +#: freeculture.xml:13969 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -18244,7 +18277,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13969 +#: freeculture.xml:13977 msgid "" "As I said in chapter <xref xrefstyle=\"select: labelnumber\" " "linkend=\"piracy\"/>, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " @@ -18254,7 +18287,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13977 +#: freeculture.xml:13985 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -18262,7 +18295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13982 +#: freeculture.xml:13990 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -18277,7 +18310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13994 +#: freeculture.xml:14002 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -18294,7 +18327,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14027 +#: freeculture.xml:14035 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -18302,7 +18335,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14009 +#: freeculture.xml:14017 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -18324,7 +18357,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14034 +#: freeculture.xml:14042 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -18340,7 +18373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14050 +#: freeculture.xml:14058 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -18353,7 +18386,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14061 +#: freeculture.xml:14069 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -18364,7 +18397,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14070 +#: freeculture.xml:14078 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -18376,7 +18409,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14080 +#: freeculture.xml:14088 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -18389,7 +18422,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14091 +#: freeculture.xml:14099 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -18401,7 +18434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 +#: freeculture.xml:14109 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -18414,7 +18447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14111 +#: freeculture.xml:14119 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -18425,14 +18458,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14119 +#: freeculture.xml:14127 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14123 +#: freeculture.xml:14131 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -18446,7 +18479,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14134 +#: freeculture.xml:14142 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -18457,12 +18490,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14180 +#: freeculture.xml:14188 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14146 +#: freeculture.xml:14154 msgid "" "William Fisher, <citetitle>Digital Music: Problems and " "Possibilities</citetitle> (last revised: 10 October 2000), available at " @@ -18501,7 +18534,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14142 +#: freeculture.xml:14150 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -18516,7 +18549,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:14201 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, " @@ -18534,7 +18567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14208 +#: freeculture.xml:14216 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -18547,7 +18580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14221 +#: freeculture.xml:14229 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -18564,7 +18597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14236 +#: freeculture.xml:14244 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -18579,7 +18612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14248 +#: freeculture.xml:14256 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -18590,13 +18623,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14257 +#: freeculture.xml:14265 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14262 +#: freeculture.xml:14270 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -18605,19 +18638,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14269 +#: freeculture.xml:14277 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14275 +#: freeculture.xml:14283 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14279 +#: freeculture.xml:14287 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -18625,14 +18658,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14285 +#: freeculture.xml:14293 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14290 +#: freeculture.xml:14298 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -18641,7 +18674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14296 +#: freeculture.xml:14304 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -18658,7 +18691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14310 +#: freeculture.xml:14318 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -18668,12 +18701,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14321 +#: freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14323 +#: freeculture.xml:14331 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -18682,7 +18715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14329 +#: freeculture.xml:14337 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -18693,7 +18726,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14346 +#: freeculture.xml:14354 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), <citetitle>UCLA Law Review</citetitle> 48 (2001): 1057, " @@ -18701,7 +18734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14337 +#: freeculture.xml:14345 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -18714,7 +18747,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14352 +#: freeculture.xml:14360 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -18722,7 +18755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14362 +#: freeculture.xml:14370 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -18742,7 +18775,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14357 +#: freeculture.xml:14365 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -18754,7 +18787,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14386 +#: freeculture.xml:14394 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -18764,7 +18797,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14394 +#: freeculture.xml:14402 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -18777,7 +18810,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14404 +#: freeculture.xml:14412 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -18788,7 +18821,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14412 +#: freeculture.xml:14420 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -18796,7 +18829,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14418 +#: freeculture.xml:14426 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -18809,7 +18842,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14427 +#: freeculture.xml:14435 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -18819,7 +18852,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><section><section><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14436 +#: freeculture.xml:14444 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18827,12 +18860,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14445 +#: freeculture.xml:14453 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14447 +#: freeculture.xml:14455 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18846,12 +18879,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14462 +#: freeculture.xml:14470 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14464 +#: freeculture.xml:14472 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18860,7 +18893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14470 +#: freeculture.xml:14478 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18876,7 +18909,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14483 +#: freeculture.xml:14491 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18889,7 +18922,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14494 +#: freeculture.xml:14502 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18910,7 +18943,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14514 +#: freeculture.xml:14522 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18921,7 +18954,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14523 +#: freeculture.xml:14531 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "