From: Petter Reinholdtsen Date: Sat, 21 Jul 2012 17:19:09 +0000 (+0200) Subject: Update with new index entries. X-Git-Tag: edition-2015-10-10~2238 X-Git-Url: https://pere.pagekite.me/gitweb/text-free-culture-lessig.git/commitdiff_plain/383c03e537e310b7c2e66ada3a8686d281297d72?ds=sidebyside Update with new index entries. --- diff --git a/freeculture.nb.po b/freeculture.nb.po index 4ad5dc4..d7a011a 100644 --- a/freeculture.nb.po +++ b/freeculture.nb.po @@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: Free Culture by Lawrence Lessig\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-21 18:58+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-21 19:16+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: 2012-07-13 21:50+0200\n" "Last-Translator: Petter Reinholdtsen \n" "Language-Team: Norwegian BokmÃ¥l \n" @@ -1179,15 +1179,15 @@ msgid "" "Louis D. Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy,\" Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): " "193, 198–200. " msgstr "" -"Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er helt " -"klart hovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal " -"grunnlov. Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke " -"bare kommersielle interesse nÃ¥r det gjalt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ " -"personverninteresser. Ved Ã¥ gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere " -"først, ga delstatenes opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til Ã¥ " -"kontrollere spredningen av fakta om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og " -"Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): " -"193, 198–200. " +"Dette er ikke det eneste formÃ¥let med opphavsrett, men det er helt klart " +"hovedformÃ¥let med opphavsretten slik den er etablert i føderal grunnlov. " +"Opphavsrettslovene i delstatene beskyttet historisk ikke bare kommersielle " +"interesse nÃ¥r det gjalt publikasjoner, men ogsÃ¥ personverninteresser. Ved Ã¥ " +"gi forfattere eneretten til Ã¥ publisere først, ga delstatenes " +"opphavsrettslovene forfatterne makt til Ã¥ kontrollere spredningen av fakta " +"om seg selv. Se Samuel D. Warren og Louis Brandeis, \"The Right to Privacy" +"\", Harvard Law Review 4 (1890): 193, 198–200. " #. type: Content of: msgid "" @@ -4716,7 +4716,7 @@ msgstr "" "musikalske poeng, og jeg vil ogsÃ¥ mÃ¥tte betale for retten til Ã¥ utføre det " "offentlig." -#. type: Content of: +#. type: Content of: msgid "Beatles" msgstr "Beatles" @@ -4914,6 +4914,10 @@ msgstr "" "de betalte komponist (eller opphavsrettsinnehaver) gebyr som er angitt av " "Vedtektene." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Braithwaite, John" +msgstr "Braithwaite, John" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -4922,7 +4926,8 @@ msgid "" "publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants " "for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, " "and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's " -"work except with permission of Grisham." +"work except with permission of Grisham. " msgstr "" "Dette er et unntak i henhold til loven om opphavsrett. NÃ¥r john grisham " "skriver en roman, er en utgiver gratis Ã¥ publisere denne romanen bare hvis " @@ -4959,7 +4964,8 @@ msgid "" "wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " "its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " "rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on creativity." -"" +" " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: @@ -8051,6 +8057,10 @@ msgstr "" "eieren av opphavsretten, med mindre \"fair use\" eller noen andre " "privilegium gjelder." +#. type: Content of: +msgid "Gracie Films" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -8058,7 +8068,8 @@ msgid "" "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " "tiny television set in the corner of the room. How could it hurt? Groening " "was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, " -"the company that produces the program." +"the company that produces the program. " msgstr "" "annet kalt simpsons skaperen matt groening's kontor for Ã¥ fÃ¥ tillatelse. " "Groening godkjent skutt. skjøt var en fire og en halfsecond-bilde pÃ¥ en " @@ -8073,7 +8084,8 @@ msgid "" "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " "called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot " "of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was " -"just confirming the permission with Fox." +"just confirming the permission with Fox. " msgstr "" "Gracie films var bra med den, ogsÃ¥, men de, som groening, ønsket Ã¥ være " "forsiktig. sÃ¥ de fortalte andre for Ã¥ kontakte fox, gracie's morselskapet. " @@ -23351,7 +23363,6 @@ msgstr "" "de har ikke noen mening som en formløse grant. vurdere hver begrensning " "igjen." -#. PAGE BREAK 300 #. type: Content of: #, mtrans, fuzzy msgid "" @@ -23361,7 +23372,7 @@ msgid "" "assume it does); but it does not make sense for that right to run for the " "same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative right could be " "important in inducing creativity; it is not important long after the " -"creative work is done." +"creative work is done. " msgstr "" "begrepet: Hvis Kongressen vil gi et derivat rett, og at høyre skal være for " "en mye kortere sikt. Det er fornuftig Ã¥ beskytte john grisham's rett til Ã¥ " diff --git a/freeculture.pot b/freeculture.pot index 8b9d505..11280cd 100644 --- a/freeculture.pot +++ b/freeculture.pot @@ -7,7 +7,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" "Project-Id-Version: PACKAGE VERSION\n" -"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-21 18:58+0300\n" +"POT-Creation-Date: 2012-07-21 19:16+0300\n" "PO-Revision-Date: YEAR-MO-DA HO:MI+ZONE\n" "Last-Translator: FULL NAME \n" "Language-Team: LANGUAGE \n" @@ -407,7 +407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:353 freeculture.xml:12748 +#: freeculture.xml:353 freeculture.xml:12751 msgid "CodePink Women in Peace" msgstr "" @@ -537,12 +537,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:457 freeculture.xml:470 freeculture.xml:501 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:916 freeculture.xml:933 freeculture.xml:983 freeculture.xml:8767 freeculture.xml:12145 freeculture.xml:12850 +#: freeculture.xml:457 freeculture.xml:470 freeculture.xml:501 freeculture.xml:520 freeculture.xml:916 freeculture.xml:933 freeculture.xml:983 freeculture.xml:8770 freeculture.xml:12148 freeculture.xml:12853 msgid "Causby, Thomas Lee" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:458 freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:917 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:984 freeculture.xml:8768 freeculture.xml:12146 freeculture.xml:12851 +#: freeculture.xml:458 freeculture.xml:471 freeculture.xml:502 freeculture.xml:521 freeculture.xml:917 freeculture.xml:934 freeculture.xml:984 freeculture.xml:8771 freeculture.xml:12149 freeculture.xml:12854 msgid "Causby, Tinie" msgstr "" @@ -1064,7 +1064,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:14087 +#: freeculture.xml:880 freeculture.xml:14091 msgid "Netanel, Neil Weinstock" msgstr "" @@ -2510,7 +2510,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f31 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2006 freeculture.xml:3753 freeculture.xml:4827 freeculture.xml:7961 +#: freeculture.xml:2006 freeculture.xml:3754 freeculture.xml:4828 freeculture.xml:7964 msgid "Ibid." msgstr "" @@ -2651,7 +2651,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2116 freeculture.xml:7899 +#: freeculture.xml:2116 freeculture.xml:7902 msgid "ABC" msgstr "" @@ -3580,8 +3580,8 @@ msgid "" "score, and I would also have to pay for the right to perform it publicly." msgstr "" -#. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2835 freeculture.xml:2960 +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2835 freeculture.xml:2981 msgid "Beatles" msgstr "" @@ -3733,6 +3733,11 @@ msgid "" "statute." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: +#: freeculture.xml:2959 freeculture.xml:13767 +msgid "Grisham, John" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: #: freeculture.xml:2952 msgid "" @@ -3741,7 +3746,8 @@ msgid "" "publisher permission. Grisham, in turn, is free to charge whatever he wants " "for that permission. The price to publish Grisham is thus set by Grisham, " "and copyright law ordinarily says you have no permission to use Grisham's " -"work except with permission of Grisham." +"work except with permission of Grisham. " msgstr "" #. f10 @@ -3768,11 +3774,12 @@ msgid "" "wider range of musical creativity. Indeed, Congress was quite explicit about " "its reasons for granting this right. Its fear was the monopoly power of " "rights holders, and that that power would stifle follow-on " -"creativity." +"creativity. " msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:2983 +#: freeculture.xml:2984 msgid "" "While the recording industry has been quite coy about this recently, " "historically it has been quite a supporter of the statutory license for " @@ -3781,7 +3788,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3009 +#: freeculture.xml:3010 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision: Report to Accompany H.R. 2512, House Committee on " "the Judiciary, 90th Cong., 1st sess., House Document no. 83, (8 March " @@ -3789,7 +3796,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:2990 +#: freeculture.xml:2991 msgid "" "the record producers argued vigorously that the compulsory license system " "must be retained. They asserted that the record industry is a " @@ -3806,25 +3813,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3016 +#: freeculture.xml:3017 msgid "" "By limiting the rights musicians have, by partially pirating their creative " "work, the record producers, and the public, benefit." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3022 freeculture.xml:4138 +#: freeculture.xml:3023 freeculture.xml:4139 msgid "Radio" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3024 +#: freeculture.xml:3025 msgid "Radio was also born of piracy." msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3030 +#: freeculture.xml:3031 msgid "" "See 17 United States Code, sections 106 and 110. At the beginning, record " "companies printed \"Not Licensed for Radio Broadcast\" and other messages " @@ -3838,7 +3845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3027 +#: freeculture.xml:3028 msgid "" "When a radio station plays a record on the air, that constitutes a \"public " "performance\" of the composer's work. -#: freeculture.xml:3049 +#: freeculture.xml:3050 msgid "" "But when the radio station plays a record, it is not only performing a copy " "of the composer's work. The radio station is also performing a copy of the " @@ -3862,7 +3869,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3065 +#: freeculture.xml:3066 msgid "" "But it doesn't. Under the law governing radio performances, the radio " "station does not have to pay the recording artist. The radio station need " @@ -3872,7 +3879,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3075 +#: freeculture.xml:3076 msgid "" "This difference can be huge. Imagine you compose a piece of music. Imagine " "it is your first. You own the exclusive right to authorize public " @@ -3881,7 +3888,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3082 +#: freeculture.xml:3083 msgid "" "Imagine she does sing your song, and imagine she likes it a lot. She then " "decides to make a recording of your song, and it becomes a top hit. Under " @@ -3893,7 +3900,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3091 +#: freeculture.xml:3092 msgid "" "No doubt, one might argue that, on balance, the recording artists " "benefit. On average, the promotion they get is worth more than the " @@ -3904,18 +3911,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3101 freeculture.xml:4144 +#: freeculture.xml:3102 freeculture.xml:4145 msgid "Cable TV" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3104 +#: freeculture.xml:3105 msgid "Cable TV was also born of a kind of piracy." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 73 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3107 +#: freeculture.xml:3108 msgid "" "When cable entrepreneurs first started wiring communities with cable " "television in 1948, most refused to pay broadcasters for the content that " @@ -3927,18 +3934,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3117 +#: freeculture.xml:3118 msgid "Anello, Douglas" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3118 +#: freeculture.xml:3119 msgid "Burdick, Quentin" msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3124 +#: freeculture.xml:3125 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV: Hearing on S. 1006 Before the " "Subcommittee on Patents, Trademarks, and Copyrights of the Senate Committee " @@ -3948,14 +3955,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3135 +#: freeculture.xml:3136 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 116 (statement of Douglas A. Anello, " "general counsel of the National Association of Broadcasters)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3120 +#: freeculture.xml:3121 msgid "" "Broadcasters and copyright owners were quick to attack this theft. Rosel " "Hyde, chairman of the FCC, viewed the practice as a kind of \"unfair and " @@ -3970,14 +3977,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3146 +#: freeculture.xml:3147 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 126 (statement of Ernest W. Jennes, " "general counsel of the Association of Maximum Service Telecasters, Inc.)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3142 +#: freeculture.xml:3143 msgid "" "The extraordinary thing about the CATV business is that it is the only " "business I know of where the product that is being sold is not paid " @@ -3985,13 +3992,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3152 +#: freeculture.xml:3153 msgid "Again, the demand of the copyright holders seemed reasonable enough:" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3161 +#: freeculture.xml:3162 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 169 (joint statement of Arthur B. Krim, " "president of United Artists Corp., and John Sinn, president of United " @@ -3999,7 +4006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3156 +#: freeculture.xml:3157 msgid "" "All we are asking for is a very simple thing, that people who now take our " "property for nothing pay for it. We are trying to stop piracy and I don't " @@ -4009,14 +4016,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3172 +#: freeculture.xml:3173 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 209 (statement of Charlton Heston, " "president of the Screen Actors Guild)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3168 +#: freeculture.xml:3169 msgid "" "These were \"free-ride[rs],\" Screen Actor's Guild president Charlton Heston " "said, who were \"depriving actors of compensation.\" -#: freeculture.xml:3177 +#: freeculture.xml:3178 msgid "" "But again, there was another side to the debate. As Assistant Attorney " "General Edwin Zimmerman put it," @@ -4032,14 +4039,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3191 +#: freeculture.xml:3192 msgid "" "Copyright Law Revision—CATV, 216 (statement of Edwin M. Zimmerman, " "acting assistant attorney general)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of:
-#: freeculture.xml:3182 +#: freeculture.xml:3183 msgid "" "Our point here is that unlike the problem of whether you have any copyright " "protection at all, the problem here is whether copyright holders who are " @@ -4050,14 +4057,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3197 +#: freeculture.xml:3198 msgid "" "Copyright owners took the cable companies to court. Twice the Supreme Court " "held that the cable companies owed the copyright owners nothing." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3201 +#: freeculture.xml:3202 msgid "" "It took Congress almost thirty years before it resolved the question of " "whether cable companies had to pay for the content they \"pirated.\" In the " @@ -4072,7 +4079,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3218 +#: freeculture.xml:3219 msgid "" "See, for example, National Music Publisher's Association, The Engine of Free " "Expression: Copyright on the Internet—The Myth of Free Information, " @@ -4082,7 +4089,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3213 +#: freeculture.xml:3214 msgid "" "These separate stories sing a common theme. If \"piracy\" means using value " "from someone else's creative property without permission from that " @@ -4095,12 +4102,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: -#: freeculture.xml:3235 +#: freeculture.xml:3236 msgid "CHAPTER FIVE: \"Piracy\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3237 +#: freeculture.xml:3238 msgid "" "There is piracy of copyrighted material. Lots of it. This piracy comes in " "many forms. The most significant is commercial piracy, the unauthorized " @@ -4111,7 +4118,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 76 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3245 +#: freeculture.xml:3246 msgid "" "But as well as copy-shop piracy, there is another kind of \"taking\" that is " "more directly related to the Internet. That taking, too, seems wrong to " @@ -4123,13 +4130,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3255 +#: freeculture.xml:3256 msgid "Piracy I" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3263 +#: freeculture.xml:3264 msgid "" "See IFPI (International Federation of the Phonographic Industry), The " "Recording Industry Commercial Piracy Report 2003, July 2003, available at " @@ -4139,7 +4146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3257 +#: freeculture.xml:3258 msgid "" "All across the world, but especially in Asia and Eastern Europe, there are " "businesses that do nothing but take others people's copyrighted content, " @@ -4151,7 +4158,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3274 +#: freeculture.xml:3275 msgid "" "This is piracy plain and simple. Nothing in the argument of this book, nor " "in the argument that most people make when talking about the subject of this " @@ -4159,7 +4166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3280 +#: freeculture.xml:3281 msgid "" "Which is not to say that excuses and justifications couldn't be made for " "it. We could, for example, remind ourselves that for the first one hundred " @@ -4171,7 +4178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3291 +#: freeculture.xml:3292 msgid "" "That excuse isn't terribly strong. Technically, our law did not ban the " "taking of foreign works. It explicitly limited itself to American " @@ -4186,7 +4193,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 77 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3303 +#: freeculture.xml:3304 msgid "" "True, these local rules have, in effect, been imposed upon these " "countries. No country can be part of the world economy and choose not to " @@ -4195,12 +4202,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3331 freeculture.xml:12240 freeculture.xml:12673 freeculture.xml:12680 +#: freeculture.xml:3332 freeculture.xml:12243 freeculture.xml:12676 freeculture.xml:12683 msgid "Drahos, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3317 +#: freeculture.xml:3318 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 10–13, 209. The " @@ -4219,7 +4226,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3312 +#: freeculture.xml:3313 msgid "" "If a country is to be treated as a sovereign, however, then its laws are its " "laws regardless of their source. The international law under which these " @@ -4232,7 +4239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3344 +#: freeculture.xml:3345 msgid "" "For an analysis of the economic impact of copying technology, see Stan " "Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy (New York: Amacom, 2002), " @@ -4244,7 +4251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3338 +#: freeculture.xml:3339 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could try to excuse this piracy by noting that in any " "case, it does no harm to the industry. The Chinese who get access to " @@ -4254,7 +4261,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3354 +#: freeculture.xml:3355 msgid "" "This is often true (though I have friends who have purchased many thousands " "of pirated DVDs who certainly have enough money to pay for the content they " @@ -4270,7 +4277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 78 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3367 +#: freeculture.xml:3368 msgid "" "This argument is still very weak. However, although copyright is a property " "right of a very special sort, it is a property right. Like all property " @@ -4288,7 +4295,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3388 +#: freeculture.xml:3389 msgid "" "Finally, we could try to excuse this piracy with the argument that the " "piracy actually helps the copyright owner. When the Chinese \"steal\" " @@ -4303,7 +4310,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3404 +#: freeculture.xml:3405 msgid "" "This argument, too, is somewhat true. The addiction strategy is a good " "one. Many businesses practice it. Some thrive because of it. Law students, " @@ -4314,7 +4321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3413 +#: freeculture.xml:3414 msgid "" "Still, the argument is not terribly persuasive. We don't give the alcoholic " "a defense when he steals his first beer, merely because that will make it " @@ -4330,7 +4337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 79 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3431 +#: freeculture.xml:3432 msgid "" "Thus, while I understand the pull of these justifications for piracy, and I " "certainly see the motivation, in my view, in the end, these efforts at " @@ -4342,7 +4349,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3441 +#: freeculture.xml:3442 msgid "" "But as the examples from the four chapters that introduced this part " "suggest, even if some piracy is plainly wrong, not all \"piracy\" is. Or at " @@ -4354,7 +4361,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3450 +#: freeculture.xml:3451 msgid "" "This doesn't mean that there are no questions raised by the latest piracy " "concern, peer-to-peer file sharing. But it does mean that we need to " @@ -4363,7 +4370,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3456 +#: freeculture.xml:3457 msgid "" "For (1) like the original Hollywood, p2p sharing escapes an overly " "controlling industry; and (2) like the original recording industry, it " @@ -4372,26 +4379,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3462 +#: freeculture.xml:3463 msgid "" "These differences distinguish p2p sharing from true piracy. They should push " "us to find a way to protect artists while enabling this sharing to survive." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:3469 +#: freeculture.xml:3470 msgid "Piracy II" msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3474 +#: freeculture.xml:3475 msgid "Bach v. Longman, 98 Eng. Rep. 1274 (1777)." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 80 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3471 +#: freeculture.xml:3472 msgid "" "The key to the \"piracy\" that the law aims to quash is a use that \"rob[s] " "the author of [his] profit.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> This " @@ -4401,12 +4408,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3496 freeculture.xml:8028 +#: freeculture.xml:3497 freeculture.xml:8031 msgid "Christensen, Clayton M." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3488 +#: freeculture.xml:3489 msgid "" "See Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary " "National Bestseller That Changed the Way We Do Business (New York: " @@ -4420,12 +4427,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3499 +#: freeculture.xml:3500 msgid "Fanning, Shawn" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3483 +#: freeculture.xml:3484 msgid "" "Peer-to-peer sharing was made famous by Napster. But the inventors of the " "Napster technology had not made any major technological innovations. Like " @@ -4437,7 +4444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3507 +#: freeculture.xml:3508 msgid "" "See Carolyn Lochhead, \"Silicon Valley Dream, Hollywood Nightmare,\" San " "Francisco Chronicle, 24 September 2002, A1; \"Rock 'n' Roll Suicide,\" New " @@ -4448,7 +4455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3502 +#: freeculture.xml:3503 msgid "" "The result was spontaneous combustion. Launched in July 1999, Napster " "amassed over 10 million users within nine months. After eighteen months, " @@ -4464,7 +4471,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3529 +#: freeculture.xml:3530 msgid "" "See Ipsos-Insight, TEMPO: Keeping Pace with Online Music Distribution " "(September 2002), reporting that 28 percent of Americans aged twelve and " @@ -4474,14 +4481,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3538 +#: freeculture.xml:3539 msgid "" "Amy Harmon, \"Industry Offers a Carrot in Online Music Fight,\" New York " "Times, 6 June 2003, A1." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3523 +#: freeculture.xml:3524 msgid "" "According to a number of estimates, a huge proportion of Americans have " "tasted file-sharing technology. A study by Ipsos-Insight in September 2002 " @@ -4497,7 +4504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3549 +#: freeculture.xml:3550 msgid "" "Some of this enjoying involves copyright infringement. Some of it does " "not. And even among the part that is technically copyright infringement, " @@ -4509,7 +4516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 81 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3559 +#: freeculture.xml:3560 msgid "" "File sharers share different kinds of content. We can divide these different " "kinds into four types." @@ -4517,7 +4524,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3565 +#: freeculture.xml:3566 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "content. Thus, when a new Madonna CD is released, rather than buying the CD, " @@ -4530,7 +4537,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3578 +#: freeculture.xml:3579 msgid "" "There are some who use sharing networks to sample music before purchasing " "it. Thus, a friend sends another friend an MP3 of an artist he's not heard " @@ -4543,7 +4550,7 @@ msgstr "" #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3591 +#: freeculture.xml:3592 msgid "" "There are many who use sharing networks to get access to copyrighted content " "that is no longer sold or that they would not have purchased because the " @@ -4562,25 +4569,25 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 82 #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3612 +#: freeculture.xml:3613 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who use sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or that the copyright owner wants to give away." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3618 +#: freeculture.xml:3619 msgid "How do these different types of sharing balance out?" msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3626 +#: freeculture.xml:3627 msgid "See Liebowitz, Rethinking the Network Economy,148–49." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3621 +#: freeculture.xml:3622 msgid "" "Let's start with some simple but important points. From the perspective of " "the law, only type D sharing is clearly legal. From the perspective of " @@ -4594,7 +4601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3638 +#: freeculture.xml:3639 msgid "" "Whether on balance sharing is harmful depends importantly on how harmful " "type A sharing is. Just as Edison complained about Hollywood, composers " @@ -4605,7 +4612,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3656 +#: freeculture.xml:3657 msgid "" "See Cap Gemini Ernst & Young, Technology Evolution and the Music " "Industry's Business Model Crisis (2003), 3. This report describes the music " @@ -4621,7 +4628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3647 +#: freeculture.xml:3648 msgid "" "While the numbers do suggest that sharing is harmful, how harmful is harder " "to reckon. It has long been the recording industry's practice to blame " @@ -4636,12 +4643,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3685 +#: freeculture.xml:3686 msgid "U.S. Congress, Copyright and Home Copying, 4." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3677 +#: freeculture.xml:3678 msgid "" "Yet soon thereafter, and before Congress was given an opportunity to enact " "regulation, MTV was launched, and the industry had a record turnaround. \"In " @@ -4652,7 +4659,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3689 +#: freeculture.xml:3690 msgid "" "But just because the industry was wrong before does not mean it is wrong " "today. To evaluate the real threat that p2p sharing presents to the industry " @@ -4664,7 +4671,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3699 +#: freeculture.xml:3700 msgid "" "We start to answer this question by focusing on the net harm, from the " "standpoint of the industry as a whole, that sharing networks cause. The " @@ -4676,7 +4683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3708 +#: freeculture.xml:3709 msgid "" "Could that be true? Could the industry as a whole be gaining because of file " "sharing? Odd as that might sound, the data about CD sales actually suggest " @@ -4685,7 +4692,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3718 +#: freeculture.xml:3719 msgid "" "See Recording Industry Association of America, 2002 Yearend Statistics, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4702,12 +4709,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3745 +#: freeculture.xml:3746 msgid "Black, Jane" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3742 +#: freeculture.xml:3743 msgid "" "Jane Black, \"Big Music's Broken Record,\" BusinessWeek online, 13 February " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -4715,7 +4722,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3714 +#: freeculture.xml:3715 msgid "" "In 2002, the RIAA reported that CD sales had fallen by 8.9 percent, from 882 " "million to 803 million units; revenues fell 6.7 percent.<placeholder " @@ -4735,7 +4742,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 84 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3759 +#: freeculture.xml:3760 msgid "" "But let's assume the RIAA is right, and all of the decline in CD sales is " "because of Internet sharing. Here's the rub: In the same period that the " @@ -4746,7 +4753,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3768 +#: freeculture.xml:3769 msgid "" "There are too many different things happening at the same time to explain " "these numbers definitively, but one conclusion is unavoidable: The recording " @@ -4764,7 +4771,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3786 +#: freeculture.xml:3787 msgid "" "These are the harms—alleged and perhaps exaggerated but, let's assume, " "real. What of the benefits? File sharing may impose costs on the recording " @@ -4773,7 +4780,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3799 +#: freeculture.xml:3800 msgid "" "By one estimate, 75 percent of the music released by the major labels is no " "longer in print. See Online Entertainment and Copyright Law—Coming " @@ -4784,7 +4791,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3793 +#: freeculture.xml:3794 msgid "" "One benefit is type C sharing—making available content that is " "technically still under copyright but is no longer commercially available. " @@ -4799,7 +4806,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3824 +#: freeculture.xml:3825 msgid "" "While there are not good estimates of the number of used record stores in " "existence, in 2002, there were 7,198 used book dealers in the United States, " @@ -4812,7 +4819,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3818 +#: freeculture.xml:3819 msgid "" "In real space—long before the Internet—the market had a simple " "response to this problem: used book and record stores. There are thousands " @@ -4827,12 +4834,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:3845 +#: freeculture.xml:3846 msgid "Bernstein, Leonard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3847 +#: freeculture.xml:3848 msgid "" "Type C sharing, then, is very much like used book stores or used record " "stores. It is different, of course, because the person making the content " @@ -4847,7 +4854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3860 +#: freeculture.xml:3861 msgid "" "It may well be, all things considered, that it would be better if the " "copyright owner got something from this trade. But just because it may well " @@ -4859,7 +4866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 86 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3868 +#: freeculture.xml:3869 msgid "" "Finally, and perhaps most importantly, file-sharing networks enable type D " "sharing to occur—the sharing of content that copyright owners want to " @@ -4876,7 +4883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3885 +#: freeculture.xml:3886 msgid "" "Likewise for work in the public domain: This sharing benefits society with " "no legal harm to authors at all. If efforts to solve the problem of type A " @@ -4885,7 +4892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3891 +#: freeculture.xml:3892 msgid "" "The point throughout is this: While the recording industry understandably " "says, \"This is how much we've lost,\" we must also ask, \"How much has " @@ -4894,7 +4901,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3898 +#: freeculture.xml:3899 msgid "" "For unlike the piracy I described in the first section of this chapter, much " "of the \"piracy\" that file sharing enables is plainly legal and good. And " @@ -4909,7 +4916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3911 +#: freeculture.xml:3912 msgid "" "\"But isn't the war just a war against illegal sharing? Isn't the target " "just what you call type A sharing?\"" @@ -4917,7 +4924,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3928 +#: freeculture.xml:3929 msgid "" "See Transcript of Proceedings, In Re: Napster Copyright Litigation at 34- 35 " "(N.D. Cal., 11 July 2001), nos. MDL-00-1369 MHP, C 99-5183 MHP, available at " @@ -4928,7 +4935,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3915 +#: freeculture.xml:3916 msgid "" "You would think. And we should hope. But so far, it is not. The effect of " "the war purportedly on type A sharing alone has been felt far beyond that " @@ -4941,7 +4948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3938 +#: freeculture.xml:3939 msgid "" "If 99.4 percent is not good enough, then this is a war on file-sharing " "technologies, not a war on copyright infringement. There is no way to assure " @@ -4955,7 +4962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3949 +#: freeculture.xml:3950 msgid "" "Zero tolerance has not been our history. It has not produced the content " "industry that we know today. The history of American law has been a process " @@ -4967,7 +4974,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3960 +#: freeculture.xml:3961 msgid "" "So, as we've seen, when \"mechanical reproduction\" threatened the interests " "of composers, Congress balanced the rights of composers against the " @@ -4981,7 +4988,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3973 +#: freeculture.xml:3974 msgid "" "Cable TV followed the pattern of record albums. When the courts rejected the " "claim that cable broadcasters had to pay for the content they rebroadcast, " @@ -4992,7 +4999,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 88 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:3983 +#: freeculture.xml:3984 msgid "" "This compromise, like the compromise affecting records and player pianos, " "served two important goals—indeed, the two central goals of any " @@ -5009,12 +5016,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4001 +#: freeculture.xml:4002 msgid "Betamax" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4003 +#: freeculture.xml:4004 msgid "" "In the same year that Congress struck this balance, two major producers and " "distributors of film content filed a lawsuit against another technology, the " @@ -5030,7 +5037,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 89 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4016 +#: freeculture.xml:4017 msgid "" "There was something to Disney's and Universal's claim. Sony did decide to " "design its machine to make it very simple to record television shows. It " @@ -5047,7 +5054,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4038 +#: freeculture.xml:4039 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders): Hearing on S. 1758 " "Before the Senate Committee on the Judiciary, 97th Cong., 1st and 2nd sess., " @@ -5057,13 +5064,13 @@ msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4050 +#: freeculture.xml:4051 msgid "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 475." msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4055 +#: freeculture.xml:4056 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 480 F. Supp. 429, " "(C.D. Cal., 1979)." @@ -5071,14 +5078,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4066 +#: freeculture.xml:4067 msgid "" "Copyright Infringements (Audio and Video Recorders), 485 (testimony of Jack " "Valenti)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4031 +#: freeculture.xml:4032 msgid "" "MPAA president Jack Valenti became the studios' most vocal champion. Valenti " "called VCRs \"tapeworms.\" He warned, \"When there are 20, 30, 40 million of " @@ -5104,14 +5111,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f22 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4082 +#: freeculture.xml:4083 msgid "" "Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Sony Corp. of America, 659 F. 2d 963 (9th " "Cir. 1981)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4071 +#: freeculture.xml:4072 msgid "" "It took eight years for this case to be resolved by the Supreme Court. In " "the interim, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, which includes Hollywood in " @@ -5127,7 +5134,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 90 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4087 +#: freeculture.xml:4088 msgid "" "But the Supreme Court reversed the decision of the Ninth Circuit. And in " "its reversal, the Court clearly articulated its understanding of when and " @@ -5136,14 +5143,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4106 +#: freeculture.xml:4107 msgid "" "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, 431 " "(1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4096 +#: freeculture.xml:4097 msgid "" "Sound policy, as well as history, supports our consistent deference to " "Congress when major technological innovations alter the market for " @@ -5154,7 +5161,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4111 +#: freeculture.xml:4112 msgid "" "Congress was asked to respond to the Supreme Court's decision. But as with " "the plea of recording artists about radio broadcasts, Congress ignored the " @@ -5164,83 +5171,83 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4120 +#: freeculture.xml:4121 msgid "Table" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4124 +#: freeculture.xml:4125 msgid "CASE" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4125 +#: freeculture.xml:4126 msgid "WHOSE VALUE WAS \"PIRATED\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4126 +#: freeculture.xml:4127 msgid "RESPONSE OF THE COURTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4127 +#: freeculture.xml:4128 msgid "RESPONSE OF CONGRESS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4132 +#: freeculture.xml:4133 msgid "Recordings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4133 +#: freeculture.xml:4134 msgid "Composers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4134 freeculture.xml:4146 freeculture.xml:4152 +#: freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:4147 freeculture.xml:4153 msgid "No protection" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4135 freeculture.xml:4147 +#: freeculture.xml:4136 freeculture.xml:4148 msgid "Statutory license" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4139 +#: freeculture.xml:4140 msgid "Recording artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4140 +#: freeculture.xml:4141 msgid "N/A" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4141 freeculture.xml:4153 +#: freeculture.xml:4142 freeculture.xml:4154 msgid "Nothing" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4145 +#: freeculture.xml:4146 msgid "Broadcasters" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4150 +#: freeculture.xml:4151 msgid "VCR" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:4151 +#: freeculture.xml:4152 msgid "Film creators" msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4163 +#: freeculture.xml:4164 msgid "" "These are the most important instances in our history, but there are other " "cases as well. The technology of digital audio tape (DAT), for example, was " @@ -5255,7 +5262,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4160 +#: freeculture.xml:4161 msgid "" "In each case throughout our history, a new technology changed the way " "content was distributed.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> In each " @@ -5265,7 +5272,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 91 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4179 +#: freeculture.xml:4180 msgid "" "In none of these cases did either the courts or Congress eliminate all free " "riding. In none of these cases did the courts or Congress insist that the " @@ -5278,7 +5285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4191 +#: freeculture.xml:4192 msgid "" "When you think across these examples, and the other examples that make up " "the first four chapters of this section, this balance makes sense. Was Walt " @@ -5292,12 +5299,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4208 +#: freeculture.xml:4209 msgid "Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, (1984)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4203 +#: freeculture.xml:4204 msgid "" "We could answer yes to each of these questions, but our tradition has " "answered no. In our tradition, as the Supreme Court has stated, copyright " @@ -5311,7 +5318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4220 +#: freeculture.xml:4221 msgid "" "We should be doing the same thing today. The technology of the Internet is " "changing quickly. The way people connect to the Internet (wires " @@ -5328,14 +5335,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4247 +#: freeculture.xml:4248 msgid "" "John Schwartz, \"New Economy: The Attack on Peer-to-Peer Software Echoes " "Past Efforts,\" New York Times, 22 September 2003, C3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4237 +#: freeculture.xml:4238 msgid "" "This is especially true when a new technology enables a vastly superior mode " "of distribution. And this p2p has done. P2p technologies can be ideally " @@ -5354,20 +5361,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4261 +#: freeculture.xml:4262 msgid "" "\"It is our property,\" the warriors insist. \"And it should be protected " "just as any other property is protected.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4269 +#: freeculture.xml:4270 msgid "\"PROPERTY\"" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 94 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4273 +#: freeculture.xml:4274 msgid "" "The copyright warriors are right: A copyright is a kind of property. It can " "be owned and sold, and the law protects against its theft. Ordinarily, the " @@ -5376,7 +5383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4280 +#: freeculture.xml:4281 msgid "" "But in ordinary language, to call a copyright a \"property\" right is a bit " "misleading, for the property of copyright is an odd kind of property. " @@ -5391,7 +5398,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4305 +#: freeculture.xml:4306 msgid "" "Letter from Thomas Jefferson to Isaac McPherson (13 August 1813) in The " "Writings of Thomas Jefferson, vol. 6 (Andrew A. Lipscomb and Albert Ellery " @@ -5399,7 +5406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4292 +#: freeculture.xml:4293 msgid "" "The point is not just about the thingness of picnic tables versus ideas, " "though that's an important difference. The point instead is that in the " @@ -5415,7 +5422,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4311 +#: freeculture.xml:4312 msgid "" "The exceptions to free use are ideas and expressions within the reach of the " "law of patent and copyright, and a few other domains that I won't discuss " @@ -5425,7 +5432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4326 +#: freeculture.xml:4327 msgid "" "As the legal realists taught American law, all property rights are " "intangible. A property right is simply a right that an individual has " @@ -5437,7 +5444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4319 +#: freeculture.xml:4320 msgid "" "But how, and to what extent, and in what form—the details, in other " "words—matter. To get a good sense of how this practice of turning the " @@ -5446,7 +5453,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4339 +#: freeculture.xml:4340 msgid "" "My strategy in doing this will be the same as my strategy in the preceding " "part. I offer four stories to help put the idea of \"copyright material is " @@ -5458,12 +5465,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4353 +#: freeculture.xml:4354 msgid "CHAPTER SIX: Founders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4355 +#: freeculture.xml:4356 msgid "" "William Shakespeare wrote Romeo and Juliet in 1595. The play was first " "published in 1597. It was the eleventh major play that Shakespeare had " @@ -5477,7 +5484,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4371 +#: freeculture.xml:4372 msgid "" "Jacob Tonson is typically remembered for his associations with prominent " "eighteenth-century literary figures, especially John Dryden, and for his " @@ -5490,7 +5497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4382 +#: freeculture.xml:4383 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective (Nashville: " "Vanderbilt University Press, 1968), 151–52." @@ -5498,7 +5505,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 97 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4367 +#: freeculture.xml:4368 msgid "" "In 1774, almost 180 years after Romeo and Juliet was written, the " "\"copy-right\" for the work was still thought by many to be the exclusive " @@ -5515,14 +5522,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4408 +#: freeculture.xml:4409 msgid "" "As Siva Vaidhyanathan nicely argues, it is erroneous to call this a " "\"copyright law.\" See Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 40." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4398 +#: freeculture.xml:4399 msgid "" "Now, there's something puzzling about the year 1774 to anyone who knows a " "little about copyright law. The better-known year in the history of " @@ -5537,7 +5544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4416 +#: freeculture.xml:4417 msgid "" "The reason is that the English hadn't yet agreed on what a \"copyright\" " "was—indeed, no one had. At the time the English passed the Statute of " @@ -5550,7 +5557,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4429 +#: freeculture.xml:4430 msgid "" "There was no positive law, but that didn't mean that there was no law. The " "Anglo-American legal tradition looks to both the words of legislatures and " @@ -5565,7 +5572,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 98 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4446 +#: freeculture.xml:4447 msgid "" "This question was important to the publishers, or \"booksellers,\" as they " "were called, because there was growing competition from foreign " @@ -5577,7 +5584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4458 +#: freeculture.xml:4459 msgid "" "The Statute of Anne granted the author or \"proprietor\" of a book an " "exclusive right to print that book. In an important limitation, however, and " @@ -5588,7 +5595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4468 +#: freeculture.xml:4469 msgid "" "Now, the thing to puzzle about for a moment is this: Why would Parliament " "limit the exclusive right? Not why would they limit it to the particular " @@ -5596,7 +5603,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4473 +#: freeculture.xml:4474 msgid "" "For the booksellers, and the authors whom they represented, had a very " "strong claim. Take Romeo and Juliet as an example: That play was written by " @@ -5610,7 +5617,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4485 +#: freeculture.xml:4486 msgid "" "The answer comes in two parts. We first need to see something special about " "the notion of \"copyright\" that existed at the time of the Statute of " @@ -5619,7 +5626,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 99 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4492 +#: freeculture.xml:4493 msgid "" "First, about copyright. In the last three hundred years, we have come to " "apply the concept of \"copyright\" ever more broadly. But in 1710, it wasn't " @@ -5634,7 +5641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4509 +#: freeculture.xml:4510 msgid "" "So, for example, even if the copyright to Shakespeare's works were " "perpetual, all that would have meant under the original meaning of the term " @@ -5647,7 +5654,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4521 +#: freeculture.xml:4522 msgid "" "Even that limited right was viewed with skepticism by the British. They had " "had a long and ugly experience with \"exclusive rights,\" especially " @@ -5662,7 +5669,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4537 +#: freeculture.xml:4538 msgid "" "Thus the \"copy-right,\" when viewed as a monopoly right, was naturally " "viewed as a right that should be limited. (However convincing the claim that " @@ -5675,14 +5682,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f4 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4561 +#: freeculture.xml:4562 msgid "" "Philip Wittenberg, The Protection and Marketing of Literary Property (New " "York: J. Messner, Inc., 1937), 31." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4548 +#: freeculture.xml:4549 msgid "" "Second, about booksellers. It wasn't just that the copyright was a " "monopoly. It was also that it was a monopoly held by the booksellers. " @@ -5698,7 +5705,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4566 +#: freeculture.xml:4567 msgid "" "Many believed the power the booksellers exercised over the spread of " "knowledge was harming that spread, just at the time the Enlightenment was " @@ -5708,7 +5715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4575 +#: freeculture.xml:4576 msgid "" "To balance this power, Parliament decided to increase competition among " "booksellers, and the simplest way to do that was to spread the wealth of " @@ -5722,7 +5729,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4587 +#: freeculture.xml:4588 msgid "" "When 1731 (1710 + 21) came along, however, the booksellers were getting " "anxious. They saw the consequences of more competition, and like every " @@ -5734,7 +5741,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4596 +#: freeculture.xml:4597 msgid "" "Parliament rejected their requests. As one pamphleteer put it, in words that " "echo today," @@ -5742,7 +5749,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4611 +#: freeculture.xml:4612 msgid "" "A Letter to a Member of Parliament concerning the Bill now depending in the " "House of Commons, for making more effectual an Act in the Eighth Year of the " @@ -5754,7 +5761,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4601 +#: freeculture.xml:4602 msgid "" "I see no Reason for granting a further Term now, which will not hold as well " "for granting it again and again, as often as the Old ones Expire; so that " @@ -5766,7 +5773,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4622 +#: freeculture.xml:4623 msgid "" "Having failed in Parliament, the publishers turned to the courts in a series " "of cases. Their argument was simple and direct: The Statute of Anne gave " @@ -5784,7 +5791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4643 +#: freeculture.xml:4644 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, \"Free Speech, Copyright, and Fair Use,\" Vanderbilt " "Law Review 40 (1987): 28. For a wonderfully compelling account, see " @@ -5792,7 +5799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4637 +#: freeculture.xml:4638 msgid "" "This was a clever argument, and one that had the support of some of the " "leading jurists of the day. It also displayed extraordinary chutzpah. Until " @@ -5805,14 +5812,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4655 +#: freeculture.xml:4656 msgid "" "For a compelling account, see David Saunders, Authorship and Copyright " "(London: Routledge, 1992), 62–69." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4651 +#: freeculture.xml:4652 msgid "" "The booksellers' argument was not accepted without a fight. The hero of " "this fight was a Scottish bookseller named Alexander Donaldson.<placeholder " @@ -5821,7 +5828,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4665 +#: freeculture.xml:4666 msgid "" "Mark Rose, Authors and Owners (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), " "92." @@ -5829,17 +5836,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4675 +#: freeculture.xml:4676 msgid "Ibid., 93." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4677 +#: freeculture.xml:4678 msgid "Erskine, Andrew" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4660 +#: freeculture.xml:4661 msgid "" "Donaldson was an outsider to the London Conger. He began his career in " "Edinburgh in 1750. The focus of his business was inexpensive reprints \"of " @@ -5854,14 +5861,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4686 +#: freeculture.xml:4687 msgid "" "Lyman Ray Patterson, Copyright in Historical Perspective, 167 (quoting " "Borwell)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4680 +#: freeculture.xml:4681 msgid "" "When the London booksellers tried to shut down Donaldson's shop in Scotland, " "he responded by moving his shop to London, where he sold inexpensive " @@ -5873,7 +5880,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4694 +#: freeculture.xml:4695 msgid "" "The London booksellers quickly brought suit to block \"piracy\" like " "Donaldson's. A number of actions were successful against the \"pirates,\" " @@ -5882,7 +5889,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4706 +#: freeculture.xml:4707 msgid "" "Howard B. Abrams, \"The Historic Foundation of American Copyright Law: " "Exploding the Myth of Common Law Copyright,\" Wayne Law Review 29 (1983): " @@ -5890,7 +5897,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4699 +#: freeculture.xml:4700 msgid "" "Millar was a bookseller who in 1729 had purchased the rights to James " "Thomson's poem \"The Seasons.\" Millar complied with the requirements of the " @@ -5901,7 +5908,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4712 +#: freeculture.xml:4713 msgid "" "Astonishingly to modern lawyers, one of the greatest judges in English " "history, Lord Mansfield, agreed with the booksellers. Whatever protection " @@ -5915,7 +5922,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 103 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4723 +#: freeculture.xml:4724 msgid "" "Considered as a matter of abstract justice—reasoning as if justice " "were just a matter of logical deduction from first " @@ -5930,25 +5937,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4737 +#: freeculture.xml:4738 msgid "" "The fight to defend the limits of the Statute of Anne was not to end there, " "however, and it is here that Donaldson enters the mix." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4740 +#: freeculture.xml:4741 msgid "Beckett, Thomas" msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4746 +#: freeculture.xml:4747 msgid "Ibid., 1156." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4742 +#: freeculture.xml:4743 msgid "" "Millar died soon after his victory, so his case was not appealed. His estate " "sold Thomson's poems to a syndicate of printers that included Thomas " @@ -5961,7 +5968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4756 +#: freeculture.xml:4757 msgid "" "As few legal cases ever do, Donaldson v. Beckett drew an enormous amount of " "attention throughout Britain. Donaldson's lawyers argued that whatever " @@ -5974,7 +5981,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4766 +#: freeculture.xml:4767 msgid "" "The House of Lords was an odd institution. Legal questions were presented to " "the House and voted upon first by the \"law lords,\" members of special " @@ -5984,7 +5991,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 104 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4773 +#: freeculture.xml:4774 msgid "" "The reports about the law lords' votes are mixed. On some counts, it looks " "as if perpetual copyright prevailed. But there is no ambiguity about how the " @@ -5996,32 +6003,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4791 +#: freeculture.xml:4792 msgid "Bacon, Francis" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4792 +#: freeculture.xml:4793 msgid "Bunyan, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4793 +#: freeculture.xml:4794 msgid "Johnson, Samuel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4794 +#: freeculture.xml:4795 msgid "Milton, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:4795 +#: freeculture.xml:4796 msgid "Shakespeare, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4783 +#: freeculture.xml:4784 msgid "" "\"The public domain.\" Before the case of Donaldson v. Beckett, there was no " "clear idea of a public domain in England. Before 1774, there was a strong " @@ -6037,12 +6044,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4808 +#: freeculture.xml:4809 msgid "Rose, 97." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4798 +#: freeculture.xml:4799 msgid "" "It is hard for us to imagine, but this decision by the House of Lords fueled " "an extraordinarily popular and political reaction. In Scotland, where most " @@ -6056,14 +6063,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4812 +#: freeculture.xml:4813 msgid "" "In London, however, at least among publishers, the reaction was equally " "strong in the opposite direction. The Morning Chronicle reported:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4818 +#: freeculture.xml:4819 msgid "" "By the above decision . . . near 200,000 pounds worth of what was honestly " "purchased at public sale, and which was yesterday thought property is now " @@ -6076,7 +6083,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 105 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4833 +#: freeculture.xml:4834 msgid "" "\"Ruined\" is a bit of an exaggeration. But it is not an exaggeration to say " "that the change was profound. The decision of the House of Lords meant that " @@ -6098,7 +6105,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4853 +#: freeculture.xml:4854 msgid "" "At least, this was the rule in a world where the Parliament is antimonopoly, " "resistant to the protectionist pleas of publishers. In a world where the " @@ -6106,12 +6113,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:4861 +#: freeculture.xml:4862 msgid "CHAPTER SEVEN: Recorders" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4863 +#: freeculture.xml:4864 msgid "" "Jon Else is a filmmaker. He is best known for his documentaries and has been " "very successful in spreading his art. He is also a teacher, and as a teacher " @@ -6120,14 +6127,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4870 +#: freeculture.xml:4871 msgid "" "Else worked on a documentary that I was involved in. At a break, he told me " "a story about the freedom to create with film in America today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4875 +#: freeculture.xml:4876 msgid "" "In 1990, Else was working on a documentary about Wagner's Ring Cycle. The " "focus was stagehands at the San Francisco Opera. Stagehands are a " @@ -6138,7 +6145,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 107 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4883 +#: freeculture.xml:4884 msgid "" "During one of the performances, Else was shooting some stagehands playing " "checkers. In one corner of the room was a television set. Playing on the " @@ -6148,7 +6155,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4892 +#: freeculture.xml:4893 msgid "" "Years later, when he finally got funding to complete the film, Else " "attempted to clear the rights for those few seconds of The Simpsons. For of " @@ -6157,28 +6164,35 @@ msgid "" "or some other privilege applies." msgstr "" +#. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> +#: freeculture.xml:4905 freeculture.xml:4913 +msgid "Gracie Films" +msgstr "" + #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4899 +#: freeculture.xml:4900 msgid "" "Else called Simpsons creator Matt Groening's office to get permission. " "Groening approved the shot. The shot was a four-and-a-halfsecond image on a " "tiny television set in the corner of the room. How could it hurt? Groening " "was happy to have it in the film, but he told Else to contact Gracie Films, " -"the company that produces the program." +"the company that produces the program. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4906 +#: freeculture.xml:4908 msgid "" "Gracie Films was okay with it, too, but they, like Groening, wanted to be " "careful. So they told Else to contact Fox, Gracie's parent company. Else " "called Fox and told them about the clip in the corner of the one room shot " "of the film. Matt Groening had already given permission, Else said. He was " -"just confirming the permission with Fox." +"just confirming the permission with Fox. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" " +"id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4913 +#: freeculture.xml:4916 msgid "" "Then, as Else told me, \"two things happened. First we discovered . . . that " "Matt Groening doesn't own his own creation—or at least that someone " @@ -6189,7 +6203,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4921 +#: freeculture.xml:4924 msgid "" "Else was certain there was a mistake. He worked his way up to someone he " "thought was a vice president for licensing, Rebecca Herrera. He explained " @@ -6200,7 +6214,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 108 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4929 +#: freeculture.xml:4932 msgid "" "\"I wanted to make sure I had my facts straight,\" he told me. \"Yes, you " "have your facts straight,\" she said. It would cost $10,000 to use the clip " @@ -6211,7 +6225,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4941 +#: freeculture.xml:4944 msgid "" "Else didn't have the money to buy the right to replay what was playing on " "the television backstage at the San Francisco Opera. To reproduce this " @@ -6222,7 +6236,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4949 +#: freeculture.xml:4952 msgid "" "There's no doubt that someone, whether Matt Groening or Fox, owns the " "copyright to The Simpsons. That copyright is their property. To use that " @@ -6235,7 +6249,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4960 +#: freeculture.xml:4963 msgid "" "For example, \"public performance\" is a use of The Simpsons that the " "copyright owner gets to control. If you take a selection of favorite " @@ -6247,7 +6261,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4972 +#: freeculture.xml:4975 msgid "" "For an excellent argument that such use is \"fair use,\" but that lawyers " "don't permit recognition that it is \"fair use,\" see Richard A. Posner with " @@ -6257,7 +6271,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4969 +#: freeculture.xml:4972 msgid "" "But when lawyers hear this story about Jon Else and Fox, their first thought " "is \"fair use.\"<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> Else's use of just " @@ -6268,12 +6282,12 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 109 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4984 +#: freeculture.xml:4987 msgid "So I asked Else why he didn't just rely upon \"fair use.\" Here's his reply:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4988 +#: freeculture.xml:4991 msgid "" "The Simpsons fiasco was for me a great lesson in the gulf between what " "lawyers find irrelevant in some abstract sense, and what is crushingly " @@ -6285,7 +6299,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:4998 +#: freeculture.xml:5001 msgid "" "Before our films can be broadcast, the network requires that we buy Errors " "and Omissions insurance. The carriers require a detailed \"visual cue " @@ -6296,7 +6310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5006 +#: freeculture.xml:5009 msgid "" "I probably never should have asked Matt Groening in the first place. But I " "knew (at least from folklore) that Fox had a history of tracking down and " @@ -6311,7 +6325,7 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. PAGE BREAK 110 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5018 +#: freeculture.xml:5021 msgid "" "I did, in fact, speak with one of your colleagues at Stanford Law School " ". . . who confirmed that it was fair use. He also confirmed that Fox would " @@ -6322,14 +6336,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5028 +#: freeculture.xml:5031 msgid "" "The question of fair use usually comes up at the end of the project, when we " "are up against a release deadline and out of money." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5035 +#: freeculture.xml:5038 msgid "" "In theory, fair use means you need no permission. The theory therefore " "supports free culture and insulates against a permission culture. But in " @@ -6340,7 +6354,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5043 +#: freeculture.xml:5046 msgid "" "This practice shows just how far the law has come from its " "eighteenth-century roots. The law was born as a shield to protect " @@ -6349,22 +6363,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5052 +#: freeculture.xml:5055 msgid "CHAPTER EIGHT: Transformers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5053 +#: freeculture.xml:5056 msgid "Allen, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5054 freeculture.xml:5062 freeculture.xml:5073 freeculture.xml:5088 freeculture.xml:5097 freeculture.xml:5102 freeculture.xml:5154 freeculture.xml:5170 freeculture.xml:5193 freeculture.xml:5255 freeculture.xml:9611 +#: freeculture.xml:5057 freeculture.xml:5065 freeculture.xml:5076 freeculture.xml:5091 freeculture.xml:5100 freeculture.xml:5105 freeculture.xml:5157 freeculture.xml:5173 freeculture.xml:5196 freeculture.xml:5258 freeculture.xml:9614 msgid "Alben, Alex" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5056 +#: freeculture.xml:5059 msgid "" "In 1993, Alex Alben was a lawyer working at Starwave, Inc. Starwave was an " "innovative company founded by Microsoft cofounder Paul Allen to develop " @@ -6374,7 +6388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5064 +#: freeculture.xml:5067 msgid "" "Alben had a special interest in new technology. He was intrigued by the " "emerging market for CD-ROM technology—not to distribute film, but to " @@ -6386,7 +6400,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5075 +#: freeculture.xml:5078 msgid "" "At that time, Eastwood had made more than fifty films, as an actor and as a " "director. Alben began with a series of interviews with Eastwood, asking him " @@ -6396,7 +6410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 112 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5082 +#: freeculture.xml:5085 msgid "" "That alone would not have made a very interesting product, so Starwave " "wanted to add content from the movies in Eastwood's career: posters, " @@ -6406,7 +6420,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5090 +#: freeculture.xml:5093 msgid "" "Then Alben and his team decided to include actual film clips. \"Our goal was " "that we were going to have a clip from every one of Eastwood's films,\" " @@ -6416,24 +6430,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5099 +#: freeculture.xml:5102 msgid "" "Alben brought the idea to Michael Slade, the CEO of Starwave. Slade asked, " "\"Well, what will it take?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5115 +#: freeculture.xml:5118 msgid "artists" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><secondary> -#: freeculture.xml:5116 +#: freeculture.xml:5119 msgid "publicity rights on images of" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5110 +#: freeculture.xml:5113 msgid "" "Technically, the rights that Alben had to clear were mainly those of " "publicity—rights an artist has to control the commercial exploitation " @@ -6442,7 +6456,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5104 +#: freeculture.xml:5107 msgid "" "Alben replied, \"Well, we're going to have to clear rights from everyone who " "appears in these films, and the music and everything else that we want to " @@ -6451,7 +6465,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5121 +#: freeculture.xml:5124 msgid "" "The problem was that neither Alben nor Slade had any idea what clearing " "those rights would mean. Every actor in each of the films could have a claim " @@ -6461,7 +6475,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5128 +#: freeculture.xml:5131 msgid "" "I asked Alben how he dealt with the problem. With an obvious pride in his " "resourcefulness that obscured the obvious bizarreness of his tale, Alben " @@ -6469,7 +6483,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5134 +#: freeculture.xml:5137 msgid "" "So we very mechanically went about looking up the film clips. We made some " "artistic decisions about what film clips to include—of course we were " @@ -6480,7 +6494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 113 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5143 +#: freeculture.xml:5146 msgid "" "We decided that it would be fair if we offered them the dayplayer rate for " "the right to reuse that performance. We're talking about a clip of less than " @@ -6493,7 +6507,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5156 +#: freeculture.xml:5159 msgid "" "Some actors were glad to help—Donald Sutherland, for example, followed " "up himself to be sure that the rights had been cleared. Others were " @@ -6506,14 +6520,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5167 +#: freeculture.xml:5170 msgid "" "It was one year later—\"and even then we weren't sure whether we were " "totally in the clear.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5172 +#: freeculture.xml:5175 msgid "" "Alben is proud of his work. The project was the first of its kind and the " "only time he knew of that a team had undertaken such a massive project for " @@ -6521,7 +6535,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5178 +#: freeculture.xml:5181 msgid "" "Everyone thought it would be too hard. Everyone just threw up their hands " "and said, \"Oh, my gosh, a film, it's so many copyrights, there's the music, " @@ -6534,20 +6548,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 114 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5190 +#: freeculture.xml:5193 msgid "" "And no doubt, the product itself was exceptionally good. Eastwood loved it, " "and it sold very well." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5194 +#: freeculture.xml:5197 msgid "Drucker, Peter" msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5202 +#: freeculture.xml:5205 msgid "" "U.S. Department of Commerce Office of Acquisition Management, Seven Steps to " "Performance-Based Services Acquisition, available at <ulink " @@ -6555,7 +6569,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5196 +#: freeculture.xml:5199 msgid "" "But I pressed Alben about how weird it seems that it would have to take a " "year's work simply to clear rights. No doubt Alben had done this " @@ -6566,7 +6580,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5210 +#: freeculture.xml:5213 msgid "" "For, as he acknowledged, \"very few . . . have the time and resources, and " "the will to do this,\" and thus, very few such works would ever be " @@ -6576,7 +6590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5218 +#: freeculture.xml:5221 msgid "" "I don't think so. When an actor renders a performance in a movie, he or she " "gets paid very well. . . . And then when 30 seconds of that performance is " @@ -6585,7 +6599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5226 +#: freeculture.xml:5229 msgid "" "Or at least, is this how the artist should be compensated? Would it make " "sense, I asked, for there to be some kind of statutory license that someone " @@ -6598,7 +6612,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 115 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5236 +#: freeculture.xml:5239 msgid "" "Absolutely. I think that if there were some fair-licensing " "mechanism—where you weren't subject to hold-ups and you weren't " @@ -6618,7 +6632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5257 +#: freeculture.xml:5260 msgid "" "Alben worked for a big company. His company was backed by some of the " "richest investors in the world. He therefore had authority and access that " @@ -6638,7 +6652,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 116 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5274 +#: freeculture.xml:5277 msgid "" "I've seen the flash of recognition when people get this point, but only a " "few times. The first was at a conference of federal judges in California. " @@ -6649,7 +6663,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5284 +#: freeculture.xml:5287 msgid "" "The video was a brilliant collage of film from every period in the twentieth " "century, all framed around the idea of a 60 Minutes episode. The execution " @@ -6658,12 +6672,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5289 +#: freeculture.xml:5292 msgid "Nimmer, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5291 +#: freeculture.xml:5294 msgid "" "When the lights came up, I looked over to my copanelist, David Nimmer, " "perhaps the leading copyright scholar and practitioner in the nation. He had " @@ -6674,12 +6688,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5298 +#: freeculture.xml:5301 msgid "Boies, David" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5300 +#: freeculture.xml:5303 msgid "" "For of course, the two brilliantly talented creators who made this film " "hadn't done what Alben did. They hadn't spent a year clearing the rights to " @@ -6696,7 +6710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5315 +#: freeculture.xml:5318 msgid "" "We live in a \"cut and paste\" culture enabled by technology. Anyone " "building a presentation knows the extraordinary freedom that the cut and " @@ -6706,12 +6720,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5331 +#: freeculture.xml:5334 msgid "Camp Chaos" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5322 +#: freeculture.xml:5325 msgid "" "But presentations are just a tiny beginning. Using the Internet and its " "archives, musicians are able to string together mixes of sound never before " @@ -6724,7 +6738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5334 +#: freeculture.xml:5337 msgid "" "All of these creations are technically illegal. Even if the creators wanted " "to be \"legal,\" the cost of complying with the law is impossibly " @@ -6734,7 +6748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5341 +#: freeculture.xml:5344 msgid "" "To some, these stories suggest a solution: Let's alter the mix of rights so " "that people are free to build upon our culture. Free to add or mix as they " @@ -6751,7 +6765,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5356 +#: freeculture.xml:5359 msgid "" "Who could possibly object to this? And what reason would there be for " "objecting? We're talking about work that is not now being made; which if " @@ -6761,7 +6775,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 118 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5362 +#: freeculture.xml:5365 msgid "" "In February 2003, DreamWorks studios announced an agreement with Mike Myers, " "the comic genius of Saturday Night Live and Austin Powers. According to the " @@ -6774,7 +6788,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5374 +#: freeculture.xml:5377 msgid "" "The announcement called this \"film sampling.\" As Myers explained, \"Film " "Sampling is an exciting way to put an original spin on existing films and " @@ -6785,7 +6799,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5383 +#: freeculture.xml:5386 msgid "" "Spielberg is right. Film sampling by Myers will be brilliant. But if you " "don't think about it, you might miss the truly astonishing point about this " @@ -6798,7 +6812,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5393 +#: freeculture.xml:5396 msgid "" "This privilege becomes reserved for two sorts of reasons. The first " "continues the story of the last chapter: the vagueness of \"fair use.\" Much " @@ -6814,12 +6828,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5408 +#: freeculture.xml:5411 msgid "CHAPTER NINE: Collectors" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5410 +#: freeculture.xml:5413 msgid "" "In April 1996, millions of \"bots\"—computer codes designed to " "\"spider,\" or automatically search the Internet and copy " @@ -6831,7 +6845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5419 +#: freeculture.xml:5422 msgid "" "By October 2001, the bots had collected more than five years of copies. And " "at a small announcement in Berkeley, California, the archive that these " @@ -6842,7 +6856,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5427 +#: freeculture.xml:5430 msgid "" "This is the thing about the Internet that Orwell would have appreciated. In " "the dystopia described in 1984, old newspapers were constantly updated to " @@ -6852,7 +6866,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 120 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5435 +#: freeculture.xml:5438 msgid "" "Thousands of workers constantly reedited the past, meaning there was no way " "ever to know whether the story you were reading today was the story that was " @@ -6860,7 +6874,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5440 +#: freeculture.xml:5443 msgid "" "It's the same with the Internet. If you go to a Web page today, there's no " "way for you to know whether the content you are reading is the same as the " @@ -6871,7 +6885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5453 +#: freeculture.xml:5456 msgid "" "The temptations remain, however. Brewster Kahle reports that the White House " "changes its own press releases without notice. A May 13, 2003, press release " @@ -6881,7 +6895,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5447 +#: freeculture.xml:5450 msgid "" "Until the Way Back Machine, at least. With the Way Back Machine, and the " "Internet Archive underlying it, you can see what the Internet was. You have " @@ -6891,7 +6905,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5461 +#: freeculture.xml:5464 msgid "" "We take it for granted that we can go back to see what we remember " "reading. Think about newspapers. If you wanted to study the reaction of your " @@ -6904,7 +6918,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5472 +#: freeculture.xml:5475 msgid "" "It is said that those who fail to remember history are doomed to repeat " "it. That's not quite correct. We all forget history. The key is whether we " @@ -6916,7 +6930,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 121 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5481 +#: freeculture.xml:5484 msgid "" "The Internet was an exception to this presumption. Until the Internet " "Archive, there was no way to go back. The Internet was the quintessentially " @@ -6928,7 +6942,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5492 +#: freeculture.xml:5495 msgid "" "Brewster Kahle is the founder of the Internet Archive. He was a very " "successful Internet entrepreneur after he was a successful computer " @@ -6941,7 +6955,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5502 +#: freeculture.xml:5505 msgid "" "The Way Back Machine is the largest archive of human knowledge in human " "history. At the end of 2002, it held \"two hundred and thirty terabytes of " @@ -6961,7 +6975,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 122 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5520 +#: freeculture.xml:5523 msgid "" "Do you remember when Dan Quayle was interacting with Murphy Brown? Remember " "that back and forth surreal experience of a politician interacting with a " @@ -6973,7 +6987,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5532 +#: freeculture.xml:5535 msgid "" "Why is that? Why is it that the part of our culture that is recorded in " "newspapers remains perpetually accessible, while the part that is recorded " @@ -6984,7 +6998,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5540 +#: freeculture.xml:5543 msgid "" "In part, this is because of the law. Early in American copyright law, " "copyright owners were required to deposit copies of their work in " @@ -6995,7 +7009,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5557 +#: freeculture.xml:5560 msgid "" "Doug Herrick, \"Toward a National Film Collection: Motion Pictures at the " "Library of Congress,\" Film Library Quarterly 13 nos. 2–3 (1980): 5; " @@ -7004,7 +7018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5548 +#: freeculture.xml:5551 msgid "" "These rules applied to film as well. But in 1915, the Library of Congress " "made an exception for film. Film could be copyrighted so long as such " @@ -7017,7 +7031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5565 +#: freeculture.xml:5568 msgid "" "The same is generally true about television. Television broadcasts were " "originally not copyrighted—there was no way to capture the broadcasts, " @@ -7031,7 +7045,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 123 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5576 +#: freeculture.xml:5579 msgid "" "Kahle was eager to correct this. Before September 11, 2001, he and his " "allies had started capturing television. They selected twenty stations from " @@ -7043,7 +7057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5587 +#: freeculture.xml:5590 msgid "" "Kahle had the same idea with film. Working with Rick Prelinger, whose " "archive of film includes close to 45,000 \"ephemeral films\" (meaning films " @@ -7063,7 +7077,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5605 +#: freeculture.xml:5608 msgid "" "Here again, Kahle is providing access to a part of our culture that we " "otherwise could not get easily, if at all. It is yet another part of what " @@ -7073,7 +7087,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5613 +#: freeculture.xml:5616 msgid "" "The key here is access, not price. Kahle wants to enable free access to this " "content, but he also wants to enable others to sell access to it. His aim is " @@ -7084,7 +7098,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 124 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5621 +#: freeculture.xml:5624 msgid "" "For here is an idea that we should more clearly recognize. Every bit of " "creative property goes through different \"lives.\" In its first life, if " @@ -7096,7 +7110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5633 +#: freeculture.xml:5636 msgid "" "After the commercial life of creative property has ended, our tradition has " "always supported a second life as well. A newspaper delivers the news every " @@ -7108,7 +7122,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5645 +#: freeculture.xml:5648 msgid "" "Dave Barns, \"Fledgling Career in Antique Books: Woodstock Landlord, Bar " "Owner Starts a New Chapter by Adopting Business,\" Chicago Tribune, 5 " @@ -7119,7 +7133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5642 +#: freeculture.xml:5645 msgid "" "The same has always been true about books. A book goes out of print very " "quickly (the average today is after about a year<placeholder " @@ -7131,7 +7145,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5659 +#: freeculture.xml:5662 msgid "" "Yet increasingly, any assumption about a stable second life for creative " "property does not hold true with the most important components of popular " @@ -7145,7 +7159,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 125 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5670 +#: freeculture.xml:5673 msgid "" "For most of the twentieth century, it was economics that made this so. It " "would have been insanely expensive to collect and make accessible all " @@ -7157,7 +7171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5682 +#: freeculture.xml:5685 msgid "" "Perhaps the single most important feature of the digital revolution is that " "for the first time since the Library of Alexandria, it is feasible to " @@ -7168,7 +7182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5690 +#: freeculture.xml:5693 msgid "" "The scale of this potential archive is something we've never imagined " "before. The Brewster Kahles of our history have dreamed about it; but we are " @@ -7177,7 +7191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5697 +#: freeculture.xml:5700 msgid "" "It looks like there's about two to three million recordings of music. " "Ever. There are about a hundred thousand theatrical releases of movies, " @@ -7194,7 +7208,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 126 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5711 +#: freeculture.xml:5714 msgid "" "Kahle is not the only librarian. The Internet Archive is not the only " "archive. But Kahle and the Internet Archive suggest what the future of " @@ -7210,7 +7224,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5726 +#: freeculture.xml:5729 msgid "" "Technologists have thus removed the economic costs of building such an " "archive. But lawyers' costs remain. For as much as we might like to call " @@ -7221,17 +7235,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5736 +#: freeculture.xml:5739 msgid "CHAPTER TEN: \"Property\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:5745 +#: freeculture.xml:5748 msgid "Johnson, Lyndon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5738 +#: freeculture.xml:5741 msgid "" "Jack Valenti has been the president of the Motion Picture Association of " "America since 1966. He first came to Washington, D.C., with Lyndon Johnson's " @@ -7243,7 +7257,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5748 +#: freeculture.xml:5751 msgid "" "The MPAA is the American branch of the international Motion Picture " "Association. It was formed in 1922 as a trade association whose goal was to " @@ -7258,7 +7272,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 128 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5761 +#: freeculture.xml:5764 msgid "" "Valenti is only the third president of the MPAA. No president before him has " "had as much influence over that organization, or over Washington. As a " @@ -7272,7 +7286,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5773 +#: freeculture.xml:5776 msgid "" "In defending artistic liberty and the freedom of speech that our culture " "depends upon, the MPAA has done important good. In crafting the MPAA rating " @@ -7284,13 +7298,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5782 +#: freeculture.xml:5785 msgid "In 1982, Valenti's testimony to Congress captured the strategy perfectly:" msgstr "" #. f1 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5796 +#: freeculture.xml:5799 msgid "" "Home Recording of Copyrighted Works: Hearings on H.R. 4783, H.R. 4794, " "H.R. 4808, H.R. 5250, H.R. 5488, and H.R. 5705 Before the Subcommittee on " @@ -7300,7 +7314,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5787 +#: freeculture.xml:5790 msgid "" "No matter the lengthy arguments made, no matter the charges and the " "counter-charges, no matter the tumult and the shouting, reasonable men and " @@ -7314,7 +7328,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 129 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5806 +#: freeculture.xml:5809 msgid "" "The strategy of this rhetoric, like the strategy of most of Valenti's " "rhetoric, is brilliant and simple and brilliant because simple. The " @@ -7326,7 +7340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5817 +#: freeculture.xml:5820 msgid "" "This claim has an obvious and powerful intuitive pull. It is stated with " "such clarity as to make the idea as obvious as the notion that we use " @@ -7341,7 +7355,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5832 +#: freeculture.xml:5835 msgid "" "Lawyers speak of \"property\" not as an absolute thing, but as a bundle of " "rights that are sometimes associated with a particular object. Thus, my " @@ -7353,7 +7367,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5829 +#: freeculture.xml:5832 msgid "" "While \"creative property\" is certainly \"property\" in a nerdy and precise " "sense that lawyers are trained to understand,<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -7365,7 +7379,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5847 +#: freeculture.xml:5850 msgid "" "Valenti knows this. But he speaks for an industry that cares squat for our " "tradition and the values it represents. He speaks for an industry that is " @@ -7376,7 +7390,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 130 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5855 +#: freeculture.xml:5858 msgid "" "I have two purposes in this chapter. The first is to convince you that, " "historically, Valenti's claim is absolutely wrong. The second is to convince " @@ -7390,7 +7404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5870 +#: freeculture.xml:5873 msgid "" "Organizations such as the MPAA, whose board includes the most powerful of " "the old guard, have little interest, their rhetoric notwithstanding, in " @@ -7404,7 +7418,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5882 +#: freeculture.xml:5885 msgid "" "The framers of our Constitution loved \"property.\" Indeed, so strongly did " "they love property that they built into the Constitution an important " @@ -7418,7 +7432,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 131 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5893 +#: freeculture.xml:5896 msgid "" "Yet the very same Constitution speaks very differently about what Valenti " "calls \"creative property.\" In the clause granting Congress the power to " @@ -7433,7 +7447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5908 +#: freeculture.xml:5911 msgid "" "The Constitution thus on its face states that these two forms of property " "are not to be accorded the same rights. They are plainly to be treated " @@ -7444,7 +7458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5917 +#: freeculture.xml:5920 msgid "" "Arguing for a change in our Constitution is not necessarily wrong. There " "was much in our original Constitution that was plainly wrong. The " @@ -7458,7 +7472,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5929 +#: freeculture.xml:5932 msgid "" "Instead, my argument is that because Jefferson did it, we should at least " "try to understand why. Why did the framers, fanatical property types that " @@ -7468,7 +7482,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5936 +#: freeculture.xml:5939 msgid "" "To answer this question, we need to get some perspective on the history of " "these \"creative property\" rights, and the control that they enabled. Once " @@ -7483,7 +7497,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 132 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5950 +#: freeculture.xml:5953 msgid "" "To answer these questions, we need a more general way to talk about how " "property is protected. More precisely, we need a more general way than the " @@ -7495,20 +7509,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:5959 +#: freeculture.xml:5962 msgid "" "How four different modalities of regulation interact to support or weaken " "the right or regulation." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:5960 freeculture.xml:6134 freeculture.xml:6430 +#: freeculture.xml:5963 freeculture.xml:6137 freeculture.xml:6433 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1331.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 133 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5963 +#: freeculture.xml:5966 msgid "" "At the center of this picture is a regulated dot: the individual or group " "that is the target of regulation, or the holder of a right. (In each case " @@ -7525,7 +7539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5979 +#: freeculture.xml:5982 msgid "" "Norms are a different kind of constraint. They, too, punish an individual " "for violating a rule. But the punishment of a norm is imposed by a " @@ -7538,7 +7552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:5990 +#: freeculture.xml:5993 msgid "" "The market is a third type of constraint. Its constraint is effected through " "conditions: You can do X if you pay Y; you'll be paid M if you do N. These " @@ -7550,7 +7564,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6000 +#: freeculture.xml:6003 msgid "" "Finally, and for the moment, perhaps, most mysteriously, " "\"architecture\"—the physical world as one finds it—is a " @@ -7568,7 +7582,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 134 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6017 +#: freeculture.xml:6020 msgid "" "So the first point about these four modalities of regulation is obvious: " "They interact. Restrictions imposed by one might be reinforced by " @@ -7576,7 +7590,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6023 +#: freeculture.xml:6026 msgid "" "The second point follows directly: If we want to understand the effective " "freedom that anyone has at a given moment to do any particular thing, we " @@ -7588,12 +7602,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6032 +#: freeculture.xml:6035 msgid "driving speed, constraints on" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6035 +#: freeculture.xml:6038 msgid "" "So, for example, consider the \"freedom\" to drive a car at a high " "speed. That freedom is in part restricted by laws: speed limits that say how " @@ -7610,7 +7624,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6053 +#: freeculture.xml:6056 msgid "" "By describing the way law affects the other three modalities, I don't mean " "to suggest that the other three don't affect law. Obviously, they do. Law's " @@ -7623,7 +7637,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 135 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6049 +#: freeculture.xml:6052 msgid "" "The final point about this simple model should also be fairly clear: While " "these four modalities are analytically independent, law has a special role " @@ -7640,22 +7654,22 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6077 +#: freeculture.xml:6080 msgid "Law has a special role in affecting the three." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6078 +#: freeculture.xml:6081 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1361.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6117 +#: freeculture.xml:6120 msgid "Commons, John R." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6089 +#: freeculture.xml:6092 msgid "" "Some people object to this way of talking about \"liberty.\" They object " "because their focus when considering the constraints that exist at any " @@ -7686,7 +7700,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6081 +#: freeculture.xml:6084 msgid "" "These constraints can thus change, and they can be changed. To understand " "the effective protection of liberty or protection of property at any " @@ -7697,12 +7711,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6121 +#: freeculture.xml:6124 msgid "Why Hollywood Is Right" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6123 +#: freeculture.xml:6126 msgid "" "The most obvious point that this model reveals is just why, or just how, " "Hollywood is right. The copyright warriors have rallied Congress and the " @@ -7711,18 +7725,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6129 +#: freeculture.xml:6132 msgid "Let's say this is the picture of copyright's regulation before the Internet:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6133 freeculture.xml:6429 +#: freeculture.xml:6136 freeculture.xml:6432 msgid "Copyright's regulation before the Internet." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 136 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6138 +#: freeculture.xml:6141 msgid "" "There is balance between law, norms, market, and architecture. The law " "limits the ability to copy and share content, by imposing penalties on those " @@ -7736,7 +7750,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6150 +#: freeculture.xml:6153 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, or, more precisely, technologies such as MP3s and p2p " "sharing. Now the constraint of architecture changes dramatically, as does " @@ -7748,7 +7762,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 137 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6158 +#: freeculture.xml:6161 msgid "" "Thus the sense of, and justification for, the warriors' response. " "Technology has changed, the warriors say, and the effect of this change, " @@ -7759,17 +7773,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6168 +#: freeculture.xml:6171 msgid "effective state of anarchy after the Internet." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6169 +#: freeculture.xml:6172 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1381.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6172 +#: freeculture.xml:6175 msgid "" "Neither this analysis nor the conclusions that follow are new to the " "warriors. Indeed, in a \"White Paper\" prepared by the Commerce Department " @@ -7784,7 +7798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 138 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6184 +#: freeculture.xml:6187 msgid "" "This mixed strategy is just what copyright needed—if it was to " "preserve the particular balance that existed before the change induced by " @@ -7801,7 +7815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6201 +#: freeculture.xml:6204 msgid "" "Thus, there's nothing wrong or surprising in the content industry's campaign " "to protect itself from the harmful consequences of a technological " @@ -7813,7 +7827,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6217 +#: freeculture.xml:6220 msgid "" "See Geoffrey Smith, \"Film vs. Digital: Can Kodak Build a Bridge?\" " "BusinessWeek online, 2 August 1999, available at <ulink " @@ -7824,7 +7838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6209 +#: freeculture.xml:6212 msgid "" "But just because a particular interest asks for government support, it " "doesn't follow that support should be granted. And just because technology " @@ -7847,17 +7861,17 @@ msgstr "" #. f6 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6249 +#: freeculture.xml:6252 msgid "Fred Warshofsky, The Patent Wars (New York: Wiley, 1994), 170–71." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6258 freeculture.xml:12647 +#: freeculture.xml:6261 freeculture.xml:12650 msgid "Gates, Bill" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6239 +#: freeculture.xml:6242 msgid "" "The obvious answer to these obviously rhetorical questions is no. In a free " "society, with a free market, supported by free enterprise and free trade, " @@ -7876,7 +7890,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6261 +#: freeculture.xml:6264 msgid "" "Thus, while it is understandable for industries threatened with new " "technologies that change the way they do business to look to the government " @@ -7888,7 +7902,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6271 +#: freeculture.xml:6274 msgid "" "In the context of laws regulating speech—which include, obviously, " "copyright law—that duty is even stronger. When the industry " @@ -7905,7 +7919,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 140 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6285 +#: freeculture.xml:6288 msgid "" "My argument just now, however, has nothing to do with whether the changes " "that are being pushed by the copyright warriors are \"justified.\" My " @@ -7916,12 +7930,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6294 +#: freeculture.xml:6297 msgid "Here's the metaphor that will capture the argument to follow." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6297 +#: freeculture.xml:6300 msgid "" "In 1873, the chemical DDT was first synthesized. In 1948, Swiss chemist Paul " "Hermann Müller won the Nobel Prize for his work demonstrating the " @@ -7931,7 +7945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6304 +#: freeculture.xml:6307 msgid "" "No one doubts that killing disease-carrying pests or increasing crop " "production is a good thing. No one doubts that the work of Müller was " @@ -7939,17 +7953,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6308 freeculture.xml:6314 +#: freeculture.xml:6311 freeculture.xml:6317 msgid "Carson, Rachel" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6315 +#: freeculture.xml:6318 msgid "Silent Sprint (Carson)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6310 +#: freeculture.xml:6313 msgid "" "But in 1962, Rachel Carson published Silent Spring, which argued that DDT, " "whatever its primary benefits, was also having unintended environmental " @@ -7959,7 +7973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6318 +#: freeculture.xml:6321 msgid "" "No one set out to destroy the environment. Paul Müller certainly did not aim " "to harm any birds. But the effort to solve one set of problems produced " @@ -7972,7 +7986,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f7 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6331 +#: freeculture.xml:6334 msgid "" "See, for example, James Boyle, \"A Politics of Intellectual Property: " "Environmentalism for the Net?\" Duke Law Journal 47 (1997): 87." @@ -7980,7 +7994,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 141 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6327 +#: freeculture.xml:6330 msgid "" "It is to this image precisely that Duke University law professor James Boyle " "appeals when he argues that we need an \"environmentalism\" for " @@ -7998,7 +8012,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6348 +#: freeculture.xml:6351 msgid "" "My argument, in the balance of this chapter, tries to map exactly this " "effect. No doubt the technology of the Internet has had a dramatic effect on " @@ -8012,19 +8026,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6359 +#: freeculture.xml:6362 msgid "" "In a line: To kill a gnat, we are spraying DDT with consequences for free " "culture that will be far more devastating than that this gnat will be lost." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6365 +#: freeculture.xml:6368 msgid "Beginnings" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6367 +#: freeculture.xml:6370 msgid "" "America copied English copyright law. Actually, we copied and improved " "English copyright law. Our Constitution makes the purpose of \"creative " @@ -8033,7 +8047,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6373 +#: freeculture.xml:6376 msgid "" "The power to establish \"creative property\" rights is granted to Congress " "in a way that, for our Constitution, at least, is very odd. Article I, " @@ -8042,7 +8056,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 142 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6378 +#: freeculture.xml:6381 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, " "by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right " @@ -8055,7 +8069,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6391 +#: freeculture.xml:6394 msgid "" "The Progress Clause expressly limits the term of copyrights. As we saw in " "chapter 6, the English limited the term of copyright so as to assure that a " @@ -8067,7 +8081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6400 +#: freeculture.xml:6403 msgid "" "The design of the Progress Clause reflects something about the " "Constitution's design in general. To avoid a problem, the framers built " @@ -8084,7 +8098,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6415 +#: freeculture.xml:6418 msgid "" "I doubt the framers would recognize the regulation we call \"copyright\" " "today. The scope of that regulation is far beyond anything they ever " @@ -8095,7 +8109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 143 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6422 +#: freeculture.xml:6425 msgid "" "Some of these changes come from the law: some in light of changes in " "technology, and some in light of changes in technology given a particular " @@ -8103,38 +8117,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6433 +#: freeculture.xml:6436 msgid "We will end here:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6436 +#: freeculture.xml:6439 msgid ""Copyright" today." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6437 +#: freeculture.xml:6440 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1442.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 144 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6440 +#: freeculture.xml:6443 msgid "Let me explain how." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6445 +#: freeculture.xml:6448 msgid "Law: Duration" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:6460 +#: freeculture.xml:6463 msgid "Crosskey, William W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6455 +#: freeculture.xml:6458 msgid "" "William W. Crosskey, Politics and the Constitution in the History of the " "United States (London: Cambridge University Press, 1953), vol. 1, " @@ -8145,7 +8159,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6447 +#: freeculture.xml:6450 msgid "" "When the first Congress enacted laws to protect creative property, it faced " "the same uncertainty about the status of creative property that the English " @@ -8161,7 +8175,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6470 +#: freeculture.xml:6473 msgid "" "That uncertainty ended after Congress passed legislation granting " "copyrights. Because federal law overrides any contrary state law, federal " @@ -8172,7 +8186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6478 +#: freeculture.xml:6481 msgid "" "In 1790, Congress enacted the first copyright law. It created a federal " "copyright and secured that copyright for fourteen years. If the author was " @@ -8183,7 +8197,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6493 +#: freeculture.xml:6496 msgid "" "Although 13,000 titles were published in the United States from 1790 to " "1799, only 556 copyright registrations were filed; John Tebbel, A History of " @@ -8201,7 +8215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6485 +#: freeculture.xml:6488 msgid "" "While there were many works created in the United States in the first ten " "years of the Republic, only 5 percent of the works were actually registered " @@ -8214,7 +8228,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 145 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6509 +#: freeculture.xml:6512 msgid "" "This system of renewal was a crucial part of the American system of " "copyright. It assured that the maximum terms of copyright would be granted " @@ -8225,7 +8239,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6524 +#: freeculture.xml:6527 msgid "" "Few copyright holders ever chose to renew their copyrights. For instance, of " "the 25,006 copyrights registered in 1883, only 894 were renewed in 1910. For " @@ -8238,7 +8252,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6518 +#: freeculture.xml:6521 msgid "" "Fourteen years may not seem long to us, but for the vast majority of " "copyright owners at that time, it was long enough: Only a small minority of " @@ -8249,12 +8263,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f11 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6539 +#: freeculture.xml:6542 msgid "See Ringer, ch. 9, n. 2." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6535 +#: freeculture.xml:6538 msgid "" "Even today, this structure would make sense. Most creative work has an " "actual commercial life of just a couple of years. Most books fall out of " @@ -8267,7 +8281,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6547 +#: freeculture.xml:6550 msgid "" "In the first hundred years of the Republic, the term of copyright was " "changed once. In 1831, the term was increased from a maximum of 28 years to " @@ -8278,7 +8292,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6555 +#: freeculture.xml:6558 msgid "" "Then, beginning in 1962, Congress started a practice that has defined " "copyright law since. Eleven times in the last forty years, Congress has " @@ -8292,7 +8306,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 146 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6565 +#: freeculture.xml:6568 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions is simply to toll, or delay, the passing of " "works into the public domain. This latest extension means that the public " @@ -8304,7 +8318,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6576 +#: freeculture.xml:6579 msgid "" "The effect of these extensions has been exacerbated by another, " "little-noticed change in the copyright law. Remember I said that the framers " @@ -8316,7 +8330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6586 +#: freeculture.xml:6589 msgid "" "The United States abandoned this sensible system in 1976. For all works " "created after 1978, there was only one copyright term—the maximum " @@ -8328,7 +8342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6596 +#: freeculture.xml:6599 msgid "" "This change meant that American law no longer had an automatic way to assure " "that works that were no longer exploited passed into the public domain. And " @@ -8340,7 +8354,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6613 +#: freeculture.xml:6616 msgid "" "These statistics are understated. Between the years 1910 and 1962 (the first " "year the renewal term was extended), the average term was never more than " @@ -8349,7 +8363,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6605 +#: freeculture.xml:6608 msgid "" "The effect of these changes on the average duration of copyright is " "dramatic. In 1973, more than 85 percent of copyright owners failed to renew " @@ -8361,12 +8375,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6622 +#: freeculture.xml:6625 msgid "Law: Scope" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6624 +#: freeculture.xml:6627 msgid "" "The \"scope\" of a copyright is the range of rights granted by the law. The " "scope of American copyright has changed dramatically. Those changes are not " @@ -8375,7 +8389,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6630 +#: freeculture.xml:6633 msgid "" "In 1790, that scope was very narrow. Copyright covered only \"maps, charts, " "and books.\" That means it didn't cover, for example, music or " @@ -8391,7 +8405,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6643 +#: freeculture.xml:6646 msgid "" "This, too, has changed dramatically. While the contours of copyright today " "are extremely hard to describe simply, in general terms, the right covers " @@ -8409,7 +8423,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 148 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6658 +#: freeculture.xml:6661 msgid "" "At the same time that the scope of copyright has expanded, procedural " "limitations on the right have been relaxed. I've already described the " @@ -8424,7 +8438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6671 +#: freeculture.xml:6674 msgid "" "The reason for the registration requirement was the sensible understanding " "that for most works, no copyright was required. Again, in the first ten " @@ -8440,7 +8454,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6685 +#: freeculture.xml:6688 msgid "" "All of these \"formalities\" were abolished in the American system when we " "decided to follow European copyright law. There is no requirement that you " @@ -8451,13 +8465,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6693 +#: freeculture.xml:6696 msgid "Consider a practical example to understand the scope of these differences." msgstr "" #. f13 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6704 +#: freeculture.xml:6707 msgid "" "See Thomas Bender and David Sampliner, \"Poets, Pirates, and the Creation of " "American Literature,\" 29 New York University Journal of International Law " @@ -8466,7 +8480,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6697 +#: freeculture.xml:6700 msgid "" "If, in 1790, you wrote a book and you were one of the 5 percent who actually " "copyrighted that book, then the copyright law protected you against another " @@ -8480,7 +8494,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 149 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6717 +#: freeculture.xml:6720 msgid "" "The act left other creators totally unregulated. If I copied your poem by " "hand, over and over again, as a way to learn it by heart, my act was totally " @@ -8491,7 +8505,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6727 +#: freeculture.xml:6730 msgid "" "Today the story is very different: If you write a book, your book is " "automatically protected. Indeed, not just your book. Every e-mail, every " @@ -8502,7 +8516,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6736 +#: freeculture.xml:6739 msgid "" "That protection gives you the right (subject to a narrow range of fair use " "exceptions) to control how others copy the work, whether they copy it to " @@ -8510,7 +8524,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6741 +#: freeculture.xml:6744 msgid "" "That much is the obvious part. Any system of copyright would control " "competing publishing. But there's a second part to the copyright of today " @@ -8525,7 +8539,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6755 +#: freeculture.xml:6758 msgid "" "It is this derivative right that would seem most bizarre to our framers, " "though it has become second nature to us. Initially, this expansion was " @@ -8538,14 +8552,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f14 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6778 +#: freeculture.xml:6781 msgid "" "Jonathan Zittrain, \"The Copyright Cage,\" Legal Affairs, July/August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #26</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6768 +#: freeculture.xml:6771 msgid "" "In preventing that joke, the law created an astonishing power within a free " "culture—at least, it's astonishing when you understand that the law " @@ -8561,7 +8575,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6793 +#: freeculture.xml:6796 msgid "" "Professor Rubenfeld has presented a powerful constitutional argument about " "the difference that copyright law should draw (from the perspective of the " @@ -8571,7 +8585,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6787 +#: freeculture.xml:6790 msgid "" "Yet copyright law treats these two different wrongs in the same way. I can " "go to court and get an injunction against your pirating my book. I can go to " @@ -8581,7 +8595,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6804 +#: freeculture.xml:6807 msgid "" "This again may seem right to you. If I wrote a book, then why should you be " "able to write a movie that takes my story and makes money from it without " @@ -8591,7 +8605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6813 +#: freeculture.xml:6816 msgid "" "These are good arguments, and, in general, my point is not that the " "derivative right is unjustified. My aim just now is much narrower: simply to " @@ -8600,13 +8614,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6821 +#: freeculture.xml:6824 msgid "Law and Architecture: Reach" msgstr "" #. f16 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6828 +#: freeculture.xml:6831 msgid "" "This is a simplification of the law, but not much of one. The law certainly " "regulates more than \"copies\"—a public performance of a copyrighted " @@ -8618,7 +8632,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6823 +#: freeculture.xml:6826 msgid "" "Whereas originally the law regulated only publishers, the change in " "copyright's scope means that the law today regulates publishers, users, and " @@ -8629,7 +8643,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 151 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6840 +#: freeculture.xml:6843 msgid "" "\"Copies.\" That certainly sounds like the obvious thing for copyright law " "to regulate. But as with Jack Valenti's argument at the start of this " @@ -8644,7 +8658,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6856 +#: freeculture.xml:6859 msgid "" "Thus, my argument is not that in each place that copyright law extends, we " "should repeal it. It is instead that we should have a good argument for its " @@ -8653,7 +8667,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6851 +#: freeculture.xml:6854 msgid "" "This is perhaps the central claim of this book, so let me take this very " "slowly so that the point is not easily missed. My claim is that the Internet " @@ -8665,25 +8679,25 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6867 +#: freeculture.xml:6870 msgid "" "We can see this point abstractly by beginning with this largely empty " "circle." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6871 +#: freeculture.xml:6874 msgid "All potential uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6872 +#: freeculture.xml:6875 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1521.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 152 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6876 +#: freeculture.xml:6879 msgid "" "Think about a book in real space, and imagine this circle to represent all " "its potential uses. Most of these uses are unregulated by copyright law, " @@ -8698,17 +8712,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6889 +#: freeculture.xml:6892 msgid "Examples of unregulated uses of a book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6890 +#: freeculture.xml:6893 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1531.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6893 +#: freeculture.xml:6896 msgid "" "Obviously, however, some uses of a copyrighted book are regulated by " "copyright law. Republishing the book, for example, makes a copy. It is " @@ -8719,26 +8733,26 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6901 +#: freeculture.xml:6904 msgid "" "Finally, there is a tiny sliver of otherwise regulated copying uses that " "remain unregulated because the law considers these \"fair uses.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6906 +#: freeculture.xml:6909 msgid "" "Republishing stands at the core of this circle of possible uses of a " "copyrighted work." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6907 +#: freeculture.xml:6910 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1541.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6910 +#: freeculture.xml:6913 msgid "" "These are uses that themselves involve copying, but which the law treats as " "unregulated because public policy demands that they remain unregulated. You " @@ -8751,30 +8765,30 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6921 +#: freeculture.xml:6924 msgid "Unregulated copying considered "fair uses."" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6922 +#: freeculture.xml:6925 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1542.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:6926 +#: freeculture.xml:6929 msgid "" "Uses that before were presumptively unregulated are now presumptively " "regulated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:6927 +#: freeculture.xml:6930 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1551.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 154 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6931 +#: freeculture.xml:6934 msgid "" "In real space, then, the possible uses of a book are divided into three " "sorts: (1) unregulated uses, (2) regulated uses, and (3) regulated uses that " @@ -8783,7 +8797,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6939 +#: freeculture.xml:6942 msgid "" "I don't mean \"nature\" in the sense that it couldn't be different, but " "rather that its present instantiation entails a copy. Optical networks need " @@ -8793,7 +8807,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6936 +#: freeculture.xml:6939 msgid "" "Enter the Internet—a distributed, digital network where every use of a " "copyrighted work produces a copy.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> " @@ -8810,7 +8824,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 155 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6960 +#: freeculture.xml:6963 msgid "" "So let's be very specific to make this general point clear. Before the " "Internet, if you purchased a book and read it ten times, there would be no " @@ -8822,7 +8836,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6973 +#: freeculture.xml:6976 msgid "" "But the same book as an e-book is effectively governed by a different set of " "rules. Now if the copyright owner says you may read the book only once or " @@ -8836,7 +8850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6987 +#: freeculture.xml:6990 msgid "" "There are some people who think this makes perfect sense. My aim just now is " "not to argue about whether it makes sense or not. My aim is only to make " @@ -8845,7 +8859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:6993 +#: freeculture.xml:6996 msgid "" "First, making category 1 disappear is not anything any policy maker ever " "intended. Congress did not think through the collapse of the presumptively " @@ -8856,7 +8870,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7003 +#: freeculture.xml:7006 msgid "" "Second, this shift is especially troubling in the context of transformative " "uses of creative content. Again, we can all understand the wrong in " @@ -8871,7 +8885,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 156 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7019 +#: freeculture.xml:7022 msgid "" "Third, this shift from category 1 to category 2 puts an extraordinary burden " "on category 3 (\"fair use\") that fair use never before had to bear. If a " @@ -8885,7 +8899,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7034 +#: freeculture.xml:7037 msgid "" "This point about fair use is totally ignored, even by advocates for free " "culture. We have been cornered into arguing that our rights depend upon fair " @@ -8896,7 +8910,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7045 +#: freeculture.xml:7048 msgid "" "The case of Video Pipeline is a good example. Video Pipeline was in the " "business of making \"trailer\" advertisements for movies available to video " @@ -8906,7 +8920,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7052 +#: freeculture.xml:7055 msgid "" "The company did this for about fifteen years. Then, in 1997, it began to " "think about the Internet as another way to distribute these previews. The " @@ -8918,7 +8932,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 157 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7064 +#: freeculture.xml:7067 msgid "" "In 1998, Video Pipeline informed Disney and other film distributors that it " "intended to distribute the trailers through the Internet (rather than " @@ -8934,7 +8948,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7081 +#: freeculture.xml:7084 msgid "" "Disney countersued—for $100 million in damages. Those damages were " "predicated upon a claim that Video Pipeline had \"willfully infringed\" on " @@ -8947,7 +8961,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7093 +#: freeculture.xml:7096 msgid "" "Disney has the right to control its property, of course. But the video " "stores that were selling Disney's films also had some sort of right to be " @@ -8959,7 +8973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7102 +#: freeculture.xml:7105 msgid "" "Now, you might think this is a close case, and I think the courts would " "consider it a close case. My point here is to map the change that gives " @@ -8976,7 +8990,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 158 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7117 +#: freeculture.xml:7120 msgid "" "No doubt, a potential is not yet an abuse, and so the potential for control " "is not yet the abuse of control. Barnes & Noble has the right to say you " @@ -8993,7 +9007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7135 +#: freeculture.xml:7138 msgid "" "Again, my aim so far is simply to map the changes that this changed " "architecture enables. Enabling technology to enforce the control of " @@ -9004,12 +9018,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7145 +#: freeculture.xml:7148 msgid "Architecture and Law: Force" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7147 +#: freeculture.xml:7150 msgid "" "The disappearance of unregulated uses would be change enough, but a second " "important change brought about by the Internet magnifies its " @@ -9018,7 +9032,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7153 +#: freeculture.xml:7156 msgid "" "In the world before digital technology, it was generally the law that " "controlled whether and how someone was regulated by copyright law. The law, " @@ -9028,20 +9042,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7160 +#: freeculture.xml:7163 msgid "Casablanca" msgstr "" #. f19 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7169 +#: freeculture.xml:7172 msgid "" "See David Lange, \"Recognizing the Public Domain,\" Law and Contemporary " "Problems 44 (1981): 172–73." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7162 +#: freeculture.xml:7165 msgid "" "There's a famous story about a battle between the Marx Brothers and Warner " "Brothers. The Marxes intended to make a parody of Casablanca. Warner " @@ -9052,12 +9066,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f20 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7179 +#: freeculture.xml:7182 msgid "Ibid. See also Vaidhyanathan, Copyrights and Copywrongs, 1–3." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7175 +#: freeculture.xml:7178 msgid "" "This led the Marx Brothers to respond in kind. They warned Warner Brothers " "that the Marx Brothers \"were brothers long before you were.\"<placeholder " @@ -9067,7 +9081,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7186 +#: freeculture.xml:7189 msgid "" "An absurd and hollow threat, of course, because Warner Brothers, like the " "Marx Brothers, knew that no court would ever enforce such a silly " @@ -9076,7 +9090,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7192 +#: freeculture.xml:7195 msgid "" "On the Internet, however, there is no check on silly rules, because on the " "Internet, increasingly, rules are enforced not by a human but by a machine: " @@ -9088,12 +9102,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7203 +#: freeculture.xml:7206 msgid "Consider the life of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7206 +#: freeculture.xml:7209 msgid "" "An e-book is a book delivered in electronic form. An Adobe eBook is not a " "book that Adobe has published; Adobe simply produces the software that " @@ -9102,13 +9116,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7213 +#: freeculture.xml:7216 msgid "On the next page is a picture of an old version of my Adobe eBook Reader." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 160 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7217 +#: freeculture.xml:7220 msgid "" "As you can see, I have a small collection of e-books within this e-book " "library. Some of these books reproduce content that is in the public domain: " @@ -9120,35 +9134,35 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7228 +#: freeculture.xml:7231 msgid "Picture of an old version of Adobe eBook Reader" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7229 +#: freeculture.xml:7232 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1611.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7232 +#: freeculture.xml:7235 msgid "" "If you click on the Permissions button, you'll see a list of the permissions " "that the publisher purports to grant with this book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7236 +#: freeculture.xml:7239 msgid "List of the permissions that the publisher purports to grant." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7237 +#: freeculture.xml:7240 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1612.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 161 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7241 +#: freeculture.xml:7244 msgid "" "According to my eBook Reader, I have the permission to copy to the clipboard " "of the computer ten text selections every ten days. (So far, I've copied no " @@ -9158,64 +9172,64 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7257 +#: freeculture.xml:7260 msgid "" "Here's the e-book for another work in the public domain (including the " "translation): Aristotle's Politics." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7261 +#: freeculture.xml:7264 msgid "E-book of Aristotle;s "Politics"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7262 +#: freeculture.xml:7265 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1621.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7265 +#: freeculture.xml:7268 msgid "" "According to its permissions, no printing or copying is permitted at " "all. But fortunately, you can use the Read Aloud button to hear the book." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7270 +#: freeculture.xml:7273 msgid "List of the permissions for Aristotle;s "Politics"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7271 +#: freeculture.xml:7274 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1622.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7274 +#: freeculture.xml:7277 msgid "" "Finally (and most embarrassingly), here are the permissions for the original " "e-book version of my last book, The Future of Ideas:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7279 +#: freeculture.xml:7282 msgid "List of the permissions for "The Future of Ideas"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7280 +#: freeculture.xml:7283 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1631.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7283 +#: freeculture.xml:7286 msgid "No copying, no printing, and don't you dare try to listen to this book!" msgstr "" #. f21 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7293 +#: freeculture.xml:7296 msgid "" "In principle, a contract might impose a requirement on me. I might, for " "example, buy a book from you that includes a contract that says I will read " @@ -9226,7 +9240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7286 +#: freeculture.xml:7289 msgid "" "Now, the Adobe eBook Reader calls these controls \"permissions\"— as " "if the publisher has the power to control how you use these works. For " @@ -9241,7 +9255,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7308 +#: freeculture.xml:7311 msgid "" "The control comes instead from the code—from the technology within " "which the e-book \"lives.\" Though the e-book says that these are " @@ -9261,7 +9275,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 163 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7326 +#: freeculture.xml:7329 msgid "" "These are controls, not permissions. Imagine a world where the Marx Brothers " "sold word processing software that, when you tried to type \"Warner " @@ -9269,7 +9283,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7331 +#: freeculture.xml:7334 msgid "" "This is the future of copyright law: not so much copyright law as copyright " "code. The controls over access to content will not be controls that are " @@ -9280,7 +9294,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7339 +#: freeculture.xml:7342 msgid "" "How significant is this? Isn't it always possible to get around the controls " "built into the technology? Software used to be sold with technologies that " @@ -9290,14 +9304,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7347 +#: freeculture.xml:7350 msgid "" "We've only scratched the surface of this story. Return to the Adobe eBook " "Reader." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7351 +#: freeculture.xml:7354 msgid "" "Early in the life of the Adobe eBook Reader, Adobe suffered a public " "relations nightmare. Among the books that you could download for free on the " @@ -9307,18 +9321,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7359 +#: freeculture.xml:7362 msgid "List of the permissions for "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland"." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7361 +#: freeculture.xml:7364 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1641.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 164 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7365 +#: freeculture.xml:7368 msgid "" "Here was a public domain children's book that you were not allowed to copy, " "not allowed to lend, not allowed to give, and, as the \"permissions\" " @@ -9326,7 +9340,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7372 +#: freeculture.xml:7375 msgid "" "The public relations nightmare attached to that final permission. For the " "text did not say that you were not permitted to use the Read Aloud button; " @@ -9337,7 +9351,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7380 +#: freeculture.xml:7383 msgid "" "Adobe responded quickly that it was absurd to think that it was trying to " "restrict the right to read a book aloud. Obviously it was only restricting " @@ -9352,7 +9366,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7393 +#: freeculture.xml:7396 msgid "" "The point is not to blame Adobe. Indeed, Adobe is among the most innovative " "companies developing strategies to balance open access to content with " @@ -9362,19 +9376,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7401 +#: freeculture.xml:7404 msgid "" "To see the point in a particularly absurd context, consider a favorite story " "of mine that makes the same point." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7404 freeculture.xml:7446 +#: freeculture.xml:7407 freeculture.xml:7449 msgid "Aibo robotic dog" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7406 +#: freeculture.xml:7409 msgid "" "Consider the robotic dog made by Sony named \"Aibo.\" The Aibo learns " "tricks, cuddles, and follows you around. It eats only electricity and that " @@ -9383,7 +9397,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 165 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7411 +#: freeculture.xml:7414 msgid "" "The Aibo is expensive and popular. Fans from around the world have set up " "clubs to trade stories. One fan in particular set up a Web site to enable " @@ -9394,7 +9408,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7420 +#: freeculture.xml:7423 msgid "" "\"Teach\" here has a special meaning. Aibos are just cute computers. You " "teach a computer how to do something by programming it differently. So to " @@ -9405,7 +9419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7428 +#: freeculture.xml:7431 msgid "" "If you're not a programmer or don't know many programmers, the word hack has " "a particularly unfriendly connotation. Nonprogrammers hack bushes or " @@ -9420,7 +9434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7440 +#: freeculture.xml:7443 msgid "" "Some hacks are easy. Some are unbelievably hard. Hackers as a community like " "to challenge themselves and others with increasingly difficult " @@ -9430,7 +9444,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7448 +#: freeculture.xml:7451 msgid "" "The Aibo fan was displaying a bit of both when he hacked the program and " "offered to the world a bit of code that would enable the Aibo to dance " @@ -9441,7 +9455,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 166 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7455 +#: freeculture.xml:7458 msgid "" "I've told this story in many contexts, both inside and outside the United " "States. Once I was asked by a puzzled member of the audience, is it " @@ -9456,7 +9470,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7471 +#: freeculture.xml:7474 msgid "" "Let's put the dog to sleep for a minute, and turn to a pony show— not " "literally a pony show, but rather a paper that a Princeton academic named Ed " @@ -9470,12 +9484,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7494 freeculture.xml:9923 +#: freeculture.xml:7497 freeculture.xml:9926 msgid "Electronic Frontier Foundation" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7484 +#: freeculture.xml:7487 msgid "" "See Pamela Samuelson, \"Anticircumvention Rules: Threat to Science,\" " "Science 293 (2001): 2028; Brendan I. Koerner, \"Play Dead: Sony Muzzles the " @@ -9490,7 +9504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7482 +#: freeculture.xml:7485 msgid "" "But Felten's bravery was really tested in April 2001.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> He and a group of colleagues were working on a " @@ -9500,7 +9514,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7502 +#: freeculture.xml:7505 msgid "" "The SDMI coalition had as its goal a technology to enable content owners to " "exercise much better control over their content than the Internet, as it " @@ -9512,7 +9526,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7512 +#: freeculture.xml:7515 msgid "" "When SDMI thought it was close to a standard, it set up a competition. In " "exchange for providing contestants with the code to an SDMI-encrypted bit of " @@ -9522,7 +9536,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 167 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7519 +#: freeculture.xml:7522 msgid "" "Felten and his team figured out the encryption system quickly. He and the " "team saw the weakness of this system as a type: Many encryption systems " @@ -9531,7 +9545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7525 +#: freeculture.xml:7528 msgid "" "Let's review just what Felten was doing. Again, this is the United " "States. We have a principle of free speech. We have this principle not just " @@ -9542,7 +9556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7533 +#: freeculture.xml:7536 msgid "" "What Felten and his colleagues were doing was publishing a paper describing " "the weakness in a technology. They were not spreading free music, or " @@ -9552,7 +9566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7541 +#: freeculture.xml:7544 msgid "" "What links these two, aibopet.com and Felten, is the letters they then " "received. Aibopet.com received a letter from Sony about the aibopet.com " @@ -9560,7 +9574,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7548 +#: freeculture.xml:7551 msgid "" "Your site contains information providing the means to circumvent AIBO-ware's " "copy protection protocol constituting a violation of the anti-circumvention " @@ -9568,7 +9582,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7554 +#: freeculture.xml:7557 msgid "" "And though an academic paper describing the weakness in a system of " "encryption should also be perfectly legal, Felten received a letter from an " @@ -9577,7 +9591,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 168 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7560 +#: freeculture.xml:7563 msgid "" "Any disclosure of information gained from participating in the Public " "Challenge would be outside the scope of activities permitted by the " @@ -9586,7 +9600,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7568 +#: freeculture.xml:7571 msgid "" "In both cases, this weirdly Orwellian law was invoked to control the spread " "of information. The Digital Millennium Copyright Act made spreading such " @@ -9594,7 +9608,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7573 +#: freeculture.xml:7576 msgid "" "The DMCA was enacted as a response to copyright owners' first fear about " "cyberspace. The fear was that copyright control was effectively dead; the " @@ -9606,7 +9620,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7582 +#: freeculture.xml:7585 msgid "" "The DMCA was a bit of law intended to back up the protection of this code " "designed to protect copyrighted material. It was, we could say, legal code " @@ -9615,7 +9629,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7588 +#: freeculture.xml:7591 msgid "" "But the DMCA was not designed merely to protect copyrighted works to the " "extent copyright law protected them. Its protection, that is, did not end at " @@ -9627,7 +9641,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 169 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7597 +#: freeculture.xml:7600 msgid "" "Aibopet.com and Felten make the point. The Aibo hack circumvented a " "copyright protection system for the purpose of enabling the dog to dance " @@ -9641,7 +9655,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7609 +#: freeculture.xml:7612 msgid "" "The threat against Felten was more attenuated, but it followed the same line " "of reasoning. By publishing a paper describing how a copyright protection " @@ -9652,7 +9666,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7617 +#: freeculture.xml:7620 msgid "" "The bizarreness of these arguments is captured in a cartoon drawn in 1981 by " "Paul Conrad. At that time, a court in California had held that the VCR could " @@ -9665,7 +9679,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f23 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7643 +#: freeculture.xml:7646 msgid "" "Sony Corporation of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc., 464 U.S. 417, " "455 fn. 27 (1984). Rogers never changed his view about the VCR. See James " @@ -9674,7 +9688,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7628 +#: freeculture.xml:7631 msgid "" "Some public stations, as well as commercial stations, program the " "\"Neighborhood\" at hours when some children cannot use it. I think that " @@ -9693,7 +9707,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 170 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7652 +#: freeculture.xml:7655 msgid "" "Even though there were uses that were legal, because there were some uses " "that were illegal, the court held the companies producing the VCR " @@ -9701,17 +9715,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7657 +#: freeculture.xml:7660 msgid "This led Conrad to draw the cartoon below, which we can adopt to the DMCA." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7661 +#: freeculture.xml:7664 msgid "No argument I have can top this picture, but let me try to get close." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7664 +#: freeculture.xml:7667 msgid "" "The anticircumvention provisions of the DMCA target copyright circumvention " "technologies. Circumvention technologies can be used for different " @@ -9723,7 +9737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 171 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7672 +#: freeculture.xml:7675 msgid "" "A handgun can be used to shoot a police officer or a child. Most would agree " "such a use is bad. Or a handgun can be used for target practice or to " @@ -9732,17 +9746,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7680 +#: freeculture.xml:7683 msgid "VCR/handgun cartoon." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7681 +#: freeculture.xml:7684 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1711.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7684 +#: freeculture.xml:7687 msgid "" "The obvious point of Conrad's cartoon is the weirdness of a world where guns " "are legal, despite the harm they can do, while VCRs (and circumvention " @@ -9753,7 +9767,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7692 +#: freeculture.xml:7695 msgid "" "The Aibo and RIAA examples demonstrate how copyright owners are changing the " "balance that copyright law grants. Using code, copyright owners restrict " @@ -9764,7 +9778,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7700 +#: freeculture.xml:7703 msgid "" "This is how code becomes law. The controls built into the technology of copy " "and access protection become rules the violation of which is also a " @@ -9778,7 +9792,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7710 +#: freeculture.xml:7713 msgid "" "There is one final aspect of the interaction between architecture and law " "that contributes to the force of copyright's regulation. This is the ease " @@ -9793,7 +9807,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f24 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7729 +#: freeculture.xml:7732 msgid "" "For an early and prescient analysis, see Rebecca Tushnet, \"Legal Fictions, " "Copyright, Fan Fiction, and a New Common Law,\" Loyola of Los Angeles " @@ -9801,7 +9815,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7723 +#: freeculture.xml:7726 msgid "" "For example, imagine you were part of a Star Trek fan club. You gathered " "every month to share trivia, and maybe to enact a kind of fan fiction about " @@ -9811,7 +9825,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7735 +#: freeculture.xml:7738 msgid "" "Before the Internet, this was, in effect, a totally unregulated activity. " "No matter what happened inside your club room, you would never be interfered " @@ -9821,7 +9835,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7742 +#: freeculture.xml:7745 msgid "" "But if you moved your club onto the Internet, and made it generally " "available for others to join, the story would be very different. Bots " @@ -9834,7 +9848,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7752 +#: freeculture.xml:7755 msgid "" "This change in the effective force of the law is caused by a change in the " "ease with which the law can be enforced. That change too shifts the law's " @@ -9845,13 +9859,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7761 +#: freeculture.xml:7764 msgid "Market: Concentration" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 173 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7763 +#: freeculture.xml:7766 msgid "" "So copyright's duration has increased dramatically—tripled in the past " "thirty years. And copyright's scope has increased as well—from " @@ -9869,7 +9883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7781 +#: freeculture.xml:7784 msgid "" "Still, in my view, all of these changes would not matter much if it weren't " "for one more change that we must also consider. This is a change that is in " @@ -9879,7 +9893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7788 +#: freeculture.xml:7791 msgid "" "This is the change in the concentration and integration of the media. In " "the past twenty years, the nature of media ownership has undergone a radical " @@ -9892,18 +9906,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7799 +#: freeculture.xml:7802 msgid "These changes are of two sorts: the scope of concentration, and its nature." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7802 +#: freeculture.xml:7805 msgid "BMG" msgstr "" #. f25 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7808 +#: freeculture.xml:7811 msgid "" "FCC Oversight: Hearing Before the Senate Commerce, Science and " "Transportation Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (22 May 2003) (statement " @@ -9912,7 +9926,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f26 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7815 +#: freeculture.xml:7818 msgid "" "Lynette Holloway, \"Despite a Marketing Blitz, CD Sales Continue to Slide,\" " "New York Times, 23 December 2002." @@ -9920,14 +9934,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f27 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7821 +#: freeculture.xml:7824 msgid "" "Molly Ivins, \"Media Consolidation Must Be Stopped,\" Charleston Gazette, 31 " "May 2003." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7804 +#: freeculture.xml:7807 msgid "" "Changes in scope are the easier ones to describe. As Senator John McCain " "summarized the data produced in the FCC's review of media ownership, \"five " @@ -9942,7 +9956,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 174 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7826 +#: freeculture.xml:7829 msgid "" "The story with radio is even more dramatic. Before deregulation, the " "nation's largest radio broadcasting conglomerate owned fewer than " @@ -9954,7 +9968,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7837 +#: freeculture.xml:7840 msgid "" "Newspaper ownership is becoming more concentrated as well. Today, there are " "six hundred fewer daily newspapers in the United States than there were " @@ -9968,12 +9982,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7851 freeculture.xml:7868 +#: freeculture.xml:7854 freeculture.xml:7871 msgid "Fallows, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7848 +#: freeculture.xml:7851 msgid "" "Concentration in size alone is one thing. The more invidious change is in " "the nature of that concentration. As author James Fallows put it in a recent " @@ -9981,14 +9995,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7866 +#: freeculture.xml:7869 msgid "" "James Fallows, \"The Age of Murdoch,\" Atlantic Monthly (September 2003): " "89. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7855 +#: freeculture.xml:7858 msgid "" "Murdoch's companies now constitute a production system unmatched in its " "integration. They supply content—Fox movies . . . Fox TV shows " @@ -10003,7 +10017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7873 +#: freeculture.xml:7876 msgid "" "The pattern with Murdoch is the pattern of modern media. Not just large " "companies owning many radio stations, but a few companies owning as many " @@ -10012,18 +10026,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure><title> -#: freeculture.xml:7879 +#: freeculture.xml:7882 msgid "Pattern of modern media ownership." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><figure> -#: freeculture.xml:7880 +#: freeculture.xml:7883 msgid "<graphic fileref=\"images/1761.png\"></graphic>" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 175 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7884 +#: freeculture.xml:7887 msgid "" "Does this concentration matter? Will it affect what is made, or what is " "distributed? Or is it merely a more efficient way to produce and distribute " @@ -10031,7 +10045,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7889 +#: freeculture.xml:7892 msgid "" "My view was that concentration wouldn't matter. I thought it was nothing " "more than a more efficient financial structure. But now, after reading and " @@ -10040,24 +10054,24 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7895 +#: freeculture.xml:7898 msgid "" "Here's a representative story that begins to suggest how this integration " "may matter." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7898 +#: freeculture.xml:7901 msgid "Lear, Norman" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:7900 freeculture.xml:7964 +#: freeculture.xml:7903 freeculture.xml:7967 msgid "All in the Family" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7902 +#: freeculture.xml:7905 msgid "" "In 1969, Norman Lear created a pilot for All in the Family. He took the " "pilot to ABC. The network didn't like it. It was too edgy, they told " @@ -10068,7 +10082,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f29 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7914 +#: freeculture.xml:7917 msgid "" "Leonard Hill, \"The Axis of Access,\" remarks before Weidenbaum Center " "Forum, \"Entertainment Economics: The Movie Industry,\" St. Louis, Missouri, " @@ -10079,7 +10093,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7909 +#: freeculture.xml:7912 msgid "" "Rather than comply, Lear simply took the show elsewhere. CBS was happy to " "have the series; ABC could not stop Lear from walking. The copyrights that " @@ -10089,7 +10103,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 176 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7926 +#: freeculture.xml:7929 msgid "" "The network did not control those copyrights because the law forbade the " "networks from controlling the content they syndicated. The law required a " @@ -10101,7 +10115,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f30 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7945 +#: freeculture.xml:7948 msgid "" "NewsCorp./DirecTV Merger and Media Consolidation: Hearings on Media " "Ownership Before the Senate Commerce Committee, 108th Cong., 1st " @@ -10113,7 +10127,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7935 +#: freeculture.xml:7938 msgid "" "In 1994, the FCC abandoned the rules that required this independence. After " "that change, the networks quickly changed the balance. In 1985, there were " @@ -10132,7 +10146,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7966 +#: freeculture.xml:7969 msgid "" "Today, another Norman Lear with another All in the Family would find that he " "had the choice either to make the show less edgy or to be fired: The content " @@ -10140,7 +10154,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7972 +#: freeculture.xml:7975 msgid "" "While the number of channels has increased dramatically, the ownership of " "those channels has narrowed to an ever smaller and smaller few. As Barry " @@ -10149,7 +10163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f32 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7987 +#: freeculture.xml:7990 msgid "" "\"Barry Diller Takes on Media Deregulation,\" Now with Bill Moyers, Bill " "Moyers, 25 April 2003, edited transcript available at <ulink " @@ -10157,7 +10171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7978 +#: freeculture.xml:7981 msgid "" "Well, if you have companies that produce, that finance, that air on their " "channel and then distribute worldwide everything that goes through their " @@ -10168,7 +10182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:7994 +#: freeculture.xml:7997 msgid "" "This narrowing has an effect on what is produced. The product of such large " "and concentrated networks is increasingly homogenous. Increasingly " @@ -10182,13 +10196,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8005 +#: freeculture.xml:8008 msgid "Clark, Kim B." msgstr "" #. f33 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8014 +#: freeculture.xml:8017 msgid "" "Clayton M. Christensen, The Innovator's Dilemma: The Revolutionary National " "Bestseller that Changed the Way We Do Business (Cambridge: Harvard Business " @@ -10202,7 +10216,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8007 +#: freeculture.xml:8010 msgid "" "Economics itself offers a parallel that explains why this integration " "affects creativity. Clay Christensen has written about the \"Innovator's " @@ -10216,7 +10230,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8031 +#: freeculture.xml:8034 msgid "" "I don't think we know enough about the economics of the media market to say " "with certainty what concentration and integration will do. The efficiencies " @@ -10224,14 +10238,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8037 +#: freeculture.xml:8040 msgid "" "But there is a quintessentially obvious example that does strongly suggest " "the concern." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8041 +#: freeculture.xml:8044 msgid "" "In addition to the copyright wars, we're in the middle of the drug " "wars. Government policy is strongly directed against the drug cartels; " @@ -10240,7 +10254,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 178 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8046 +#: freeculture.xml:8049 msgid "" "Let me hereby disqualify myself from any possible appointment to any " "position in government by saying I believe this war is a profound mistake. I " @@ -10258,7 +10272,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8065 +#: freeculture.xml:8068 msgid "" "You may not be convinced. That's fine. We live in a democracy, and it is " "through votes that we are to choose policy. But to do that, we depend " @@ -10266,7 +10280,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8071 +#: freeculture.xml:8074 msgid "" "Beginning in 1998, the Office of National Drug Control Policy launched a " "media campaign as part of the \"war on drugs.\" The campaign produced scores " @@ -10281,14 +10295,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8083 +#: freeculture.xml:8086 msgid "" "Fair enough. It's a good ad. Not terribly misleading. It delivers its " "message well. It's a fair and reasonable message." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8087 +#: freeculture.xml:8090 msgid "" "But let's say you think it is a wrong message, and you'd like to run a " "countercommercial. Say you want to run a series of ads that try to " @@ -10298,7 +10312,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 179 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8093 +#: freeculture.xml:8096 msgid "" "Well, obviously, these ads cost lots of money. Assume you raise the " "money. Assume a group of concerned citizens donates all the money in the " @@ -10308,7 +10322,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f34 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8110 +#: freeculture.xml:8113 msgid "" "The Marijuana Policy Project, in February 2003, sought to place ads that " "directly responded to the Nick and Norm series on stations within the " @@ -10336,7 +10350,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8100 +#: freeculture.xml:8103 msgid "" "No. You cannot. Television stations have a general policy of avoiding " "\"controversial\" ads. Ads sponsored by the government are deemed " @@ -10350,7 +10364,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8137 +#: freeculture.xml:8140 msgid "" "I'd be happy to defend the networks' rights, as well—if we lived in a " "media market that was truly diverse. But concentration in the media throws " @@ -10363,12 +10377,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8149 +#: freeculture.xml:8152 msgid "Together" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8151 +#: freeculture.xml:8154 msgid "" "There is something innocent and obvious about the claim of the copyright " "warriors that the government should \"protect my property.\" In the " @@ -10378,7 +10392,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 180 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8157 +#: freeculture.xml:8160 msgid "" "But when we see how dramatically this \"property\" has changed— when " "we recognize how it might now interact with both technology and markets to " @@ -10393,7 +10407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8173 +#: freeculture.xml:8176 msgid "" "Not starkly. Or absolutely. My point is not that we should abolish copyright " "or go back to the eighteenth century. That would be a total mistake, " @@ -10402,7 +10416,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8179 +#: freeculture.xml:8182 msgid "" "But there is a space between zero and one, Internet culture " "notwithstanding. And these massive shifts in the effective power of " @@ -10416,7 +10430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8191 +#: freeculture.xml:8194 msgid "" "Copyright law has not been a rock of Gibraltar. It's not a set of constant " "commitments that, for some mysterious reason, teenagers and geeks now " @@ -10431,7 +10445,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 181 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8203 +#: freeculture.xml:8206 msgid "" "For the single point that is lost in this war on pirates is a point that we " "see only after surveying the range of these changes. When you add together " @@ -10443,14 +10457,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f35 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8225 +#: freeculture.xml:8228 msgid "" "Siva Vaidhyanathan captures a similar point in his \"four surrenders\" of " "copyright law in the digital age. See Vaidhyanathan, 159–60." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8211 +#: freeculture.xml:8214 msgid "" "Not when copyrights were perpetual, for when copyrights were perpetual, they " "affected only that precise creative work. Not when only publishers had the " @@ -10468,12 +10482,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8230 +#: freeculture.xml:8233 msgid "This has been a long chapter. Its point can now be briefly stated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8233 +#: freeculture.xml:8236 msgid "" "At the start of this book, I distinguished between commercial and " "noncommercial culture. In the course of this chapter, I have distinguished " @@ -10483,38 +10497,38 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8246 freeculture.xml:8284 +#: freeculture.xml:8249 freeculture.xml:8287 msgid "PUBLISH" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8247 freeculture.xml:8285 freeculture.xml:8324 freeculture.xml:8357 +#: freeculture.xml:8250 freeculture.xml:8288 freeculture.xml:8327 freeculture.xml:8360 msgid "TRANSFORM" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8252 freeculture.xml:8290 freeculture.xml:8329 freeculture.xml:8362 +#: freeculture.xml:8255 freeculture.xml:8293 freeculture.xml:8332 freeculture.xml:8365 msgid "Commercial" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8253 freeculture.xml:8291 freeculture.xml:8292 freeculture.xml:8330 freeculture.xml:8331 freeculture.xml:8363 freeculture.xml:8364 freeculture.xml:8368 freeculture.xml:8369 +#: freeculture.xml:8256 freeculture.xml:8294 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8333 freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8366 freeculture.xml:8367 freeculture.xml:8371 freeculture.xml:8372 msgid "©" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8254 freeculture.xml:8258 freeculture.xml:8259 freeculture.xml:8296 freeculture.xml:8297 freeculture.xml:8336 +#: freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8261 freeculture.xml:8262 freeculture.xml:8299 freeculture.xml:8300 freeculture.xml:8339 msgid "Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8257 freeculture.xml:8295 freeculture.xml:8334 freeculture.xml:8367 +#: freeculture.xml:8260 freeculture.xml:8298 freeculture.xml:8337 freeculture.xml:8370 msgid "Noncommercial" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 182 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8266 +#: freeculture.xml:8269 msgid "" "The act of publishing a map, chart, and book was regulated by copyright " "law. Nothing else was. Transformations were free. And as copyright attached " @@ -10524,12 +10538,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8275 +#: freeculture.xml:8278 msgid "By the end of the nineteenth century, the law had changed to this:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8304 +#: freeculture.xml:8307 msgid "" "Derivative works were now regulated by copyright law—if published, " "which again, given the economics of publishing at the time, means if offered " @@ -10538,7 +10552,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8310 +#: freeculture.xml:8313 msgid "" "In 1909 the law changed to regulate copies, not publishing, and after this " "change, the scope of the law was tied to technology. As the technology of " @@ -10548,17 +10562,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><thead><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8323 freeculture.xml:8356 +#: freeculture.xml:8326 freeculture.xml:8359 msgid "COPY" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><table><tgroup><tbody><row><entry> -#: freeculture.xml:8335 +#: freeculture.xml:8338 msgid "©/Free" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8343 +#: freeculture.xml:8346 msgid "" "The law was interpreted to reach noncommercial copying through, say, copy " "machines, but still much of copying outside of the commercial market " @@ -10569,7 +10583,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 183 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8376 +#: freeculture.xml:8379 msgid "" "Every realm is governed by copyright law, whereas before most creativity was " "not. The law now regulates the full range of creativity— commercial or " @@ -10578,7 +10592,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8384 +#: freeculture.xml:8387 msgid "" "Obviously, copyright law is not the enemy. The enemy is regulation that does " "no good. So the question that we should be asking just now is whether " @@ -10587,7 +10601,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8390 +#: freeculture.xml:8393 msgid "" "I have no doubt that it does good in regulating commercial copying. But I " "also have no doubt that it does more harm than good when regulating (as it " @@ -10600,7 +10614,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f36 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8406 +#: freeculture.xml:8409 msgid "" "It was the single most important contribution of the legal realist movement " "to demonstrate that all property rights are always crafted to balance public " @@ -10610,7 +10624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8400 +#: freeculture.xml:8403 msgid "" "The issue is therefore not simply whether copyright is property. Of course " "copyright is a kind of \"property,\" and of course, as with any property, " @@ -10628,7 +10642,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 184 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8423 +#: freeculture.xml:8426 msgid "" "We achieved that free culture because our law respected important limits on " "the scope of the interests protected by \"property.\" The very birth of " @@ -10647,7 +10661,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8442 +#: freeculture.xml:8445 msgid "" "Free culture is increasingly the casualty in this war on piracy. In response " "to a real, if not yet quantified, threat that the technologies of the " @@ -10662,33 +10676,33 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8459 +#: freeculture.xml:8462 msgid "PUZZLES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8463 +#: freeculture.xml:8466 msgid "CHAPTER ELEVEN: Chimera" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8465 +#: freeculture.xml:8468 msgid "chimeras" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8468 +#: freeculture.xml:8471 msgid "Wells, H. G." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8471 +#: freeculture.xml:8474 msgid ""Country of the Blind, The" (Wells)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8479 +#: freeculture.xml:8482 msgid "" "H. G. Wells, \"The Country of the Blind\" (1904, 1911). See H. G. Wells, The " "Country of the Blind and Other Stories, Michael Sherborne, ed. (New York: " @@ -10696,7 +10710,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8475 +#: freeculture.xml:8478 msgid "" "In a well-known short story by H. G. Wells, a mountain climber named Nunez " "trips (literally, down an ice slope) into an unknown and isolated valley in " @@ -10710,7 +10724,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8491 +#: freeculture.xml:8494 msgid "" "Things don't go quite as he planned. He tries to explain the idea of sight " "to the villagers. They don't understand. He tells them they are \"blind.\" " @@ -10724,7 +10738,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 187 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8503 +#: freeculture.xml:8506 msgid "" "The villagers don't leave him alone. Nor do they see (so to speak) the " "virtue of his special power. Not even the ultimate target of his affection, " @@ -10738,7 +10752,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8514 +#: freeculture.xml:8517 msgid "" "When Nunez announces his desire to marry his \"mysteriously delighted\" " "love, the father and the village object. \"You see, my dear,\" her father " @@ -10747,21 +10761,21 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8520 +#: freeculture.xml:8523 msgid "" "After a careful examination, the doctor gives his opinion. \"His brain is " "affected,\" he reports." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8524 +#: freeculture.xml:8527 msgid "" "\"What affects it?\" the father asks. \"Those queer things that are called " "the eyes . . . are diseased . . . in such a way as to affect his brain.\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8529 +#: freeculture.xml:8532 msgid "" "The doctor continues: \"I think I may say with reasonable certainty that in " "order to cure him completely, all that we need to do is a simple and easy " @@ -10771,7 +10785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 188 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8535 +#: freeculture.xml:8538 msgid "" "\"Thank Heaven for science!\" says the father to the doctor. They inform " "Nunez of this condition necessary for him to be allowed his bride. (You'll " @@ -10786,7 +10800,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8552 +#: freeculture.xml:8555 msgid "" "Before I had read about chimeras, I would have said they were impossible. A " "single person can't have two sets of DNA. The very idea of DNA is that it is " @@ -10797,7 +10811,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8560 +#: freeculture.xml:8563 msgid "" "The more I work to understand the current struggle over copyright and " "culture, which I've sometimes called unfairly, and sometimes not unfairly " @@ -10814,7 +10828,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8574 +#: freeculture.xml:8577 msgid "" "But the description is also false in part. For when my p2p server is on a " "p2p network through which anyone can get access to my music, then sure, my " @@ -10826,7 +10840,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8583 +#: freeculture.xml:8586 msgid "" "Likewise, when the other side says, \"File sharing is just like walking into " "a Tower Records and taking a CD off the shelf and walking out with it,\" " @@ -10837,7 +10851,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 189 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8593 +#: freeculture.xml:8596 msgid "" "But it is not quite stealing from Tower. After all, when I take a CD from " "Tower Records, Tower has one less CD to sell. And when I take a CD from " @@ -10849,7 +10863,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8603 +#: freeculture.xml:8606 msgid "" "The point is not that it is as neither side describes. The point is that it " "is both—both as the RIAA describes it and as Kazaa describes it. It is " @@ -10860,7 +10874,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8618 +#: freeculture.xml:8621 msgid "" "For an excellent summary, see the report prepared by GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, \"Copyright " @@ -10892,7 +10906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8610 +#: freeculture.xml:8613 msgid "" "We could respond by simply pretending that it is not a chimera. We could, " "with the RIAA, decide that every act of file sharing should be a felony. We " @@ -10905,7 +10919,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8655 +#: freeculture.xml:8658 msgid "" "Alternatively, we could respond to file sharing the way many kids act as " "though we've responded. We could totally legalize it. Let there be no " @@ -10915,7 +10929,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8662 +#: freeculture.xml:8665 msgid "" "Either response is possible. I think either would be a mistake. Rather than " "embrace one of these two extremes, we should embrace something that " @@ -10928,7 +10942,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 190 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8674 +#: freeculture.xml:8677 msgid "" "Yet zero tolerance is increasingly our government's policy. In the middle of " "the chaos that the Internet has created, an extraordinary land grab is " @@ -10939,7 +10953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8682 +#: freeculture.xml:8685 msgid "" "I'm not talking about the opportunities for kids to \"steal\" music. My " "focus instead is the commercial and cultural innovation that this war will " @@ -10953,14 +10967,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8695 +#: freeculture.xml:8698 msgid "" "eMusic opposes music piracy. We are a distributor of copyrighted material, " "and we want to protect those rights." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8699 +#: freeculture.xml:8702 msgid "" "But building a technology fortress that locks in the clout of the major " "labels is by no means the only way to protect copyright interests, nor is it " @@ -10971,7 +10985,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8716 +#: freeculture.xml:8719 msgid "" "WIPO and the DMCA One Year Later: Assessing Consumer Access to Digital " "Entertainment on the Internet and Other Media: Hearing Before the " @@ -10982,7 +10996,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8707 +#: freeculture.xml:8710 msgid "" "This is a critical point. The choices that industry sectors make with " "respect to these systems will in many ways directly shape the market for " @@ -10995,14 +11009,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8731 +#: freeculture.xml:8734 msgid "" "In April 2001, eMusic.com was purchased by Vivendi Universal, one of \"the " "major labels.\" Its position on these matters has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8736 +#: freeculture.xml:8739 msgid "" "Reversing our tradition of tolerance now will not merely quash piracy. It " "will sacrifice values that are important to this culture, and will kill " @@ -11010,12 +11024,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8744 +#: freeculture.xml:8747 msgid "CHAPTER TWELVE: Harms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8747 +#: freeculture.xml:8750 msgid "" "To fight \"piracy,\" to protect \"property,\" the content industry has " "launched a war. Lobbying and lots of campaign contributions have now brought " @@ -11025,7 +11039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8755 +#: freeculture.xml:8758 msgid "" "My aim so far has been to describe the consequences of this war, in " "particular, the consequences for \"free culture.\" But my aim now is to " @@ -11034,7 +11048,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8762 +#: freeculture.xml:8765 msgid "" "In my view, it is not. There is no good reason why this time, for the first " "time, the law should defend the old against the new, just when the power of " @@ -11043,7 +11057,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8770 +#: freeculture.xml:8773 msgid "" "Yet \"common sense\" does not see it this way. Common sense is still on the " "side of the Causbys and the content industry. The extreme claims of control " @@ -11053,7 +11067,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 193 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8777 +#: freeculture.xml:8780 msgid "" "There will be many consequences of continuing this war. I want to describe " "just three. All three might be said to be unintended. I am quite confident " @@ -11063,12 +11077,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8784 +#: freeculture.xml:8787 msgid "Constraining Creators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8786 +#: freeculture.xml:8789 msgid "" "In the next ten years we will see an explosion of digital technologies. " "These technologies will enable almost anyone to capture and share " @@ -11085,7 +11099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8801 +#: freeculture.xml:8804 msgid "" "This digital \"capturing and sharing\" is in part an extension of the " "capturing and sharing that has always been integral to our culture, and in " @@ -11100,7 +11114,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 194 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8812 +#: freeculture.xml:8815 msgid "" "Technology has thus given us an opportunity to do something with culture " "that has only ever been possible for individuals in small groups, isolated " @@ -11110,7 +11124,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8822 +#: freeculture.xml:8825 msgid "" "Yet all this is possible only if the activity is presumptively legal. In the " "current regime of legal regulation, it is not. Forget file sharing for a " @@ -11125,7 +11139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8845 +#: freeculture.xml:8848 msgid "" "See Lynne W. Jeter, Disconnected: Deceit and Betrayal at WorldCom (Hoboken, " "N.J.: John Wiley & Sons, 2003), 176, 204; for details of the settlement, " @@ -11135,12 +11149,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:8865 +#: freeculture.xml:8868 msgid "Bush, George W." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8856 +#: freeculture.xml:8859 msgid "" "The bill, modeled after California's tort reform model, was passed in the " "House of Representatives but defeated in a Senate vote in July 2003. For an " @@ -11154,7 +11168,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8833 +#: freeculture.xml:8836 msgid "" "That presumption will increasingly chill creativity, as the examples of " "extreme penalties for vague infringements continue to proliferate. It is " @@ -11176,7 +11190,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8892 +#: freeculture.xml:8895 msgid "" "See Danit Lidor, \"Artists Just Wanna Be Free,\" Wired, 7 July 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11185,7 +11199,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8872 +#: freeculture.xml:8875 msgid "" "The consequence of this legal uncertainty, tied to these extremely high " "penalties, is that an extraordinary amount of creativity will either never " @@ -11205,7 +11219,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8903 +#: freeculture.xml:8906 msgid "" "Part of the reason for this fear of illegality has to do with the changing " "law. I described that change in detail in chapter 10. But an even bigger " @@ -11218,7 +11232,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8914 +#: freeculture.xml:8917 msgid "" "Never in our history has a painter had to worry about whether his painting " "infringed on someone else's work; but the modern-day painter, using the " @@ -11232,7 +11246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8925 +#: freeculture.xml:8928 msgid "" "Lawyers rarely see this because lawyers are rarely empirical. As I described " "in chapter 7, in response to the story about documentary filmmaker Jon Else, " @@ -11242,7 +11256,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 196 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8934 +#: freeculture.xml:8937 msgid "" "But fair use in America simply means the right to hire a lawyer to defend " "your right to create. And as lawyers love to forget, our system for " @@ -11255,7 +11269,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8944 +#: freeculture.xml:8947 msgid "" "Judges and lawyers can tell themselves that fair use provides adequate " "\"breathing room\" between regulation by the law and the access the law " @@ -11268,7 +11282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8955 +#: freeculture.xml:8958 msgid "" "For in a world that threatens $150,000 for a single willful infringement of " "a copyright, and which demands tens of thousands of dollars to even defend " @@ -11281,13 +11295,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8966 +#: freeculture.xml:8969 msgid "As Jed Horovitz, the businessman behind Video Pipeline, said to me," msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 197 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8970 +#: freeculture.xml:8973 msgid "" "We're losing [creative] opportunities right and left. Creative people are " "being forced not to express themselves. Thoughts are not being " @@ -11300,12 +11314,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:8983 +#: freeculture.xml:8986 msgid "Constraining Innovators" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8985 +#: freeculture.xml:8988 msgid "" "The story of the last section was a crunchy-lefty story—creativity " "quashed, artists who can't speak, yada yada yada. Maybe that doesn't get you " @@ -11316,7 +11330,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:8993 +#: freeculture.xml:8996 msgid "" "But there's an aspect of this story that is not lefty in any sense. Indeed, " "it is an aspect that could be written by the most extreme promarket " @@ -11328,7 +11342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9002 +#: freeculture.xml:9005 msgid "" "The charge I've been making about the regulation of culture is the same " "charge free marketers make about regulating markets. Everyone, of course, " @@ -11343,13 +11357,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9014 freeculture.xml:9115 +#: freeculture.xml:9017 freeculture.xml:9118 msgid "Barry, Hank" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 198 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9016 +#: freeculture.xml:9019 msgid "" "This is the single most dramatic effect of the shift in regulatory strategy " "that I described in chapter 10. The consequence of this massive threat of " @@ -11363,7 +11377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9028 +#: freeculture.xml:9031 msgid "" "Consider one example to make the point, a story whose beginning I told in " "The Future of Ideas and which has progressed in a way that even I (pessimist " @@ -11371,7 +11385,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9033 +#: freeculture.xml:9036 msgid "" "In 1997, Michael Roberts launched a company called MP3.com. MP3.com was " "keen to remake the music business. Their goal was not just to facilitate new " @@ -11382,7 +11396,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9041 +#: freeculture.xml:9044 msgid "" "To make this system work, however, MP3.com needed a reliable way to " "recommend music to its users. The idea behind this alternative was to " @@ -11392,7 +11406,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9048 +#: freeculture.xml:9051 msgid "" "This idea required a simple way to gather data about user preferences. " "MP3.com came up with an extraordinarily clever way to gather this preference " @@ -11407,7 +11421,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 199 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9060 +#: freeculture.xml:9063 msgid "" "No doubt some could use this system to illegally copy content. But that " "opportunity existed with or without MP3.com. The aim of the my.mp3.com " @@ -11417,7 +11431,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9069 +#: freeculture.xml:9072 msgid "" "To make this system function, however, MP3.com needed to copy 50,000 CDs to " "a server. (In principle, it could have been the user who uploaded the music, " @@ -11431,7 +11445,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9081 +#: freeculture.xml:9084 msgid "" "Nine days after MP3.com launched its service, the five major labels, headed " "by the RIAA, brought a lawsuit against MP3.com. MP3.com settled with four of " @@ -11443,12 +11457,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9091 +#: freeculture.xml:9094 msgid "That part of the story I have told before. Now consider its conclusion." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9094 +#: freeculture.xml:9097 msgid "" "After Vivendi purchased MP3.com, Vivendi turned around and filed a " "malpractice lawsuit against the lawyers who had advised it that they had a " @@ -11461,7 +11475,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 200 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9104 +#: freeculture.xml:9107 msgid "" "The clear purpose of this lawsuit (which was settled for an unspecified " "amount shortly after the story was no longer covered in the press) was to " @@ -11473,13 +11487,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9114 +#: freeculture.xml:9117 msgid "Hummer, John" msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9122 +#: freeculture.xml:9125 msgid "" "See Joseph Menn, \"Universal, EMI Sue Napster Investor,\" Los Angeles Times, " "23 April 2003. For a parallel argument about the effects on innovation in " @@ -11490,7 +11504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9117 +#: freeculture.xml:9120 msgid "" "This strategy is not just limited to the lawyers. In April 2003, Universal " "and EMI brought a lawsuit against Hummer Winblad, the venture capital firm " @@ -11510,17 +11524,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9146 +#: freeculture.xml:9149 msgid "BMW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9161 +#: freeculture.xml:9164 msgid "Needleman, Rafe" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9157 +#: freeculture.xml:9160 msgid "" "Rafe Needleman, \"Driving in Cars with MP3s,\" Business 2.0, 16 June 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -11529,7 +11543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9148 +#: freeculture.xml:9151 msgid "" "I asked why, with all the storage capacity and computer power in the car, " "there was no way to play MP3 files. I was told that BMW engineers in Germany " @@ -11541,7 +11555,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9166 +#: freeculture.xml:9169 msgid "" "This is the world of the mafia—filled with \"your money or your life\" " "offers, governed in the end not by courts but by the threats that the law " @@ -11553,7 +11567,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 201 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9176 +#: freeculture.xml:9179 msgid "" "The point is not that businesses should have a right to start illegal " "enterprises. The point is the definition of \"illegal.\" The law is a mess " @@ -11569,7 +11583,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9191 +#: freeculture.xml:9194 msgid "" "The point is directly parallel to the crunchy-lefty point about fair " "use. Whatever the \"real\" law is, realism about the effect of law in both " @@ -11584,7 +11598,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 202 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9208 +#: freeculture.xml:9211 msgid "" "The building of a permission culture, rather than a free culture, is the " "first important way in which the changes I have described will burden " @@ -11607,7 +11621,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9233 +#: freeculture.xml:9236 msgid "" "The motivation for this response is obvious. The Internet enables the " "efficient spread of content. That efficiency is a feature of the Internet's " @@ -11621,7 +11635,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9249 +#: freeculture.xml:9252 msgid "" "\"Copyright and Digital Media in a Post-Napster World,\" GartnerG2 and the " "Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School (2003), " @@ -11631,12 +11645,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9265 +#: freeculture.xml:9268 msgid "GartnerG2, 26–27." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9245 +#: freeculture.xml:9248 msgid "" "The examples of this form of legislation are many. At the urging of the " "content industry, some in Congress have threatened legislation that would " @@ -11654,7 +11668,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 203 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9270 +#: freeculture.xml:9273 msgid "" "In one sense, these solutions seem sensible. If the problem is the code, why " "not regulate the code to remove the problem. But any regulation of technical " @@ -11665,14 +11679,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9284 +#: freeculture.xml:9287 msgid "" "See David McGuire, \"Tech Execs Square Off Over Piracy,\" Newsbytes, " "February 2002 (Entertainment)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9281 +#: freeculture.xml:9284 msgid "" "In March 2002, a broad coalition of technology companies, led by Intel, " "tried to get Congress to see the harm that such legislation would " @@ -11682,7 +11696,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9292 +#: freeculture.xml:9295 msgid "" "There is one more obvious way in which this war has harmed " "innovation—again, a story that will be quite familiar to the free " @@ -11690,7 +11704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9298 +#: freeculture.xml:9301 msgid "" "Copyright may be property, but like all property, it is also a form of " "regulation. It is a regulation that benefits some and harms others. When " @@ -11700,12 +11714,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9307 +#: freeculture.xml:9310 msgid "Jessica Litman, Digital Copyright (Amherst, N.Y.: Prometheus Books, 2001)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9304 +#: freeculture.xml:9307 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, despite this feature of copyright as " "regulation, and subject to important qualifications outlined by Jessica " @@ -11718,7 +11732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9317 +#: freeculture.xml:9320 msgid "" "But that pattern of deference to new technologies has now changed with the " "rise of the Internet. Rather than striking a balance between the claims of a " @@ -11729,7 +11743,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9325 +#: freeculture.xml:9328 msgid "" "The only circuit court exception is found in Recording Industry Association " "of America (RIAA) v. Diamond Multimedia Systems, 180 F. 3d 1072 (9th " @@ -11747,7 +11761,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9344 +#: freeculture.xml:9347 msgid "" "For example, in July 2002, Representative Howard Berman introduced the " "Peer-to-Peer Piracy Prevention Act (H.R. 5211), which would immunize " @@ -11765,7 +11779,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9324 +#: freeculture.xml:9327 msgid "" "The response by the courts has been fairly universal.<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> It has been mirrored in the responses " @@ -11777,7 +11791,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 204 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9367 +#: freeculture.xml:9370 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 4, when a radio station plays a song, the " "recording artist doesn't get paid for that \"radio performance\" unless he " @@ -11789,7 +11803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9378 +#: freeculture.xml:9381 msgid "" "The reasoning behind this balance struck by Congress makes some sense. The " "justification was that radio was a kind of advertising. The recording artist " @@ -11802,7 +11816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9390 +#: freeculture.xml:9393 msgid "" "Enter Internet radio. Like regular radio, Internet radio is a technology to " "stream content from a broadcaster to a listener. The broadcast travels " @@ -11813,7 +11827,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9400 +#: freeculture.xml:9403 msgid "" "This feature of the architecture of Internet radio means that there are " "potentially an unlimited number of radio stations that a user could tune in " @@ -11829,7 +11843,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 205 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9416 +#: freeculture.xml:9419 msgid "" "Internet radio is thus to radio what FM was to AM. It is an improvement " "potentially vastly more significant than the FM improvement over AM, since " @@ -11841,12 +11855,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9445 +#: freeculture.xml:9448 msgid "Lessing, 239." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9428 +#: freeculture.xml:9431 msgid "" "An almost unlimited number of FM stations was possible in the shortwaves, " "thus ending the unnatural restrictions imposed on radio in the crowded " @@ -11864,12 +11878,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9454 +#: freeculture.xml:9457 msgid "Ibid., 229." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9450 +#: freeculture.xml:9453 msgid "" "This potential for FM radio was never realized—not because Armstrong " "was wrong about the technology, but because he underestimated the power of " @@ -11879,7 +11893,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9461 +#: freeculture.xml:9464 msgid "" "Now the very same claim could be made about Internet radio. For again, there " "is no technical limitation that could restrict the number of Internet radio " @@ -11890,7 +11904,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 206 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9469 +#: freeculture.xml:9472 msgid "" "But here the power of the lobbyists is reversed. Internet radio is a new " "industry. The recording artists, on the other hand, have a very powerful " @@ -11905,12 +11919,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9509 +#: freeculture.xml:9512 msgid "CARP (Copyright Arbitration Royalty Panel)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9492 +#: freeculture.xml:9495 msgid "" "This example was derived from fees set by the original Copyright Arbitration " "Royalty Panel (CARP) proceedings, and is drawn from an example offered by " @@ -11931,7 +11945,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9485 +#: freeculture.xml:9488 msgid "" "This financial burden is not slight. As Harvard law professor William Fisher " "estimates, if an Internet radio station distributed adfree popular music to " @@ -11942,7 +11956,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9515 +#: freeculture.xml:9518 msgid "" "The burden is not financial only. Under the original rules that were " "proposed, an Internet radio station (but not a terrestrial radio station) " @@ -11950,57 +11964,57 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9522 +#: freeculture.xml:9525 msgid "name of the service;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9525 +#: freeculture.xml:9528 msgid "channel of the program (AM/FM stations use station ID);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9528 +#: freeculture.xml:9531 msgid "type of program (archived/looped/live);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9531 +#: freeculture.xml:9534 msgid "date of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9534 +#: freeculture.xml:9537 msgid "time of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9537 +#: freeculture.xml:9540 msgid "time zone of origination of transmission;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9540 +#: freeculture.xml:9543 msgid "numeric designation of the place of the sound recording within the program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9543 +#: freeculture.xml:9546 msgid "duration of transmission (to nearest second);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9546 +#: freeculture.xml:9549 msgid "sound recording title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9549 +#: freeculture.xml:9552 msgid "ISRC code of the recording;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9552 +#: freeculture.xml:9555 msgid "" "release year of the album per copyright notice and in the case of " "compilation albums, the release year of the album and copy- right date of " @@ -12008,77 +12022,77 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9555 +#: freeculture.xml:9558 msgid "featured recording artist;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9558 +#: freeculture.xml:9561 msgid "retail album title;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9561 +#: freeculture.xml:9564 msgid "recording label;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9564 +#: freeculture.xml:9567 msgid "UPC code of the retail album;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9567 +#: freeculture.xml:9570 msgid "catalog number;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9570 +#: freeculture.xml:9573 msgid "copyright owner information;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9573 +#: freeculture.xml:9576 msgid "musical genre of the channel or program (station format);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9576 +#: freeculture.xml:9579 msgid "name of the service or entity;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9579 +#: freeculture.xml:9582 msgid "channel or program;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9582 +#: freeculture.xml:9585 msgid "date and time that the user logged in (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9585 +#: freeculture.xml:9588 msgid "date and time that the user logged out (in the user's time zone);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9588 +#: freeculture.xml:9591 msgid "time zone where the signal was received (user);" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9591 +#: freeculture.xml:9594 msgid "Unique User identifier;" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9594 +#: freeculture.xml:9597 msgid "the country in which the user received the transmissions." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9599 +#: freeculture.xml:9602 msgid "" "The Librarian of Congress eventually suspended these reporting requirements, " "pending further study. And he also changed the original rates set by the " @@ -12088,7 +12102,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9607 +#: freeculture.xml:9610 msgid "" "Why? What justifies this difference? Was there any study of the economic " "consequences from Internet radio that would justify these differences? Was " @@ -12096,7 +12110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9613 +#: freeculture.xml:9616 msgid "" "In a rare bit of candor, one RIAA expert admitted what seemed obvious to " "everyone at the time. As Alex Alben, vice president for Public Policy at " @@ -12105,7 +12119,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 208 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9619 +#: freeculture.xml:9622 msgid "" "The RIAA, which was representing the record labels, presented some testimony " "about what they thought a willing buyer would pay to a willing seller, and " @@ -12119,7 +12133,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9635 +#: freeculture.xml:9638 msgid "" "And the RIAA experts said, \"Well, we don't really model this as an industry " "with thousands of webcasters, we think it should be an industry with, you " @@ -12128,7 +12142,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9642 +#: freeculture.xml:9645 msgid "" "Translation: The aim is to use the law to eliminate competition, so that " "this platform of potentially immense competition, which would cause the " @@ -12139,12 +12153,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:9652 +#: freeculture.xml:9655 msgid "Corrupting Citizens" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9654 +#: freeculture.xml:9657 msgid "" "Overregulation stifles creativity. It smothers innovation. It gives " "dinosaurs a veto over the future. It wastes the extraordinary opportunity " @@ -12152,7 +12166,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9660 +#: freeculture.xml:9663 msgid "" "In addition to these important harms, there is one more that was important " "to our forebears, but seems forgotten today. Overregulation corrupts " @@ -12161,7 +12175,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9669 +#: freeculture.xml:9672 msgid "" "Mike Graziano and Lee Rainie, \"The Music Downloading Deluge,\" Pew Internet " "and American Life Project (24 April 2001), available at <ulink " @@ -12172,7 +12186,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 209 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9665 +#: freeculture.xml:9668 msgid "" "The war that is being waged today is a war of prohibition. As with every war " "of prohibition, it is targeted against the behavior of a very large number " @@ -12190,14 +12204,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f16. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9703 +#: freeculture.xml:9706 msgid "" "Alex Pham, \"The Labels Strike Back: N.Y. Girl Settles RIAA Case,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 10 September 2003, Business." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9690 +#: freeculture.xml:9693 msgid "" "The content industry's tactics exploit the failings of the American legal " "system. When the RIAA brought suit against Jesse Jordan, it knew that in " @@ -12220,7 +12234,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f17. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9725 +#: freeculture.xml:9728 msgid "" "Jeffrey A. Miron and Jeffrey Zwiebel, \"Alcohol Consumption During " "Prohibition,\" American Economic Review 81, no. 2 (1991): 242." @@ -12228,7 +12242,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f18. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9733 +#: freeculture.xml:9736 msgid "" "National Drug Control Policy: Hearing Before the House Government Reform " "Committee, 108th Cong., 1st sess. (5 March 2003) (statement of John " @@ -12237,7 +12251,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f19. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9743 +#: freeculture.xml:9746 msgid "" "See James Andreoni, Brian Erard, and Jonathon Feinstein, \"Tax Compliance,\" " "Journal of Economic Literature 36 (1998): 818 (survey of compliance " @@ -12245,7 +12259,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9715 +#: freeculture.xml:9718 msgid "" "Wars of prohibition are nothing new in America. This one is just something " "more extreme than anything we've seen before. We experimented with alcohol " @@ -12268,7 +12282,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9752 +#: freeculture.xml:9755 msgid "" "This state of affairs is not without consequence. It is a particularly " "salient issue for teachers like me, whose job it is to teach law students " @@ -12287,7 +12301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9769 +#: freeculture.xml:9772 msgid "" "The response to this general illegality is either to enforce the law more " "severely or to change the law. We, as a society, have to learn how to make " @@ -12301,7 +12315,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 211 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9782 +#: freeculture.xml:9785 msgid "" "My point is not the idiotic one: Just because people violate a law, we " "should therefore repeal it. Obviously, we could reduce murder statistics " @@ -12311,7 +12325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9789 +#: freeculture.xml:9792 msgid "" "My point is instead one that democracies understood for generations, but " "that we recently have learned to forget. The rule of law depends upon people " @@ -12328,7 +12342,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9803 +#: freeculture.xml:9806 msgid "" "When at least forty-three million citizens download content from the " "Internet, and when they use tools to combine that content in ways " @@ -12342,13 +12356,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9815 +#: freeculture.xml:9818 msgid "This abstract point can be made more clear with a particular example." msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 212 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9818 +#: freeculture.xml:9821 msgid "" "We all own CDs. Many of us still own phonograph records. These pieces of " "plastic encode music that in a certain sense we have bought. The law " @@ -12359,7 +12373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9829 +#: freeculture.xml:9832 msgid "" "But as the MP3 craze has demonstrated, there is another use of phonograph " "records that is effectively free. Because these recordings were made without " @@ -12370,12 +12384,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:9837 +#: freeculture.xml:9840 msgid "Adromeda" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9839 +#: freeculture.xml:9842 msgid "" "This \"use\" of my records is certainly valuable. I have begun a large " "process at home of ripping all of my and my wife's CDs, and storing them in " @@ -12389,7 +12403,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9850 +#: freeculture.xml:9853 msgid "" "This use is enabled by unprotected media—either CDs or records. But " "unprotected media also enable file sharing. File sharing threatens (or so " @@ -12402,7 +12416,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 213 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9860 +#: freeculture.xml:9863 msgid "" "If these technologies took off, then the building of large archives of your " "own music would become quite difficult. You might hang in hacker circles, " @@ -12416,7 +12430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9874 +#: freeculture.xml:9877 msgid "" "If the only way to assure that artists get paid were the elimination of the " "ability to freely move content, then these technologies to interfere with " @@ -12428,7 +12442,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9883 +#: freeculture.xml:9886 msgid "" "My point just now is not to prove that there is such a system. I offer a " "version of such a system in the last chapter of this book. For now, the only " @@ -12441,7 +12455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9894 +#: freeculture.xml:9897 msgid "" "I believe there is a way to assure that artists are paid without turning " "forty-three million Americans into felons. But the salient feature of this " @@ -12453,7 +12467,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9903 +#: freeculture.xml:9906 msgid "" "Except that this generation's buggy manufacturers have already saddled " "Congress, and are riding the law to protect themselves against this new form " @@ -12462,7 +12476,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9909 +#: freeculture.xml:9912 msgid "" "It is understandable why they choose as they do. It is not understandable " "why we as a democracy continue to choose as we do. Jack Valenti is charming; " @@ -12477,12 +12491,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9926 +#: freeculture.xml:9929 msgid "\"If you can treat someone as a putative lawbreaker,\" von Lohmann explains," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9931 +#: freeculture.xml:9934 msgid "" "then all of a sudden a lot of basic civil liberty protections evaporate to " "one degree or another. . . . If you're a copyright infringer, how can you " @@ -12495,7 +12509,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9943 +#: freeculture.xml:9946 msgid "" "And the consequence of this transformation of the American public into " "criminals is that it becomes trivial, as a matter of due process, to " @@ -12503,7 +12517,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9948 +#: freeculture.xml:9951 msgid "" "Users of the Internet began to see this generally in 2003 as the RIAA " "launched its campaign to force Internet service providers to turn over the " @@ -12515,7 +12529,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f20. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9966 +#: freeculture.xml:9969 msgid "" "See Frank Ahrens, \"RIAA's Lawsuits Meet Surprised Targets; Single Mother in " "Calif., 12-Year-Old Girl in N.Y. Among Defendants,\" Washington Post, 10 " @@ -12530,7 +12544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9957 +#: freeculture.xml:9960 msgid "" "The RIAA then expanded this campaign, by announcing a general strategy to " "sue individual users of the Internet who are alleged to have downloaded " @@ -12544,7 +12558,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f21. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9984 +#: freeculture.xml:9987 msgid "" "See \"Revealed: How RIAA Tracks Downloaders: Music Industry Discloses Some " "Methods Used,\" CNN.com, available at <ulink " @@ -12552,7 +12566,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9980 +#: freeculture.xml:9983 msgid "" "Even this understates the espionage that is being waged by the RIAA. A " "report from CNN late last summer described a strategy the RIAA had adopted " @@ -12564,7 +12578,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f22. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10005 +#: freeculture.xml:10008 msgid "" "See Jeff Adler, \"Cambridge: On Campus, Pirates Are Not Penitent,\" Boston " "Globe, 18 May 2003, City Weekly, 1; Frank Ahrens, \"Four Students Sued over " @@ -12583,7 +12597,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:9993 +#: freeculture.xml:9996 msgid "" "So imagine the following not-implausible scenario: Imagine a friend gives a " "CD to your daughter—a collection of songs just like the cassettes you " @@ -12601,7 +12615,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 216 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10024 +#: freeculture.xml:10027 msgid "" "Now, of course, she'll have the right to defend herself. You can hire a " "lawyer for her (at $300 per hour, if you're lucky), and she can plead that " @@ -12614,7 +12628,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10039 +#: freeculture.xml:10042 msgid "" "So when we're talking about numbers like forty to sixty million Americans " "that are essentially copyright infringers, you create a situation where the " @@ -12635,7 +12649,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10059 +#: freeculture.xml:10062 msgid "" "When forty to sixty million Americans are considered \"criminals\" under the " "law, and when the law could achieve the same objective— securing " @@ -12646,12 +12660,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10072 +#: freeculture.xml:10075 msgid "BALANCES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10076 +#: freeculture.xml:10079 msgid "" "So here's the picture: You're standing at the side of the road. Your car is " "on fire. You are angry and upset because in part you helped start the " @@ -12660,7 +12674,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10082 +#: freeculture.xml:10085 msgid "" "As you ponder the mess, someone else comes along. In a panic, she grabs the " "bucket. Before you have a chance to tell her to stop—or before she " @@ -12670,7 +12684,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10090 +#: freeculture.xml:10093 msgid "" "A war about copyright rages all around—and we're all focusing on the " "wrong thing. No doubt, current technologies threaten existing businesses. " @@ -12682,7 +12696,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 219 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10099 +#: freeculture.xml:10102 msgid "" "Yet policy makers are not willing to leave this fire to itself. Primed with " "plenty of lobbyists' money, they are keen to intervene to eliminate the " @@ -12692,7 +12706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10107 +#: freeculture.xml:10110 msgid "" "Somehow we have to find a way to turn attention to this more important and " "fundamental issue. Somehow we have to find a way to avoid pouring gasoline " @@ -12700,7 +12714,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10112 +#: freeculture.xml:10115 msgid "" "We have not found that way yet. Instead, we seem trapped in a simpler, " "binary view. However much many people push to frame this debate more " @@ -12709,7 +12723,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10118 +#: freeculture.xml:10121 msgid "" "This challenge has been my life these last few years. It has also been my " "failure. In the two chapters that follow, I describe one small brace of " @@ -12718,12 +12732,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:10127 +#: freeculture.xml:10130 msgid "CHAPTER THIRTEEN: Eldred" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10129 +#: freeculture.xml:10132 msgid "" "In 1995, a father was frustrated that his daughters didn't seem to like " "Hawthorne. No doubt there was more than one such father, but at least one " @@ -12734,7 +12748,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10138 +#: freeculture.xml:10141 msgid "" "It didn't work—at least for his daughters. They didn't find Hawthorne " "any more interesting than before. But Eldred's experiment gave birth to a " @@ -12744,7 +12758,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 221 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10145 +#: freeculture.xml:10148 msgid "" "Eldred's library was not simply a copy of certain public domain works, " "though even a copy would have been of great value to people across the world " @@ -12756,7 +12770,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10156 +#: freeculture.xml:10159 msgid "" "Eldred's freedom to do this with Hawthorne's work grew from the same source " "as Disney's. Hawthorne's Scarlet Letter had passed into the public domain in " @@ -12771,7 +12785,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10179 +#: freeculture.xml:10182 msgid "" "There's a parallel here with pornography that is a bit hard to describe, but " "it's a strong one. One phenomenon that the Internet created was a world of " @@ -12789,7 +12803,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10168 +#: freeculture.xml:10171 msgid "" "The Internet created the possibility of noncommercial publications of public " "domain works. Eldred's is just one example. There are literally thousands of " @@ -12803,7 +12817,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10196 +#: freeculture.xml:10199 msgid "" "As I said, Eldred lives in New Hampshire. In 1998, Robert Frost's collection " "of poems New Hampshire was slated to pass into the public domain. Eldred " @@ -12819,7 +12833,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10216 +#: freeculture.xml:10219 msgid "" "The full text is: \"Sonny [Bono] wanted the term of copyright protection to " "last forever. I am informed by staff that such a change would violate the " @@ -12831,7 +12845,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10211 +#: freeculture.xml:10214 msgid "" "This was the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act (CTEA), enacted in " "memory of the congressman and former musician Sonny Bono, who, his widow, " @@ -12840,7 +12854,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10227 +#: freeculture.xml:10230 msgid "" "Eldred decided to fight this law. He first resolved to fight it through " "civil disobedience. In a series of interviews, Eldred announced that he " @@ -12851,7 +12865,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10236 +#: freeculture.xml:10239 msgid "" "It was here that I became involved in Eldred's battle. I was a " "constitutional scholar whose first passion was constitutional " @@ -12861,7 +12875,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10247 +#: freeculture.xml:10250 msgid "" "Congress has the power to promote the Progress of Science . . . by securing " "for limited Times to Authors . . . exclusive Right to their " @@ -12869,7 +12883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10253 +#: freeculture.xml:10256 msgid "" "As I've described, this clause is unique within the power-granting clause of " "Article I, section 8 of our Constitution. Every other clause granting power " @@ -12882,12 +12896,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10272 freeculture.xml:11730 +#: freeculture.xml:10275 freeculture.xml:11733 msgid "Jaszi, Peter" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10263 +#: freeculture.xml:10266 msgid "" "In the past forty years, Congress has gotten into the practice of extending " "existing terms of copyright protection. What puzzled me about this was, if " @@ -12900,7 +12914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10275 +#: freeculture.xml:10278 msgid "" "As an academic, my first response was to hit the books. I remember sitting " "late at the office, scouring on-line databases for any serious consideration " @@ -12913,7 +12927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10286 +#: freeculture.xml:10289 msgid "" "For this is the core of the corruption in our present system of " "government. \"Corruption\" not in the sense that representatives are " @@ -12925,7 +12939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10295 +#: freeculture.xml:10298 msgid "" "If that's not obvious to you, consider the following: Say you're one of the " "very few lucky copyright owners whose copyright continues to make money one " @@ -12937,7 +12951,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10305 +#: freeculture.xml:10308 msgid "" "So imagine the Robert Frost estate is earning $100,000 a year from three of " "Frost's poems. And imagine the copyright for those poems is about to " @@ -12947,7 +12961,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 224 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10312 +#: freeculture.xml:10315 msgid "" "\"Next year,\" the adviser announces, \"our copyrights in works A, B, and C " "will expire. That means that after next year, we will no longer be receiving " @@ -12955,7 +12969,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10320 +#: freeculture.xml:10323 msgid "" "\"There's a proposal in Congress, however,\" she continues, \"that could " "change this. A few congressmen are floating a bill to extend the terms of " @@ -12964,14 +12978,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10326 +#: freeculture.xml:10329 msgid "" "\"Hope?\" a fellow board member says. \"Can't we be doing something about " "it?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10330 +#: freeculture.xml:10333 msgid "" "\"Well, obviously, yes,\" the adviser responds. \"We could contribute to the " "campaigns of a number of representatives to try to assure that they support " @@ -12979,7 +12993,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10335 +#: freeculture.xml:10338 msgid "" "You hate politics. You hate contributing to campaigns. So you want to know " "whether this disgusting practice is worth it. \"How much would we get if " @@ -12987,7 +13001,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10341 +#: freeculture.xml:10344 msgid "" "\"Well,\" the adviser says, \"if you're confident that you will continue to " "get at least $100,000 a year from these copyrights, and you use the " @@ -12996,14 +13010,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10347 +#: freeculture.xml:10350 msgid "" "You're a bit shocked by the number, but you quickly come to the correct " "conclusion:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10351 +#: freeculture.xml:10354 msgid "" "\"So you're saying it would be worth it for us to pay more than $1,000,000 " "in campaign contributions if we were confident those contributions would " @@ -13011,7 +13025,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10357 +#: freeculture.xml:10360 msgid "" "\"Absolutely,\" the adviser responds. \"It is worth it to you to contribute " "up to the `present value' of the income you expect from these " @@ -13020,7 +13034,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 225 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10363 +#: freeculture.xml:10366 msgid "" "You quickly get the point—you as the member of the board and, I trust, " "you the reader. Each time copyrights are about to expire, every beneficiary " @@ -13032,7 +13046,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10374 +#: freeculture.xml:10377 msgid "" "Thus a congressional perpetual motion machine: So long as legislation can be " "bought (albeit indirectly), there will be all the incentive in the world to " @@ -13041,7 +13055,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10387 +#: freeculture.xml:10390 msgid "" "Associated Press, \"Disney Lobbying for Copyright Extension No Mickey Mouse " "Effort; Congress OKs Bill Granting Creators 20 More Years,\" Chicago " @@ -13050,7 +13064,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10394 +#: freeculture.xml:10397 msgid "" "See Nick Brown, \"Fair Use No More?: Copyright in the Information Age,\" " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #49</ulink>." @@ -13058,7 +13072,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10401 +#: freeculture.xml:10404 msgid "" "Alan K. Ota, \"Disney in Washington: The Mouse That Roars,\" Congressional " "Quarterly This Week, 8 August 1990, available at <ulink " @@ -13066,7 +13080,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10380 +#: freeculture.xml:10383 msgid "" "In the lobbying that led to the passage of the Sonny Bono Copyright Term " "Extension Act, this \"theory\" about incentives was proved real. Ten of the " @@ -13081,7 +13095,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10409 +#: freeculture.xml:10412 msgid "" "Constitutional law is not oblivious to the obvious. Or at least, it need not " "be. So when I was considering Eldred's complaint, this reality about the " @@ -13095,7 +13109,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 226 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10422 +#: freeculture.xml:10425 msgid "" "It was also my judgment that this Supreme Court would not allow Congress to " "extend existing terms. As anyone close to the Supreme Court's work knows, " @@ -13107,7 +13121,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10435 +#: freeculture.xml:10438 msgid "" "Since 1937, the Supreme Court had interpreted Congress's granted powers very " "broadly; so, while the Constitution grants Congress the power to regulate " @@ -13117,7 +13131,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10445 +#: freeculture.xml:10448 msgid "" "As the economy grew, this standard increasingly meant that there was no " "limit to Congress's power to regulate, since just about every activity, when " @@ -13127,7 +13141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10454 +#: freeculture.xml:10457 msgid "" "The Supreme Court, under Chief Justice Rehnquist's command, changed that in " "United States v. Lopez. The government had argued that possessing guns near " @@ -13143,18 +13157,18 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10470 +#: freeculture.xml:10473 msgid "United States v. Lopez, 514 U.S. 549, 564 (1995)." msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10476 +#: freeculture.xml:10479 msgid "United States v. Morrison, 529 U.S. 598 (2000)." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10467 +#: freeculture.xml:10470 msgid "" "\"We pause to consider the implications of the government's arguments,\" the " "Chief Justice wrote.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> If anything " @@ -13166,7 +13180,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10483 +#: freeculture.xml:10486 msgid "" "If it is a principle about enumerated powers, then the principle carries " "from one enumerated power to another. The animating point in the context of " @@ -13180,7 +13194,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 227 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10481 +#: freeculture.xml:10484 msgid "" "If a principle were at work here, then it should apply to the Progress " "Clause as much as the Commerce Clause.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -13194,7 +13208,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10507 +#: freeculture.xml:10510 msgid "" "If, that is, the principle announced in Lopez stood for a principle. Many " "believed the decision in Lopez stood for politics—a conservative " @@ -13209,7 +13223,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10521 +#: freeculture.xml:10524 msgid "" "Now let's pause for a moment to make sure we understand what the argument in " "Eldred was not about. By insisting on the Constitution's limits to " @@ -13229,7 +13243,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10544 +#: freeculture.xml:10547 msgid "" "Brief of the Nashville Songwriters Association, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 " "U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01-618), n.10, available at <ulink " @@ -13237,7 +13251,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10539 +#: freeculture.xml:10542 msgid "" "Some people view the public domain with contempt. In their brief before the " "Supreme Court, the Nashville Songwriters Association wrote that the public " @@ -13249,7 +13263,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10554 +#: freeculture.xml:10557 msgid "" "As we've seen, our constitutional system requires limits on copyright as a " "way to assure that copyright holders do not too heavily influence the " @@ -13261,7 +13275,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10566 +#: freeculture.xml:10569 msgid "" "It is valuable copyrights that are responsible for terms being extended. " "Mickey Mouse and \"Rhapsody in Blue.\" These works are too valuable for " @@ -13275,7 +13289,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10587 +#: freeculture.xml:10590 msgid "" "The figure of 2 percent is an extrapolation from the study by the " "Congressional Research Service, in light of the estimated renewal " @@ -13284,7 +13298,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10581 +#: freeculture.xml:10584 msgid "" "If you look at the work created in the first twenty years (1923 to 1942) " "affected by the Sonny Bono Copyright Term Extension Act, 2 percent of that " @@ -13296,7 +13310,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 229 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10596 +#: freeculture.xml:10599 msgid "" "Think practically about the consequence of this extension—practically, " "as a businessperson, and not as a lawyer eager for more legal work. In 1930, " @@ -13307,7 +13321,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10608 +#: freeculture.xml:10611 msgid "" "Well, first, you'd have to determine which of the 9,873 books were still " "under copyright. That requires going to a library (these data are not " @@ -13318,14 +13332,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10616 +#: freeculture.xml:10619 msgid "" "Then for the books still under copyright, you would need to locate the " "current copyright owners. How would you do that?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10620 +#: freeculture.xml:10623 msgid "" "Most people think that there must be a list of these copyright owners " "somewhere. Practical people think this way. How could there be thousands and " @@ -13333,7 +13347,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10627 +#: freeculture.xml:10630 msgid "" "But there is no list. There may be a name from 1930, and then in 1959, of " "the person who registered the copyright. But just think practically about " @@ -13343,14 +13357,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10636 +#: freeculture.xml:10639 msgid "" "\"But there isn't a list of who owns property generally,\" the apologists " "for the system respond. \"Why should there be a list of copyright owners?\"" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10642 +#: freeculture.xml:10645 msgid "" "Well, actually, if you think about it, there are plenty of lists of who owns " "what property. Think about deeds on houses, or titles to cars. And where " @@ -13362,7 +13376,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 230 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10651 +#: freeculture.xml:10654 msgid "" "So: You walk down a street and see a house. You can know who owns the house " "by looking it up in the courthouse registry. If you see a car, there is " @@ -13376,7 +13390,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10666 +#: freeculture.xml:10669 msgid "" "Compare this story to intangible property. You go into a library. The " "library owns the books. But who owns the copyrights? As I've already " @@ -13390,7 +13404,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10678 +#: freeculture.xml:10681 msgid "" "The consequence with respect to old books is that they won't be digitized, " "and hence will simply rot away on shelves. But the consequence for other " @@ -13398,13 +13412,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10683 +#: freeculture.xml:10686 msgid "Agee, Michael" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10696 +#: freeculture.xml:10699 msgid "" "See David G. Savage, \"High Court Scene of Showdown on Copyright Law,\" Los " "Angeles Times, 6 October 2002; David Streitfeld, \"Classic Movies, Songs, " @@ -13413,7 +13427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10685 +#: freeculture.xml:10688 msgid "" "Consider the story of Michael Agee, chairman of Hal Roach Studios, which " "owns the copyrights for the Laurel and Hardy films. Agee is a direct " @@ -13427,7 +13441,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10704 +#: freeculture.xml:10707 msgid "" "Yet Agee opposed the CTEA. His reasons demonstrate a rare virtue in this " "culture: selflessness. He argued in a brief before the Supreme Court that " @@ -13437,7 +13451,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 231 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10710 +#: freeculture.xml:10713 msgid "" "His argument is straightforward. A tiny fraction of this work has any " "continuing commercial value. The rest—to the extent it survives at " @@ -13449,7 +13463,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10727 +#: freeculture.xml:10730 msgid "" "Brief of Hal Roach Studios and Michael Agee as Amicus Curiae Supporting the " "Petitoners, Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. 186 (2003) (No. 01- 618), 12. See " @@ -13459,7 +13473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10721 +#: freeculture.xml:10724 msgid "" "We can't know the benefits, but we do know a lot about the costs. For most " "of the history of film, the costs of restoring film were very high; digital " @@ -13470,7 +13484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10737 +#: freeculture.xml:10740 msgid "" "Restoration technology is not the only cost, nor the most important. " "Lawyers, too, are a cost, and increasingly, a very important one. In " @@ -13480,7 +13494,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10745 +#: freeculture.xml:10748 msgid "" "Or more accurately, owners. As we've seen, there isn't only a single " "copyright associated with a film; there are many. There isn't a single " @@ -13490,7 +13504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10754 +#: freeculture.xml:10757 msgid "" "\"But can't you just restore the film, distribute it, and then pay the " "copyright owner when she shows up?\" Sure, if you want to commit a " @@ -13505,7 +13519,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 232 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10765 +#: freeculture.xml:10768 msgid "" "For some films, the benefit of releasing the film may well exceed these " "costs. But for the vast majority of them, there is no way the benefit would " @@ -13515,7 +13529,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10775 +#: freeculture.xml:10778 msgid "" "But by the time the copyright for these films expires, the film will have " "expired. These films were produced on nitrate-based stock, and nitrate stock " @@ -13524,7 +13538,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10783 +#: freeculture.xml:10786 msgid "" "Of all the creative work produced by humans anywhere, a tiny fraction has " "continuing commercial value. For that tiny fraction, the copyright is a " @@ -13534,7 +13548,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10792 +#: freeculture.xml:10795 msgid "" "But even for that tiny fraction, the actual time during which the creative " "work has a commercial life is extremely short. As I've indicated, most books " @@ -13545,7 +13559,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10802 +#: freeculture.xml:10805 msgid "" "Yet that doesn't mean the life of the creative work ends. We don't keep " "libraries of books in order to compete with Barnes & Noble, and we don't " @@ -13559,7 +13573,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 233 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10815 +#: freeculture.xml:10818 msgid "" "Copyrights in this context do not drive an engine of free expression. In " "this context, there is no need for an exclusive right. Copyrights in this " @@ -13567,7 +13581,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10822 +#: freeculture.xml:10825 msgid "" "Yet, for most of our history, they also did little harm. For most of our " "history, when a work ended its commercial life, there was no " @@ -13580,7 +13594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10832 +#: freeculture.xml:10835 msgid "" "The same was effectively true of film. Because the costs of restoring a " "film—the real economic costs, not the lawyer costs—were so high, " @@ -13591,7 +13605,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10841 +#: freeculture.xml:10844 msgid "" "In other words, though copyright has been relatively short for most of our " "history, long copyrights wouldn't have mattered for the works that lost " @@ -13600,12 +13614,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10847 +#: freeculture.xml:10850 msgid "But this situation has now changed." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10850 +#: freeculture.xml:10853 msgid "" "One crucially important consequence of the emergence of digital technologies " "is to enable the archive that Brewster Kahle dreams of. Digital " @@ -13620,7 +13634,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 234 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10863 +#: freeculture.xml:10866 msgid "" "And now copyright law does get in the way. Every step of producing this " "digital archive of our culture infringes on the exclusive right of " @@ -13633,7 +13647,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10873 +#: freeculture.xml:10876 msgid "" "Here is the core of the harm that comes from extending terms: Now that " "technology enables us to rebuild the library of Alexandria, the law gets in " @@ -13646,7 +13660,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10884 +#: freeculture.xml:10887 msgid "" "You may well ask, \"But if digital technologies lower the costs for Brewster " "Kahle, then they will lower the costs for Random House, too. So won't " @@ -13654,7 +13668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10890 +#: freeculture.xml:10893 msgid "" "Maybe. Someday. But there is absolutely no evidence to suggest that " "publishers would be as complete as libraries. If Barnes & Noble offered " @@ -13668,7 +13682,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10913 +#: freeculture.xml:10916 msgid "" "Jason Schultz, \"The Myth of the 1976 Copyright `Chaos' Theory,\" 20 " "December 2002, available at <ulink " @@ -13676,7 +13690,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10901 +#: freeculture.xml:10904 msgid "" "I would be the first to agree that it should do as much as it can: We should " "rely upon the market as much as possible to spread and enable culture. My " @@ -13690,7 +13704,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10920 +#: freeculture.xml:10923 msgid "" "In January 1999, we filed a lawsuit on Eric Eldred's behalf in federal " "district court in Washington, D.C., asking the court to declare the Sonny " @@ -13701,7 +13715,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10928 +#: freeculture.xml:10931 msgid "" "The district court dismissed our claims without even hearing an argument. A " "panel of the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit also dismissed our " @@ -13711,7 +13725,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10935 +#: freeculture.xml:10938 msgid "" "Judge David Sentelle said the CTEA violated the requirement that copyrights " "be for \"limited Times\" only. His argument was as elegant as it was simple: " @@ -13724,7 +13738,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10946 +#: freeculture.xml:10949 msgid "" "We asked the Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit as a whole to hear the " "case. Cases are ordinarily heard in panels of three, except for important " @@ -13734,7 +13748,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 236 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10952 +#: freeculture.xml:10955 msgid "" "The Court of Appeals rejected our request to hear the case en banc. This " "time, Judge Sentelle was joined by the most liberal member of the " @@ -13744,7 +13758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10961 +#: freeculture.xml:10964 msgid "" "It was here that most expected Eldred v. Ashcroft would die, for the Supreme " "Court rarely reviews any decision by a court of appeals. (It hears about one " @@ -13754,7 +13768,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10968 +#: freeculture.xml:10971 msgid "" "But in February 2002, the Supreme Court surprised the world by granting our " "petition to review the D.C. Circuit opinion. Argument was set for October of " @@ -13762,7 +13776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10974 +#: freeculture.xml:10977 msgid "" "It is over a year later as I write these words. It is still astonishingly " "hard. If you know anything at all about this story, you know that we lost " @@ -13775,7 +13789,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10984 +#: freeculture.xml:10987 msgid "" "But my client and these friends were wrong. This case could have been " "won. It should have been won. And no matter how hard I try to retell this " @@ -13783,13 +13797,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:10989 freeculture.xml:11003 +#: freeculture.xml:10992 freeculture.xml:11006 msgid "Steward, Geoffrey" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 237 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:10991 +#: freeculture.xml:10994 msgid "" "The mistake was made early, though it became obvious only at the very " "end. Our case had been supported from the very beginning by an extraordinary " @@ -13801,17 +13815,17 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11001 freeculture.xml:11342 freeculture.xml:11357 freeculture.xml:11451 freeculture.xml:11673 freeculture.xml:11704 freeculture.xml:11791 +#: freeculture.xml:11004 freeculture.xml:11345 freeculture.xml:11360 freeculture.xml:11454 freeculture.xml:11676 freeculture.xml:11707 freeculture.xml:11794 msgid "Ayer, Don" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11002 +#: freeculture.xml:11005 msgid "Bromberg, Dan" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11005 +#: freeculture.xml:11008 msgid "" "There were three key lawyers on the case from Jones Day. Geoff Stewart was " "the first, but then Dan Bromberg and Don Ayer became quite " @@ -13824,7 +13838,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11015 +#: freeculture.xml:11018 msgid "" "I hate this view of the law. Of course I thought the Sonny Bono Act was a " "dramatic harm to free speech and free culture. Of course I still think it " @@ -13845,7 +13859,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11036 +#: freeculture.xml:11039 msgid "" "In any case, I thought, the Court must already see the danger and the harm " "caused by this sort of law. Why else would they grant review? There was no " @@ -13856,7 +13870,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 238 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11044 +#: freeculture.xml:11047 msgid "" "There was one way, however, in which I felt politics would matter and in " "which I thought a response was appropriate. I was convinced that the Court " @@ -13875,7 +13889,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11063 +#: freeculture.xml:11066 msgid "" "The first step happened all by itself. Phyllis Schlafly's organization, " "Eagle Forum, had been an opponent of the CTEA from the very beginning. " @@ -13892,7 +13906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11079 +#: freeculture.xml:11082 msgid "" "In the Court of Appeals, Eagle Forum was eager to file a brief supporting " "our position. Their brief made the argument that became the core claim in " @@ -13903,7 +13917,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 239 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11088 +#: freeculture.xml:11091 msgid "" "In the Supreme Court, the briefs on our side were about as diverse as it " "gets. They included an extraordinary historical brief by the Free Software " @@ -13916,7 +13930,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11101 +#: freeculture.xml:11104 msgid "" "Those briefs framed a legal argument. Then to support the legal argument, " "there were a number of powerful briefs by libraries and archives, including " @@ -13925,7 +13939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11107 +#: freeculture.xml:11110 msgid "" "But two briefs captured the policy argument best. One made the argument I've " "already described: A brief by Hal Roach Studios argued that unless the law " @@ -13934,32 +13948,32 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11113 +#: freeculture.xml:11116 msgid "Akerlof, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11114 +#: freeculture.xml:11117 msgid "Arrow, Kenneth" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11115 +#: freeculture.xml:11118 msgid "Buchanan, James" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11116 +#: freeculture.xml:11119 msgid "Coase, Ronald" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11117 +#: freeculture.xml:11120 msgid "Friedman, Milton" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11119 +#: freeculture.xml:11122 msgid "" "This economists' brief was signed by seventeen economists, including five " "Nobel Prize winners, including Ronald Coase, James Buchanan, Milton " @@ -13973,12 +13987,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11142 freeculture.xml:11155 freeculture.xml:11348 freeculture.xml:11709 +#: freeculture.xml:11145 freeculture.xml:11158 freeculture.xml:11351 freeculture.xml:11712 msgid "Fried, Charles" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11130 +#: freeculture.xml:11133 msgid "" "The same effort at balance was reflected in the legal team we gathered to " "write our briefs in the case. The Jones Day lawyers had been with us from " @@ -13993,7 +14007,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11145 +#: freeculture.xml:11148 msgid "" "Fried was a special victory for our side. Every other former solicitor " "general was hired by the other side to defend Congress's power to give media " @@ -14008,7 +14022,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11158 +#: freeculture.xml:11161 msgid "" "The government, in defending the statute, had its collection of friends, as " "well. Significantly, however, none of these \"friends\" included historians " @@ -14017,7 +14031,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11165 +#: freeculture.xml:11168 msgid "" "The media companies were not surprising. They had the most to gain from the " "law. The congressmen were not surprising either—they were defending " @@ -14029,7 +14043,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11181 +#: freeculture.xml:11184 msgid "" "Brief of Amici Dr. Seuss Enterprise et al., Eldred v. Ashcroft, 537 U.S. " "(2003) (No. 01-618), 19." @@ -14037,19 +14051,19 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11189 +#: freeculture.xml:11192 msgid "" "Dinitia Smith, \"Immortal Words, Immortal Royalties? Even Mickey Mouse Joins " "the Fray,\" New York Times, 28 March 1998, B7." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11196 +#: freeculture.xml:11199 msgid "Gershwin, George" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11174 +#: freeculture.xml:11177 msgid "" "Dr. Seuss's representatives, for example, argued that it was better for the " "Dr. Seuss estate to control what happened to Dr. Seuss's work— better " @@ -14065,7 +14079,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11199 +#: freeculture.xml:11202 msgid "" "This argument made clear a theme that is rarely noticed in this debate. " "When Congress decides to extend the term of existing copyrights, Congress is " @@ -14080,7 +14094,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11211 +#: freeculture.xml:11214 msgid "" "We argued as much in a final brief. Not only would upholding the CTEA mean " "that there was no limit to the power of Congress to extend " @@ -14092,7 +14106,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11220 +#: freeculture.xml:11223 msgid "" "The Supreme Court was divided into two important camps. One camp we called " "\"the Conservatives.\" The other we called \"the Rest.\" The Conservatives " @@ -14104,13 +14118,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11229 freeculture.xml:11253 freeculture.xml:11602 freeculture.xml:11614 +#: freeculture.xml:11232 freeculture.xml:11256 freeculture.xml:11605 freeculture.xml:11617 msgid "Breyer, Stephen" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 242 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11231 +#: freeculture.xml:11234 msgid "" "The Rest were the four Justices who had strongly opposed limits on " "Congress's power. These four—Justice Stevens, Justice Souter, Justice " @@ -14123,7 +14137,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11243 +#: freeculture.xml:11246 msgid "" "In particular, the least likely was Justice Ginsburg's. In addition to her " "general view about deference to Congress (except where issues of gender are " @@ -14136,7 +14150,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11255 +#: freeculture.xml:11258 msgid "" "Close behind Justice Ginsburg were two justices whom we also viewed as " "unlikely allies, though possible surprises. Justice Souter strongly favored " @@ -14146,7 +14160,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11263 +#: freeculture.xml:11266 msgid "" "The only vote we could be confident about was that of Justice " "Stevens. History will record Justice Stevens as one of the greatest judges " @@ -14157,7 +14171,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11271 +#: freeculture.xml:11274 msgid "" "This analysis of \"the Rest\" showed most clearly where our focus had to be: " "on the Conservatives. To win this case, we had to crack open these five and " @@ -14170,7 +14184,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 243 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11281 +#: freeculture.xml:11284 msgid "" "This then was the core of our strategy—a strategy for which I am " "responsible. We would get the Court to see that just as with the Lopez case, " @@ -14183,7 +14197,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11294 +#: freeculture.xml:11297 msgid "" "The argument on the government's side came down to this: Congress has done " "it before. It should be allowed to do it again. The government claimed that " @@ -14193,7 +14207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11303 +#: freeculture.xml:11306 msgid "" "There was some truth to the government's claim, but not much. We certainly " "agreed that Congress had extended existing terms in and in 1909. And of " @@ -14203,7 +14217,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 244 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11310 +#: freeculture.xml:11313 msgid "" "But this \"consistency\" should be kept in perspective. Congress extended " "existing terms once in the first hundred years of the Republic. It then " @@ -14221,7 +14235,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11333 +#: freeculture.xml:11336 msgid "" "I was convinced that to win, I had to keep the Court focused on a single " "point: that if this extension is permitted, then there is no limit to the " @@ -14232,7 +14246,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11344 +#: freeculture.xml:11347 msgid "" "One moot was before the lawyers at Jones Day. Don Ayer was the skeptic. He " "had served in the Reagan Justice Department with Solicitor General Charles " @@ -14242,7 +14256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11351 +#: freeculture.xml:11354 msgid "" "\"I'm just afraid that unless they really see the harm, they won't be " "willing to upset this practice that the government says has been a " @@ -14253,7 +14267,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 245 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11359 +#: freeculture.xml:11362 msgid "" "He may have argued many cases before this Court, I thought, but he didn't " "understand its soul. As a clerk, I had seen the Justices do the right " @@ -14271,7 +14285,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11376 +#: freeculture.xml:11379 msgid "" "Not everyone has to wait in line. People who know the Justices can ask for " "seats they control. (I asked Justice Scalia's chambers for seats for my " @@ -14287,7 +14301,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11391 +#: freeculture.xml:11394 msgid "" "When the Chief Justice called me to begin my argument, I began where I " "intended to stay: on the question of the limits on Congress's power. This " @@ -14296,14 +14310,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11397 +#: freeculture.xml:11400 msgid "" "Justice O'Connor stopped me within one minute of my opening. The history " "was bothering her." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11402 +#: freeculture.xml:11405 msgid "" "justice o'connor: Congress has extended the term so often through the years, " "and if you are right, don't we run the risk of upsetting previous extensions " @@ -14312,7 +14326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11409 +#: freeculture.xml:11412 msgid "" "She was quite willing to concede \"that this flies directly in the face of " "what the framers had in mind.\" But my response again and again was to " @@ -14321,7 +14335,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 246 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11415 +#: freeculture.xml:11418 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Well, if it flies in the face of what the framers had in mind, " "then the question is, is there a way of interpreting their words that gives " @@ -14329,14 +14343,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11423 +#: freeculture.xml:11426 msgid "" "There were two points in this argument when I should have seen where the " "Court was going. The first was a question by Justice Kennedy, who observed," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11429 +#: freeculture.xml:11432 msgid "" "justice kennedy: Well, I suppose implicit in the argument that the '76 act, " "too, should have been declared void, and that we might leave it alone " @@ -14346,14 +14360,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11437 +#: freeculture.xml:11440 msgid "" "Here follows my clear mistake. Like a professor correcting a student, I " "answered," msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11443 +#: freeculture.xml:11446 msgid "" "mr. lessig: Justice, we are not making an empirical claim at all. Nothing " "in our Copyright Clause claim hangs upon the empirical assertion about " @@ -14363,7 +14377,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11453 +#: freeculture.xml:11456 msgid "" "That was a correct answer, but it wasn't the right answer. The right answer " "was instead that there was an obvious and profound harm. Any number of " @@ -14373,7 +14387,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11460 +#: freeculture.xml:11463 msgid "" "The second came from the Chief, for whom the whole case had been " "crafted. For the Chief Justice had crafted the Lopez ruling, and we hoped " @@ -14382,21 +14396,21 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 247 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11465 +#: freeculture.xml:11468 msgid "" "It was clear a second into his question that he wasn't at all sympathetic. " "To him, we were a bunch of anarchists. As he asked:" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11473 +#: freeculture.xml:11476 msgid "" "chief justice: Well, but you want more than that. You want the right to copy " "verbatim other people's books, don't you?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11477 +#: freeculture.xml:11480 msgid "" "mr. lessig: We want the right to copy verbatim works that should be in the " "public domain and would be in the public domain but for a statute that " @@ -14405,7 +14419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11486 +#: freeculture.xml:11489 msgid "" "Things went better for us when the government gave its argument; for now the " "Court picked up on the core of our claim. As Justice Scalia asked Solicitor " @@ -14413,7 +14427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11492 +#: freeculture.xml:11495 msgid "" "justice scalia: You say that the functional equivalent of an unlimited time " "would be a violation [of the Constitution], but that's precisely the " @@ -14422,7 +14436,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11501 +#: freeculture.xml:11504 msgid "" "When Olson was finished, it was my turn to give a closing rebuttal. Olson's " "flailing had revived my anger. But my anger still was directed to the " @@ -14438,7 +14452,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 248 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11514 +#: freeculture.xml:11517 msgid "" "As I left the court that day, I knew there were a hundred points I wished I " "could remake. There were a hundred questions I wished I had answered " @@ -14446,7 +14460,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11522 +#: freeculture.xml:11525 msgid "" "The government had been asked over and over again, what is the limit? Over " "and over again, it had answered there is no limit. This was precisely the " @@ -14463,7 +14477,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11541 +#: freeculture.xml:11544 msgid "" "The morning of January 15, 2003, I was five minutes late to the office and " "missed the 7:00 A.M. call from the Supreme Court clerk. Listening to the " @@ -14473,7 +14487,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11548 +#: freeculture.xml:11551 msgid "" "A few seconds later, the opinions arrived by e-mail. I took the phone off " "the hook, posted an announcement to our blog, and sat down to see where I " @@ -14481,7 +14495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11553 +#: freeculture.xml:11556 msgid "" "My reasoning. Here was a case that pitted all the money in the world against " "reasoning. And here was the last naïve law professor, scouring the pages, " @@ -14489,7 +14503,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11558 +#: freeculture.xml:11561 msgid "" "I first scoured the opinion, looking for how the Court would distinguish the " "principle in this case from the principle in Lopez. The argument was nowhere " @@ -14499,7 +14513,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 249 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11569 +#: freeculture.xml:11572 msgid "" "Justice Ginsburg simply ignored the enumerated powers argument. Consistent " "with her view that Congress's power was not limited generally, she had found " @@ -14507,7 +14521,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11575 +#: freeculture.xml:11578 msgid "" "Her opinion was perfectly reasonable—for her, and for Justice " "Souter. Neither believes in Lopez. It would be too much to expect them to " @@ -14516,7 +14530,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11581 +#: freeculture.xml:11584 msgid "" "But as I realized what had happened, I couldn't quite believe what I was " "reading. I had said there was no way this Court could reconcile limited " @@ -14529,7 +14543,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11592 +#: freeculture.xml:11595 msgid "" "Yet by what right did they get to choose which of the framers' values they " "would respect? By what right did they—the silent five—get to " @@ -14542,7 +14556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11604 +#: freeculture.xml:11607 msgid "" "Justices Breyer and Stevens wrote very strong dissents. Stevens's opinion " "was crafted internal to the law: He argued that the tradition of " @@ -14557,7 +14571,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 250 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11617 +#: freeculture.xml:11620 msgid "" "Justice Breyer's opinion, perhaps the best opinion he has ever written, was " "external to the Constitution. He argued that the term of copyrights has " @@ -14570,7 +14584,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11628 +#: freeculture.xml:11631 msgid "" "These two justices understood all the arguments we had made. But because " "neither believed in the Lopez case, neither was willing to push it as a " @@ -14580,7 +14594,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11635 +#: freeculture.xml:11638 msgid "" "Defeat brings depression. They say it is a sign of health when depression " "gives way to anger. My anger came quickly, but it didn't cure the " @@ -14588,7 +14602,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11640 +#: freeculture.xml:11643 msgid "" "It was first anger with the five \"Conservatives.\" It would have been one " "thing for them to have explained why the principle of Lopez didn't apply in " @@ -14604,7 +14618,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 251 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11653 +#: freeculture.xml:11656 msgid "" "Here, they had joined an opinion that never once tried to explain what the " "framers had meant by crafting the Progress Clause as they did; they joined " @@ -14619,7 +14633,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11668 +#: freeculture.xml:11671 msgid "" "My anger with the Conservatives quickly yielded to anger with myself. For I " "had let a view of the law that I liked interfere with a view of the law as " @@ -14627,7 +14641,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11675 +#: freeculture.xml:11678 msgid "" "Most lawyers, and most law professors, have little patience for idealism " "about courts in general and this Supreme Court in particular. Most have a " @@ -14642,7 +14656,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 252 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11686 +#: freeculture.xml:11689 msgid "" "As I read back over the transcript from that argument in October, I can see " "a hundred places where the answers could have taken the conversation in " @@ -14661,7 +14675,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11706 +#: freeculture.xml:11709 msgid "" "Would it have been different if I had argued it differently? Would it have " "been different if Don Ayer had argued it? Or Charles Fried? Or Kathleen " @@ -14669,7 +14683,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11712 +#: freeculture.xml:11715 msgid "" "My friends huddled around me to insist it would not. The Court was not " "ready, my friends insisted. This was a loss that was destined. It would take " @@ -14678,7 +14692,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11718 +#: freeculture.xml:11721 msgid "" "Maybe, but I doubt it. These Justices have no financial interest in doing " "anything except the right thing. They are not lobbied. They have little " @@ -14688,7 +14702,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11725 +#: freeculture.xml:11728 msgid "" "And even if I couldn't, then that doesn't excuse what happened in " "January. For at the start of this case, one of America's leading " @@ -14700,7 +14714,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 253 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11733 +#: freeculture.xml:11736 msgid "" "After the argument and after the decision, Peter said to me, and publicly, " "that he was wrong. But if indeed that Court could not have been persuaded, " @@ -14720,7 +14734,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11754 +#: freeculture.xml:11757 msgid "" "In effect, the Supreme Court's decision makes it likely that we are seeing " "the beginning of the end of public domain and the birth of copyright " @@ -14731,7 +14745,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11763 +#: freeculture.xml:11766 msgid "" "The best responses were in the cartoons. There was a gaggle of hilarious " "images—of Mickey in jail and the like. The best, from my view of the " @@ -14741,7 +14755,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11770 +#: freeculture.xml:11773 msgid "" "The image that will always stick in my head is that evoked by the quote from " "The New York Times. That \"grand experiment\" we call the \"public domain\" " @@ -14753,12 +14767,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:11781 +#: freeculture.xml:11784 msgid "CHAPTER FOURTEEN: Eldred II" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11783 +#: freeculture.xml:11786 msgid "" "The day Eldred was decided, fate would have it that I was to travel to " "Washington, D.C. (The day the rehearing petition in Eldred was " @@ -14770,7 +14784,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11793 +#: freeculture.xml:11796 msgid "" "It was an act of contrition. During the whole of the flight from San " "Francisco to Washington, I had heard over and over again in my head the same " @@ -14784,7 +14798,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 256 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11803 +#: freeculture.xml:11806 msgid "" "The New York Times published the piece. In it, I proposed a simple fix: " "Fifty years after a work has been published, the copyright owner would be " @@ -14794,7 +14808,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11811 +#: freeculture.xml:11814 msgid "" "We called this the Eldred Act, but that was just to give it a name. Eric " "Eldred was kind enough to let his name be used once again, but as he said " @@ -14802,7 +14816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11816 +#: freeculture.xml:11819 msgid "" "Or another two names. For depending upon your perspective, this is either " "the \"Public Domain Enhancement Act\" or the \"Copyright Term Deregulation " @@ -14813,12 +14827,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11824 freeculture.xml:12022 +#: freeculture.xml:11827 freeculture.xml:12025 msgid "Forbes, Steve" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11826 +#: freeculture.xml:11829 msgid "" "The reaction to this idea was amazingly strong. Steve Forbes endorsed it in " "an editorial. I received an avalanche of e-mail and letters expressing " @@ -14832,7 +14846,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11838 +#: freeculture.xml:11841 msgid "" "Indeed, many recognized the obvious benefit of the registration " "requirement. For one of the hardest things about the current system for " @@ -14845,18 +14859,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11848 +#: freeculture.xml:11851 msgid "Berlin Act (1908)" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:11849 freeculture.xml:11888 +#: freeculture.xml:11852 freeculture.xml:11891 msgid "Berne Convention (1908)" msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11856 +#: freeculture.xml:11859 msgid "" "Until the 1908 Berlin Act of the Berne Convention, national copyright " "legislation sometimes made protection depend upon compliance with " @@ -14878,7 +14892,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11852 +#: freeculture.xml:11855 msgid "" "As I described in chapter 10, formalities in copyright law were removed in " "1976, when Congress followed the Europeans by abandoning any formal " @@ -14892,7 +14906,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11882 +#: freeculture.xml:11885 msgid "" "That's great rhetoric. It sounds wonderfully romantic. But it is absurd " "copyright policy. It is absurd especially for authors, because a world " @@ -14902,7 +14916,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11890 +#: freeculture.xml:11893 msgid "" "The fight against formalities achieved its first real victory in Berlin in " "1908. International copyright lawyers amended the Berne Convention in 1908, " @@ -14914,7 +14928,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11900 +#: freeculture.xml:11903 msgid "" "These complaints were real and sensible. And the strictness of the " "formalities, especially in the United States, was absurd. The law should " @@ -14925,7 +14939,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11908 +#: freeculture.xml:11911 msgid "" "Even that would have been resisted, however, because registration in the " "nineteenth and twentieth centuries was still expensive. It was also a " @@ -14936,7 +14950,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 258 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11916 +#: freeculture.xml:11919 msgid "" "In addition to the practical complaint of authors in 1908, there was a moral " "claim as well. There was no reason that creative property should be a " @@ -14948,7 +14962,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11928 +#: freeculture.xml:11931 msgid "" "This argument is correct, but its implications are misleading. For the " "argument in favor of formalities does not depend upon creative property " @@ -14959,7 +14973,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11937 +#: freeculture.xml:11940 msgid "" "No one thinks, for example, that land is second-class property just because " "you have to register a deed with a court if your sale of land is to be " @@ -14978,7 +14992,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 259 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11953 +#: freeculture.xml:11956 msgid "" "It is similarly special physics that makes formalities important in " "copyright law. Unlike a carpenter's table, there's nothing in nature that " @@ -14992,7 +15006,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11967 +#: freeculture.xml:11970 msgid "" "This was the understanding of the problem with the Sonny Bono Act that we " "tried to demonstrate to the Court. This was the part it didn't \"get.\" " @@ -15004,7 +15018,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11977 +#: freeculture.xml:11980 msgid "" "But now that copyrights can be just about a century long, the inability to " "know what is protected and what is not protected becomes a huge and obvious " @@ -15015,7 +15029,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11986 +#: freeculture.xml:11989 msgid "" "The Eldred Act was designed to respond to exactly this problem. If it is " "worth $1 to you, then register your work and you can get the longer " @@ -15025,7 +15039,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:11993 +#: freeculture.xml:11996 msgid "" "If it isn't worth it to you to register to get the benefit of an extended " "term, then it shouldn't be worth it for the government to defend your " @@ -15035,7 +15049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12000 +#: freeculture.xml:12003 msgid "" "Some worry about the burden on authors. Won't the burden of registering the " "work mean that the $1 is really misleading? Isn't the hassle worth more than " @@ -15044,7 +15058,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 260 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12006 +#: freeculture.xml:12009 msgid "" "It is. The hassle is terrible. The system that exists now is awful. I " "completely agree that the Copyright Office has done a terrible job (no doubt " @@ -15062,7 +15076,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12024 +#: freeculture.xml:12027 msgid "" "When Steve Forbes endorsed the idea, some in Washington began to pay " "attention. Many people contacted me pointing to representatives who might be " @@ -15071,7 +15085,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12030 +#: freeculture.xml:12033 msgid "" "One representative, Zoe Lofgren of California, went so far as to get the " "bill drafted. The draft solved any problem with international law. It " @@ -15082,7 +15096,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12039 +#: freeculture.xml:12042 msgid "" "But at this stage, the lobbyists began to intervene. Jack Valenti and the " "MPAA general counsel came to the congresswoman's office to give the view of " @@ -15094,7 +15108,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 261 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12047 +#: freeculture.xml:12050 msgid "" "The MPAA argued first that Congress had \"firmly rejected the central " "concept in the proposed bill\"—that copyrights be renewed. That was " @@ -15116,7 +15130,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12068 +#: freeculture.xml:12071 msgid "" "Finally, the MPAA argued that existing law enabled copyright owners to do " "this if they wanted. But the whole point is that there are thousands of " @@ -15127,7 +15141,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12076 +#: freeculture.xml:12079 msgid "" "At the beginning of this book, I told two stories about the law reacting to " "changes in technology. In the one, common sense prevailed. In the other, " @@ -15139,7 +15153,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12086 +#: freeculture.xml:12089 msgid "" "I used these two cases as a way to frame the war that this book has been " "about. For here, too, a new technology is forcing the law to react. And " @@ -15149,7 +15163,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 262 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12095 +#: freeculture.xml:12098 msgid "" "When the issue is piracy, it is right for the law to back the copyright " "owners. The commercial piracy that I described is wrong and harmful, and the " @@ -15163,7 +15177,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12106 +#: freeculture.xml:12109 msgid "" "But when the copyright owners oppose a proposal such as the Eldred Act, " "then, finally, there is an example that lays bare the naked selfinterest " @@ -15176,12 +15190,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12116 +#: freeculture.xml:12119 msgid "What does this industry really want?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12119 +#: freeculture.xml:12122 msgid "" "With very little effort, the warriors could protect their content. So the " "effort to block something like the Eldred Act is not really about protecting " @@ -15193,7 +15207,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12129 +#: freeculture.xml:12132 msgid "" "The opposition to the Eldred Act reveals how extreme the other side is. The " "most powerful and sexy and well loved of lobbies really has as its aim not " @@ -15204,7 +15218,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 263 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12136 +#: freeculture.xml:12139 msgid "" "It is not hard to understand why the warriors take this view. It is not hard " "to see why it would benefit them if the competition of the public domain " @@ -15215,7 +15229,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12148 +#: freeculture.xml:12151 msgid "" "What is hard to understand is why the public takes this view. It is as if " "the law made airplanes trespassers. The MPAA stands with the Causbys and " @@ -15225,7 +15239,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12155 +#: freeculture.xml:12158 msgid "" "All this seems to follow easily from this untroubled acceptance of the " "\"property\" in intellectual property. Common sense supports it, and so long " @@ -15237,12 +15251,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12167 +#: freeculture.xml:12170 msgid "CONCLUSION" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12169 +#: freeculture.xml:12172 msgid "" "There are more than 35 million people with the AIDS virus " "worldwide. Twenty-five million of them live in sub-Saharan Africa. " @@ -15252,7 +15266,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12176 +#: freeculture.xml:12179 msgid "" "There is no cure for AIDS, but there are drugs to slow its progression. " "These antiretroviral therapies are still experimental, but they have already " @@ -15263,7 +15277,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12191 +#: freeculture.xml:12194 msgid "" "Commission on Intellectual Property Rights, \"Final Report: Integrating " "Intellectual Property Rights and Development Policy\" (London, 2002), " @@ -15274,7 +15288,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12184 +#: freeculture.xml:12187 msgid "" "These drugs are expensive. When they were first introduced in the United " "States, they cost between $10,000 and $15,000 per person per year. Today, " @@ -15287,7 +15301,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 265 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12202 +#: freeculture.xml:12205 msgid "" "These prices are not high because the ingredients of the drugs are " "expensive. These prices are high because the drugs are protected by " @@ -15298,7 +15312,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12210 +#: freeculture.xml:12213 msgid "" "There are many who are skeptical of patents, especially drug patents. I am " "not. Indeed, of all the areas of research that might be supported by " @@ -15311,7 +15325,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12221 +#: freeculture.xml:12224 msgid "" "But it is one thing to support patents, even drug patents. It is another " "thing to determine how best to deal with a crisis. And as African leaders " @@ -15321,12 +15335,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12239 freeculture.xml:12674 +#: freeculture.xml:12242 freeculture.xml:12677 msgid "Braithwaite, John" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12237 +#: freeculture.xml:12240 msgid "" "See Peter Drahos with John Braithwaite, Information Feudalism: Who Owns the " "Knowledge Economy? (New York: The New Press, 2003), 37. <placeholder " @@ -15334,7 +15348,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12228 +#: freeculture.xml:12231 msgid "" "In 1997, South Africa tried one tack. It passed a law to allow the " "importation of patented medicines that had been produced or sold in another " @@ -15347,7 +15361,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12249 +#: freeculture.xml:12252 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15361,7 +15375,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12281 +#: freeculture.xml:12284 msgid "" "International Intellectual Property Institute (IIPI), Patent Protection and " "Access to HIV/AIDS Pharmaceuticals in Sub-Saharan Africa, a Report Prepared " @@ -15370,7 +15384,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12244 +#: freeculture.xml:12247 msgid "" "However, the United States government opposed the bill. Indeed, more than " "opposed. As the International Intellectual Property Association " @@ -15393,7 +15407,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12287 +#: freeculture.xml:12290 msgid "" "We should place the intervention by the United States in context. No doubt " "patents are not the most important reason that Africans don't have access to " @@ -15405,7 +15419,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12297 +#: freeculture.xml:12300 msgid "" "By stopping the flow of HIV treatment into Africa, the United States " "government was not saving drugs for United States citizens. This is not " @@ -15416,7 +15430,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12305 +#: freeculture.xml:12308 msgid "" "Nor was the intervention by the United States going to protect the profits " "of United States drug companies—at least, not substantially. It was " @@ -15430,7 +15444,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. PAGE BREAK 333 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12320 +#: freeculture.xml:12323 msgid "" "See Sabin Russell, \"New Crusade to Lower AIDS Drug Costs: Africa's Needs at " "Odds with Firms' Profit Motive,\" San Francisco Chronicle, 24 May 1999, A1, " @@ -15447,7 +15461,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12314 +#: freeculture.xml:12317 msgid "" "Instead, the argument in favor of restricting this flow of information, " "which was needed to save the lives of millions, was an argument about the " @@ -15459,7 +15473,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12341 +#: freeculture.xml:12344 msgid "" "Now just step back for a moment. There will be a time thirty years from now " "when our children look back at us and ask, how could we have let this " @@ -15472,7 +15486,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12351 +#: freeculture.xml:12354 msgid "" "Some blame the drug companies. I don't. They are corporations. Their " "managers are ordered by law to make money for the corporation. They push a " @@ -15483,7 +15497,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12359 +#: freeculture.xml:12362 msgid "" "The corruption is our own politicians' failure of integrity. For the drug " "companies would love—they say, and I believe them—to sell their " @@ -15495,7 +15509,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 268 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12367 +#: freeculture.xml:12370 msgid "" "A different problem, however, could not be overcome. This is the fear of the " "grandstanding politician who would call the presidents of the drug companies " @@ -15511,7 +15525,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12382 +#: freeculture.xml:12385 msgid "" "So when the common sense of your child confronts you, what will you say? " "When the common sense of a generation finally revolts against what we have " @@ -15519,7 +15533,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12388 +#: freeculture.xml:12391 msgid "" "A sensible patent policy could endorse and strongly support the patent " "system without having to reach everyone everywhere in exactly the same " @@ -15534,7 +15548,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 269 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12400 +#: freeculture.xml:12403 msgid "" "But we as a culture have lost this sense of balance. We have lost the " "critical eye that helps us see the difference between truth and extremism. " @@ -15554,7 +15568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12420 +#: freeculture.xml:12423 msgid "" "So far, common sense sleeps. There is no revolt. Common sense does not yet " "see what there could be to revolt about. The extremism that now dominates " @@ -15572,7 +15586,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12437 +#: freeculture.xml:12440 msgid "" "Jonathan Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" Washington Post, August " "2003, E1, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -15586,7 +15600,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 270 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12434 +#: freeculture.xml:12437 msgid "" "In August 2003, a fight broke out in the United States about a decision by " "the World Intellectual Property Organization to cancel a " @@ -15610,7 +15624,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12467 +#: freeculture.xml:12470 msgid "" "The aim of the meeting was to consider this wide range of projects from one " "common perspective: that none of these projects relied upon intellectual " @@ -15621,14 +15635,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f7. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12475 +#: freeculture.xml:12478 msgid "" "I should disclose that I was one of the people who asked WIPO for the " "meeting." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12474 +#: freeculture.xml:12477 msgid "" "From the perspective of this book, then, the conference was " "ideal.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/> The projects within its " @@ -15640,7 +15654,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 271 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12485 +#: freeculture.xml:12488 msgid "" "Indeed, I was once publicly scolded for not recognizing this fact about " "WIPO. In February 2003, I delivered a keynote address to a preparatory " @@ -15664,7 +15678,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12509 +#: freeculture.xml:12512 msgid "" "So whether or not WSIS can discuss balance in intellectual property, I had " "thought it was taken for granted that WIPO could and should. And thus the " @@ -15673,7 +15687,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12515 +#: freeculture.xml:12518 msgid "" "But there is one project within that list that is highly controversial, at " "least among lobbyists. That project is \"open source and free software.\" " @@ -15688,7 +15702,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12538 +#: freeculture.xml:12541 msgid "" "Microsoft's position about free and open source software is more " "sophisticated. As it has repeatedly asserted, it has no problem with \"open " @@ -15707,7 +15721,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12526 +#: freeculture.xml:12529 msgid "" "I don't mean to enter that debate here. It is important only to make clear " "that the distinction is not between commercial and noncommercial " @@ -15723,7 +15737,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 272 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12560 +#: freeculture.xml:12563 msgid "" "More important for our purposes, to support \"open source and free " "software\" is not to oppose copyright. \"Open source and free software\" is " @@ -15742,14 +15756,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f9. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12586 +#: freeculture.xml:12589 msgid "" "Krim, \"The Quiet War over Open-Source,\" available at <ulink " "url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #64</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12578 +#: freeculture.xml:12581 msgid "" "It is therefore understandable that as a proprietary software developer, " "Microsoft would oppose this WIPO meeting, and understandable that it would " @@ -15762,7 +15776,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12592 +#: freeculture.xml:12595 msgid "" "I don't blame Microsoft for doing what it can to advance its own interests, " "consistent with the law. And lobbying governments is plainly consistent with " @@ -15772,7 +15786,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12600 +#: freeculture.xml:12603 msgid "" "What was surprising was the United States government's reason for opposing " "the meeting. Again, as reported by Krim, Lois Boland, acting director of " @@ -15784,12 +15798,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12610 +#: freeculture.xml:12613 msgid "These statements are astonishing on a number of levels." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12614 +#: freeculture.xml:12617 msgid "" "First, they are just flat wrong. As I described, most open source and free " "software relies fundamentally upon the intellectual property right called " @@ -15802,7 +15816,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12624 +#: freeculture.xml:12627 msgid "" "Second, who ever said that WIPO's exclusive aim was to \"promote\" " "intellectual property maximally? As I had been scolded at the preparatory " @@ -15817,7 +15831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12637 +#: freeculture.xml:12640 msgid "" "Third, even if one believed that the purpose of WIPO was to maximize " "intellectual property rights, in our tradition, intellectual property rights " @@ -15833,7 +15847,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 274 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12650 +#: freeculture.xml:12653 msgid "" "When Ms. Boland says that there is something wrong with a meeting \"which " "has as its purpose to disclaim or waive such rights,\" she's saying that " @@ -15846,7 +15860,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12662 +#: freeculture.xml:12665 msgid "" "There is a history of just such a property system that is well known in the " "Anglo-American tradition. It is called \"feudalism.\" Under feudalism, not " @@ -15860,14 +15874,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12679 +#: freeculture.xml:12682 msgid "" "See Drahos with Braithwaite, Information Feudalism, 210–20. " "<placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12676 +#: freeculture.xml:12679 msgid "" "As Peter Drahos and John Braithwaite relate, this is precisely the choice we " "are now making about intellectual property.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -15877,7 +15891,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12687 +#: freeculture.xml:12690 msgid "" "When this battle broke, I blogged it. A spirited debate within the comment " "section ensued. Ms. Boland had a number of supporters who tried to show why " @@ -15887,7 +15901,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 275 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12694 +#: freeculture.xml:12697 msgid "" "George, you misunderstand Lessig: He's only talking about the world as it " "should be (\"the goal of WIPO, and the goal of any government, should be to " @@ -15900,7 +15914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12706 +#: freeculture.xml:12709 msgid "" "I missed the irony the first time I read it. I read it quickly and thought " "the poster was supporting the idea that seeking balance was what our " @@ -15913,7 +15927,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12716 +#: freeculture.xml:12719 msgid "" "Obviously, however, the poster was not supporting that idea. Instead, the " "poster was ridiculing the very idea that in the real world, the \"goal\" of " @@ -15924,7 +15938,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12724 +#: freeculture.xml:12727 msgid "" "I understand criticism of academic utopianism. I think utopianism is silly, " "too, and I'd be the first to poke fun at the absurdly unrealistic ideals of " @@ -15932,7 +15946,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12730 +#: freeculture.xml:12733 msgid "" "But when it has become silly to suppose that the role of our government " "should be to \"seek balance,\" then count me with the silly, for that means " @@ -15946,7 +15960,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 276 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12741 +#: freeculture.xml:12744 msgid "" "It might be crazy to expect a high government official to speak the " "truth. It might be crazy to believe that government policy will be something " @@ -15956,7 +15970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12750 +#: freeculture.xml:12753 msgid "" "If this is crazy, then let there be more crazies. Soon. There are moments " "of hope in this struggle. And moments that surprise. When the FCC was " @@ -15970,7 +15984,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12762 +#: freeculture.xml:12765 msgid "" "This activism did not stop the FCC, but soon after, a broad coalition in the " "Senate voted to reverse the FCC decision. The hostile hearings leading up to " @@ -15980,7 +15994,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12770 +#: freeculture.xml:12773 msgid "" "But even this movement misses an important piece of the puzzle. Largeness " "as such is not bad. Freedom is not threatened just because some become very " @@ -15990,7 +16004,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12777 +#: freeculture.xml:12780 msgid "" "The danger in media concentration comes not from the concentration, but " "instead from the feudalism that this concentration, tied to the change in " @@ -16002,7 +16016,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12787 +#: freeculture.xml:12790 msgid "" "It is therefore significant that so many would rally to demand competition " "and increased diversity. Still, if the rally is understood as being about " @@ -16012,7 +16026,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12794 +#: freeculture.xml:12797 msgid "" "It would be something new, and something very important, if an equal number " "could be rallied to fight the increasing extremism built within the idea of " @@ -16023,20 +16037,20 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12802 +#: freeculture.xml:12805 msgid "" "If we were Achilles, this would be our heel. This would be the place of our " "tragedy." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12805 +#: freeculture.xml:12808 msgid "Dylan, Bob" msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12810 +#: freeculture.xml:12813 msgid "" "John Borland, \"RIAA Sues 261 File Swappers,\" CNET News.com, September " "2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16054,7 +16068,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f12. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12828 +#: freeculture.xml:12831 msgid "" "Jon Wiederhorn, \"Eminem Gets Sued . . . by a Little Old Lady,\" mtv.com, 17 " "September 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16064,7 +16078,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f13. #. PAGE BREAK 334 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12835 +#: freeculture.xml:12838 msgid "" "Kenji Hall, Associated Press, \"Japanese Book May Be Inspiration for Dylan " "Songs,\" Kansascity.com, 9 July 2003, available at <ulink " @@ -16072,7 +16086,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12807 +#: freeculture.xml:12810 msgid "" "As I write these final words, the news is filled with stories about the RIAA " "lawsuits against almost three hundred individuals.<placeholder " @@ -16091,18 +16105,18 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12852 freeculture.xml:13202 +#: freeculture.xml:12855 freeculture.xml:13205 msgid "Creative Commons" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:12853 +#: freeculture.xml:12856 msgid "Gil, Gilberto" msgstr "" #. f14. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12858 +#: freeculture.xml:12861 msgid "" "\"BBC Plans to Open Up Its Archive to the Public,\" BBC press release, 24 " "August 2003, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -16111,7 +16125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f15. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12867 +#: freeculture.xml:12870 msgid "" "\"Creative Commons and Brazil,\" Creative Commons Weblog, 6 August 2003, " "available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #71</ulink>." @@ -16119,7 +16133,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 278 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12855 +#: freeculture.xml:12858 msgid "" "Yet on the other side of the Atlantic, the BBC has just announced that it " "will build a \"Creative Archive,\" from which British citizens can download " @@ -16138,20 +16152,20 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 279 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12881 +#: freeculture.xml:12884 msgid "" "Common sense must revolt. It must act to free culture. Soon, if this " "potential is ever to be realized." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12889 +#: freeculture.xml:12892 msgid "AFTERWORD" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 280 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12893 +#: freeculture.xml:12896 msgid "" "At least some who have read this far will agree with me that something must " "be done to change where we are heading. The balance of this book maps what " @@ -16159,7 +16173,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12898 +#: freeculture.xml:12901 msgid "" "I divide this map into two parts: that which anyone can do now, and that " "which requires the help of lawmakers. If there is one lesson that we can " @@ -16168,7 +16182,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12904 +#: freeculture.xml:12907 msgid "" "That means this movement must begin in the streets. It must recruit a " "significant number of parents, teachers, librarians, creators, authors, " @@ -16177,7 +16191,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12911 +#: freeculture.xml:12914 msgid "" "Once this movement has its effect in the streets, it has some hope of having " "an effect in Washington. We are still a democracy. What people think " @@ -16187,12 +16201,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12920 +#: freeculture.xml:12923 msgid "US, NOW" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12922 +#: freeculture.xml:12925 msgid "" "Common sense is with the copyright warriors because the debate so far has " "been framed at the extremes—as a grand either/or: either property or " @@ -16201,7 +16215,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12928 +#: freeculture.xml:12931 msgid "" "The mistake here is the error of the excluded middle. There are extremes in " "this debate, but the extremes are not all that there is. There are those who " @@ -16215,7 +16229,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 282 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12938 +#: freeculture.xml:12941 msgid "" "When the Internet was first born, its initial architecture effectively " "tilted in the \"no rights reserved\" direction. Content could be copied " @@ -16226,7 +16240,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12950 +#: freeculture.xml:12953 msgid "" "This initial character produced a reaction (opposite, but not quite equal) " "by copyright owners. That reaction has been the topic of this book. Through " @@ -16242,7 +16256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12964 +#: freeculture.xml:12967 msgid "" "What's needed is a way to say something in the middle—neither \"all " "rights reserved\" nor \"no rights reserved\" but \"some rights " @@ -16252,12 +16266,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:12973 +#: freeculture.xml:12976 msgid "Rebuilding Freedoms Previously Presumed: Examples" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12975 +#: freeculture.xml:12978 msgid "" "If you step back from the battle I've been describing here, you will " "recognize this problem from other contexts. Think about privacy. Before the " @@ -16269,12 +16283,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12985 +#: freeculture.xml:12988 msgid "What made it assured?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:12989 +#: freeculture.xml:12992 msgid "" "Well, if we think in terms of the modalities I described in chapter 10, your " "privacy was assured because of an inefficient architecture for gathering " @@ -16291,12 +16305,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13003 +#: freeculture.xml:13006 msgid "Amazon" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13005 +#: freeculture.xml:13008 msgid "" "Enter the Internet, where the cost of tracking browsing in particular has " "become quite tiny. If you're a customer at Amazon, then as you browse the " @@ -16309,7 +16323,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13015 +#: freeculture.xml:13018 msgid "" "Amazon, of course, is not the problem. But we might begin to worry about " "libraries. If you're one of those crazy lefties who thinks that people " @@ -16322,7 +16336,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13031 +#: freeculture.xml:13034 msgid "" "See, for example, Marc Rotenberg, \"Fair Information Practices and the " "Architecture of Privacy (What Larry Doesn't Get),\" Stanford Technology Law " @@ -16335,7 +16349,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 284 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13025 +#: freeculture.xml:13028 msgid "" "It is this reality that explains the push of many to define \"privacy\" on " "the Internet. It is the recognition that technology can remove what friction " @@ -16348,7 +16362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13049 +#: freeculture.xml:13052 msgid "" "A similar story could be told about the birth of the free software " "movement. When computers with software were first made available " @@ -16359,12 +16373,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13056 +#: freeculture.xml:13059 msgid "Stallman, Richard" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13058 +#: freeculture.xml:13061 msgid "" "That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a " "researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was " @@ -16374,7 +16388,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13066 +#: freeculture.xml:13069 msgid "" "In an academic setting, at least, that's not a terribly radical idea. In a " "math department, anyone would be free to tinker with a proof that someone " @@ -16388,7 +16402,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13078 +#: freeculture.xml:13081 msgid "" "No one answered that question. Instead, the architecture of revenue for " "computing changed. As it became possible to import programs from one system " @@ -16401,7 +16415,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 285 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13087 +#: freeculture.xml:13090 msgid "" "Thus, the practice of proprietary code began to spread, and by the early " "1980s, Stallman found himself surrounded by proprietary code. The world of " @@ -16411,7 +16425,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13096 +#: freeculture.xml:13099 msgid "" "Therefore, in 1984, Stallman began a project to build a free operating " "system, so that at least a strain of free software would survive. That was " @@ -16420,7 +16434,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13102 +#: freeculture.xml:13105 msgid "" "Stallman's technique was to use copyright law to build a world of software " "that must be kept free. Software licensed under the Free Software " @@ -16433,7 +16447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13113 +#: freeculture.xml:13116 msgid "" "Stallman was thus doing for software what privacy advocates now do for " "privacy. He was seeking a way to rebuild a kind of freedom that was taken " @@ -16444,7 +16458,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13121 +#: freeculture.xml:13124 msgid "" "Finally, consider a very recent example that more directly resonates with " "the story of this book. This is the shift in the way academic and scientific " @@ -16453,7 +16467,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 286 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13126 +#: freeculture.xml:13129 msgid "" "As digital technologies develop, it is becoming obvious to many that " "printing thousands of copies of journals every month and sending them to " @@ -16470,7 +16484,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13142 +#: freeculture.xml:13145 msgid "" "There's nothing wrong in general with this, and indeed, the ability to " "charge for access to even public domain materials is a good incentive for " @@ -16482,7 +16496,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13151 +#: freeculture.xml:13154 msgid "" "But what if the only way to get access to social and scientific data was " "through proprietary services? What if no one had the ability to browse this " @@ -16490,7 +16504,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13156 +#: freeculture.xml:13159 msgid "" "As many are beginning to notice, this is increasingly the reality with " "scientific journals. When these journals were distributed in paper form, " @@ -16505,7 +16519,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13168 +#: freeculture.xml:13171 msgid "" "As journals become electronic, however, the publishers are demanding that " "libraries not give the general public access to the journals. This means " @@ -16516,7 +16530,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 287 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13176 +#: freeculture.xml:13179 msgid "" "This shrinking freedom has led many to take affirmative steps to restore the " "freedom that has been lost. The Public Library of Science (PLoS), for " @@ -16530,7 +16544,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13189 +#: freeculture.xml:13192 msgid "" "This is one of many such efforts to restore a freedom taken for granted " "before, but now threatened by changing technology and markets. There's no " @@ -16541,19 +16555,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13200 +#: freeculture.xml:13203 msgid "Rebuilding Free Culture: One Idea" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13205 +#: freeculture.xml:13208 msgid "" "The same strategy could be applied to culture, as a response to the " "increasing control effected through law and technology." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13209 +#: freeculture.xml:13212 msgid "" "Enter the Creative Commons. The Creative Commons is a nonprofit corporation " "established in Massachusetts, but with its home at Stanford University. Its " @@ -16567,7 +16581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 288 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13219 +#: freeculture.xml:13222 msgid "" "Simple—which means without a middleman, or without a lawyer. By " "developing a free set of licenses that people can attach to their content, " @@ -16585,7 +16599,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13237 +#: freeculture.xml:13240 msgid "" "These freedoms are beyond the freedoms promised by fair use. Their precise " "contours depend upon the choices the creator makes. The creator can choose a " @@ -16598,7 +16612,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13248 +#: freeculture.xml:13251 msgid "" "These choices thus establish a range of freedoms beyond the default of " "copyright law. They also enable freedoms that go beyond traditional fair " @@ -16611,12 +16625,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13269 +#: freeculture.xml:13272 msgid "Garlick, Mia" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13259 +#: freeculture.xml:13262 msgid "" "This is just one project among many within the Creative Commons. And of " "course, Creative Commons is not the only organization pursuing such " @@ -16630,7 +16644,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13272 +#: freeculture.xml:13275 msgid "" "The aim is not to fight the \"All Rights Reserved\" sorts. The aim is to " "complement them. The problems that the law creates for us as a culture are " @@ -16644,7 +16658,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13284 +#: freeculture.xml:13287 msgid "" "Why would creators participate in giving up total control? Some participate " "to better spread their content. Cory Doctorow, for example, is a science " @@ -16654,7 +16668,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13291 +#: freeculture.xml:13294 msgid "" "Why would a publisher ever agree to this? I suspect his publisher reasoned " "like this: There are two groups of people out there: (1) those who will buy " @@ -16668,7 +16682,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13303 +#: freeculture.xml:13306 msgid "" "Indeed, the experience of his publisher clearly supports that conclusion. " "The book's first printing was exhausted months before the publisher had " @@ -16677,7 +16691,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 290 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13309 +#: freeculture.xml:13312 msgid "" "The idea that free content might increase the value of nonfree content was " "confirmed by the experience of another author. Peter Wayner, who wrote a " @@ -16690,7 +16704,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13335 +#: freeculture.xml:13338 msgid "" "Willful Infringement: A Report from the Front Lines of the Real Culture Wars " "(2003), produced by Jed Horovitz, directed by Greg Hittelman, a Fiat Lucre " @@ -16699,7 +16713,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13320 +#: freeculture.xml:13323 msgid "" "These are examples of using the Commons to better spread proprietary " "content. I believe that is a wonderful and common use of the Commons. There " @@ -16718,7 +16732,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13344 +#: freeculture.xml:13347 msgid "" "Finally, there are many who mark their content with a Creative Commons " "license just because they want to express to others the importance of " @@ -16733,7 +16747,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 291 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13356 +#: freeculture.xml:13359 msgid "" "In the first six months of the Creative Commons experiment, over 1 million " "objects were licensed with these free-culture licenses. The next step is " @@ -16744,7 +16758,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13366 +#: freeculture.xml:13369 msgid "" "These are first steps to rebuilding a public domain. They are not mere " "arguments; they are action. Building a public domain is the first step to " @@ -16755,7 +16769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13374 +#: freeculture.xml:13377 msgid "" "Creative Commons is just one example of voluntary efforts by individuals and " "creators to change the mix of rights that now govern the creative field. The " @@ -16766,12 +16780,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13388 +#: freeculture.xml:13391 msgid "THEM, SOON" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13390 +#: freeculture.xml:13393 msgid "" "We will not reclaim a free culture by individual action alone. It will also " "take important reforms of laws. We have a long way to go before the " @@ -16781,7 +16795,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13397 +#: freeculture.xml:13400 msgid "" "In this chapter, I outline five kinds of changes: four that are general, and " "one that's specific to the most heated battle of the day, music. Each is a " @@ -16790,12 +16804,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13404 +#: freeculture.xml:13407 msgid "1. More Formalities" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13406 +#: freeculture.xml:13409 msgid "" "If you buy a house, you have to record the sale in a deed. If you buy land " "upon which to build a house, you have to record the purchase in a deed. If " @@ -16805,14 +16819,14 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 293 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13413 +#: freeculture.xml:13416 msgid "" "These are all formalities associated with property. They are requirements " "that we all must bear if we want our property to be protected." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13418 +#: freeculture.xml:13421 msgid "" "In contrast, under current copyright law, you automatically get a copyright, " "regardless of whether you comply with any formality. You don't have to " @@ -16821,12 +16835,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13424 +#: freeculture.xml:13427 msgid "Why?" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13427 +#: freeculture.xml:13430 msgid "" "As I suggested in chapter 10, the motivation to abolish formalities was a " "good one. In the world before digital technologies, formalities imposed a " @@ -16836,7 +16850,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13435 +#: freeculture.xml:13438 msgid "" "But the Internet changes all this. Formalities today need not be a " "burden. Rather, the world without formalities is the world that burdens " @@ -16851,7 +16865,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13449 +#: freeculture.xml:13452 msgid "" "The proposal I am advancing here would apply to American works only. " "Obviously, I believe it would be beneficial for the same idea to be adopted " @@ -16859,7 +16873,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13447 +#: freeculture.xml:13450 msgid "" "The law should therefore change this requirement<placeholder " "type=\"footnote\" id=\"0\"/>—but it should not change it by going back " @@ -16869,7 +16883,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13457 +#: freeculture.xml:13460 msgid "" "The important formalities are three: marking copyrighted work, registering " "copyrights, and renewing the claim to copyright. Traditionally, the first of " @@ -16880,12 +16894,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13469 +#: freeculture.xml:13472 msgid "REGISTRATION AND RENEWAL" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13471 +#: freeculture.xml:13474 msgid "" "Under the old system, a copyright owner had to file a registration with the " "Copyright Office to register or renew a copyright. When filing that " @@ -16900,7 +16914,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13484 +#: freeculture.xml:13487 msgid "" "Yet it is always astonishing to me that we, who come from a tradition of " "extraordinary innovation in governmental design, can no longer think " @@ -16912,7 +16926,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13493 +#: freeculture.xml:13496 msgid "" "In the context of registration, one obvious model is the Internet. There " "are at least 32 million Web sites registered around the world. Domain name " @@ -16925,7 +16939,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 295 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13503 +#: freeculture.xml:13506 msgid "" "We should adopt a similar model for the registration and renewal of " "copyrights. The Copyright Office may well serve as the central registry, but " @@ -16939,12 +16953,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13518 +#: freeculture.xml:13521 msgid "MARKING" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13520 +#: freeculture.xml:13523 msgid "" "It used to be that the failure to include a copyright notice on a creative " "work meant that the copyright was forfeited. That was a harsh punishment for " @@ -16956,7 +16970,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13530 +#: freeculture.xml:13533 msgid "" "The aim of marking is to signal to the public that this work is copyrighted " "and that the author wants to enforce his rights. The mark also makes it easy " @@ -16964,7 +16978,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13536 +#: freeculture.xml:13539 msgid "" "One of the problems the copyright system confronted early on was that " "different copyrighted works had to be differently marked. It wasn't clear " @@ -16978,7 +16992,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13553 +#: freeculture.xml:13556 msgid "" "There would be a complication with derivative works that I have not solved " "here. In my view, the law of derivatives creates a more complicated system " @@ -16987,7 +17001,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 296 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13546 +#: freeculture.xml:13549 msgid "" "Let's start with the last point. If a copyright owner allows his work to be " "published without a copyright notice, the consequence of that failure need " @@ -17003,7 +17017,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13566 +#: freeculture.xml:13569 msgid "" "That in turn raises the question about how work should best be marked. Here " "again, the system needs to adjust as the technologies evolve. The best way " @@ -17013,7 +17027,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13573 +#: freeculture.xml:13576 msgid "" "For example, if a recording industry association devises a method for " "marking CDs, it would propose that to the Copyright Office. The Copyright " @@ -17027,7 +17041,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13584 +#: freeculture.xml:13587 msgid "" "Finally, marking content clearly would simplify registration requirements. " "If photographs were marked by author and year, there would be little reason " @@ -17038,7 +17052,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13592 +#: freeculture.xml:13595 msgid "" "The objective of formalities is to make things clear. The existing system " "does nothing to make things clear. Indeed, it seems designed to make things " @@ -17046,7 +17060,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><sect3><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13597 +#: freeculture.xml:13600 msgid "" "If formalities such as registration were reinstated, one of the most " "difficult aspects of relying upon the public domain would be removed. It " @@ -17057,12 +17071,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13609 +#: freeculture.xml:13612 msgid "2. Shorter Terms" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13611 +#: freeculture.xml:13614 msgid "" "The term of copyright has gone from fourteen years to ninety-five years for " "corporate authors, and life of the author plus seventy years for natural " @@ -17071,14 +17085,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13623 +#: freeculture.xml:13626 msgid "" "\"A Radical Rethink,\" Economist, 366:8308 (25 January 2003): 15, available " "at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link #74</ulink>." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13616 +#: freeculture.xml:13619 msgid "" "In The Future of Ideas, I proposed a seventy-five-year term, granted in " "five-year increments with a requirement of renewal every five years. That " @@ -17089,7 +17103,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13630 +#: freeculture.xml:13633 msgid "" "I agree with those who believe that we need a radical change in copyright's " "term. But whether fourteen years or seventy-five, there are four principles " @@ -17098,7 +17112,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (1) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13638 +#: freeculture.xml:13641 msgid "" "Keep it short: The term should be as long as necessary to give incentives to " "create, but no longer. If it were tied to very strong protections for " @@ -17111,7 +17125,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (2) #. PAGE BREAK 298 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13646 +#: freeculture.xml:13649 msgid "" "Keep it simple: The line between the public domain and protected content " "must be kept clear. Lawyers like the fuzziness of \"fair use,\" and the " @@ -17125,7 +17139,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f4. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13666 +#: freeculture.xml:13669 msgid "" "Department of Veterans Affairs, Veteran's Application for Compensation " "and/or Pension, VA Form 21-526 (OMB Approved No. 2900-0001), available at " @@ -17133,7 +17147,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13659 +#: freeculture.xml:13662 msgid "" "Keep it alive: Copyright should have to be renewed. Especially if the " "maximum term is long, the copyright owner should be required to signal " @@ -17147,7 +17161,7 @@ msgstr "" #. (4) #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13677 +#: freeculture.xml:13680 msgid "" "Keep it prospective: Whatever the term of copyright should be, the clearest " "lesson that economists teach is that a term once given should not be " @@ -17164,7 +17178,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13692 +#: freeculture.xml:13695 msgid "" "These changes together should produce an average copyright term that is much " "shorter than the current term. Until 1976, the average term was just 32.2 " @@ -17172,7 +17186,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13697 +#: freeculture.xml:13700 msgid "" "No doubt the extremists will call these ideas \"radical.\" (After all, I " "call them \"extremists.\") But again, the term I recommended was longer than " @@ -17181,12 +17195,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13707 +#: freeculture.xml:13710 msgid "3. Free Use Vs. Fair Use" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13709 +#: freeculture.xml:13712 msgid "" "As I observed at the beginning of this book, property law originally granted " "property owners the right to control their property from the ground to the " @@ -17197,7 +17211,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13717 +#: freeculture.xml:13720 msgid "" "Our Constitution gives Congress the power to give authors \"exclusive " "right\" to \"their writings.\" Congress has given authors an exclusive right " @@ -17209,14 +17223,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f5. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13730 +#: freeculture.xml:13733 msgid "" "Benjamin Kaplan, An Unhurried View of Copyright (New York: Columbia " "University Press, 1967), 32." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13726 +#: freeculture.xml:13729 msgid "" "Congress granted the beginnings of this right in 1870, when it expanded the " "exclusive right of copyright to include a right to control translations and " @@ -17228,12 +17242,12 @@ msgstr "" #. f6. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13743 +#: freeculture.xml:13746 msgid "Ibid., 56." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><blockquote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13739 +#: freeculture.xml:13742 msgid "" "So inured have we become to the extension of the monopoly to a large range " "of so-called derivative works, that we no longer sense the oddity of " @@ -17242,7 +17256,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13748 +#: freeculture.xml:13751 msgid "" "I think it's time to recognize that there are airplanes in this field and " "the expansiveness of these rights of derivative use no longer make " @@ -17251,9 +17265,8 @@ msgid "" "each limitation in turn." msgstr "" -#. PAGE BREAK 300 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13755 +#: freeculture.xml:13758 msgid "" "Term: If Congress wants to grant a derivative right, then that right should " "be for a much shorter term. It makes sense to protect John Grisham's right " @@ -17261,11 +17274,11 @@ msgid "" "assume it does); but it does not make sense for that right to run for the " "same term as the underlying copyright. The derivative right could be " "important in inducing creativity; it is not important long after the " -"creative work is done." +"creative work is done. <placeholder type=\"indexterm\" id=\"0\"/>" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13766 +#: freeculture.xml:13770 msgid "" "Scope: Likewise should the scope of derivative rights be narrowed. Again, " "there are some cases in which derivative rights are important. Those should " @@ -17280,7 +17293,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13778 +#: freeculture.xml:13782 msgid "" "This was the point that Alben made when describing the making of the Clint " "Eastwood CD. While it makes sense to require negotiation for foreseeable " @@ -17290,12 +17303,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:13794 +#: freeculture.xml:13798 msgid "Goldstein, Paul" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13792 +#: freeculture.xml:13796 msgid "" "Paul Goldstein, Copyright's Highway: From Gutenberg to the Celestial Jukebox " "(Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2003), 187–216. <placeholder " @@ -17303,7 +17316,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13786 +#: freeculture.xml:13790 msgid "" "In each of these cases, the law should mark the uses that are protected, and " "the presumption should be that other uses are not protected. This is the " @@ -17313,7 +17326,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13800 +#: freeculture.xml:13804 msgid "" "Goldstein's analysis would make perfect sense if the cost of the legal " "system were small. But as we are currently seeing in the context of the " @@ -17324,7 +17337,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 301 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13807 +#: freeculture.xml:13811 msgid "" "The law could remedy this problem either by removing protection beyond the " "part explicitly drawn or by granting reuse rights upon certain statutory " @@ -17334,12 +17347,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:13817 +#: freeculture.xml:13821 msgid "4. Liberate the Music—Again" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13819 +#: freeculture.xml:13823 msgid "" "The battle that got this whole war going was about music, so it wouldn't be " "fair to end this book without addressing the issue that is, to most people, " @@ -17349,7 +17362,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13826 +#: freeculture.xml:13830 msgid "" "The appeal of file-sharing music was the crack cocaine of the Internet's " "growth. It drove demand for access to the Internet more powerfully than any " @@ -17360,7 +17373,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13835 +#: freeculture.xml:13839 msgid "" "The aim of copyright, with respect to content in general and music in " "particular, is to create the incentives for music to be composed, performed, " @@ -17370,7 +17383,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13842 +#: freeculture.xml:13846 msgid "" "File-sharing networks complicate this model by enabling the spread of " "content for which the performer has not been paid. But of course, that's not " @@ -17380,7 +17393,7 @@ msgstr "" #. A. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13850 +#: freeculture.xml:13854 msgid "" "There are some who are using sharing networks as substitutes for purchasing " "CDs." @@ -17388,7 +17401,7 @@ msgstr "" #. B. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13855 +#: freeculture.xml:13859 msgid "" "There are also some who are using sharing networks to sample, on the way to " "purchasing CDs." @@ -17397,7 +17410,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 302 #. C. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13861 +#: freeculture.xml:13865 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is no longer sold but is still under copyright or that would have been " @@ -17406,7 +17419,7 @@ msgstr "" #. D. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13867 +#: freeculture.xml:13871 msgid "" "There are many who are using file-sharing networks to get access to content " "that is not copyrighted or to get access that the copyright owner plainly " @@ -17414,7 +17427,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13873 +#: freeculture.xml:13877 msgid "" "Any reform of the law needs to keep these different uses in focus. It must " "avoid burdening type D even if it aims to eliminate type A. The eagerness " @@ -17425,7 +17438,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13881 +#: freeculture.xml:13885 msgid "" "As I said in chapter 5, the actual harm caused by sharing is controversial. " "For the purposes of this chapter, however, I assume the harm is real. I " @@ -17434,7 +17447,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13888 +#: freeculture.xml:13892 msgid "" "Nonetheless, there is a crucial fact about the current technological context " "that we must keep in mind if we are to understand how the law should " @@ -17442,7 +17455,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13893 +#: freeculture.xml:13897 msgid "" "Today, file sharing is addictive. In ten years, it won't be. It is addictive " "today because it is the easiest way to gain access to a broad range of " @@ -17457,7 +17470,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 303 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13905 +#: freeculture.xml:13909 msgid "" "But it will become a reality, and that means the way we get access to the " "Internet today is a technology in transition. Policy makers should not make " @@ -17474,7 +17487,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f8. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13937 +#: freeculture.xml:13941 msgid "" "See, for example, \"Music Media Watch,\" The J@pan Inc. Newsletter, 3 April " "2002, available at <ulink url=\"http://free-culture.cc/notes/\">link " @@ -17482,7 +17495,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13920 +#: freeculture.xml:13924 msgid "" "In that world, it will be extremely easy to connect to services that give " "you access to content on the fly—such as Internet radio, content that " @@ -17503,7 +17516,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 304 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13944 +#: freeculture.xml:13948 msgid "" "This point about the future is meant to suggest a perspective on the " "present: It is emphatically temporary. The \"problem\" with file " @@ -17519,7 +17532,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13960 +#: freeculture.xml:13964 msgid "" "The answer begins with recognizing that there are different \"problems\" " "here to solve. Let's start with type D content—uncopyrighted content " @@ -17532,7 +17545,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13971 +#: freeculture.xml:13975 msgid "" "Type C content raises a different \"problem.\" This is content that was, at " "one time, published and is no longer available. It may be unavailable " @@ -17543,7 +17556,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13980 +#: freeculture.xml:13984 msgid "" "Again, the model here is the used book store. Once a book goes out of print, " "it may still be available in libraries and used book stores. But libraries " @@ -17555,7 +17568,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:13990 +#: freeculture.xml:13994 msgid "" "The model of used book stores suggests that the law could simply deem " "out-of-print music fair game. If the publisher does not make copies of the " @@ -17568,7 +17581,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 305 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14001 +#: freeculture.xml:14005 msgid "" "Alternatively, the law could create a statutory license that would ensure " "that artists get something from the trade of their work. For example, if the " @@ -17580,7 +17593,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14011 +#: freeculture.xml:14015 msgid "" "This system would also create an incentive for publishers to keep works " "available commercially. Works that are available commercially would not be " @@ -17593,7 +17606,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14021 +#: freeculture.xml:14025 msgid "" "The hard case is content of types A and B, and again, this case is hard only " "because the extent of the problem will change over time, as the technologies " @@ -17604,14 +17617,14 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14029 +#: freeculture.xml:14033 msgid "" "So here's a solution that will at first seem very strange to both sides in " "this war, but which upon reflection, I suggest, should make some sense." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14033 +#: freeculture.xml:14037 msgid "" "Stripped of the rhetoric about the sanctity of property, the basic claim of " "the content industry is this: A new technology (the Internet) has harmed a " @@ -17625,7 +17638,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 306 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14044 +#: freeculture.xml:14048 msgid "" "I love the Internet, and so I don't like likening it to tobacco or " "asbestos. But the analogy is a fair one from the perspective of the law. " @@ -17636,12 +17649,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para><indexterm><primary> -#: freeculture.xml:14088 +#: freeculture.xml:14092 msgid "Fisher, William" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14055 +#: freeculture.xml:14059 msgid "" "William Fisher, Digital Music: Problems and Possibilities (last revised: 10 " "October 2000), available at <ulink " @@ -17678,7 +17691,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14052 +#: freeculture.xml:14056 msgid "" "The idea would be a modification of a proposal that has been floated by " "Harvard law professor William Fisher.<placeholder type=\"footnote\" " @@ -17693,7 +17706,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14101 +#: freeculture.xml:14105 msgid "" "Fisher's proposal is careful and comprehensive. It raises a million " "questions, most of which he answers well in his upcoming book, Promises to " @@ -17711,7 +17724,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 307 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14116 +#: freeculture.xml:14120 msgid "" "Fisher would balk at the idea of allowing the system to lapse. His aim is " "not just to ensure that artists are paid, but also to ensure that the system " @@ -17724,7 +17737,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14129 +#: freeculture.xml:14133 msgid "" "No doubt it would be difficult to calculate the proper measure of \"harm\" " "to an industry. But the difficulty of making that calculation would be " @@ -17741,7 +17754,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14144 +#: freeculture.xml:14148 msgid "" "This competition has already occurred against the background of \"free\" " "music from p2p systems. As the sellers of cable television have known for " @@ -17756,7 +17769,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14156 +#: freeculture.xml:14160 msgid "" "This regime of competition, with a backstop to assure that artists don't " "lose, would facilitate a great deal of innovation in the delivery of " @@ -17767,13 +17780,13 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14165 +#: freeculture.xml:14169 msgid "In summary, then, my proposal is this:" msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 308 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14170 +#: freeculture.xml:14174 msgid "" "The Internet is in transition. We should not be regulating a technology in " "transition. We should instead be regulating to minimize the harm to " @@ -17782,19 +17795,19 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14177 +#: freeculture.xml:14181 msgid "We can minimize that harm while maximizing the benefit to innovation by" msgstr "" #. 1. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14183 +#: freeculture.xml:14187 msgid "guaranteeing the right to engage in type D sharing;" msgstr "" #. 2. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14187 +#: freeculture.xml:14191 msgid "" "permitting noncommercial type C sharing without liability, and commercial " "type C sharing at a low and fixed rate set by statute;" @@ -17802,14 +17815,14 @@ msgstr "" #. 3. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><orderedlist><listitem><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14193 +#: freeculture.xml:14197 msgid "" "while in this transition, taxing and compensating for type A sharing, to the " "extent actual harm is demonstrated." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14198 +#: freeculture.xml:14202 msgid "" "But what if \"piracy\" doesn't disappear? What if there is a competitive " "market providing content at a low cost, but a significant number of " @@ -17818,7 +17831,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14204 +#: freeculture.xml:14208 msgid "" "Yes, it should. But, again, what it should do depends upon how the facts " "develop. These changes may not eliminate type A sharing. But the real issue " @@ -17835,7 +17848,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 309 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14218 +#: freeculture.xml:14222 msgid "" "But we're a long way away from whittling the problem down to this subset of " "type A sharers. And our focus until we're there should not be on finding " @@ -17845,12 +17858,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14229 +#: freeculture.xml:14233 msgid "5. Fire Lots of Lawyers" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14231 +#: freeculture.xml:14235 msgid "" "I'm a lawyer. I make lawyers for a living. I believe in the law. I believe " "in the law of copyright. Indeed, I have devoted my life to working in law, " @@ -17859,7 +17872,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14237 +#: freeculture.xml:14241 msgid "" "Yet much of this book has been a criticism of lawyers, or the role lawyers " "have played in this debate. The law speaks to ideals, but it is my view that " @@ -17870,14 +17883,14 @@ msgstr "" #. f10. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14254 +#: freeculture.xml:14258 msgid "" "Lawrence Lessig, \"Copyright's First Amendment\" (Melville B. Nimmer " "Memorial Lecture), UCLA Law Review 48 (2001): 1057, 1069–70." msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14245 +#: freeculture.xml:14249 msgid "" "The evidence of this bending is compelling. I'm attacked as a \"radical\" by " "many within the profession, yet the positions that I am advocating are " @@ -17890,7 +17903,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14260 +#: freeculture.xml:14264 msgid "" "However, my criticism of the role that lawyers have played in this debate is " "not just about a professional bias. It is more importantly about our failure " @@ -17899,7 +17912,7 @@ msgstr "" #. f11. #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para><footnote><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14270 +#: freeculture.xml:14274 msgid "" "A good example is the work of Professor Stan Liebowitz. Liebowitz is to be " "commended for his careful review of data about infringement, leading him to " @@ -17918,7 +17931,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14265 +#: freeculture.xml:14269 msgid "" "Economists are supposed to be good at reckoning costs and benefits. But " "more often than not, economists, with no clue about how the legal system " @@ -17930,7 +17943,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 310 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14293 +#: freeculture.xml:14297 msgid "" "But the legal system doesn't work. Or more accurately, it doesn't work for " "anyone except those with the most resources. Not because the system is " @@ -17940,7 +17953,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14301 +#: freeculture.xml:14305 msgid "" "These costs distort free culture in many ways. A lawyer's time is billed at " "the largest firms at more than $400 per hour. How much time should such a " @@ -17953,7 +17966,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14311 +#: freeculture.xml:14315 msgid "" "The costliness and clumsiness and randomness of this system mock our " "tradition. And lawyers, as well as academics, should consider it their duty " @@ -17964,7 +17977,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14319 +#: freeculture.xml:14323 msgid "" "But until that reform is complete, we as a society should keep the law away " "from areas that we know it will only harm. And that is precisely what the " @@ -17972,7 +17985,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14325 +#: freeculture.xml:14329 msgid "" "Think about the amazing things your kid could do or make with digital " "technology—the film, the music, the Web page, the blog. Or think about " @@ -17985,7 +17998,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 311 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14334 +#: freeculture.xml:14338 msgid "" "The law should regulate in certain areas of culture—but it should " "regulate culture only where that regulation does good. Yet lawyers rarely " @@ -17995,7 +18008,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><sect1><sect2><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14343 +#: freeculture.xml:14347 msgid "" "We should ask, \"Why?\" Show me why your regulation of culture is " "needed. Show me how it does good. And until you can show me both, keep your " @@ -18003,12 +18016,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14352 +#: freeculture.xml:14356 msgid "NOTES" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14354 +#: freeculture.xml:14358 msgid "" "Throughout this text, there are references to links on the World Wide " "Web. As anyone who has tried to use the Web knows, these links can be highly " @@ -18022,12 +18035,12 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><title> -#: freeculture.xml:14369 +#: freeculture.xml:14373 msgid "ACKNOWLEDGMENTS" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14371 +#: freeculture.xml:14375 msgid "" "This book is the product of a long and as yet unsuccessful struggle that " "began when I read of Eric Eldred's war to keep books free. Eldred's work " @@ -18036,7 +18049,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14377 +#: freeculture.xml:14381 msgid "" "I received guidance in various places from friends and academics, including " "Glenn Brown, Peter DiCola, Jennifer Mnookin, Richard Posner, Mark Rose, and " @@ -18052,7 +18065,7 @@ msgstr "" #. PAGE BREAK 337 #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14390 +#: freeculture.xml:14394 msgid "" "Yuko Noguchi helped me to understand the laws of Japan as well as its " "culture. I am thankful to her, and to the many in Japan who helped me " @@ -18065,7 +18078,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14401 +#: freeculture.xml:14405 msgid "" "These are the traditional sorts of help that academics regularly draw " "upon. But in addition to them, the Internet has made it possible to receive " @@ -18086,7 +18099,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14421 +#: freeculture.xml:14425 msgid "" "Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and " "each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to " @@ -18097,7 +18110,7 @@ msgid "" msgstr "" #. type: Content of: <book><chapter><para> -#: freeculture.xml:14430 +#: freeculture.xml:14434 msgid "" "Finally, and forever, I am thankful to Bettina, who has always insisted that " "there would be unending happiness away from these battles, and who has "